INTRODUCTION ABOUT THIS ISSUE The Importance of Urban e live in an era of Resilience W unprecedented urbanization. Since 2008, for the ccording to the cities can provide, the poor first time in human history, A United Nations' flock to cities leading to more people live in cities and World Urbanization the emergence of slums. towns as compared to the Prospects 2014 edition, by The urban poor are countryside. Moreover, the 2050, 66% of the world's especially vulnerable, number of city and town population are expected having fewer resources, dwellers is expected to swell up to be living in urban living and working in to 5 billion by 2030. This great areas. This is an increase areas with less number has huge implications of 120% since 1950, when infrastructure, greater for the risk profile of urban only 30% lived in urban hazards and often facing centres. centres. Over the next 35 marginalization by the years, the bulk of the rest of the urban As the pressure on the resources growth will be in Africa population and local of urban centres gets escalated, and Asia. Currently, 40% government. more and more people get and 48% of these populations live in pushed into the column of cities, significantly less than the Urban environments, however, can vulnerability. This issue of worldwide average of 54% today. hold great opportunities in the Southasiadisasters.net focuses on However by 2050, these rates are technology and network power it has the theme of urban risk and expected to grow to 56% and 64% access to. The concentration of power resilience. This issue has been respectively, catching up with the and resources, government and media titled 'Towards Urban world average. India, China and in urban centres can shine a spotlight Resilience' as it contains articles Nigeria are together expected to make on urban challenges. Strong markets detailing the efforts made by up 37% of the projected growth and business hubs can assist urban various agencies and between 2014 and 2050. Whereas not communities to self-recover following organizations to reduce the long ago the world's largest cities were crisis events. However the complexity risks faced by urban centres. found in the most developed regions, of urban systems means that often The theme of urban resilience today's largest cities are to be found in opportunities go underutilised. More is also important to focus upon the Global South. The fastest growing and more, urban planners, urban DRR as it is inextricably linked to today are small to medium sized cities. specialists and urban humanitarian broad development outcomes. responders are looking at urban As the world grows increasingly resilience, in other words the degree Meticulously researched and urbanised, communities, to which urban systems and lucidly written, the articles in humanitarians, development actors, communities are able to effectively this issue provide the reader businesses and markets must adapt to adapt and react to the hazards they face. with a broad overview of the the scale, density, and diversity of Approaching urban systems and best practices and interventions urban environments. As the population structures in a holistic way, urban apropos urban resilience with of a city grows, so does the demand on resilience allows us to understand the special focus on Asia. infrastructure and services. Particularly existing infrastructure, systems and Interesting pieces such as the in the faster growing small and networks which help a city mitigate, disaster risk reduction plan of medium-sized cities, this puts pressure prepare for and respond to hazards and Shajahanabad in Delhi and the on local governments which may not crises. With the growing scale, density pilot risk assessment of have sufficient resources to provide for and diversity of urban areas, as well as Ahmedabad have been included. the rapidly expanding population. As the immense potential impact that This issue is a must read for all cities become denser, space is limited urban crises can have, urban resilience those who are interested in the and neighbourhoods are established on broad and ever evolving area of is an important approach. higher risk land. Hoping to take – Leah Campbell, urban resilience. advantage of the opportunities that Researcher, ALNAP 2 southasiadisasters.net July 2014 DRR IN URBAN SPACE The Urban Resilience Approach

s the word suggests, "Urban failing which the disaster will take Today, we possess a good number of AResilience" is the capacity of an place. scientific means and knowhows (GIS, urban center to absorb the shock of a forecasting, simulation of scenarios sudden or unforeseen disaster To counter act the roots of the risk and magnitude of disasters' effects, provoked by an event without factors or minimize their effects, we etc.) to understand, to envision and necessitating massive extra territorial need to prepare a systemic analysis to modelise these risks and minimize aids and resources to maintain its (cause & effect link) of all its urban their impacts on settlements. To urban performance quality. These parameters, their strength and encounter the disasters and improve shocks could be of manmade origin vulnerability, their critical resilient the resilient capacity of the (war, social disturbances, invasions, capacity in terms of rupture limit. settlement centers, three basic etc.) or of natural causes (tsunami, Such an analysis (SWOT) will strategies are needed to be developed: flood, cyclone, earthquake, landslides, determine the different measures 1) Anticipation and envisioning of etc.). An event is termed as a 'disaster' necessary to face both the inherent the "causes & effects chain" that only when it causes considerable loss (fixed) risks factors (geographical and constitute the total urban system of life and property leading to a environmental) as well as created of the settlement centre. lowering of the living condition. ones (faulty urbanization, inadequacy 2) Improve the early warning and in infrastructural provision, poor preparedness capacity, The quality of urban resilience or in administration, etc.). In fact, most of infrastructural mobility and other words its absorbing capacity the worst disasters we have so far governance system. depends upon the management experienced are consequences of 3) Incorporating necessary measures quality of its governance system, its unmindful anthropogenic activities in the development program to resources availability, its (urbanization in the flood prone or rectify the planning errors. infrastructural facilities and other risky areas, too near to the sea- maneuverability, the participative shores – especially in the tropical Conclusion dynamics of its citizens and most zones, geologically weak areas, To build up a resilient city, we need importantly its visions and rampant deforestation leading to soil to proceed first with a SWOT preparedness mechanism at all levels erosion and landslides, etc, & etc). ANALYSIS of its urban parameters; to counteract the disasters and particularly those that are vulnerable emergencies. The magnitude of disaster is to disaster and to determine how to measured by its impact on human life. minimize their weakness and to In fact, an urban center is a complex However, the majority of our urban improve their reactive capacities. entity of a total system composed of settlements are situated in various Improve the existing resilient innumerable sub-systems risk areas and are continuing their capacity of the sub-systems. Build up representing different urban physical expansion under public awareness to causes of elements and parameters. They are development pressure (an increasing disasters and their participatory interlinked and acting in an proportion of population is becoming mechanism to meet disaster situation. interactive manner holding this total urban), pushing these centers to Provide effective early-warning system in equilibrium. If any or more growing threats of risks. Today, the measures to build up up-stream of these sub-systems or their linkages global climatic changes constitute the preparedness actions. Undertake with the total system is threatened most vulnerable risk that the correct planning actions to minimize by an external force or event of high humanity has ever confronted with, or eradicate disaster causing elements. magnitude such as a disaster, the leading to consequential effects on all shock is transmitted throughout the aspects of planetary life system. We Only through such combined actions entire urban system triggering a set cannot remove our vulnerable can we improve the resilient capacity of chain reactions between them to settlements (specially in developing of our urban centers. prevent rupture. If the shock is not countries) but we can strengthen their – Hari Baral, Architect, strong enough to break their chain resilience capacity to minimize the Town & Regional Planner, Director i.e., within their resilient capacity, the magnitude of disasters. ENVITEC Paris, France urban center can withstand the shock; July 2014 southasiadisasters.net 3 RISK RESILIENCE How Resilient is India's Infrastructure?

