inform October 2009 www.aocs.org Volume 20 (10) 617–676

International News on Fats, Oils, and Related Materials

Enzymatic interesterification Does the lipase source or oil composition influence EIE?

ALSO INSIDE: ASAGA’s 20th anniversary Portable mass spectrometers Eco-Efficiency Analysis of chelating agents

www.aocs.org

/CTOBER  6OLUME   n

Departments  Does the lipase source and Information or oil composition 618 Index to Advertisers 618 Calendar influence enzymatic interesterification? Marketplace: David Cowan adapts his presentation from the General Processing 629 News & Noteworthy SESSION AT THE TH !/#3 !NNUAL -EETING  %XPO !-% HELD -AY 635 Biofuels News n  IN /RLANDO &LORIDA 53! 639 Health & Nutrition Field-portable mass spectrometers for onsite News  analytics: What’s next? Christopher Mulligan, who examined the analytic implications of field- 642 Biotechnology News portable mass spectrometers during a Hot Topic symposium at the 645 S&D News TH !/#3 !-% PRESENTS AN ARTICLE BASED ON THAT TALK 648 People News/ ASAGA celebrates 20th anniversary Inside AOCS  %DUARDO $UBINSKY REPORTS ON THE HISTORY AND FUTURE OF THE !RGENTINE 648 In Memoriam 3OCIETY OF &ATS AND /ILS 2008–2009 AOCS Laboratory Proficiency 658 Classified Advertising  Program winners 672 Classified Advertising  2009–2010 AOCS Certified Laboratories Publications: 649 Book Review Eco-Efficiency Analysis—applied to different  chelating agents 650 Patents Tobias Borén, Kjerstin Ludvig, Karin Andersson Halldén, and Jan 653 Extracts & Distillates 3EETZ CONDUCT AN %CO %FlCIENCY !NALYSIS OF VARIOUS CHELATING AGENTS INCLUDING ',$! %$4! .4! AND 3400

658 Student Page Outtakes from the history of AOCS  )N PART ONE OF A SERIES !/#3 #ENTENNIAL (ISTORIAN 'EORGE 7ILLHITE ROUNDS UP THE STORIES THAT FAILED TO MAKE THE CUT FOR HIS YEARLONG history of AOCS.

