Action Statement Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 No. 178

Alteration to the natural temperature regimes of rivers and streams

Description The temperature of the water in streams and rivers Decreased water temperature is an important factor contributing to habitat The main cause of decreased water temperature is quality. The natural water temperature regimes of the release of water from dams which have rivers and streams in are primarily a offtakes or outlets situated deep in the water. function of air temperature - colder in winter, During summer, large, still bodies of water can warmer in summer. Under natural conditions, form layers of different temperatures, a process most water bodies have annual temperature known as stratification, where a warm layer of variations that reflect these seasonal changes. water at the top overlays a cold body of water at Water temperatures, however, are usually lower the bottom. This effect mainly occurs in dams that than air temperatures so that even when air are deeper than 5m (Ryan et al. 2001). temperatures are high, only the surface water of the river or stream is heated. Colder groundwater Many impoundments in Victoria utilise outlets flows tend to keep the temperature cooler. located deep in the body of the dam (deeper than 5m) which can release cold water during summer. All native fish and invertebrate species are adapted For example, Lake Hume draws water from over to the natural ambient temperature regimes of 30m deep in the reservoir, lowering temperatures Victoria's rivers and streams (OWR 1990, Boulton downstream by about 6°C, while and Brock 1999). All animals associated with releases water from over 60m deep and reduces freshwater (with the exception of birds and water temperature by as much as 15°C (Shafron et mammals) are cold-blooded, that is, they are al. 1990, Koehn et al. 1995). Lake Eildon releases unable to control their body temperatures. water from nearly 50m deep, reducing natural Therefore, they are highly dependent on ambient temperatures in the by about 8°C temperatures (Hellawell 1986). Plants associated (Mackay and Shafron 1988). with freshwaters also have no mechanism for temperature control. While cold water naturally warms up as it travels downstream, this drop in natural stream Natural water temperatures can either be increased temperatures can persist for many kilometres or decreased, depending on the source of the downstream of the dam structure. The effects of change. Both increases and decreases are included changed temperature patterns from Lake Hume under the term ‘Thermal Water Pollution’. A can be seen as far as 200 kilometres downstream number of factors have been identified that can (Walker 1979). The impacts of cold water released lead to thermal pollution, including river from Dartmouth Dam are noticeable downstream regulation, heated industrial discharges, the to Tallandoon, over 70 kilometres away (Ryan et al. release of power station cooling waters, returning 2001) and releases from Lake Eildon cause impacts irrigation waters, changes in riparian vegetation, for about 100 kilometres downstream to Goulburn and the inter-basin transfer of water (Pusey et al. Weir (Mackay and Shafron 1988). 1998, Ryan et al. 2001). Increased water temperature • poses, or has the potential to pose, a significant A lack of bankside vegetation along streams threat to the survival of a range of flora and reduces shading and can result in markedly fauna; and increased water temperatures particularly during • poses, or has the potential to pose, a significant summer (Tunbridge 1988, OWR 1990, Mitchell threat to the survival of two or more taxa; and 1990, Hall 1991). • poses, or has the potential to pose, a significant Water temperatures in rivers and streams can also threat to the evolutionary development of two be increased when summer flows are significantly or more taxa. reduced by water diversions for domestic or The process occurs in rivers and streams irrigation (OCE 1988). throughout the State. For cold water pollution, a number of priority areas can be identified. Large amounts of excess heat are produced during electricity generation, and the discharged cooling Ryan et al. (2001) identified 49 dams across water can have a higher temperature than the Victoria with the potential to contribute to cold stream water into which it is released (Harasymiw water pollution in downstream reaches. These 1983, Cadwallader and Backhouse 1983). were classified into three priority categories: maximum priority (24 dams), medium priority (11 While some large dams are stratified over summer, dams) and minimum priority (14 dams), based on the stratification breaks down over winter and the likelihood that the dam would contribute cold released water may, in fact, be warmer than the water to the effluent stream. This was mainly natural temperatures downstream (Ryan et al. based on the outlet level in the dam. Maximum 2001). priority dams drew water from greater than 10 m depth, and were regularly discharging, medium Other temperature effects priority dams drew water from 6-10 m depth or Simple increases and decreases in water only released water occasionally, and minimum temperature are not the only types of thermal priority dams were either artificially destratified or pollution in rivers and streams: released water from less than 6 m depth.