nvestments in infrastructure are economic growth of 8.4% under its finds that this need is especially Iessential for India's economic 12th five-year development plan, and pronounced in the North East India; growth. But how resilient is expects nearly half of that to be high altitude towns such as Leh in infrastructure in India? Is existing financed by the vibrant private sector. Ladakh; coastal district headquarters infrastructure resilient to disaster At the same time one disaster after such as Ganjam or Puri in Odisha; and risks? Are investments in new another—floods in Uttarakhand and large tracks of land that are subject to infrastructure addressing disaster cyclone in Odisha most recently— regular flooding in Bihar and Assam. risks? A lot more can be known about cause loss and damage of Several of these states of India have this and that may be one reason why infrastructure. Roads are damaged. active and able state disaster the Prime Minister who chaired 5th Power lines collapse. Bridges are lost. management authorities (SDMA). But meeting of National Disaster Building disaster risk resilient these SDMAs have also not taken up Management Authority (NDMA) on infrastructure is yet to attract any review to find out how resilient October 28, 2013 talked about investment amounts that match the state infrastructure is. investments in preparedness but did needs. In fact investors do not seem not discuss resilience of to discuss disaster risk adequately AIDMI's district level work finds that infrastructure. either among themselves or with the project planning for infrastructure recipients of such investment. Limited needs early risk audit in its formative A total $700 million are put aside by money is available to develop stages of estimating investments. India with Asian Development Bank resilient infrastructure features for Hazard and vulnerability assessment (ADB) help to support national efforts road, railway, airport, energy, or city need to be more focused on both, risk to accelerate investment in the development. And whatever money of disaster and climate change in these infrastructure that India urgently is available is not disaggregated in estimates. What lacks in local level needs to ensure strong economic various reports and records as money project planning is focus on process growth. But is this investment invested in reducing risk. As a result that captures risk concerns, risk considering resilience of we do not know how much money reduction as a clear goal, and defines infrastructure against disasters and India is investing in making its targets to build resilience in climate risks? This is not clear to infrastructure safer. And therefore it infrastructure. There is challenge of either national and state disaster is so difficult to say how resilient is partnerships and capacities for such authorities or the victims and India's infrastructure. planning: where are such capable vulnerable citizens. Even the partners in India? The recent 2013 investors are not fully aware of this Greater care is needed in reviewing Human Security Conference: reality. investments in infrastructure to Humanitarian Perspectives and protect investments (and citizens) Responses Conference, October 24- The Government of India estimates from loss and damage caused by 27, 2013 in Istanbul concluded that to that $1 trillion in infrastructure disasters. All India Disaster build human security for the citizens investment is needed to achieve Mitigation Institute’s (AIDMI) work authorities must invest more and better in infrastructure that protects Bridging Gaps in Urban Resilience and expands human security.

he efforts towards achieving Urban Resilience on global level are still The additional investments of Tfacing gaps at numerous levels. Regarding the same issue an exchange millions cannot only accelerate of dialogue took place between AIDMI and McMaster University, Canada. economic growth but also protect this growth if the NDMA invites the large From the exchange of thoughts it was concluded that to understand the infrastructure investors to show gaps there is a need to document the feedback at three levels, 1. The slum evidence of their investments being residents, who are at the receiving end of this cycle, 2. The civil society disaster risk resilient. Such an organisations and other social organisation who acts as bridge between evidence will surely shape the agenda slum residents and Govt. officials, and 3. The Govt. sector, which is for the 6th meeting of NDMA to responsible during the process of making policies. AIDMI helped in discuss resilience of infrastructure. expanding the areas of study and capturing the local voices. – Mihir R. Bhatt

4 southasiadisasters.net July 2014 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Towards Urban Resilience

esilience is proving to be a R helpful way of furthering our understanding of how to improve efforts in disaster management, both in reducing the scale of impact beforehand and in providing a better response afterwards. This especially appears to be the case in forging alliances between seemingly disparate groups, who we know need to work closely together, but for a variety of reasons often do not. This for instance was a key reason for the emergence of resilience as a uniting and readily understandable term between the development and A market quickly re-establishes after Typhoon Haiyan. disaster wings of the UK donor DFID as recommended by the independent building stronger and safer in the form of maps, to responding 2010 Humanitarian Emergency communities. agencies. An opportunity now exists Response Review (HERR), and to improve preparedness planning subsequently adopted by other Two important current applications through the application of big data donors and agencies. of stronger resilience discussed at the in the work of urban planners and conference concerned cash-based other shapers of towns and cities. Similarly, 'resilience' was used as a programming and 'big data'. For the key word to bring together urban former, people affected by disaster Resilience applied to towns and cities designers (architects, planners and get cash to buy goods, thereby therefore currently has value, as a others) and aid workers at a stimulating markets and reducing readily understandable concept conference 'Design for Urban transaction costs in providing aid to among a wide variety of Disaster' held at Harvard University people. This is proving to be quite a stakeholders. This is not to ignore in May 2014. At that event, co-hosted 'game-changer' – in a recent review debates about the 'exact meaning', the by Harvard's Graduate School of of the response to the Philippines' range of originations of the term Design along with IFRC, Habitat for Typhoon Haiyan1 a Country Director (from ecology, engineering and Humanity and Oxford Brookes of a large international NGO psychology for example) or whether university, some 150 practitioners, stated,'cash is the number one it is better to 'bounce forward' than academics – and critics – presented intervention besides food and water'. to 'bounce back'. The chief challenge and debated the practical application In towns and cities the use of cash is is to continue to build our collective of resilience in reducing vulnerability not hard to understand, and while not understanding of what works best, by in towns and cities. Chief among the perfect – corruption is often cited as reaffirming central themes and outcomes was the need to negotiate issue, though little if any evidence principles to be found within better understanding among and currently exists to say cash is any resilience that resonate also in within disciplines: for urban worse than other sectors - the shift to previously-widely-followed designers to consider the importance more cash based programming is approaches such as livelihoods and of negotiated process and ownership rapid. Concerning the use of big data: rights based approaches, given that among stakeholders from civil while five years ago crisis mapping undoubtedly in five years time -or society; and for humanitarians to and use of volunteer and technical less - the humanitarian community consider the importance of urban communities in urban disaster will have moved on to a new over- form and fabric – in considering response was unheard of, now this arching concept. responses that engage urban has become central to tracking – David Sanderson, Professor, professionals in long-term recovery, population movements and Norwegian University of Science and and in preparedness planning for providing usable information, often Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway 1 Sanderson, D and Delica Willisen, Z (2014) Philippines Typhoon Haiyan response review, for the DEC and HC. 2014. London and Ottawa.