AOCS Mission Statement Obesity and immune functions To be a global forum to promote the exchange of ideas,  4WO STUDIES CONNECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITH OBESITY AND TYPE  information, and experience, to enhance personal excel- lence, and to provide high standards of quality among those diabetes. David Cameron reports. with a professional interest in the science and technology of fats, oils, surfactants, and related materials. inform s )NTERNATIONAL .EWS ON &ATS /ILS and Related Materials )33.   )&2-%#   n 618 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) Editor-in-Chief Emeritus: James B.M. Rattray Bold type new listing For details on these and other upcoming Calendar meetings, visit www.aocs.org/meetings. Contributing Editors: Rajiv Arora Keshun Liu Grain Transport 2009, The Roosevelt 7% !RTZ -ARK -ESSINA November Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Scott Bloomer Robert Moreau Information: www.soyatechevents. %DUARDO $UBINSKY D.J. Murphy .OVEMBER n  !NNUAL #ONFERENCE com. 7ALTER % &ARR 7ILLEM VAN AND %XHIBITION OF THE )NTERNATIONAL 3OCIETY Anu Hopia .IEUWENHUYZEN FOR .UTRACEUTICALS AND &UNCTIONAL &OODS November 8–12, 2009. 29th Practi- 9 3 6IC (UANG Brent Sørensen 3AN &RANCISCO #ALIFORNIA 53! )NFORMA- cal Short Course on Vegetable Oil S.P. Kochhar T. Thiagarajan TION WWWISNFFORG Extraction, Texas A&M University, Gary List Food Protein R&D Center, College .OVEMBER n  !3! #33! 333! Station, TX, USA. Information: !MERICAN 3OCIETY OF !GRONOMY #ROP e-mail: [email protected]; http:// Editorial Advisory Board: Science Society of America-Soil Science foodprotein.tamu.edu/extraction- -ICHAEL %SKIN (ANS .IEUWENHUIS 3OCIETY OF !MERICAN  )NTERNATIONAL protein/scvegoil.php. -ICHAEL (AAS &EREIDOON 3HAHIDI Annual Meetings, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva- !RNIS +UKSIS "ERNARD 3ZUHAJ NIA 53! )NFORMATION WWWACSMEETINGS .OVEMBER n  -ALAYSIAN 0ALM Robert Moreau org. /IL "OARD )NTERNATIONAL 0ALM /IL #ON- GRESS  0)0/#  +UALA ,UMPUR - AOCS Officers: .OVEMBER n  8))) #ONGRESO ,ATI -ALAYSIA )NFORMATION E MAIL PIPOC NOAMERICANO DE 'RASAS Y !CEITES 8))) President )AN 0URTLE #ARGILL -INNEAPOLIS mpob.gov.my; www.mpob.gov.my or ,ATIN !MERICAN #ONGRESS ON &ATS  /ILS -INNESOTA 53! www.conferencealerts.com/seeconf. -ETROPOLITANO %VENTS AND #ONVENTION Vice President * +EITH 'RIME *+' #ONSULTING MV QCAXMHS #ENTER 2OSARIO !RGENTINA )NFORMATION #INCINNATI /HIO 53! E MAIL ASAGA ASAGAORGAR WWWCON- Secretary 3TEVEN % (ILL +RAFT &OODS .OVEMBER n  TH %UROPEAN "IO- greso.asaga.org.ar/eu. 'LENVIEW )LLINOIS 53! plastics Conference, Ritz Carlton Hotel, Treasurer 4IMOTHY +EMPER $ESMET "ALLESTRA "ERLIN 'ERMANY )NFORMATION E MAIL .OVEMBER n  ")/ %UROPE TH .ORTH !MERICA )NC -ARIETTA 'EORGIA INFO EUROPEAN BIOPLASTICSORG WWW !NNUAL )NTERNATIONAL 0ARTNERING #ONFER- 53! european-bioplastics.org. ENCE -ESSE 7IEN %XHIBITION  #ONGRESS Executive Vice President *EAN 7ILLS (INTON #ENTER 6IENNA !USTRIA )NFORMATION !/#3 5RBANA )LLINOIS 53! .OVEMBER n  RD 0RACTICAL www.ebdgroup.com/bioeurope. 3HORT #OURSE )NDUSTRIAL 5SES OF 6EGETA- BLE /ILS "IODIESEL )NK 3OLVENTS ,UBRI- AOCS Staff: November 2–4, 2009. 7th Roundta- cants, and Bio-Plastics, Munich, Germany. Area Manager, ble Meeting on Sustainable Palm Oil, )NFORMATION WWWSMARTSHORTCOURSESCOM 0UBLICATIONS *ACK 7OLOWIEC Hotel Istana, Kuala Lumpur, Malay- OR WWWAOCSORGMEETINGSBIODIESEL -ANAGING%DITOR *EREMY#OULTER sia. Information: e-mail: rt7@rspo. INDEXCFMND )NTERNATIONAL #ONGRESS ON !SSOCIATE %DITOR #ATHERINE 7ATKINS org; www.rspo.org. Biodiesel-3rd-Practical-Short-Course. Technical 0ROJECTS %DITOR -ARGUERITE 4ORREY November 2–5, 2009. Soya & Oilseed November 14–19, 2009. Association $ESIGN,AYOUT 'RETCHEN 7IESHUBER Summit 2009/Global Soybean & for the Advancement of Industrial Crops 21st Annual Meeting: The Next Generation of Industrial Crops, Processes, and Products, Termas de )NDEX TO ADVERTISERS Chillán, Chillán, Chile. Information: www.aaic.org/2009_meeting.htm. TH ,ATIN !MERICAN #ONGRESS ON (ARBURG &REUDENBERGER &ATS AND /ILS  -ASCHINENBAU 'MB(  November 15–17, 2009. 2nd Inter- !GRIBUSINESS  7ATER 4ECHNOLOGY  -YERS 6ACUUM $ISTILLATION $IVISION  national Congress on Biodiesel: The !NDERSON )NTERNATIONAL #ORP  2OSKAMP #HAMPION # Science and the Technologies, The !RMSTRONG%NGINEERING!SSOC  3AF4EST $IVISION OF -0"IOMEDICAL # Westin Grand München Arabella- !VANTI 0OLAR ,IPIDS )NC  3HARPLEX &ILTERS )NDIA 064 ,4$  park Hotel, Munich, Germany. Infor- $ESMET "ALLESTRA 'ROUP .6 # 3PRINGER 3CIENCE "USINESS -EDIA "6  mation: www.aocs.org/meetings/ biodiesel09. *Corporate member of AOCS who supports the Society through corporate membership dues. inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 619