• the seasonal or even daily amplitude of The 49 priority dams identified by Ryan et al. temperature change can either be reduced with (2001) were mainly located in three areas: the cold water releases (Saltveit et al. 1994, Growns Bendigo/Ballarat area, , and the 1998) or increased when riparian vegetation is north east. However, there were also priority dams grazed and shade is lost (Quinn et al. 1993); located in the Grampians and Otway Ranges. Maximum priority dams were located in all five of • the natural rapid rise in temperature that these regions. occurs in spring can be reduced, or even eliminated (Lugg 1999); For increases in temperature due to riparian • the peak in summer temperature may be vegetation degradation or changes to flow regimes, delayed by weeks or months (Acaba et al. 2000); no geographic areas can be identified with higher and priority than other regions. According to Index of Stream Condition (ISC) data, riparian vegetation is • the rate of temperature change may be larger in a degraded state over much of Victoria. No than natural, for example when a large volume catchment in Victoria had more than 60% of its of water is released suddenly for electricity stream length with streamside zones classified in generation or irrigation (Mackay and Shafron good or excellent condition (NRE 2002). Only three 1998). catchments had over 40% of its stream length with streamside zones in good or excellent condition Status of threat (, Mitchell and Tambo). However, Alteration to the natural temperature pattern in the majority of good quality riparian vegetation rivers and streams is listed as a potentially occurs in upper forested areas of most catchments, threatening process under the Flora and Fauna so lowland agricultural areas should be given high Guarantee Act 1988. priority. In its final recommendation the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC 1992) determined that the Management Issues alterations to the natural temperature of rivers and Impacts on waterways are often the result of a streams due to human activities is a potentially number of threats, so it is often the case that threatening process as, in the absence of addressing a single threat will not restore the appropriate management, it: health of the ecosystem. To achieve Victoria's objective of healthy waterways as identified in the Victorian River Health Strategy (NRE 2002),

2 integrated action and identification of priorities is normally high. Cold water discharges prevent required. The mechanism for delivering this is the water reaching temperature levels critical for the Regional River Health Strategies. These Strategies spawning of many native fishes (Koehn et al. 1995, will describe priorities for threat management at a Lugg 1999, Ryan et al. 2001) and the subsequent regional and local level. The catchment survival of eggs and larvae (Cadwallader 1978). If management authorities and Melbourne Water will spawning does not occur, recruitment is reduced, use a risk based approach to assist in identifying and a species, over a number of years, may priority management actions, as described in disappear from a stretch of stream altogether Victorian River Health Strategy. (Koehn et al. 1995).

The disappearance of Murray Cod from the lower Ecological issues Mitta Mitta River downstream of Dartmouth Dam, Alteration to stream temperature regimes has been has been attributed to cold water releases from the shown to have serious adverse effects on instream dam. For Murray Cod, suitable spawning biota (Koehn and O’Connor 1990a) and has been temperatures of over 20°C only occurred in three identified as a major cause for the decline of many seasons after the dam was constructed in the of Victoria's native freshwater fishes (Koehn and period 1979 to 1993. There were no suitable O'Connor 1990a,b, Koehn et al. 1995, Ryan et al. summer spawning temperatures between 1985- 2001). These adverse influences arise from a 1993 (Koehn et al. 1995). number of direct and indirect effects on flora and There is also evidence indicating that temperatures fauna. which are substantially different from those The physical properties of water can be noticeably associated with normal fish egg development, can changed by temperature. In particular, the level of lead to unusually high numbers of deformed dissolved oxygen carried in water decreases with progeny and/or failure of eggs to hatch (Hall 1991) increasing temperature. At 30°C, water can carry and that during the breeding season, sharp about half as much dissolved oxygen than at 0°C temperature changes may damage gametes (Gordon et al. 1992). (Harasymiw 1983).