July 2014 southasiadisasters.net 5 URBAN HERITAGE CONSERVATION Disaster Risk Reduction Plan Case: Shahjahanabad (Walled City), Delhi

hahjahanabad, or Purani Dilli, was the landlord nor tenant(s) are able to Delhi Jn. Railway Station is well Sbuilt by Mughal Emperor arrange for repair and maintenance. within the limits of Shahjahanabad; Shahjahan in the period of 1638-1649. Unauthorized electric connections and the New Delhi Railway Station And, to present day, it is home to a have created a tangled web of cables is next to it on the West. Hence, on thriving community living in its along the narrow streets making account of any earthquake the railway narrow meandering lanes and them highly vulnerable to fire. service will be severely affected. magnificent 'havelis'. The Walled City is slated for inscription as UNESCO The area has grown as one of the Seismic Profile of Shahjahanabad, World Heritage City under the Central Business Districts dealing Delhi: nomination submitted for 'Imperial with about 75% of Delhi's wholesale Delhi Region has been categorized as Cities of Delhi' by Ministry of trade. Hence, it attracts a substantial Seismic Zone – IV. A study by Culture, Govt. of India. Assuming its share of floating population which Srivastava and Somyajulu (cited in significance, a Disaster Risk will also be at risk in case any Iyenger & Ghosh, 2004) mentions that Reduction Plan has been outlined in earthquake hits the area. Moreover, the Sonepat- Delhi - Sohna dislocation the following paragraphs. damage to business-establishments is responsible for major seismic in the area will result in heavy loss activity in and around Delhi. 1. Risk Assessment and Vulnerability for the City of Delhi and the However, there are no major faults Mapping Economic Region as well. within 50 kms of the Study Area. No Though the Walled City was planned major earthquake has hit the Area for a population of 60,000; 420,000 Shahjahanabad is rich in both cultural since its inception. people were living in it in the year and architectural heritage which 1961. It is highly dense with about attracts both domestic and Overlaying of Shahjahanabad over 1500 persons per Ha (pph). international tourists. Out of the 170 the geo-morphological map of NCT Consequently, the residential protected monuments listed by of Delhi reveals that the Study Area structures were taken over and Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is essentially built on old alluvial converted for non-compatible in Delhi, 40 are within the limits of plain, since the Walled City was built commercial uses resulting in the Walled City. The community on the banks of River Yamuna. unauthorized construction which has living within the Walled City exhibits Similarly, superimposing the Study added to the vulnerability of these unique traditional art and craft. Area on the First Level Seismic structures to fire-hazards and collapse Hence, any damage to the built-fabric Microzonation Map of NCT of Delhi owing to shaking. Many buildings are will mean a significant loss to our reveals that the area exhibits in a state of dilapidation since neither collective Cultural Heritage too. moderate to high hazard. 6 southasiadisasters.net July 2014 2. Risk Reduction Plan iv. Services: Water, Drainage, prepared indicating adequate i. Structural retrofitting: Mapping Sewerage, Power and signage, so that the residents of structural health of building Telecommunication - are the may safely reach these 'Safe stock need be conducted by the basic lifeline service Grounds' within and outside the Local Body (i.e. North Delhi infrastructure. For speedy Walled City. Routes shall be Municipal Corporation) so as to recovery post-disaster, it is designed so as to avoid lanes identify and classify building- essential that potential damage passing through vulnerable clusters by stages of dilapidation to these services is minimized. neighbourhoods. and type of structural solution Hence, integrated trunk lines vii. Decongestion: High density needed. Unsafe building-clusters shall be designed to convey the neighbourhoods, vulnerable to need be notified and suitable pipelines. building-collapse and fire- redevelopment project shall be v. Minimizing fire-hazard: hazard, need be decongested. formulated. Shahjahanabad Redevelopment Phased relocation within the ii. Rent structure of rented Corporation (SRDC) has started Walled City or in neighbouring properties (both residential and undergrounding of exposed areas in Delhi needs be planned. commercial) need be revised so electric cables. Fire-fighting viii. Public Awareness: Awareness that the landlord and/or tenants equipments and water-reservoirs Campaigns and mock drills shall may allocate adequate share for may be designed at critical areas be organized on regular repair and regular maintenance. of the Walled City. intervals to develop A revolving fund may be created vi. Safe Zones: Open spaces in the preparedness. by Residents' Welfare City (Gandhi Maidan opposite ix. Disaster Debris Management Association (RWA) and Traders' Delhi Jn., Daryaganj, Red Fort Plan need be prepared for quick Welfare Association (TWA) to Ground, park in front of Jama recovery of arterial routes. facilitate repairs. Masjid, etc.) may be demarcated iii. Building bye-laws need be and designed as 'safe refuge To ensure implementation and drafted specially for the Area, areas' where people may monitoring of the mitigation aligned with the safety standards congregate in case any disaster- measures prescribed above, of National Building Code and event. An 'Emergency following action plan need be guidelines of Delhi Fire Services. Evacuation Plan' need be considered.

