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Integrating Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis Diardi) Conservation Into Development and Restoration Planning in Sabah (Borneo) T ⁎ Żaneta Kasztaa, , Samuel A

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Integrating Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis Diardi) Conservation Into Development and Restoration Planning in Sabah (Borneo) T ⁎ Żaneta Kasztaa, , Samuel A Biological Conservation 235 (2019) 63–76 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Integrating Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) conservation into development and restoration planning in Sabah (Borneo) T ⁎ Żaneta Kasztaa, , Samuel A. Cushmana,b, Andrew J. Hearna, Dawn Burnhama, Ewan A. Macdonalda, Benoit Goossensc,d,e,f, Senthilvel K.S.S. Nathand, David W. Macdonalda a Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK b USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA c Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia d Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia e Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK f Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Changes in land use/cover are the main drivers of global biodiversity loss, and thus tools to evaluate effects of Land use planning landscape change on biodiversity are crucial. In this study we integrated several methods from landscape Landscape connectivity ecology and landscape genetics into a GIS-based analytical framework, and evaluated the impacts of develop- Population dynamics ment and forest restoration scenarios on landscape connectivity, population dynamics and genetic diversity of Cumulative resistant kernels Sunda clouded leopard in the Malaysian state of Sabah. We also investigated the separate and interactive effects Least-cost paths of changing mortality risk and connectivity. Our study suggested that the current clouded leopard population Mortality risk size is larger (+26%) than the current carrying capacity of the landscape due to time lag effects and extinction debt. Additionally, we predicted that proposed developments in Sabah may decrease landscape connectivity by 23% and, when including the increased mortality risk associated with these developments, result in a 40–63% decrease in population size and substantial reduction in genetic diversity. These negative impacts could be mitigated only to a very limited degree through extensive and targeted forest restoration. Our results suggest that realignment of roads and railways based on resistance to movement, without including mortality risk, might be misleading and may in some cases lead to decrease in population size. We therefore recommend that efforts to optimally plan road and railway locations base the optimization on effects of development on population size, density and distribution rather than solely on population connectivity. 1. Introduction approach where managers evaluate a priori effects of alternative de- velopment or conservation plans. Anthropogenic changes in land cover and land use have been a Land use planners face a dilemma in balancing biodiversity con- major and direct driver of global terrestrial biodiversity loss (Gagné servation with the demands of human population growth and economic et al., 2015) and are predicted to increase substantially in the next development. This is especially relevant in emerging economies, where decade (Hansen et al., 2013). Despite the recognition that effective and the pressure on ecosystems and wildlife is extremely high and there well informed landscape planning is crucial for mitigating the negative may be limited legal and administrative protection of biodiversity. At effects of landscape change on biodiversity, landscape ecological the same time, many of these regions harbour the highest levels of knowledge is not widely used by planning agencies, and science-based biodiversity and endemism, which emphasizes the importance of sci- information and tools are not often incorporated in land use decision- entifically-based tools to guide land use planning to minimize impacts making (Ahern, 2013; Gagné et al., 2015). This is in part because sci- to biodiversity. Identifying and prioritizing areas for development, entific papers do not often provide practical and feasible ways to conservation, and restoration requires quantitative analysis that in- quantitatively compare realistic alternative scenarios. Preserving bio- tegrates ecological and urban planning theories (Xun et al., 2017). diversity in rapidly developing landscapes requires a proactive Conservation and land use planning have overlapping goals: ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ż. Kaszta). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.04.001 Received 21 June 2018; Received in revised form 25 February 2019; Accepted 1 April 2019 0006-3207/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Ż . Kaszta, et al. Biological Conservation 235 (2019) 63–76 conservationists are concerned with the sustainability of ecosystems driven mainly by plantation industries (especially oil palm Elaeis gui- and populations, while planners focus on sustainable delivery of goods neensis, Cushman et al., 2017). The deforestation rate varies by region and services for humans often provided by ecosystem services (Bryan et al., 2013), with the highest forest loss estimated in the In- (Botequilha Leitão and Ahern, 2002). Balancing the preservation of donesian provinces of Kalimantan and the Malaysian states of Sabah biodiversity with economic development requires conservation actions and Sarawak (35.6%, 31.9% and 25.9% respectively; Gaveau et al., that can maintain critical ecosystems functions while minimizing con- 2016). straints on land development (DeFries et al., 2007). This can be To assess and map population core areas and landscape con- achieved through efforts to optimize development and conservation nectivity, landscape planners typically select a focal species or a set of strategies that maximize the conservation benefit with the least eco- focal species, which usually are area-sensitive species with habitat-re- nomic cost. stricted dispersal (Rudnick et al., 2012). Large carnivores are often Critical components of evaluating the impacts of landscape change chosen as focal species given they have these characteristics (Carroll on wildlife include assessment of how it affects population size, genetic et al., 2001; Noss et al., 1996) and they can also serve as ambassador diversity and connectivity. Loss of habitat area and increases in mor- species (Macdonald et al., 2017). The terrestrial apex predator in tality risk can lead to reductions of population size, often exhibiting Borneo is the Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi). This medium- threshold effects where populations decline abruptly after loss of a sized felid, endemic to Borneo and Sumatra, is genetically and mor- particular amount of habitat (e.g., Hearn et al., 2018). In addition, loss phologically distinct from the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) po- of connectivity can disrupt the ability of species to procure resources, pulations inhabiting mainland Southeast Asia (Buckley-Beason et al., seasonally migrate, shift home ranges, disperse to new home ranges, 2006; Christiansen, 2009; Kitchener et al., 2006; Wilting et al., 2006). and exchange genes between local populations, which, in turn, can lead Due to its small and declining population (Sabah population ~750 in- to decreased carrying capacity, loss of genetic variation, population dividuals; Hearn et al., 2017), this species is listed as Vulnerable on the declines and even extinction (Rudnick et al., 2012; Xun et al., 2017). IUCN Red List (Hearn et al., 2015). Sunda clouded leopard is a likely Low genetic diversity can also inhibit the population's ability to respond wide-ranging, forest-dependent species (Hearn et al., 2018), and thus to rapid environmental changes (Noël et al., 2007), and lead to in- may act as an effective umbrella for other forest-dependent species. breeding depression (Van Noordwijk, 1994), which can create an ex- Therefore, changes in landscape connectivity and population dynamics tinction vortex where populations decline (Frankham, 2005). of the Sunda clouded leopard might serve as a good indicator of health To offset the impacts of fragmentation, degradation and loss of of the Sabah ecosystems, and a vehicle to evaluate the impacts of a habitat on biodiversity, conservation efforts should focus on protecting range of alternative conservation and development scenarios on those and enhancing core population areas, reducing mortality risk and im- ecosystems. proving connectivity (Rudnick et al., 2012; Cushman et al., 2018). To Our goal in this study was to demonstrate the use of a GIS-based achieve this, it is therefore crucial to quantitatively assess the pattern of analytical framework that maps and quantifies the impact of future mortality risk across the population as well as the strength and im- development and restoration scenarios on landscape connectivity, po- portance of core habitats and the corridors linking them, and integrate pulation distribution, density and genetic diversity of the Sunda these in models that evaluate how alternative development scenarios clouded leopard across Sabah. We evaluated the impacts of 58 alter- affect population size, genetic diversity and connectivity (e.g., Cushman native development and ecological restoration scenarios described in et al., 2016). the Structure Plan and the effects of spatially heterogenous mortality Measuring
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