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2901-09 Stay’N-Out Therapeu(c*Communi(es:*The*Interna(onal*Journal*of*Therapeu(c*Communi(es Stay’n'Out'–'The'Evolu2on'of'a'Prison8Based'Therapeu2c'Community'over'30'Years' Seep$Varma$and$Ron$Williams$ Ar(cle*Informa(on: To'cite'this'document: Seep'Varma'and'Ron'Williams,'(2008),'“Stay’n'Out'–'The'Evolu2on'of'a'Prison8Based'Therapeu2c'Community'over'30' Years”,'Therapeu2c'Communi2es:'The'Interna2onal'Journal'of'Therapeu2c'Communi2es,'Vol.'29'Iss'1'pp.'89895 This'copy'is'allowed'for'personal'use'only.''For'addi2onal'copies'please'email:'[email protected] For*Authors Emerald'Group'Publishing'currently'publishes'Therapeu2c'Communi2es:'The'Interna2onal'Journal'of'Therapeu2c' Communi2es.''If'you'would'like'to'write'for'this'publica2on,'please'see'the'Author'Guidelines'here.' About*Emerald*www.emeraldinsight.com Emerald'is'a'global'publisher'linking'research'and'prac2ce'to'the'benefit'of'society.'The'company'manages'a'por\olio' of'more'than'290'journals'and'over'2,350'books'and'book'series'volumes,'as'well'as'providing'an'extensive'range'of' online'products'and'addi2onal'customer'resources'and'services.' Emerald'is'both'COUNTER'4'and'TRANSFER'compliant.'The'organiza2on'is'a'partner'of'the'Commicee'on'Publica2on' Ethics'(COPE)'and'also'works'with'Por2co'and'the'LOCKSS'ini2a2ve'for'digital'archive'preserva2on. www.therapeuticcommunities.org Stay’n Out – The Evolution of a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community over 30 Years Seep Varma and Ron Williams ABSTRACT: This article traces the evolutionary history of the Stay’n Out Program, which is a prison-based therapeutic community program in New York State. The authors describe the early challenges, essential program elements and the lessons learned over the past 30 years. The Stay’n Out Program is the oldest prison-based program in the United States. Introduction For nearly three decades, from the 1960s well into the 1980s, the larger cities of the United States, New York City in particular, were in the grip of a drug epidemic. Heroin was the primary drug of choice. Drug addiction, and the accompanying drug-related crime, was at the highest level in history. The criminal justice system was overwhelmed. In 1977, the New York State Department of Corrections was experiencing massive overcrowding, with over 18,000 inmates. The New York State Division of Parole was experiencing high rates of recidivism, due to new crimes committed by parolees. The majority of these parolees were substance abusers, who had relapsed. The New York Division of Substance Abuse Services (DSAS) was responsible for addressing substance abuse treatment in New York. Officials had been attempting to combat this epidemic by rapidly expanding residential drug treatment facilities throughout the State, especially in the harder hit urban areas. The TC was chosen as a primary response, accompanied by a strong prevention effort and the utiliZation of methadone maintenance. When federal funding became available to assist in this first ‘War Against Drugs’, the larger TCs in New York joined forces with the Division of Substance Abuse Services, the Department of Corrections and the Division of Parole, to develop an in-prison program. History The Stay’n Out Program was launched in 1977 by a coalition of New York-based therapeutic community programs known as New York Therapeutic Communities Inc. At the time this coalition existed to advocate for expansion and Seep Varma and Ron Williams are at New York Therapeutic Communities, Inc., Stay’n Out & Serendipity Programs, New York, NY 10018, USA. E-mail: [email protected] therapeutic communities, 29, 1, spring 2008 © The Author(s) 90 therapeutic communities, 29, 1, spring 2008 implementation of the TC methodology for substance abusers. The membership and Board of Directors included Phoenix House, Daytop Village, Project Return, Samaritan Village, Odyssey House and others. It was chaired by Dr Mitchell Rosenthal of Phoenix House. In 1977, the Federal Government provided incentives to States to establish treatment services for inmates in correctional facilities. Initial funding in New York was provided to the New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services (DSAS) to implement an in-prison therapeutic community. DSAS established an alliance with the TC coalition in New York to provide the in-prison treatment with a continuum of aftercare services through existing community-based programs. The idea of providing substance abuse treatment services to inmates through the application of a prison-based TC was met with so much skepticism that no treatment agency wanted to take it on directly for fear of tarnishing the reputation of their program. The project became a collective effort of all New York-based therapeutic community programs. A Project Director, Ron Williams, was hired to lead the effort. His colleagues joked that he had just ruined his career since this effort was not likely to last. After a few years of operation and promising initial results, the program was renamed ‘Stay’n Out’ by the male program participants. The logo of a key with the door swinging open was