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October 2009 USA. Florida, Orlando, 2009, in 3–6, May held &Expo, Meeting Annual AOCS 100th the presentation delivered during the General Processing session at author’s the from adapted is article following The note: Editor’s ommended, notbecausetheenzymaticprocessissensitive to for thesamereasons. of oilblendsforchemicalinteresterification(CIE) but notalways The qualityspecifications(see Table 1)are very similartothose so thatitcancompetewithotherfat-modification technologies. achieving anacceptableeconomy, andproductquality, forEIE enzyme performance. The understanding oftheseiscriticalin cidation oftheinfluence various oilquality factors on One ofthemajorareasresearchrelatingtoEIEiselu- OIL QUALITYCRITERIA consequences. standing theseinteractionsandtheirpractical research inthisarea,aimedatbetterunder- following articlehighlightssomeoftherecent and lipasesinteractinthesamemanner. The researchers havelearnedthatnotalloiltypes applied. Asexperienceinthefieldhasgrown, an unknowntechnologybutonethatiswidely Enzymatic interesterification(EIE)isnolonger David Cowan Does the lipase source lipase the Does For example, alow FFA (freefatty acid)contentisrec- influence enzymatic influence interesterification? or oilcomposition stearine (Fig.1). more quicklythanablendof85%palmkernel oiland15% palm myces lanuginosuslipase,palmoleinreacheditsmaximummuch solid fat content).Usingabatchreactionsetupand4% degree ofinteresterificationbyEIE(asmeasuredchangein fatty acidchainlength. further, weconsideredthisfact aswell asthelipasetypeand ness oftherandomizationobtainedinCIE.Ininvestigating that thedegree ofsaturationthefats influencesthecomplete- parallels withtheclosesttechnologytoEIE(i.e.,CIE)revealed not alloilblendsreactinexactly thesamemanner. Lookingfor is conducted. As researchintoEIE advanced, itbecameclearthat of alltheparametersinfluencingitprogressesasmoreresearch When any new processisdeveloped, thelevel ofunderstanding ARE ALLOILSANDENZYMESEQUAL? improving enzymeperformance. acid acidityhave madeamajorcontribution tounderstandingand analytical techniquetodemonstratethepresenceofthisnon-fatty life. The discovery ofthisfactor andthedevelopment ofasimple reducing theactivity oftheenzymeandultimatelyitsworking uptake ofthiswater bythegranules;internalpHthendrops, Passage down theimmobilizedenzymecolumnresultsin acid becomingdissolved inwater entrainedintheoilblend. vated bleachingearths. This canresultinsmallamountsofstrong derived fromphosphoricaciddegumming and/orfromacid-acti- oil blendsforCIE,isthepresenceofinorganic acidresidues, they doproducelossofyieldthroughhydrolysisthe fats. not normallyregarded asanissueforenzymeworking life,but damage itsactivity andworking life.Highlevels ofmoistureare as thesecomponentscaninteractwiththeenzymeproteinand erly refinedandstored.Oxidationproductlevels areimportant FFA, but moreasanindicationofwhethertheoilhasbeenprop- Lauric fats inparticulartake longertoachieve themaximal The mostcriticalparameterforEIE,whichisdifferent from Thermo- October 2009 inform 623 B lipase B lipase enzyme, but enzyme, but , was and lower 6 lipase than for the lipase than for the ,C 8 C. antarctica B enzyme. Overall, the rate the rate B enzyme. Overall, T. lanuginosus T. T. lanuginosus T. The rate of reaction using these three The rate of reaction using optimum. This suggests that, for oils with that, for oils with This suggests optimum. acid contents, an inorganic high residual can- lipase could be a useful acidophilic of satu-degree When the EIE. didate for it was considered, was fats ration of the major differ- any not possible to observe 70.6 to from only varied ences; the level used. However, blends 79.1% in the fat rates of reac- different some lipases have are used. fats tion when highly saturated lipase types showed blends and the two and between both blend some differences reaction rates were enzyme. In both cases 50% on the blends containing slower the blend with only than on lauric fats more noticeable This was 20% inclusion. for the C. antarctica