Measures Agency Special Building Bye-Laws for Shahjahanabad and North Delhi Municipal Corporation stringent compliance to it Redevelopment Plan to ensure redistribution of Delhi Development Authority, North Delhi MC population and redevelopment of properties Preparation of Sub-District Disaster Mitigation Plan District Disaster Mitigation Authority (DDMA – Central Dist.), GNCTD Survey / Mapping of Structural Safety of Built- North Delhi MC (in association with BMPTC & IIT-Delhi's structures; Declaration of Unsafe Buildings Civil Engg. Dept.) Reform of Rent Control / Tenancy Act (to revise rents) Govt. of NCT of Delhi Preservation of Heritage Monuments and preparation Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), National Monuments regulations for neighbouring development Authority (NMA) Awareness Campaigns Residents' Welfare Association(s), Traders' Welfare Association(s)

Bibliography: 2004, Iyenger, I.K.; Ghosh, S. (IISC), Seismic Hazard Mapping of Delhi City, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada 2010, Delhi Development Authority, Zonal Development Plan for Walled City, http://www.dda.org 2012, Dutta, B.K., Bandopadhyay, S., Regeneration of Heritage Urban Space of Delhi, Shahjahanabad, the Walled City, proceedings of Real Corp 2012, http://www.corp.at

– Deepanjan Saha, An Architect-Planner, Planning Consultant with Delhi Development Authority, Delhi

July 2014 southasiadisasters.net 7 URBAN RISK PROFILE Disaster Management in India: The Case of Mumbai Floods and Cyclone Phailin

ndia is located in Southern Asia. It 19 Cyclonic Storm Laila 2010 tracks. One third of the city got Iis the seventh-largest country in the 20 Eastern Indian storm 2010 flooded; the metropolis was world by area of 3,287,263 sq km. 21 Ladakh floods 2010 practically cut off from other 22 Sikkim earthquake 2011 parts of the country. The climate of India varies from 23 Himalayan flash floods tropical monsoon in south to (Uttarakhand) 2012 2.1.2 Flood Impact: temperate in north, due to its vast 24 Cyclonic Storm Phailin 2012 i. Urban Transportation System size. India experiences climate from 25 Assam floods 2013 ii. Infrastructure and Amenities three major climate groups- Tropical 26 Bihar Flood 2013 iii. Economic Impact wet (humid) climate group, Dry 27 Cyclonic Storm Helen 2013 iv. 5,000 people died in the incident. climate group and Sub-tropical humid 28 Cyclone Lehar 2013 v. Thousands of animals were climate group. 29 Floods (Uttarakhand) trapped and died in the flood; due to cloudburst 2013 most of them were floating in the India is entirely contained on the flood water raising concerns Indian Plate, a major tectonic plate 2. Selected Disaster Event about the possibility of disease. that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland 2.1. Mumbai Floods, 2005: The 2.1.3 Immediate Response: (ancient landmass, consisting of the incident of Mumbai floods which i. Hot lines established between southern part of the supercontinent occurred on Jul 26, 2005. There are 19 Navi Mumbai, Military and of Pangea). megacities in the world out of which MCGM. 13 megacities are in coastal areas, 11 ii. Response time for reaching 1. Main Hazards out of the 13 megacities are in Asia. accident spot reduced from 15 to Mumbai is one of them. Mumbai is 8 minutes by commissioning of 1.1. The extent of damage identified as one of the 3 most 07 new fire stations and 06 experienced in previous disasters: vulnerable cities of the world which Regional Command Centers. Sr. Name of Event Year will be adversely affected by climate iii. 35 Automatic Weather Stations No. change by the Intergovernmental were installed. 1 Kangra earthquake 1905 Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). iv. Over 4,500 beds proposed to 2 Bihar Earthquake 1934 admit patients of water borne 3 Bengal Cyclone 1970 On July 26th–27th 2005, unusually diseases in Municipal and 4 Maharashtra Drought 1972 heavy rains battered suburban government hospitals. 5 Andhra Pradesh Cyclone 1977 Mumbai and Thane, causing one of v. Training programs for disaster 6 Drought in Haryana & the worst floods in the history of the management. Punjab 1987 state. The floods were caused by the 7 Latur Earthquake 1993 eighth heaviest ever recorded 24 hour 2.2. Cyclone Phailin in Odisha, 2012: 8 Orissa Super Cyclone 1999 rainfall figure of 944 mm which Cyclone Phailin made landfall in 9 Gujarat Earthquake 2001 lashed Mumbai on 26 July and Odisha, India on 12th October 2012 at 10 Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 continued intermittently over the around 9:15 pm local time with wind 11 Kashmir Earthquake 2005 next day. Nearly half of the annual speeds of around 200 km/hour. The 18 Mumbai Floods 2005 average rainfall in Mumbai (2363 cyclone was a Category 4 storm 12 Kosi Floods 2008 mm) was received in 24 hour period. (Hurricane Katrina, in comparison, 13 Cyclone Nisha of was a Category 3 storm upon Tamil Nadu 2008 2.1.1Causes of the Flood: landfall). This was the biggest storm 14 Andaman Islands i. Unprecedented Rainfall. to have hit the Indian coast in the past earthquake 2009 ii. High tides aggravated the flood 14 years. Last in 1999, Cyclone 05B 15 Cyclone Aila 2009 conditions as the water could not caused massive devastation, killing 16 Flood in Orissa, Karnataka, recede from the city. more than 10,000 people and Kerala, Gujarat and Andhra2009 iii. Urban flash flooding rose destroying substantial housing and 17 Cyclonic Storm Phyan 2009 rapidly within 3-4 hours, public infrastructure in coastal 18 Cyclonic Storm Jal 2010 submerging roads and railway Odisha.

8 southasiadisasters.net July 2014 2.2.1 Post disaster report: 72 hours later after Phailin, the official death toll is 38 people, less than 0.4 % of the death toll from the 1999 cyclone.

2.2.2. Preparedness: Following the disaster in 1999, Odisha set up the OSDMA (Odisha State Disaster Management Authority), the first state agency focused exclusively on disaster management in India. i. Evacuation exercise and relief preparations. ii. Involvement of International NGOs to tackle the cyclone. iii. Mock drills. iv. Community's responsiveness. v. Counsel from UNDP for Map showing landfall of Cyclone Phailin. (Source: JRC) coordination and cluster preparedness. Highways Authority of India iii. 29 teams of the National Disaster vi. The NDMA has deployed, the kept their resources ready to be Response Force have been National Disaster Response moved at a short notice. deployed in Odisha. The teams Force in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha xi. NDMA also kept the media have been equipped with and West Bengal. informed. satellite phones and wireless vii. Close to a million people were xii. Media played an important role sets for communication. evacuated to cyclone shelters in in early warning and iv. India Red Cross Society (IRCS) Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. corresponding preparedness. has been actively assisting in the viii. A number of buildings, like xiii. Control rooms have been set up. evacuation process, and schools, community halls, office provided assistance in the complexes and other buildings 2.2.3 Emergency Response: government evacuation centres. away from the effect of expected i. Community members were storm surge were identified and moving to safer locations such 2.2.4 Recovery and Reconstruction: people were shifted before the as schools and pucca building. Rehabilitation and reconstruction cyclone Phailin came. ii. Several trees have been felled by work have simultaneously started to ix. Central Medical teams' were community members as pre- restore normalcy which is going to kept ready. emptive measures to prevent take some time. x. The Department of death caused by trees falling – Mutum Chaobisana Devi, Communication and National over people. Architect/Urban Planner, Delhi