established as a symbol of the program being the ‘Key to getting out and Stay’n Out’. In 1980, the program separated from the parent organization of the TC coalition to become an independent non-profit enterprise. Today the agency is still led by the founder, Ron Williams. Initial participants The Stay’n Out Program was designed to accept inmates through strict selection criteria. These were primarily first-time offenders with histories of substance abuse and were usually younger than the average inmate. Excluded from participation were inmates convicted of sex offences, arson or extensive histories of violent crime. The selected participants would enter the program 12 months before their parole release eligibility date. Six months would be spent in the prison program adapting to the therapeutic regimen. If successful, they would be eligible for release six months earlier than under normal conditions. They would be referred to a member agency of New York Therapeutic Communities Inc. to complete the remaining six months in community-based residential TC treatment. Progress was monitored and successful completion of treatment (a minimum of six months) would guarantee parole, while lack of success guaranteed a return to incarceration. Early strives Initial opposition to the program was acute. The State agency responsible for substance abuse treatment services was funding and supervising a program within the Department of Corrections. The correctional setting is generally self- contained and insular. Therefore, the notion of a private, non-correctional Seep Varma and Ron Williams 91 organiZation controlling any aspect of the operation of a prison was unheard of and was met with suspicion. In 1980, when the initial federal funding expired, the Department of Correctional Services (DOCS) decided to continue the services and to fund the program since its early accomplishments were positive. There were many initial benefits of operating a prison-based therapeutic community. TC practitioners were working with a ‘captive audience’, who were actively engaged in the treatment process. The program results were similar to those experienced in community-based settings. Program graduates (former inmates of the program) were allowed to work in the prison, which had been unheard of previously in New York. From another perspective, correctional administrators viewed the program as a management tool. In the TC Units, inmates were engaged in meaningful activities. There were fewer incidents of rule infractions, violence and misconduct. Correctional staff who were associated with the treatment program took less sick leave and were more engaged in their jobs than those who were not associated with the TC. In New York State in the 1980s, the crack and heroin epidemic and associated crime was on the increase, as were the incarceration rates for drug offenders. The prison-based TC was a logical and proven response that now boasted a strong track record of positive outcomes, such as 77% of the graduates remaining successful in the community five years after release (NIJ 1995). The Federal Government responded to the success of the prison-based TC with the implementation of Project Reform, which provided funding to States to design and implement prison-based TCs. Stay’n Out was chosen to be the model for this effort and began, in conjunction with the National Development Research Institute (NDRI), to conduct in-prison TC training throughout the US. Initial States included Ohio, Delaware, California and Alabama. This training effort eventually became international in scope, through the assistance of the US Department of State and included Thailand, Malaysia and Columbia. Program sustainability Several aspects of the Stay’n Out Program have proven critical to sustaining the program over the last 30 years. Stay’n Out is unique, not in the sense of operating a prison-based TC but, rather, in operating one that has lasted as long as it has. Similar efforts had been tried previously, but were ultimately terminated within a few years of inception. Research has been important to the ongoing operation of Stay’n Out. Measurement from external sources as well as internal management and evaluation of program outcomes has been critical. Stay’n Out has been evaluated since inception. Building this component into the initial design of the program has had tremendous benefit. Continuation and expansion of the prison-based TC was directly linked to the fact that Stay’n Out had included an outcome evaluation within the program design. The initial structure of the program involved participants being paroled or released directly into a community-based residential facility that was operated 92 therapeutic communities, 29, 1, spring 2008 by a member of New York Therapeutic Communities Inc. This continuity of care from a custody-based program to community-based residential services provided the best results in terms of recidivism and drug-free rates among graduates (Wexler, Lipton & Foster 1985). This eventually led to Stay’n Out opening a residential treatment centre in the community in 1989.
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