of reaction for the Processing B enzyme is more correctly character- C. antarctica The Also, the observations on oil quality reinforce the need on oil quality reinforce the need Also, the observations below 10% of the total fatty acid composition. However, when when acid composition. However, 10% of the total fatty below acids are present, there will be a higher level fatty shorter-chain acids. fatty than of the longer-chain of these per kilogram of fat could differences for the observed So one possible explanation acids around the fats more fatty be that the lipase has to move We made acids are to be interesterified. when short-chain fatty acid per kilogram of calculations of the number of moles of fatty blends to see if there were significantly more for the different fat Overall, fats. with the short-chain-containing acids overall fatty trans- were small, and it did not appear that rate of the differences generally acids could be the reason why lauric fats port of fatty types. other fat than to convert were slower was lower than that of the standard than lower was it was less sensitive to the fatty acid composition. to the fatty less sensitive it was a preference for short-chain ized as an esterase and should show of C in all blends the level acids, but fatty David Cowan is an application scientist at Novozymes working the area of oils and fats applications.enzyme United Based Chesham, in contacted be Kingdom, at dc@novozymes. can he com. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR LARGE- SCALE EIE on EIE composition and its effect into fat Our investigations of reaction demonstrated that this does influence the rate have This for the lipases applied today in production-scale reactors. a unit is being designed, the When has a practical consequence: into account for calculating the composition needs to be taken fat daily throughput. for a given required reactor volume for this to be considered and the required quality specifica- that the best utilization of the enzyme can be so tions followed achieved. lipase. PKO: palm kernel EIE    P(    PPM <3 ppm , which has an alkaline pH , which has an alkaline pH Thermomyces lanuginosus Thermomyces a fatty acids than palm stearine or acids than palm stearine or fatty 12 —  PPM  MEQUIVKG  MEQUIVKG     T. lanuginosus T. B, which is known to be more acid B, which is known C. antarctica Lipase from The lauric fats such as palm kernel and coconut oil contain coconut oil contain and such as palm kernel The lauric fats lipase with one produced lipase with one produced lanuginosus Substituting the T. gave similar results with the lauric oil- similar results gave Candida antarctica Acid extract value Citric acid &&! Phosphorus Moisture value Peroxide Anisidine value Component CIE Abbreviations: CIE, chemical interesterification; EIE, enzymatic interes- Abbreviations: Table 1. quality specifications Oil a fatty acid. free terification; FFA, oil; stearine. PS, palm FIG. 1. Conversion 1. FIG. of two fats with soybean oil, and, as lipases are normally characterized by their oil, and, as lipases are normally characterized by their soybean a possible explanation preferences for chain length, this could be preferences lipase types having Two differences. for the observed acids were compared fatty or shorter-chain for either longer- palm olein/50% The blends (50% oil blends. using three different oil, or 50% palm coconut oil, 80% palm stearine/20% coconut a range of to provide stearine/50% coconut oil) were chosen oil derived As these were commercially acid compositions. fatty and acti- degumming blends, produced using phosphoric acid high bleaching earth, residual mineral acid contents were vated (kg oil productivity to affect expected and this parameter was enzyme). converted/kg when used for hydro- a higher productivity tolerant, exhibited lysis than that from much higher levels of C much higher levels containing blend. Full conversion was reached more slowly than than reached more slowly was containing blend. Full conversion with the nonlauric blend. in Subject: ,,Oilseed processing"

