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Magister De La Universidad De Buenos Aires En Salud Animal” Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Tesis para aspirar al Título de “Magister de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Salud Animal” Estudio sobre Necrosis pancreática infecciosa, Anemia infecciosa del salmón y Septicemia vírica hemorrágica en salmónidos del embalse Alicura y su importancia en el comercio Lugar de realización: MAGyP y SENASA Autor: Lic. Marcela Alejandra Alvarez Director: Dra. Rosana Mattiello, FCV-UBA Co-director: Dr. Emilio León, FCV-UBA INTA AÑO 2015 ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Deseo agradecer al Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y Pesca, que a través de la Dirección de Acuicultura, me permitieron acceder a la formación de esta maestría además de realizar los aportes financieros e institucionales para la concreción de la misma Al SENASA, por el apoyo brindado en el desarrollo de esta tesis y en forma especial al Dr. Dillon, quien también brindó la autorización para el desarrollo de esta tesis, y a la Dra. Torres Ledhann que impulsaron este tema desde sus inicios. A los compañeros del SENASA y del MAGyP que trabajaron en las campañas, al igual que a los profesionales del CEAN, en especial a M.V. Leonardo Molinari, Lic. Pablo Moreno y a los profesionales de la AIC y de la provincia de Rio Negro que colaboraron con la captura de los animales silvestres, así como a los productores que nos asistieron permanentemente. A los profesionales y técnicos del Departamento de Patología y del Departamento de Biología Molecular del laboratorio central del SENASA por su importante labor que permitió concretar los diagnósticos. Especialmente al Dr. Luis Romano y Mg. Fernando Raibenberg con quienes empecé este trabajo, por su entusiasmo y profesionalismos para concretarlo. A mis compañeros de oficina especialmente a Mabel y Mauro que colaboran en los proyectos con entusiasmo. A la Dra. Rosana Matiello y al D.r Emilio A. León por dirigirme, compartir sus conocimientos y haber aprendido de ellos. A mis compañeros de maestría con los que compartí un par de años intensos de estudio, especialmente a Mariana y Andrea como compañeras de estudio. A mis amigos de toda la vida con quienes comparto sus familias y esta pasión por la biología y a mis otros amigos que me hacen vivir en otro mundo distinto que necesito. Finalmente a mi familia que siempre está a mi lado aún en los momentos más difíciles en forma incondicional. iii INDICE CAPÍTULO I. PRESENTACIÓN DE LA TESIS ............................................................................ 1 CAPÍTULO II. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................ 2 II.1 IMPORTANCIA DE LA ACUICULTURA A NIVEL MUNDIAL ............................................ 2 II.2 PRODUCCIÓN ACUÍCOLA NACIONAL ........................................................................... 4 II.2.1 Producción de trucha arcoíris ................................................................................. 5 II.3 POBLACIÓN DE PECES DE LA REGIÓN. ....................................................................... 7 II.4 IMPACTO DE LAS ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS EN LA ACUICULTURA ............... 8 II.4.1 Impacto en la producción ....................................................................................... 8 II.4.2 Impacto en el comercio .......................................................................................... 9 II.5 ANTECEDENTES SANITARIOS DE LA REGIÓN .......................................................... 10 II.6 DESCRIPCION DE LAS ENFERMEDADES VIRICAS BAJO ESTUDIO ......................... 11 II.6.1 Necrosis Hematopoyetica Infecciosa (NHI) .......................................................... 11 II.6.1.1 Etiología e inactivación de la NHI ..................................................................... 11 II.6.1.2 Especies hospedadoras del NHI ....................................................................... 12 II.6.1.3 Fases de susceptibilidad del huésped .............................................................. 13 II.6.1.4 Mecanismos de transmisión ............................................................................. 13 II.6.1.5 Mortalidad y morbilidad ..................................................................................... 15 II.6.1.6 Control y prevención ......................................................................................... 15 II.6.2 Septicemia Hemorrágica Viral (SHV) ................................................................... 15 II.6.2.1 Etiología e inactivación de la SHV .................................................................... 16 II.6.2.2 Especies susceptibles ...................................................................................... 16 II.6.2.3 Fases de susceptibilidad del huésped .............................................................. 17 II.6.2.4 Mecanismos de transmisión ............................................................................. 17 II.6.2.5 Signos clínicos, lesiones y patogenia ............................................................... 17 II.6.2.6 Mortalidad y morbilidad ..................................................................................... 19 II.6.2.7 Control y prevención ......................................................................................... 19 II.6.3 Anemia Infecciosa del Salmón (AIS) .................................................................... 19 II.6.3.1 Etiología e inactivación de la AIS ...................................................................... 20 II.6.3.2 Especies Susceptibles ...................................................................................... 21 II.6.3.3 Fases de susceptibilidad del huésped .............................................................. 21 II.6.3.4 Mecanismos de transmisión: ............................................................................ 21 iv II.6.3.5 Signos clínicos lesiones y patogenia ................................................................ 22 II.6.3.6 Mortalidad y morbilidad ..................................................................................... 23 II.6.3.7 Control y Prevención: ....................................................................................... 24 II.7 ZONIFICACIÓN: ............................................................................................................. 25 II.8 EVALUACION DE RIESGO ............................................................................................ 26 CAPÍTULO III. HIPÓTESIS ................................................................................................... 28 CAPÍTULO IV. OBJETIVO GENERAL Y PARTICULARES .................................................. 29 IV.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL .................................................................................................... 29 IV.2 OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES: ...................................................................................... 29 CAPÍTULO V. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS......................................................................... 30 V.1 SELECCIÓN DE LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO ...................................................................... 30 V.2 DISEÑO DEL MUESTREO ............................................................................................. 32 V.3 CAPTURA ...................................................................................................................... 37 V.4 NECROPSIA Y TOMA DE MUESTRAS ......................................................................... 38 V.4.1 Toma de muestra para Histopatología ................................................................. 39 V.4.2 Toma de muestra para PCR ................................................................................. 40 V.5 TÉCNICAS DE DIAGNÓSTICO ...................................................................................... 41 V.5.1 Diagnóstico Histopatológico ................................................................................. 41 V.5.2 Diagnóstico molecular .......................................................................................... 42 V.5.2.1 Extracción de ARN de los órganos blancos ...................................................... 42 V.5.2.2 Selección de primers o iniciadores ................................................................... 43 V.5.2.3 Técnicas moleculares aplicadas ....................................................................... 44 V.5.2.4 Controles utilizados .......................................................................................... 46 V.5.2.5 Validación e interpretación de los resultados de PCR ....................................... 46 V.5.3 Métodos confirmatorios en caso de muestra sospechosa .................................... 46 CAPÍTULO VI. RESULTADOS ............................................................................................. 48 CAPÍTULO VII. EVALUACIÓN DE RIESGO .......................................................................... 55 VII.1 METODOLOGÍA ...................................................................................................... 56 v VII.1.1 Vías de Ingreso .................................................................................................... 57 VII.1.1.1 Alevinos y ovas embrionadas ........................................................................... 57 VII.1.1.2 Vía acuática ...................................................................................................... 61 VII.1.1.3 Plantas procesadoras en la zona
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