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Potato in the Age of Biotechnology View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by MURAL - Maynooth University Research Archive Library Review TRENDS in Plant Science Vol.11 No.5 May 2006 Potato in the age of biotechnology Ewen Mullins1, Dan Milbourne1, Carlo Petti1, Barbara M. Doyle-Prestwich2 and Conor Meade3 1Plant Biotechnology Unit, Teagasc Crops Research Centre, Oakpark, Carlow, Ireland 2Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, National University of Ireland Cork, Ireland 3Institute of Agroecology and Bioengineering, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland Biotechnology-based tools are now widely used to economic influence on society today, countries that wish to enhance and expand the traditional remit of potato in remain competitive in the emerging global potato market food production. By modifying its functionality, the must accelerate their development of yield-increasing capacity of the potato to produce, for example, technology (http://www.cipotato.org/market/potatofacts/ therapeutic or industrial compounds is now a reality, growprod.htm) and find ways of creating novel markets. and its ability to resist disease can also be radically improved. Two developments have been crucial to Genomics-based research initiatives expanding the role of potato: the recent advances in The emergence of molecular marker-based genetic map- the fields of structural and functional potato genomics ping in the mid-1980s represented an exciting step and the ability to integrate genes of interest into the forward in the ability to characterize the genomes of potato genome. In this review we discuss how both higher animals and plants. To date, molecular marker- developments have diversified the remit of this crop. based maps of potato have facilitated the identification of genetic loci underlying many important agronomic traits in potato. These include at least 19 major disease resistance genes and numerous quantitative trait loci Potato production (QTLs) for disease resistance (reviewed in [3]), morpho- In Europe in the 1700s it was believed that the logical, developmental and quality traits. These studies consumption of potatoes led to leprosy, cholera, rickets have served to confirm the long-standing hypothesis that and tuberculosis [1]. Today, potatoes are grown in w125 many of the most important agronomic traits in potato countries and more than a billion people worldwide (e.g. yield and dry matter content) are under the control of consume them on a daily basis. To support this demand, multiple genes, which exhibit a complex set of interactions a multitude of varieties have been developed to resist pre- with both each other and the environment. or post-harvest diseases, to target specific markets that Gaining a complete understanding of the genetics of require post-harvest processing (e.g. chipping) or to meet such complex traits is central to our ability to use the nutritional requirements at the community level. As biotechnology for the improvement of potato. Fuelled by well as providing starch, potatoes are rich in vitamin C, technological developments in the analysis of the human have high levels of potassium and are an excellent source genome, several high-throughput genomics programmes of fibre. Potato is an easy-to-grow plant and can provide have been established for potato (and many other plant more nutritious food faster and on less land than any other species). The ultimate goal of these initiatives is to food crop, and in almost any habitat. establish the identity and action of every gene in the Since the 1960s, global potato production has remained potato genome. In the USA, the National Science relativelystatic(285.4milliontonnes G0.19milliontonnes) Foundation (NSF) Potato Genome project (http://www. [2]. However, this does not reflect the dramatic rate of potatogenome.org) has enabled the sequencing of 130 000 increase in production across India, China and the African expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from seven potato cDNA continent, which have witnessed a nine-, five- and sixfold libraries (five core and two pathogen challenged), which increase in potato production, respectively [2] (Figure 1). has facilitated the production of a publicly available This is in contrast to a modest 1.6-fold increase across North 10 000 cDNA micro-array (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/potato/ America (USA and Canada) and a 54% decrease in SGED_index2.shtml). The Canadian Potato Genome production acrossthe European Union(pre-2004expansion Project (CPGP, http://www.cpgp.ca) has similar goals: (i) of member states) over the same period [2]. A shift towards to produce high-quality cDNA libraries for at least 100 000 the use of potato in convenience foods (e.g. potato chips and EST sequences from multiple libraries; (ii) to generate a fries) has been recorded in developed nations, but in micro-array consisting of at least 10 000 non-redundant developing economies the majority of the potato crop is genes; and (iii) to produce a large population of activation- still used for direct