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Editor’s note: The following article is adapted from the author’s Hot Topic presentation delivered at the 100th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, held May 3–6, 2009, in Orlando, Florida, USA.

Christopher C. Mulligan

The need for rapid, onsite chemical analyses is as apparent as it has ever been, especially for compounds detrimental to health or to the envi- ronment, such as toxic industrial species, explo- FIG. 1. Schematic of DESI-MS (desorption electrospray ionization sives, chemical warfare agents, and environmental mass spectrometry). Charged microdroplets impact a surface, releas- ing analyte molecules as secondary ions. Ions are then sampled by toxins. Onsite analysis can allow early warning of the atmospheric pressure inlet of the mass spectrometer. a harmful release, saving time and resources and increasing safety compared with lab analysis of available uses membrane introduction or gas chromatography (GC) field samples. The utility of a field-portable, analyt- in combination with MS. Although this offers an added degree of separation, it also increases the time required for analysis. In a ical device goes well beyond security applications, typical GC/MS analysis, preconcentration, followed by thermal though. Many chemical analyses would benefit separation of components on a capillary column, may increase the from being performed at the original location or analysis time to several minutes or hours, with the actual MS analy- sis taking only a small percentage of the total analysis time. native environment of the sample of interest. Several research groups have designed and reported handheld Several analytical technologies with varying levels of perfor- MS prototypes (Ouyang et al., 2009), and while these instruments mance and feasibility have emerged as candidates for continued typically require as little as 50 ms to acquire a complete mass spec- development and evaluation as portable analytical instruments. Of trum, conventional sample preparation typically can take several these technologies, several exhibit significant drawbacks, includ- hours, depending on the sample matrix in question and the desired ing long analysis times, high false positive and negative rates, high analyte. While a significant savings in time is realized by per- limits of detection, and narrow applicability. Mass spectrometry forming analyses onsite, these instruments still require extensive (MS) has the potential to fulfill the major criteria for field-por- preparation of samples before their introduction into the GC inter- table analytical instruments. Of the general-purpose methods of face and lack the versatility in analysis and breadth of applicable chemical analysis, MS has proven to be one of the most sensitive samples that is desired for field-portable instrumentation. techniques, and detection of ultra-trace quantities of specific com- Ionization of analyte outside of the instrumental vacuum pounds has been demonstrated, even from complex mixtures (as system can be advantageous compared with traditional analyti- little as 1 part in 1012, even ca. 10-15 g in favorable cases). The high cal methods that require extensive sample preparation and ioniza- specificity of MS comes from tandem mass spectrometric analysis tion in vacuo. Electrospray ionization (ESI), for which John Fenn (two or more coupled stages of mass analysis), which allows both was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002, readily allows molecular weight and structural data to be gathered. for the analysis of chemicals in solution and has revolutionized Recent advances in vacuum and electronic technologies have the analysis of biological macromolecules and thermally labile led to the miniaturization of MS instruments, thus making por- compounds. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) has tability feasible, and commercialization of portable MS systems allowed rapid analysis of volatile and semivolatile chemical species has grown rapidly. Most of the commercial equipment currently in complex gas matrices without preconcentration. Techniques such 626 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

