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Ground-Water Conditions in Carson County, Texas

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Ground-Water Conditions in Carson County, Texas TEXAS BOARD OF WATER ENGINEERS Durwood Manford, Chairman R. Mo Dixon, Member 0. F. Dent, Member BULLETIN 5802 GROUND-WATER CONDITIONS IN CARSON COUNTY, TEXAS By Chris Gard Ground-Water Hydrologist August 1958 CONTENTS Page Abstract ... 1 Introduction. ... „ ............ „ .... » . 2 Environment , .. ..... 0 ....... ......... 4 Topography and drainage 0 .. s ...... o - o o ..... k Economy0 .............. .. 4 Climate k Summary of physiographic development. «, 5 Geologic formations and water supply. ...... 9 Permian and Triassic systems ................ 9 Tertiary system. ............. ... 9 Ogallala formation. 9 Quaternary system. ... ........... 10 Ground water 10 Source and movement. ......... , .. ... 10 Chemical character of ground water. „ 11 Suitability for domestic and municipal use ......... 11 Suitability for irrigation . 12 Salinity hazard .... .......... 12 Sodium (alkali) hazard. „ 12 Residual sodium carbonate Ik Boron concentration ........... Ik Well performance Ik Utilization of ground water ................... 15 Municipal use. .............. 15 Industrial use , 16 Irrigation 17 Ground-water conservation .......... ..... 19 Selected bibliography .............. 21 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 1. Map of Carson County showing locations of wells, test holes, and geologic profiles 116 2. Generalized contour map of water table, Carson County, Texas, 1954 o ........ 117 Figure 1. Map of Texas showing location of Carson County .... 3 2. Rainfall records at Amarillo, Texas. ......... 6 3. Generalized geologic profiles, Carson County, Texas. 7 ko Generalized geologic profiles, Carson County, Texas. 8 5. Diagram for the classification of irrigation waters. 13 6. Map showing subdivision of the Ogallala underground reservoir east of Amarillo and boundaries of under ground water conservation district. ......... 20 TABLES Page Table 1. Monthly and annual precipitation in inches at Amarillo, I892-I955 23 2. Records of wells in Carson County, Texas 25 3. Drillers' logs of wells in Carson County 52 k. Chemical analyses of water from wells in Carson County, Texas. 115 5. Specific capacities of wells in Carson County 15 6. Annual pumpage inventory, Carson County, 1955-56. ... 18 GROUND-WATER CONDITIONS IN CARSON COUNTY, TEXAS By Chris Gard Ground-Water Hydrologist ABSTRACT Carson County is underlain by the Ogallala formation consisting of interfingered and intergraded lenses and layers of sand, sandstone, clay, caliche, and gravel. The permeable zones are interconnected and consti tute an important ground-water reservoir which is the only dependable supply of water available in the county. The thickness of the Ogallala formation is over 800 feet in some parts of the county, and the saturated thickness ranges from a feather edge to 5^0 feet. Wells obtaining water from the Ogallala in the county range in depth from 90 to 836 feet and yields range upward to 1,9°0 gallons per minute. Specific capacities of wells measured in Carson County range from 6.8 to 36 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. The amount of water stored in the Ogallala reservoir underlying Carson County is not known and additional studies are needed to provide a reasonable estimate. Recharge to the ground-water reservoir is from precipitation on the surface of the High Plains. Ground water movement is eastward toward springs issuing at the base of the High Plains escarp ment. Water from the Ogallala formation is generally suitable for domestic, municipal, industrial and irrigation uses. Irrigation from wells began in Carson County in 195^ as a result of drought conditions. By March I956, there were 12k irrigation wells in the county and 36,000 acres of land were under irrigation. As of March 1956, annual pumpage of ground water in the county was estimated to be approximately 31*500 acre feet for ir rigation and 9*^00 acre feet for municipal and industrial uses. INTRODUCTION Carson County is in the northeast part of the Texas Panhandle (fig ure l). Most of the county is underlain by the Ogallala ground-water reservoir which is one of the most important reservoirs in the State. Drought conditions prevailing in 195^ led to the development of irri gation from ground water because surface water supplies were unavailable. Ground water is also the only source of supply for industrial and munici pal expansion. A careful evaluation of ground-water conditions is, therefore, essential to the utilization and conservation of the ground water supply. The Board of Water Engineers is authorized by statute to make scientific investigations of the source, amount, and quality of ground water supplies, either independently or in cooperation with federal or other state agencies. An inventory of wells in Carson County was made and published by the Board of Water Engineers in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey in 1938. Additional data were collected by the two agencies in connection with war-time activities. Further cooperative investigations were made in 195** prior to official Board designation of a subdivision