The toxicity of some chemicals may also depend Fish may also suffer numerous adverse effects on water temperature. For example, the chemical from alterations to temperature regimes, such as phenol becomes less toxic as the temperature stress, reduced feeding, reduced growth rates, increases, but ammonia becomes more toxic delayed or premature migration, and decreased (Hellawell 1986). resistance to disease or predation (Koehn and O'Connor 1990a, Clarkson and Childs 2000). Each plant or animal species has a specific temperature tolerance level and no species can As with fish, extremes of temperature are also survive in water temperatures above the lethal damaging or lethal to invertebrates. Many aquatic critical limit. For example, the lethal critical macroinvertebrates, such as dragonflies and temperatures for several native fishes are around mayflies, spend their juvenile stages in rivers, then 27°C to 29°C (Harasymiw 1983, Koehn and emerge as winged adults to breed. If water O'Connor 1990a). Fish do not survive above these temperatures are reduced, the juveniles grow temperatures. This may be a direct impact of the slowly and may not mature to emerge and breed temperature, or may be an indirect effect through until the late summer months when air the reduction in dissolved oxygen in warmer temperatures may not suit adults. waters. With increased water temperature, aquatic While temperature extremes may be lethal to flora macroinvertebrates may grow too quickly and and fauna species, most changes to populations emerge early as very small adults with little are because of sub-lethal effects. As temperature breeding potential. When they emerge the air affects all physiological processes of aquatic biota, temperatures may not be suitable for breeding. departures from the normal temperature pattern, Egg development in macroinvertebrates may also particularly sudden or unseasonal changes, could be affected by water temperature changes. Brittain disturb these processes and cause accelerated, or and Campbell (1991) found that hatching success retarded, growth and abnormal timing of life cycles and development time for eggs of a mayfly genus (Hellawell 1986, Tunbridge 1988, OWR 1990, Hall was correlated with water temperature. 1991). The reduced variety of invertebrates in the Mitta One important consideration with regard to native Mitta River down stream of Dartmouth Dam has fish is seasonal temperature requirements for been partially caused by changed temperature particular life cycle processes such as patterns (Doeg 1984, Koehn et al. 1995). Some reproduction. Many native fishes spawn in late species, which required warm summer conditions, spring/summer when water temperatures are have been completely eliminated due to the release

3 of cold storage water. Other species, including Previous Management Action mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies and beetles, have • Catchment Management Authorities have been become less common. A few previously uncommon established under the Catchment and Land species that are better adapted to cold water now Management Act 1994, replacing the dominate the population. Catchment and Land Protection Boards Warm water temperatures can enhance the growth (Catchment Management Structures Working of algae causing algal blooms. These blooms Party 1997). The role of the catchment reduce dissolved oxygen levels which can damage management authorities is to ensure the fish and invertebrates. sustainable development of natural resource based industries, the protection of land and Algae are an important natural component of water resources and the conservation of natural aquatic ecosystems, but they can cause serious and cultural heritage. This gives the catchment water quality problems when blooms occur. Some management authorities a central role in the algal species produce toxins which affect drinking management of water temperature regimes. water supplies, are fatal to cattle and may cause • The importance of thermal pollution has been gastroenteric problems and skin irritations in recognised in the Victorian River Health humans. Strategy (NRE 2002). The Strategy requires the development of community driven regional Wider conservation issues River Health Strategies within the context of The release of the Victorian River Health Strategy Regional Catchment Strategies. Each regional (NRE 2002) provides a solid basis for improving River Health Strategy will provide for the riparian land and water management, for protection of high value areas, the maintenance implementing this Action Statement and meeting of ecologically healthy rivers and the the conservation objectives. achievement of overall regional improvement by setting river health objectives, priorities and The Victorian Government recognises the targets. importance of improving land management in catchment areas for a range of ecological, • The EPA has identified temperature as one of economic and social reasons. Protection, the factors to be considered in the discharge of maintenance and enhancement of the natural wastewaters and the release of flows from resource is seen as a key requirement for economic water storages in the State Environment and social health of the community. A primary Protection Policy (Waters of Victoria). goal of catchment management authorities, • A Thermal Pollution Workshop was held in Melbourne Water the Department of Sustainability in June, 2000. This was a national and Environment and other bodies such as the workshop convened by the Inland Rivers Environment Protection Authority is to protect the Network and the World Wildlife Fund for soil and water resource through targeted activities. Nature (sponsored by a number of It is through such programs that the objectives of organisations including the Murray-Darling this Action Statement will be realised. Basin Commission, NSW Fisheries, NSW Land Management of this threatening process is an and Water Conservation, the Victorian integral part of achieving quality catchment Department of Sustainability and Environment management and ecologically sustainable (formerly the Department of Natural Resources development. and Environment ), Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, the Natural Alterations to the natural temperature regime of Heritage Trust and Environment ). A rivers and streams occurs for several reasons set of recommendations was developed from including:- a lack of shading by riparian vegetation the workshop (IRN 2001). along streams, arising from the overclearing and grazing of riparian vegetation, reductions in • Rivers likely to be at risk from thermal water streamflow, particularly during Summer, as a pollution based on the characteristics and consequence of the damming of small streams and operational regime of dams have been tributaries (e.g. farm dams) and water diversion identified and assigned priorities (Ryan et al. (e.g. pumping from streams for irrigation). These 2001). These data will be an invaluable tool in occur statewide mainly in agricultural areas. The setting priority management actions for degradation of riparian vegetation, and alteration addressing the Potentially Threatening Process. of flow regimes have both been listed as a • The Code of Forest Practice for Timber Potentially Threatening Processes under the Flora Production 1996 provides for the protection of and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. riparian zones in both State and private forests through management of buffer and filter strips along the waterways. Undisturbed riparian