COMMUNITY VOICES Voices from Small and Medium Entrepreneurs of Puri, Odisha on 2011 Floods (with UNDP support)

Lack of Invention of new During floods there is no machineries and inadequate alternative source of income. protective action from There is no nearby market. government has put a full stop Relief can only help but only on handicraft items: Floods to an extent. How to start my made this full stop bigger and business? How to link up with everlasting. Without SWAD customers? How to replenish and my SHG it is not possible working capital? Should I to recover on my own. spend my time to restart my Collective recovery is more likely to be successful. business or rebuild my home? I had never thought about – Shushma Guru, these before and hardly could plan when disaster Hadicraft and Coir Worker, Jaipur village, Puri struck. – Santosh Prashti, Jeweller, Madhuban village, Puri

July 2014 southasiadisasters.net 9 URBAN RISK IN ASIA South–South Cooperation for Cities in Asia

he coming wave of technological on cities and leads to the constant Charlotte Mathivet (http:// Tinnovations aimed at global complaints familiar to any urban globalurbanist.com/2010/08/24/ South cities will dominate civic dweller – inadequate transport, traffic cities-for-all-shows-how-the-worlds- debates whether people wish it to or jams, air pollution, poor housing, and poor-are-building-ties-across-the- not. Already, futuristic, 21st-century a high cost of living. global-south), and she stressed the cities are being built around Asia importance of South-South from scratch. I had the privilege of If handled well and with imagination, cooperation to ensuring cities are visiting a couple of them in 2012 while new information technologies can good places to live for everyone. researching the fourth issue of our ensure Asian cities do more than pay magazine, Southern Innovator lip service to aspirations to improve "A lot of social initiatives based on (http://www.scribd.com/ human development. They can make the right to the city are coming from SouthernInnovator). Each city had a cities resilient places - able to bounce these 'new cities of the South,'" different focus for its construction – back from disasters, whether man- Mathivet said. "The book highlights one was seeking to be an "eco-city" made or natural. original social initiatives: protests and the other one called itself a "smart and organizing of the urban poor, city," focused on becoming a regional During the late 1990s, I saw first-hand such as the pavement dwellers' business and technology hub. Both the pressures placed on one Asian movements in Mumbai where people aimed to use the latest information city, Mongolia's capital, Ulaanbaatar. with nothing, living on the technologies to make the way Asian The country endured the worst pavements of a very big city, cities operate on a day-to-day basis peacetime economic collapse since organise themselves to struggle for smarter – and greener. World War II while confronting the their collective rights, just as the park wrenching social and economic dwellers did in Osaka." Large information technology stresses of switching from a companies – including India's Infosys command economy during Recently, an Indian restaurant (infosys.com) – have their sights set Communism to a free-market uploaded to the Internet a video of on selling all sorts of technological democracy. The city's population what it claimed to be the first drone solutions to common problems of grew quickly as rural economies delivering a pizza in an Indian city. urban living. This aspiring revolution collapsed and poverty shot upwards. While this may or may not be a is built on two foundations: One is I can only imagine now how the practical solution to traffic the Internet of Things – in which response could have been different congestion, the subsequent negative everyday objects are connected to the with the technologies available today. fallout – angry police and public Internet via microchips. The other is officials – from this use of new Big Data, the vast quantities of data In 2010, I interviewed one of the technology highlights the promise being generated by all the mobile editors of the Cities for All book, and perils of innovating in the real phones and other electronic devices people use these days. Southern Innovator's fifth issue on Waste and Much of this new technology will be Recycling (http:// manufactured in Asia, and not just www.scribd.com/doc/ that – it will also be developed and 207579744/Southern- designed in Asia, often to meet the Innovator-Magazine-Issue- challenges of urban Asia. 5-Waste-and-Recycling), shows how innovators are By their nature, cities are fluid places. tackling the challenge of People come and go for work and improving human pleasure, and successful cities are magnets for people of all development on a planet backgrounds seeking new with finite resources and a opportunities. This fluidity puts stress growing population.

10 southasiadisasters.net July 2014 world of Asian cities (http:/ STATE RISK PROFILE /www.bbc.co.uk/news/ blogs-news-from- Urban Risks in Uttar Pradesh elsewhere-27537120).