of the Ogallala underground reservoir in parts of Carson and adjoining counties. This report is based on data collected in previous investigations and pumpage and irrigation well inventories compiled by the writer in March, 1956° The report contains discussions of: (l) water-bearing properties of geologic formations, (2) source and movement of ground water, (3) amount of water in storage, (k) chemical character of ground water, (5) utilization of ground water, and (6) conservation of ground water. The investigation and report were authorized by the Board of Water Engineers and technical supervision was by R. T. Littleton, Chief, Ground Water Investigations. Appreciation is expressed for the cooperation and assistance of county and municipal officials, industrial plant officials, well drill ers and farmers and ranchers of Carson County, who contributed valuable informs.tion. The assistance of J. E. White, Engineer, Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, and H. M. Nichols, County Agent, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, is especially appreciated. Assistance and advice from personnel of the Ground-Water Branch of the United States Geological Survey, Texas District, espe cially that of R. W. Sundstrom, District Engineer, Austin, and James G. Cronin, Area Engineer, Plainview, is acknowledged. The assistance of Burdge Irelan, District Chemist, United States Geological Survey, Quality of Water Branch, Texas District, Austin, who made helpful suggestions regarding the section of the report dealing with chemical character of ground water, is appreciated. FIGURE I - MAP OF TEXAS SHOWING LOCATION OF CARSON COUNTY ENVIRONMENT Carson County is on the Southern High Plains, a major subdivision of the High Plains physiographic province of the Great Plains of the west- central United States. The Southern High Plains occupy an area of more than 30,000 square miles, largely in the Panhandle of Texas but covering also part of eastern New Mexico. Topography and Drainage Carson County occupies a peninsula-like arm of the Southern High Plains extending northeastward from the City of Amarillo. This arm is a broad table land lying between the canyon of the Canadian River on the north and valleys of tributaries of the Red River on the south. The central and southern parts of the county slope gently eastward and are dotted with saucer-like depressions typical of much of the High Plains surface. The northern part of the county slopes northward and is incised by the headward erosion of small drainage ways that are tributary to the Canadian River. Most of the run-off in the central and southern parts of the county collects in depression ponds. Some of the run-off in the southeastern part of the county drains to the North Fork of the Red River through the McClelland Creek watershed. Numerous drainage ways in the northern eroded area carry run-off to the Canadian River. Economy The economy of Carson County is based on farming, ranching, oil and gas production, and industry. Flat land in the central and southern parts of the county is largely cultivated, and the principal crops are wheat and sorghums. The eroded lands of the northern part of the county are uti lized for cattle raising. Oil and gas are produced in Carson and adjoin ing counties, and several industrial installations connected with oil and gas production and refinement of oil and gas operate in the county. The Pantex Ordnance Plant is the largest industrial plant in the county. Climate The climate of Carson County is semi-arid, characterized'by cold winters and mild summers. The 6k-year average annual percipitation at Amarillo is 20.58 inches, and the average annual temperature for the same period is 57 degrees. Monthly precipitation at Amarillo is shown in Table 1, and annual precipitation and cumulative departure from average are shown graphically in Figure 2. Table 1 shows that most of the rainfall occurs in the summer months. The lowest recorded annual precipitation was 11.15 inches in 1910, and the highest was 39»T5 inches in 1923° Annual rainfall from 1952 through 1955 averaged approximately 13 inches, which is the most severe drought of record. Although rain fall was generally low in the 1930's there were no four consecutive years with precipitation as low as the period from 1952 through 1955* Evaporation rates from a Young screen pan have been measured at . Amarillo since 1952. During the four-year period from 1952 through 1955> the average annual rate of evaporation was 88 inches. SUMMARY OF PHYSIOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT Carson County is underlain by sediments of Cenozoic age which occupy a basin in older rocks of Permian and Triassic ages. These Permo- Triassic rocks are not differentiated in this report and are collectively termed redbeds. The sediments of Cenozoic age belong principally to the Ogallala formation. They were deposited late in the Tertiary period in a basin formed in the redbed surface which is shown by geologic profiles in Figures 3 and k. The locations of these sections are shown on Plate 1. Sediments of Quaternary age, which are difficult to distinguish from the Ogallala formation, were deposited as a mantle over part of the area.
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