information in order to attain acceptable ionization efficiencies. There is also one glaring constraint: the lack of surface analysis ability. For further reading: The ability to directly analyze untreated condensed phases and surface-bound species at ambient conditions had not been inves- Q /UYANG : 2* .OLL AND 2' #OOKS (ANDHELD MINIATURE tigated until recently. New ambient mass spectrometric methods mass spectrometers, Anal. Chem. 81n   (Cooks et al., 2006), in which ionization takes place both at atmo- Q #OOKS 2' : /UYANG : 4AKATS AND *- 7ISEMAN !MBIENT spheric pressure and directly from the native sample without prior mass spectrometry, Science 311n   preparation, have rapidly been developed, and several interesting Q 6ENTER ! - .EmIU AND 2' #OOKS !MBIENT DESORP- applications have come from their implementation. As recently pro- tion ionization mass spectrometry, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. posed by Venter et al. (2008), these newly developed methods can 27n   be distinguished by the processes used for desorbing analytes from Q -ULLIGAN ## . 4ALATY AND 2' #OOKS $ESORPTION ELEC- the sampling surface (momentum, laser, or thermal desorption) and trospray ionization with a portable mass spectrometer, Chem. the subsequent ionization (ESI or APCI) of these molecules. Commun. n   One of the simplest and most versatile of these ambient MS techniques is desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry Q 7ELLS *- -* 2OTH !$ +EIL *7 'ROSSENBACHER $2 (DESI-MS; Cooks et al., 2006). DESI-MS uses charged microdrop- *USTES '% 0ATTERSON AND $* "ARKET *R )MPLEMENTATION OF lets of solvent (usually 1:1 methanol/water) generated by traditional $!24 AND $%3) IONIZATION ON A lELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETER ESI methods to desorb condensed-phase and surface-bound analyte, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19n   releasing these neutral molecules as secondary ions. Recent fluid dynamic simulations have shown that a thin solvent layer quickly forms on the surface in question, and as new microdroplets impact this layer, progeny droplets containing analyte are released and as ESI and APCI have allowed analysis of liquid and gas phase ana- evaporate with assistance of the heated capillary inlet of the mass lytes, but there are still substantial limitations to these ionization spectrometer, forming ions from the desorbed neutral molecules. methods. Using ESI requires that pure liquid analytes be dissolved A schematic of DESI-MS can be seen in Figure 1. Although oper- into organic solution before spraying and that natural aqueous solu- ating parameters can be tuned to provide optimal performance for tions (e.g., contaminated groundwater) undergo extensive prepara- certain analytes, typical voltages used for electrospraying are 3–5 tion, including filtration, desalting, and addition of organic solution, kV and solvent flow rates are ~3 μL/min. Both the DESI emitter Analytical inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 627