ndia is one of the major countries which sever system leads to Micro electronics are witness natural and human induced water logging and flash becoming cheaper and more I disasters very frequently. Urban areas flood in urban centers. powerful by the month. concentrate disaster risk due to the Small businesses armed aggregation of people, infrastructure and Increasing urbanization, expansion of with a only laptop computer, assets, urban expansion, and inadequate habitat into unsuitable vulnerable areas, access to the Internet and/or management. higher population density, higher housing mobile phone networks, and density, vulnerable housing and buildings cloud computing services, Uttar Pradesh is one of the largest states construction, non engineered unsafe can offer very powerful of India. About 22 percent of states' construction, and aging buildings and business and public services population resides in urban centers. There other infrastructure are some of the factors solutions. And sharing are 915 towns / cities as per Census, 2011. that have increased the vulnerability of solutions across the global There has been 30 percent increase in the hazards and disasters in urban areas. South via information number of towns and cities during 2001 Growing urbanization is posing serious technologies has never been to 2011. There are 630 urban local bodies environmental concerns in India in terms easier. in the state viz. 13 Municipal Corporations, of changing land use pattern, increasing 193 Nagar Palika Parishads, and 424 carbon emissions, solid waste generation The U.S. Pentagon published Nagar Panchayats. Out of 13 Municipal and its disposal, air and water pollution various reports and studies Corporations, 5 Municipal Corporations and poor sanitation amenities. Major in the 2000s forecasting a fall under high seismic zone, 6 Municipal challenge for cities in the face of rapid dark future for cities in the Corporations in moderate seismic risk population growth is to maintain global South. As author zone, and 2 Municipal Corporations are sustainability within the social, economic Mike Davis revealed in his in low and very low seismic risk zones. and environmental dimensions. The The state has been divided into 4 accelerated and uncontrolled urban seminal work, Planet of geographical regions viz, Central, growth has contributed to the ecological Slums (http:// Western, Eastern, and Bundelkhand. transformation of the cities and their www.amazon.com/exec/ immediate surroundings resulting in obidos/ASIN/1844670228/ Western region is more urbanised while flash floods and water scarcity. nationbooks08), the Eastern region is flood prone and Furthermore other factors depending on Pentagon saw the Bundelkhand region is drought prone. A the local circumstances contribute to the developing world's cities as large segment of urban population in the urban vulnerability, hazards and risks. the "battlespace of the state resides in slums, peri urban areas, twenty-first century." It squatters and informal settlements. These Cities are hubs of the intensive resource imagined sprawling, crime- settlements are often located in low demand, environmental degradation and ridden cities full of poverty laying areas prone to direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. However, and slums and needing tiny risks due to environmental degradation, cities may play a critical role in promoting drones and robots darting including changes in the climate and lack low carbon development through use of back and forth, keeping an of basic urban services. The urban poor renewable energy, energy efficiency, eye on everything and living in slums and peri-urban areas and green buildings and mitigating emissions suppressing unrest. This informal settlements are vulnerable as from urban transport. The immediate threat-based view of future they reside in high-risk areas and faulty problems of states' cities relate to cities is one to be avoided. It shelters, having limited access to basic and inadequate institutional arrangements for is possible, through the right emergency services. Moreover, over solid waste management, drainage, application of quick solutions exploitation of ground water resources in sewage treatment and disposal and to the challenges that arise urban centers for quenching the thirst of sanitation services. Thus, it is imperative as cities grow, to turn to increasing urban population, changing to improve the municipal services, cooperation across the cities lifestyle, and water uses for various particularly sanitation services and urban of the global South to avoid purposes is cause of concern. Due to local governments adopt the integrated unregulated housing and building urban planning for climate resilience and this pessimistic fate. construction, lack of proper drainage and addressing the environmental problems. – David South, Editor, sewer network and also ineffective United Nations Office for – Dr. A. K. Singh, Assistant Director, South-South Cooperation functioning of sewerage system in the Regional Center for Urban and Environmental (UNOSSC), UK state, urban centers are at high risks. The Studies (Est. by Ministry of Urban Development, blockage and choking in drainage and Government of India), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh July 2014 southasiadisasters.net 11 CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN SPACE Possible Heat Action Plans for Small Towns of India

limate related extreme weather in South Asia in having a heat wave The rapid urbanisation currently Cevents are on the rise. These preparedness plan. However, a taking place is in small towns and not events range from floods and limitation of these plans is that they big cities. Of the phenomenal growth droughts to cyclones and extremes of are quite urban focussed as they are in national urban population a temperatures. Heat waves, though typically implemented through the remarkable level of growth has taken extremely deadly and frequent are city governments. The need of the place in Class 2, 3 and 4 towns with a not as visible as other extreme hour is to have these resilience population of less than 1 lakh. Small weather events. There are projections strategies integrated into the disaster towns should be a focus of of an increase in the frequency, intensity risk reduction framework at all levels preparedness plans as the high and duration of these heatwaves -state, city and at grassroots levels. population vulnerability, weak across the world. Unfortunately, the infrastructure and governance impacts of climate change are Just as there is a limitation of structures as well as low attention in indiscriminate in their effects and are available data from tropical countries the national consciousness. There felt more in the less developed that are more vulnerable, there is less may also be unique behavioural countries, societies and communities. data from the most vulnerable aspects locally which make people societies and communities within more vulnerable to heat morbidity. There is optimism in the fact that these countries. There are very few For example, during an interview of disaster preparedness is known to be studies which have documented the rural women we discovered that the an effective tool in reducing deaths. effects of heat waves in small towns lack of toilets at home forced women Formal evaluations of these plans and rural areas. This lack of to go out to the fields either during show them to be effective and information is compounded by the dawn or at dusk. To avoid visits in extremely cost effective. Various difficulty in arriving at statistical between they would cut back on fluid cities, especially in the west, have associations from the low numbers consumption leading to increased embarked on building disaster of reported data. Consequently we are risk of dehydration and heat strokes. preparedness plans. We in unaware of any preparedness Physical labour based occupations partnership with NRDC, helped strategies in place for small towns in may be predominant in workers, Ahmedabad to become the first city India. their lifestyle requiring them to spend more time outdoors and weak Recognizing Heat Wave as a Health Risk housing related infrastructural issues (green spaces, electricity and water he city of Ahmedabad experienced a particularly hot summer due to supply) are more common to small towns. Thus, possible preparedness heat wave in May-June 2014. The last time when a heat wave struck T plans for small towns need to have the city, then the total number of all cause mortalities stood at 4,462. recommendations based on local This prompted the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) to draft conditions and practices. a Heat Action Plan for Ahmedabad in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH) and the National Defence Research Council We emphasize on the need for (NDRC). suitable research in these much neglected but rapidly urbanising All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI) has also tried to contribute areas. It is an opportunity to include to this effort of raising awareness against heat waves by conducting action resilience planning while the smaller research with vulnerable communities of Ahmedabad to gauge at the cities are taking shape. debilitating impact that heat waves have on such communities. The – Gulrez Shah Azhar, objective of this research is to further knowledge upon the adverse impacts Priya Dutta, Ajit Rajiva and of heat waves on human health so as to advocate a greater uptake of efforts Dileep Mavalankar for the like the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan by other states and cities of India. Ahmedabad Heat Action group – Kshitij Gupta