4 vegetation will reduce temperature variations in 2. To manage temperature releases from timber harvesting areas. impoundments to acceptable levels in • Numerous programs exist with objectives to waterways with maximum priority dams protect, restore or rehabilitate riparian identified by Ryan et al. (2001); vegetation, including: 3. To manage temperature releases from ¾ Forest Management Plans; impoundments to acceptable levels in waterways supporting populations of ¾ Draft Heritage River Management Plans; susceptible threatened taxa and communities; ¾ Inland Fisheries Management Plans, eg 4. To manage water diversions from rivers and Goulburn-Eildon, Bendigo Region; streams over the summer period so that water ¾ Local Conservation Strategies (e.g. Cardinia temperatures are not significantly altered in Shire Sites of Significance Program); priority catchments;

¾ Proclamation and management of areas 5. To protect and restore riparian vegetation in under the National Parks Act and priority catchments; management of conservation reserves in 6. To increase awareness amongst land and water accordance with Land Conservation managers and the community of the threat Council and Environment Conservation posed by thermal pollution to biodiversity, Council recommendations; and the most effective management responses. ¾ Special Area Plans under the CALP Act; Intended Management Action ¾ Victoria's Landcare Program; The intended management actions listed below are ¾ Corridors of Green; further elaborated in the Department of Sustainability and Environment’s Priority Actions ¾ Tree planting programs; Information System. Detailed information about ¾ Tree Victoria Action Plan; the actions and locations, including priorities, is held in this system and will be provided annually ¾ Property Management Planning Program. to land managers and other authorities. • Streamflow Management Plans, Bulk Entitlement Conversions, Stressed Rivers Planning and Co-ordination Rehabilitation Plans and Groundwater Management Plans are being developed to 1. Ensure that strategies to manage alterations to natural temperature regimes are a key manage water diversions from rivers and component of each regional river health streams. These processes provide strategy, developed under the Victorian River opportunities to allocate water for Health Strategy (NRE 2002) and that environmental purposes, one of which would appropriate cost-sharing arrangements are be to reduce changes to natural water agreed to by stakeholders. temperature regimes, particularly over the hotter summer months. Responsibility: Catchment Management Authorities, Melbourne Water Major Conservation Objectives 2. Ensure that all stakeholders are engaged in developing strategies to address issues Long term objectives: associated with changed water temperature and that environmental, economic and social factors 1. To reduce the extent of changes to natural are all considered in decision-making. temperature regimes of Victorian rivers and streams to levels which do not compromise Responsibility: DSE (Catchment and Water Services, Biodiversity & Natural Resources the viability of indigenous stream biota; Division, Regions), DPI (Fisheries Victoria), 2. To reverse declines in the conservation status Catchment Management Authorities, Water Authorities of many individual species or ecological communities that have been adversely affected 3. Ensure that all authorities with land or water by changes to natural temperature regimes of management responsibilities include, as part of Victorian rivers and streams. their normal business plans or strategies, objectives and targets to minimise alterations to natural temperature regimes in waterways. Short term objectives: 1. To improve knowledge of the impact of Responsibility: DSE (Catchment and Water Services, Biodiversity & Natural Resources temperature changes on aquatic ecosystems; Division, Regions), DPI (Fisheries Victoria), Catchment Management Authorities, Water Authorities