and the capillary inlet of the mass spec- direct tablet analysis in Fig. 2), natural prod- trometer are positioned within 1–2 mm of ucts, agricultural chemicals, and industrial the sampling point. The incident angle of polymers. There is also a vast array of sur- the DESI source and collection angle of the faces and substrates that DESI-MS can be atmospheric inlet are fairly critical, being applied to, such as glass, plastics, leather, 45º and 15º relative to the sample surface, metal, plant surfaces, ultra thin-layer chro- respectively. matography plates, powders, and biological As in traditional ESI, DESI is a “soft” matrices such as urine, saliva, and stomach ionization method, yielding mostly proto- contents. Although the quantity of literature nated or deprotonated molecules in positive using DESI-MS is continually growing, it or negative ion mode, respectively. Multi- is still a relatively young and untested tech- ply-charged ions can form, and adduct nique. Its ability to directly analyze uncon- formation with low-mass alkali metals is ventional samples and surfaces has led to common, considering the amount of salts success in experiments that would be tra- and minerals that are present in untreated ditionally viewed as haphazard. samples. DESI-MS allows highly sensitive More importantly, DESI has been analysis, and picogram detection limits recently demonstrated on field-portable MS are routinely obtained. The solvent used systems,a coupling designed to allow rapid, in DESI can also be manipulated, not only direct chemical analysis from surfaces in to enhance ionization efficiency of certain their native environment, ridding the need species but also to increase selectivity for sample transport back to satellite labo- of the ions formed. For example, ions of ratories for analysis. The research groups enzyme-substrate complexes can be readily of R. Graham Cooks and Zheng Ouyang at formed by addition of specific substrates to FIG. 2. DESI-MS analysis of pharmaceu- Purdue University (West Lafayette, Indiana, the DESI solvent. tical tablets. The sampling stage and DESI USA) have coupled DESI-MS with both To date, DESI-MS has been applied to emitter can be enclosed for analysis of haz- portable (Mulligan et al., 2006) and hand- several classes of chemicals, such as pep- ardous samples. Photo courtesy of Prosolia held (Ouyang et al., 2009) systems. These tides, pharmaceuticals (as depicted through Inc. (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA). CONTINUED ON PAGE 676 628 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) ASAGA celebrates TH ANNIVERSARY

Eduardo Dubinsky Argentine LA-AOCS’ delegate, author of this article, gathered a group of professionals and scientists related to fats and oils. This In the same year as AOCS’ 100th anniversary, ASAGA (Asocia- initiative led to the creation of a local society. Since its beginning, ción Argentina de Grasas y Aceites; Argentine Society of Fats and ASAGA received AOCS’ support, allowing the society to publish Oils) observed its 20th anniversary. ASAGA’s 35 past and present the Spanish versions of AOCS articles in ASAGA’s magazine A&G board members shared a dinner in Rosario City on September 18, (Aceites y Grasas). This magazine first appeared in 1990 and is 2009, to celebrate this anniversary (see below). recognized as one of the most important technical magazines in During the celebration dinner participants watched a video its field. One of ASAGA’s goals is to participate in collaborative with highlights of ASAGA’s history and interviews with the current work with other societies like AOCS, including SBOG (Sociedade and first presidents. There was also a Tango Show with live music Brasileira de Óleos e Gorduras) from Brazil and CORCHIGA (La and singers, and, finally, very emotional words from Jorge Baldi Corporación Chilena de Aceites y Grasas) from Chile. (current president of ASAGA), as well as other members from the Annually, ASAGA conducts an important educational program Board. Participants received a gift as a souvenir. that includes seminars and courses on crushing, quality control, ASAGA is an association that brings together institutions, maintenance, and health and nutrition. Every two years, a manag- companies, and people who are interested in the technical and ers’ meeting of the fats and oils industry takes place, in addition to scientific aspects of fats and oils and related products. Its foun- courses on refining and rendering of animal fats. Attendees come dation is closely linked to the history of AOCS’ Latin American from all Latin American countries to participate in high-level lec- Section (LA-AOCS). In 1988, LA-AOCS was formed during an tures from well-known local and international experts. AOCS meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. One year later, the This year ASAGA is holding the 13th Latin American Con- gress on Edible Fats and Oils (November 1–6). The chairman of ASAGA’s 20th anniversary celebration. Pictured are ASAGA’s presidents from its inception including, the congress is Hector Autino, the from left to right, Osvaldo Pioli, Juan Carlos Cajaraville, Hector Autino, Jorge Baldi, Martha Melgar- current president of LA-AOCS (for ejo, Eduardo Dubinsky, Diego Pereyra, Graciela Milito, and Pedro Vacca. an interview with Hector Autino, see inform 20:261–262 and 283– 284). The Latin American Congress is organized every two years in dif- ferent countries in the region and is one of the most important technical events in Latin America. ASAGA had also organized two other suc- cessful Latin American congresses: one in Rosario in 1992 and the other one in Rosario and Buenos Aires in 2005. For more information on ASAGA and the 13th Latin Ameri- can Congress, visit www.asaga.org. ar and www.congreso.asaga.org.ar/ eng/index.aspx.