12 southasiadisasters.net July 2014 BEST PRACTICES Cost Effective Green Building Techniques for Disaster Resilient Cities

he construction industry heavily 3. Due to lower water penetration CSEB are most the time cheaper than Tdepends upon natural resources seepage of water through bricks fired bricks. This will vary from place for the procurement of raw materials is considerably reduced. to place and specially according to the to be used for erecting different types 4. Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris) cement cost. The cost break up of a of structures. Bricks, cement, can be directly applied on these 5% stabilised block would depend on reinforcement bars all find their bricks without a backing coat of the local context. source in natural elements. But due lime plaster. • Ideally, the production is made to growing global concerns, there is 5. These bricks do not require on the site itself or in the nearby an urgent need to look for soaking in water for 24 hours. area. Thus, it will save the alternatives to produce greener and Sprinkling of water before use is transportation, fuel, time and cleaner building materials, which enough. money. consume fewer resources, produce 6. These fly ash bricks can be • Well-designed CSEB houses can lesser pollution and are environment designed to be used in withstand, with a minimum of maintenance, heavy rains, friendly. Another very important earthquake/cyclone prone snowfall or frost without being aspect being added to this concern is regions. damaged. The strength and the disaster resistance capability of 7. They have higher compressive durability has been proven since these materials. A brick which is strength as compared to half a century. greener in production can also be conventional bricks. • Requiring only a little stabilizer more disaster resilient. Discussed here 8. As there is no baking or kiln the energy consumption in an m3 are a few examples in that respect: fly required, the environmental can be from 5 to 15 times less ash bricks, compressed earth blocks damages are very low. than an m³ of fired bricks. The and rat trap masonry bonding. pollution emission will also be ii) Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks 2.4 to 7.8 times less than fired i) Fly Ash Bricks The soil, raw or stabilized, for a bricks. Pulverised ash brick (PAB) compressed earth block (CEB) is • Produced locally, with a natural technology is a process of converting slightly moistened, poured into a resource and semi skilled labour, industrial waste materials into steel press (with or without stabiliser) almost without transport, it will quality building materials. At and then compressed either with a be definitely cost effective! More present, the technology is well manual or motorized press. CEB can or less according to each context established in converting thermal be compressed in many different and to ones knowledge! power plant waste into quality bricks. shapes and sizes. The input of soil 'FLY ASH' is the extremely fine ash stabilization allowed people to build iii) Rat Trap Bond Construction 'flying' along with flue gases is higher with thinner walls, which have Rat-trap bond masonry can be used trapped in electro-static precipitators a much better compressive strength to construct a small double storeyed (ESP) and is collected. The relatively and water resistance. With cement residential building in load bearing coarser ash generated at the bottom stabilization, the blocks must be cured construction, using the specific of the boilers is mixed with water, for four weeks after manufacturing. construction details which are made into slurry and pumped into After this, they can dry freely and be followed in this technique. The fill sites called ‘ash ponds’. used like common brick with a soil principal requirement for rat-trap cement stabilized mortar. Costs are brickwork is the availability of good Advantages of Fly ash brick over too often limited only to a monetary quality bricks. The following can be conventional bricks: value. Another important aspect is the taken as guiding principle for strength 1. Due to high strength, practically energy consumption involved in the of bricks for Rat-trap brickwork. no breakage during transport material. The production of earth- and use. based materials consumes much Advantages of rat trap bonding: 2. Due to the uniform size of these lesser energy and pollutes much • The construction of this type of bricks, the mortar required for lesser than fired bricks. CSEB and bonding uses 25 % less bricks, thus directly saving on the cost joints and plaster reduces almost stabilised rammed earth are much of material. by 50%. more eco-friendly. July 2014 southasiadisasters.net 13 Type of building construction – Span not Recommended compressive strength of brick exceeding 4.2 metres, Roof/ floor loads as per IS 875 Best Practice Minimum allowable Load bearing, double storeyed More than 50 kg/cm2 40 kg/cm2 Load bearing, single storeyed More than 40 kg/cm2 35 kg/cm2 Infill masonry in frame structure, no restriction Minimum 35 kg/cm2 on number of storeys

• The cavity created on every cost effective. As we witness References: subsequent course creates better historically unprecedented levels of • http://www.ruralhousingnetwork. insulation. urbanization, the challenge of in/technical/rat-trapbond/ • Due to lesser use of material, the growing sustainably can be Design%20and%20Construction overall cost of material and the successfully met by leveraging upon • http://www.earth-auroville.com/ energy consumption in the these traditional techniques. maintenance/uploaded_pics/ cseb.pdf product is evidently less. Architectural science has offered a • Interlocking bond between • http://www.recoveryplatform. org/ vision of a resilient and sustainable courses creates earthquake assets/publication/ urban space, it is up to the decision resistant construction. UNDP%20India%20Disaster_ makers to implement these solutions Resistant_Construction_Practices.pdf to realise this vision. Thus, major advances have been made • http://www.ntpc.co.in/images/ – Aditya Jain in construction techniques which are content/environment/ash_util/ 2010-11/Fly-Ash-Bricks.pdf greener, cleaner, disaster resilient and

SAFE CITIES Important Aspects of A Successful Safe City Approach

"A city is not an accident but the result of coherent visions and aims." – Leon Krier, The Architecture of Community

e live in an era of address the safety needs of its citizens. developing countries are also ailed W unprecedented urbanization. Unsafe cities are no cities. Put simply, by great institutional challenges. The Since 2008, for the first time in human a safe city is one that provides a secure following areas should be accorded history, more people live in cities and environment to all its citizens to live greater focus by policy makers and towns as compared to the countryside. up to their fullest potential. This governments of developing countries Moreover, the number of city and encapsulating view of a safe city in Asia to pursue the agenda of town dwellers is expected to swell up subsumes a lot of factors such as building safe cities. to 5 billion by 20301. This colossal effective coordination among figure will have great ramifications various stakeholders, just allocation 1. Effective coordination for effective on the evolution of modern cities in of resources and equitable response the developing world. Likewise this distribution of social costs and A city is composed of several new wave of urbanization will dictate benefits on citizens of different socio- urban bodies (governance units) the exigencies of a safe city. economic backgrounds. that are accountable for dispensing with the Since a city is a concrete expression A globalized world has spawned responsibilities of governance. of the fears, opportunities, aspirations newer challenges in building safe However, the presence of a large and inspiration of the people who cities. This is particularly true of the number of governance units and inhabit it, evolving over time into developing countries in Asia. For, departments complicates the their social and cultural milieu, apart from a burgeoning population process of coordination among therefore it should necessarily putting pressure on scant resources, them. One of the greatest

1 LINKING POPULATION, POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT, Urbanization: A Majority in Cities https://www.unfpa.org/ pds/urbanization.htm