5 4. Review the operation procedures, release walls, air bubble curtains, impellers) to strategies and operation constraints of all dams determine cost benefit relationships; listed as maximum and medium research • undertake scientifically based test/pilot case(s) priority by Ryan et al. (2001). This review to demonstrate the benefits of mitigating should identify strategies to minimise current thermal pollution, and to monitor the recovery impacts, undertake a triple bottom line of biota and ecological processes. assessment of strategies and identify funding arrangements. The review must take into Responsibility: DSE (Catchment and Water account existing uses such as water supply and Services, Biodiversity & Natural Resources salmonid fisheries. Division), Catchment Management Authorities, Water Authorities Responsibility: Water Authorities 9. Undertake, where appropriate, economic 5. Implement the management actions outlined in research into the cost effectiveness of different the Action Statement for the Potentially control measures, and into the possible Threatening Process “Degradation of native application of incentives and other economic riparian vegetation along Victorian rivers and instruments which may contribute to solutions. streams” that would benefit temperature regimes in rivers and streams. Responsibility: DSE (Catchment and Water Services) Responsibility: DSE (Biodiversity & Natural Resources Division) Resource assessment and monitoring 6. Implement the management actions outlined in 10. Develop and implement a monitoring strategy the Action Statement for the Potentially for all maximum and medium priority dams. Threatening Process “Alteration to the natural The strategy should measure the longitudinal flow regimes of rivers and streams” that would extent of temperature changes associated with benefit temperature regimes in rivers and dam releases in priority rivers at risk from streams. thermal pollution. Responsibility: DSE (Biodiversity & Natural Responsibility: DSE (Catchment and Water Resources Division) Services), Water Authorities

Production of guidelines, legislation 11. Establish priorities and protocols for biological monitoring of the effects of thermal pollution. 7. Establish guidelines for the acceptable deviations of temperature from natural. Responsibility: DSE (Biodiversity & Natural Resources Division) Responsibility: EPA 12. Develop appropriate performance indicators for this threatening process to assist land and water Research management authorities in environmental audit 8. Undertake, as funding becomes available, and condition of catchment requirements. technical research in priority areas: Responsibility: DSE (Catchment and Water • investigate the thermal tolerances of priority Services, Biodiversity & Natural Resources species likely to be affected by thermal Division) pollution, particularly sub lethal effects on different life stages (such as eggs or juveniles); References Acaba, Z., Jones, H., Preece, R., Rish, S., Ross, D. & Daly, H. • investigate the relationship between releases (2000). The Effects of Large Reservoirs on Water and the downstream extent of cold water Temperature in Three NSW Rivers Based on the pollution for all maximum and medium priority Analysis of Historical Data. Sydney, Centre for Natural Resources, NSW Department of Land and Water dams; Conservation. • review temperature monitoring technology to Boulton, A. & Brock, M. (1999) Australian Freshwater determine the best cost effective methods for Ecology: Processes and Management. Glen Eagles monitoring temperature changes; Publishing, Glen Osmond. • conduct hydrodynamic assessment of Brittain, J. & Campbell, I. (1991) The effect of temperature on egg development in the Australian mayfly genus maximum and medium priority dams to Coloburiscoides (Ephemeroptera, Coloburiscidae) and determine if stratification is likely. This its relationship to distribution and life history. Journal of Biogeography 18: 231-235. includes modelling of within dam stratification as well as downstream heat flux calculations; Cadwallader, P. (1978) Some causes of the decline in range and abundance of native fish in the Murray- • review operational changes that can be system. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic. 90: 211-224. implemented to prevent or reduce the impact Cadwallader, P. & Backhouse, G. (1983) A Guide to the of stratification in dams (such as multi-level Freshwater Fish of Victoria. Government Printer, offtake towers, variable level intake structures, Melbourne. the use or the installation of siphons over dam

