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Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy Vs Phenelzine Therapy for Social Phobia: 12-Week Outcome

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Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy Vs Phenelzine Therapy for Social Phobia: 12-Week Outcome ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy vs Phenelzine Therapy for Social Phobia 12-Week Outcome Richard G. Heimberg, PhD; Michael R. Liebowitz, MD; Debra A. Hope, PhD; Franklin R. Schneier, MD; Craig S. Holt, PhD; Lawrence A. Welkowitz, PhD; Harlan R. Juster, PhD; Raphael Campeas, MD; Monroe A. Bruch, PhD; Marylene Cloitre, PhD; Brian Fallon, MD; Donald F. Klein, MD Background: This article presents results of the acute treat- led to superior response rates and greater change on di- ment phase of a 2-site study comparing cognitive behav- mensional measures than did either control condition. ioral group therapy (CBGT) and treatment with the mono- However, response to phenelzine therapy was more evi- amine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine sulfate for social phobia. dent after 6 weeks, and phenelzine therapy was also su- perior to CBGT after 12 weeks on some measures. There Methods: One hundred thirty-three patients from 2 sites were few differences between sites, suggesting that these received 12 weeks of CBGT, phenelzine therapy, pill pla- treatments can be efficacious at facilities with differing cebo administration, or educational-supportive group theoretical allegiances. therapy (an attention-placebo treatment of equal credibil- ity to CBGT). The “allegiance effect,” ie, the tendency for Conclusions: After 12 weeks, both phenelzine therapy treatments to seem most efficacious in settings of similar and CBGT were associated with marked positive re- theoretical orientation and less efficacious in theoreti- sponse. Although phenelzine therapy was superior to cally divergent settings, was also examined by comparing CBGT on some measures, both were more efficacious than responses to the treatment conditions at both sites: 1 known the control conditions. More extended cognitive behav- for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders and the ioral treatment and the combination of modalities may other for cognitive behavioral treatment. enhance treatment effect. Results: After 12 weeks, phenelzine therapy and CBGT Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:1133-1141 OCIAL PHOBIA is prevalent,1 ible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type begins early,2,3 and follows a A moclobemide and brofaromine have From the Center for Stress chronic course.4 It is often been less consistently supportive. and Anxiety Disorders, State University of New York at comorbid with other disor- Cognitive behavioral methods also Albany (Drs Heimberg, Hope, ders and increases the odds have demonstrated efficacy for social pho- 25-31 Holt, Juster, and Bruch); and of the occurrence of the secondary disor- bia. One of the most thoroughly stud- S5,6 6,7 the Anxiety Disorders Clinic, der. Impairment is substantial, and ied treatments is cognitive behavioral group New York State Psychiatric inability to work, attend school, or marry therapy (CBGT),32,33 a multicomponent Institute, and Columbia is common.8-10 package including (1) training in cogni- University College of Controlled trials support the effi- tive coping skills, (2) multiple exposures Physicians and Surgeons, New cacy of pharmacotherapy for social pho- to simulations of feared situations in ses- York (Drs Liebowitz, Schneier, bia. The selective serotonin reuptake in- sion, (3) homework assignments for expo- Welkowitz, Campeas, Cloitre, 11 Fallon, and Klein). hibitors fluvoxamine maleate, sertraline sure to feared situations, and (4) use of cog- 12 13,14 Dr Heimberg is now with the hydrochloride, and paroxetine and the nitive coping skills in conjunction with 15 Department of Psychology, benzodiazepine clonazepam have each exposures. Cognitive behavioral group Temple University, surpassed placebo in effectiveness in pub- therapy has been evaluated in several stud- Philadelphia, Pa; Dr Hope, the lished trials, whereas the b-blocker aten- ies25,34-43; CBGT was more effective than at- Department of Psychology, olol,16,17 the benzodiazepine alpra- tention-placebo treatment after 12 weeks,35 University of Nebraska, zolam,18 and buspirone hydrochloride19 and patients continued to do well at 4.5- Lincoln; Dr Holt, the have not. The most thoroughly evaluated to 6.25-year follow-up.36 Department of Psychiatry, compounds have been monoamine oxi- Few studies have compared phar- University of Iowa, Iowa City; dase inhibitors (MAOIs). Results of 3 con- macological and cognitive behavioral Dr Welkowitz, the Department 16,18,20 of Psychology, Keene State trolled trials support the efficacy of treatments for social phobia. Results of 2 17,19 College, Keene, NH; and phenelzine therapy and suggest that ap- studies showed better outcomes with