consumption [2]. Overall, potato is likely tagged mutant plants for trait screening. Novel to maintain, if not increase, its relative economic imp- approaches, such as activation tagging [4,5] and virus- ortance in the decades ahead.Aspotato exerts a majorsocio- induced gene silencing (VIGS) [6], are essential tools for a Corresponding author: Mullins, E. ([email protected]). heterozygous outbreeding autotetraploid such as potato Available online 18 April 2006 for which the development of traditional knockout www.sciencedirect.com 1360-1385/$ - see front matter Q 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.03.002 Review TRENDS in Plant Science Vol.11 No.5 May 2006 255 90 80 70 60 China 50 India 40 EU 30 Africa Million tonnes (Mt) Latin America 20 North America 10 0 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Year TRENDS in Plant Science Figure 1. Timescale production (million tonnes, Mt) of potato across China, India, European Union (EU, pre-2004 expansion), Latin America, North America (Canada, USA) and the African continent between 1961 and 2003 (data collated from Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database [2]). mutants using chemical and/or radioactive mutagenesis is nature with a large environmental component. In this not feasible. scenario, the efficacy of QTL mapping is much reduced, Similar potato genomics programmes are underway in with the greatest difficulty being to develop markers that Europe, funded by both EU Framework Programmes and are diagnostic for (as opposed to just linked to) multiple individual national bodies. Under the auspices of The small-effect QTLs. However, it is anticipated that this Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Centre for Bio- situation will be improved by the output of the aforemen- systems Genomics (http://www.cbsg.nl/) has been tasked tioned genomics-based studies, which will, in the longer with unravelling the genetic networks associated with term, allow the identification of many of the genes multi-factorial traits in potato (along with tomato and underlying the most important traits (e.g. carbohydrate Arabidopsis). The programme comprises nine projects and metabolism). Instances where MAS is currently being covers various aspects of disease resistance, tuber quality used in potato breeding are largely confined to single and genetic variation. The GABI-CONQUEST programme dominant genes, or to large-effect QTL. An excellent in Germany is a similar initiative that has focused illustration of this is the case of dominantly inherited primarily on the candidate gene approach for the dissection disease resistance and large-effect QTLs for disease of complex traits (http://www.gabi.de/21seiten/a_00_e. resistance, the majority of which have been found to be php). More recently, an international Potato Genomics mediated by a single class of genes sharing conserved Sequencing Consortium (http://www.potatogenome.net) nucleotide-binding-site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat has been established with the primary objective of (LRR) motifs (reviewed in [3]). On the basis of their map elucidating the complete sequence of the potato genome location, several NBS-LRR-type disease resistance genes (840 Mb) by the end of 2008. This initiative, which is based have now been cloned and characterized to a level on the construction of a BAC-based physical map, is sufficient to offer real prospects for their MAS. Recently, grounded in a previously constructed ultra-high density Bernard Caromel et al. [9] showed the potential of MAS for (UHD) genetic linkage map of the parents of a diploid F1 the introgression of disease resistance genes in a potato- potato population, comprising 10 000 genetic markers [7] breeding scenario by demonstrating the effectiveness of (http://potatodbase.dpw.wau.nl/UHDdata.html). this approach for ‘stacking’ two separate QTL for potato cyst nematode resistance into individual genotypes, which Adopting biotechnology in potato breeding resulted in a more-robust resistance phenotype than It can take up to 15 years to develop a single potato would be obtained by the presence of a single QTL. cultivar through traditional breeding [8]. For the majority An alternative strategy for deploying resistance genes of the genetic mapping studies to date, the goal has been to is through their direct introduction into potato breeding provide a basis for marker assisted selection (MAS) material using a transgenic approach. Since the first strategies in breeding, where selection is practised on reports in 1986 [10,11], the successful nuclear integration genetic markers linked to genes conferring beneficial of a heterologous gene(s) into the potato genome has been phenotypes. This can permit early and efficient selection described for a range of starting tissues, including the for the traits of interest, allowing ‘stacking’ of genetically Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of distinct components of the same trait and potentially leaf tissue [12], tubers [13] and internodal segments [14], shortening the breeding process by several years.
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