6 Clarkson, R. & Childs, M. (2000). Temperature Effects of produced for Catchment and Water, Department of Hypolimnial-Release Dams on Early Life Stages of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne. Colorado River Basin Big-River Fishes. Copeia 2000 (2): 402- 412. SAC (1992) Final Recommendation on a nomination for listing: Alteration to the natural temperature regimes Doeg, T. (1984) Response of the macroinvertebrate fauna of rivers and streams (Nomination No. 230). Scientific of the Mitta Mitta River, Victoria, to the construction Advisory Committee, Flora and Fauna Guarantee. and operation of the Dartmouth Dam. 2. Irrigation Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: Release. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Victoria Melbourne. 1(2): 101-128. Saltveit, S. J., Bremnes, T., & Brittan, J.E. (1994). Effect of a Growns, J. (1998). The Project. Water Changed Temperature Regime on the Benthos of a 25(3): 13-14. Norwegian Regulated River. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 9: 93-102. Gordon, N., McMahon, T. & Finlayson, B. (1992) Stream Hydrology: An Introduction for Ecologists. John Wiley Shafron, M., Croome, R. & Rolls, J. (1990) Water Quality. and Sons, Chichester. in: The Murray. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra. Hall, D. (1991) Management Plans for freshwater fishes in major Gippsland rivers: water Resource requirements. Tunbridge, B. (1988) Environmental flows and fish Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research populations of waters in the south-western region of Technical Report Series No. 80. Department of Victoria. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Conservation and Environment, Melbourne. Research Technical Report Series No. 80. Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne. Harasymiw, B. (1983) Effects of temperature on life stages of La Trobe River fish species. Planning and Walker, K. F. (1979). Regulated Streams in Australia: The Investigations Department, La Trobe Valley Water Murray-Darling River System. In: The Ecology of Resources Biological Study, Vol. VI. Regulated Streams. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A (eds), Plenum Press. New York. Pp 143-163. Hellawell, J. (1986) Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London. IRN (2001). Inland Rivers Network News, Vol 6 (2), June 2001. Greg Williams (ed). Inland Rivers Network. Koehn, J. & O’Connor, W. (1990a) Threats to Victorian native freshwater fish. Victorian Naturalist 107: 5-12. Koehn, J. & O’Connor, W. (1990b) Biological Information for Management of Native Freshwater Fish in Victoria. Compiled by Tim Doeg, Environmental Consultant, Government Printer, Melbourne. and Shelley Heron, Heron Environmental Consulting. Koehn, J.D., Doeg, T.J., Harrington, D.J. & Milledge, G.A. (1995) The effects of Dartmouth Dam on the Aquatic fauna of the Mitta Mitta River. (unpublished report to Further information can be obtained from the Murray-Darling Basin Commission). Department of Department of Sustainability and Environment Conservation and Natural Resources, Melbourne Customer Service Centre on 136 186. Lugg, A. (1999) Eternal Winter in Our Rivers: Addressing the Issue of Cold Water Pollution. NSW Fisheries. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statements are available from the Department of Sustainability and Mackay, N. & Shafron, M. (1988) Water Quality. in Environment website: http://www.dse.vic.gov.au Proceedings of the Workshop on Native Fish Management. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra. This Action Statement has been prepared under Mitchell, P. (1990) The Environmental Condition of section 19 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act Victorian Streams. Department of Water Resources, 1988 under delegation from Professor Lyndsay Melbourne. Neilson, Secretary, Department of Sustainability and Environment, September 2003. NRE (2002) Healthy Rivers, Healthy Communities and Regional Growth: Victorian River Health Strategy. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, © The State of Victoria, Department of Melbourne. Sustainability and Environment, 2003 OCE (1988) State of the Environment Report, 1988. Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Melbourne. Published by the Department of Sustainability and OWR (1990) Environmental Guidelines for River Environment, Victoria. 8 Nicholson Street, East Management Works. Office of Water Resources, Melbourne, Victoria 3002 Australia Melbourne. Pusey, B. J., Arthington, A. H. & Kennard, M. J. (1998). This publication may be of assistance to you but the Environmental Flow Management in the Australian State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee Landscape. Nathan, Centre for Catchment and that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is Instream Research, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and Griffith University. therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you Quinn, J., Cooper, A. & Williamson, R. (1993) Riparian relying on any information in this publication. zones as buffer strips: a New Zealand perspective. in: Ecology and Management of Riparian Zones in Australia. LWWRDC Occasional Paper Series No. ISSN 1448-9902 05/93. Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Canberra. Ryan, T., Webb, A., Lennie, R. & Lyon, J. (2001) Status of cold water releases from Victorian dams. Report

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