Dr Cloitre, the Payne Whitney proximately two thirds of patients re- cognitive behavioral treatments. How- Clinic, New York, NY. spond. Results of studies20-24 of the revers- ever, the medications studied were ARCH GEN PSYCHIATRY/ VOL 55, DEC 1998 1133 ©1998 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/24/2021 PATIENTS AND METHODS patients at the 2 sites or among patients assigned to the 4 treatment conditions (Table 1). Patients from New York City were more severe on several pretreatment measures. We compared CBGT, phenelzine therapy, placebo admin- However, patients assigned to the 4 treatment conditions did istration, and educational-supportive group therapy (ES), not differ overall or as a function of site on these measures. an attention-placebo procedure.35 All treatments were con- ducted at both sites (Figure 1). Eligible patients met DSM- TREATMENTS III-R,44 criteria for social phobia. At the Center for Stress and Anxiety Disorders of the State University of New York Administration of Phenelzine or Pill Placebo at Albany, the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule– Revised (ADIS-R)45,46 was administered. At the Anxiety Dis- A psychiatrist monitored patients’ clinical state and of- orders Clinic of the New York State Psychiatric Institute, fered support according to a manual adapted from the Na- New York, either the Schedule for Affective Disorders and tional Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Schizophrenia–Lifetime version (modified for the study of Collaborative Research Program.49 Visits lasted 30 min- anxiety disorders)47 or the Structured Clinical Interview for utes, except for a 45-minute initial visit. No systematic ex- DSM-III-R48 was administered. In each setting, the social posure instructions were offered. phobia section of the other site’s diagnostic interview was Patients received 15-mg phenelzine sulfate tablets administered to ensure that similar patients were enrolled (n = 31) or matching placebo tablets (n = 33) in 1 morning at both sites. Patients underwent physical examinations and dose; dosages of 60 mg/d (4 pills) and greater were split satisfied relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pretreat- between morning and noontime. Dosages started at 15 mg/d ment assessment included an independent assessor inter- and increased to 30 mg/d on day 4, to 45 mg/d on day 8, view, self-report questionnaires, and a behavioral test. and to 60 mg/d on day 15. After 4 weeks, depending on Groups of 5 to 7 patients, stratified by social phobia sub- symptoms and adverse effects, dosages could be raised to type, were then randomly assigned to 12 weekly sessions 75 mg/d. After 5 weeks, dosages could be raised to 90 mg/d. of 1 of the 4 treatments. Phenelzine and double-blind pill No other psychotropic medications were permitted, and pa- placebo were administered by a psychiatrist, and CBGT and tients followed MAOI dietary restrictions.50 ES were conducted by a psychologist and cotherapist. As- sessments were repeated after 6 (interview and question- Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy naires only) and 12 weeks of treatment. Thereafter, non- responders to the active treatments and patients who Cognitive behavioral group therapy was administered in 12 received ES or pill placebo were removed from the study. sessions of 21⁄2 hours each to groups of 5 to 7 patients (n = 36). Responders to CBGT or phenelzine therapy were eligible In the first 2 sessions, patients were taught to identify nega- for the long-term phase of the study, described in a sepa- tive cognitions (“automatic thoughts” [ATs]), to observe the rate article. covariation between anxiety and ATs, to challenge logical errors in ATs, and to formulate rational alternatives. There- PATIENTS after, they confronted increasingly difficult feared situa- tions (first in the session and then in real life) while apply- The sample consisted of 133 patients, 59 from Albany, NY, ing cognitive skills. When patients worked on their personal and 74 from New York, NY, who presented for treatment target situations, a standard sequence was followed: (1) iden- at 1 of the sites, were referred by local mental health or medi- tification of ATs, (2) identification of logical errors in ATs, cal practitioners, or responded to advertisements in local (3) disputation of ATs and formulation of rational re- media. For study inclusion, prospective patients had to meet sponses, and (4) establishment of behavioral goals. Patients criteria for social phobia and had to be between 18 and 65 practiced cognitive skills while completing behavioral tasks years old, fluent in English, willing to provide written in- (eg, conversing with another group member or giving a formed consent, and able to participate responsibly in treat- speech). Goal attainment and use of cognitive skills were re- ment. Exclusions included schizophrenia, major depres- viewed. Behavioral experiments were used to confront
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