14 southasiadisasters.net July 2014 challenges to building a safe city framework that seeks to identify cities are faced with the a unique is to ensure that there is effective and understand such risks needs challenge. This is the challenge coordination among various to be necessarily grounded in the of sustainable development. To urban entities during an local milieu. accommodate this burgeoning emergency. The city as a whole population, developing cities in must respond to this crisis. In February 2014, AIDMI Asia often pursue an agenda of designed and developed an indiscriminate infrastructural The All India Disaster Mitigation action research exercise for development. This only adds to Institute (AIDMI) acknowledges framing a contextualised urban the vulnerability of the city to the need of effective risk assessment for the city of various risks. This vulnerability coordination during emergencies Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. is further compounded by the and has thus designed, developed The unique risks faced by the city adverse impacts of climate change. and reviewed several City of Ahmedabad and the unique Emergency Management challenges faced by the city's To strive for sustainability, cities Exercises (CMExs) since the year vulnerable populations were all should necessarily pursue the 2007 in Ahmedabad, Mumbai, incorporated in the assessment. imperative of climate compatible Chennai, Delhi and Guwahati in Once the framework for development. A climate India. These city wide emergency assessment was drafted, data was compatible development management exercises are akin gathered from various approach minimises the harm to city wide mock drills where stakeholders in the city based on caused by climate impacts, while different urban entities such as the lines of the framework. The maximising the many human schools, hospitals, police analysis of this data revealed a development opportunities department, fire department, etc. lot of details about the risk presented by a low emissions, train with each other in a profile of the city. The details more resilient, future. Thus, such simulated emergency scenario. included that not only is urban an approach is indispensable for The idea behind this exercise is risk dynamic but is also moving building a safe city. to promote coordination among across time in multiple ways. these entities by giving them AIDMI has forwarded the AIDMI has collaborated with the practice well before an findings of this assessment to key Climate and Development emergency. Having successfully policymakers busy with the HFA Knowledge Network (CDKN) to conducted CMExs in many process so that the vulnerabilities generate awareness about this Indian cities, AIDMI is now identified may be addressed approach and implement it in focusing on preparing standard through institutional measures. India for building safer cities. guidelines for all those interested The results will be addressed at in facilitating a city wide AMCDRR in Bangkok, Thailand. While there are several other factors emergency management required for building a safe city, the exercise to protect the citizens. 3. Climate Compatible Development three enumerated above are As urbanization puts pressure on extremely important and pertinent to 2. Thorough and Contextualised already distended urban centres the context of the developing world Urban Risk Assessments due to waves of people from the in Asia. Focusing on them would lead Vulnerability to various risks can countryside and rural areas us closer to building safer cities in only be mitigated after their migrating to such urban centres, Asia. – Kshitij Gupta proper identification and comprehension. In this end, there AIDMI becomes a member of are a lot of urban risk assessment tools and methods which help in the Sustainable Development mapping out various Solutions Network vulnerabilities and risks to he All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI) is pleased to announce which a city may be exposed to. Tto its readers that it has just secured membership to the prestigious However, cities differ from each Sustainable Development Solution Network (SDSN). The SDSN works closely other in a ways more than one. with United Nations agencies, multilateral financing institutions, the private This makes a standard urban risk sector, and civil society. The SDSN mobilizes scientific and technical assessment redundant. Since expertise from academia, civil society, and the private sector in support of risks are relative in nature, sustainable development problem solving at local, national, and global therefore any assessment or scales. AIDMI will now work closely related to the activities of SDSN.

July 2014 southasiadisasters.net 15 NEW PROJECTS HIF Funds Three New Projects with Disaster Resilience Focus

isaster insurance for micro- products or services to improve the in this country. The innovation D enterprises is among three global response to natural disasters involves placing a balloon in a pioneering projects to be awarded and humanitarian crises. woman's uterus and inflating it grants by the Humanitarian with water to stop bleeding. The Innovation Fund (HIF). The three projects to receive funding procedure is highly cost effective as in this round are: materials can be sourced locally and The successful projects, which will includes a training package for local be run by Massachusetts General Open Aerial Map (Humanitarian Open health workers. Hospital, All India Disaster Street Map Team) Mitigation Institute (AIDMI) and Open Aerial Map aims to be the first Urbanization and Crises Program Humanitarian Open Steet Map free, robust, and openly accessible (All India Disaster Mitigation Institute Team, will be developing and online archive of satellite and aerial with Harvard Humanitarian Initiative) testing a range of innovations to imagery. High-resolution satellite The project will pilot disaster help save lives and reduce suffering. imagery is invaluable for disaster insurance for micro-enterprises to The projects, who will work preparedness as ground imagery can improve the recovery of local collaboratively with partners, will be utilised to create base maps of markets that play a critical role in receive over £400,000 in total. This disaster prone areas. During disasters, providing goods and services to was the sixth round of funding since the imagery can provide situational vulnerable disaster-affected the HIF was launched in 2010. awareness to aid interventions. populations in urban settings.

The HIF, supported by the UK Strengthening resilience: low cost More information about these Department for International uterine balloon tamponade package projects will be available through Development (DFID) and the (Massachusetts General Hospital) their project profiles and blogging Canadian International The project will optimise, test and facility on the HIF website Development Agency (CIDA), evaluate a device in Sierra Leone to shortly. funds projects across the world to mitigate postnatal haemorrhage – the – AIDMI Team develop and implement innovative leading cause of maternal mortality

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Editorial Advisors: Anshuman Saikia Madhavi Malalgoda Ariyabandu Regional Programme Support Coordinator International Strategy for Risk Reduction (ISDR) – ARO, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of South Asia, Sri Lanka Nature), Thailand Mihir R. Bhatt Denis Nkala All India Disaster Mitigation Institute, India Regional Coordinator, South-South Cooperation and Country Support (Asia-Pacific), United Nations Dr. Satchit Balsari, MD, MPH Development Programme, New York The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell, New York, USA Ian Davis Visiting Professor in Disaster Risk Management in T. Nanda Kumar Copenhagen, Lund, Kyoto and Oxford Brookes Chairman, National Dairy Development Board Universities (NDDB), Anand, Gujarat, India

ALL INDIA DISASTER MITIGATION INSTITUTE 411 Sakar Five, Near Natraj Cinema, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad–380 009 India. Tele/Fax: +91-79-2658 2962 16 E-mail: [email protected], Website:southasiadisasters.net http://www.aidmi.org, www.southasiadisasters.net July 2014