inform Contributing Editor Eduardo Dubinsky, of Eng.E.Dubinsky & Assoc.–Technical Consultants (Buenos Aires, Argentina), can be reached via e-mail at [email protected]. ar. Briefs inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 629

4HE %CONOMIST )NTELLIGENCE 5NIT %)5 News & Noteworthy WWWEIUCOM REPORTED IN !UGUST THAT its latest estimate of global oilseed PRODUCTION IN n HAD BEEN LOWERED TO  MILLION METRIC TONS --4 BECAUSE OF THE EXPECTED impact of drought on South Ameri- can soybean production. “Drought in Argentina has led to a reduction OF  --4 IN OUR FORECAST FOR !RGEN- TINEAN SOYBEAN OUTPUT IN n TO ONLY  --4 0ARAGUAY WAS ALSO affected, and output is expected to DECLINE BY   METRIC TONS TO  MMT. Most soybean areas in Brazil escaped the drought, and our esti- mate of Brazilian soybean production IN n IS LITTLE CHANGED AT  --4 v %)5 NOTED QQQ A higher total load of pathogens— viruses, bacteria and fungi—appears TO HAVE THE STRONGEST LINK WITH #OLONY #OLLAPSE $ISORDER ##$ FOUND SO FAR according to a new study published by ARS scientists and their university colleagues. The researchers have not discarded the possibility that pesti- be changed to include small deforestations cides also play a role in the sudden Soy moratorium in the analysis of next year’s crop, whose DISAPPEARANCE OF MANY 7ESTERN planting starts in October,” ABIOVE said honey bee colonies. The complete extended in a written statement. “The GTS intends story is available at www.ars.usda. The Soy Moratorium in the Amazon Biome to adopt a sampling system using remote GOVISPRHTM 3EE inform has been extended until July 2010, accord- sensory technology to identify crops 18n  FOR A REVIEW OF ##$ ing to a consortium of trade associations through satellite images of adequate spatial and oilseed production. and environmental organizations. The mor- resolution,” the statement continued. “This QQQ atorium involves the commitment not to technological advance should make it pos- The Dutch operations of amafilter- trade soy from areas in Brazil deforested sible to preselect properties for field visits, GROUP ARE NOW OPERATING AS -!(,% after July 24, 2006. Signatories include so that a significant number of deforesta- )NDUSTRIAL &ILTRATION "ENELUX "6 ABIOVE (the Brazilian Oilseed Proces- tions in the Amazon can be monitored in !LTHOUGH -!(,% )NDUSTRIAL &ILTRA- sors Association), ANEC (the national 2009–2010.” tion is the global brand, amafilter will grain exporters association), Greenpeace, remain as one of the product brands Conservation International-Brazil, and the High levels of OF THE ORGANIZATION -!(,% ACQUIRED Ministry of the Environment. AMAlLTER IN *ULY  Data from the National Institute for Space Research of the Brazilian Ministry phytoestrogens QQQ of Science and Technology on last year’s ,EATHERHEAD &OOD 2ESEARCH ,EATH- forest canopy loss in the Amazon indicate found ERHEAD 3URREY 5+ IS CONDUCTING A the deforestation profile is changing. The Civil engineering researchers in the Univer- collaborative study to explore the number of deforested areas of less than sity of Minnesota’s Institute of Technology replacement of fats with water-in-oil 100 hectares has increased, compensated have discovered high levels of plant-based emulsions. The study aims to expand for by a significant drop in deforestation estrogens in some industrial wastewater. KNOWLEDGE IN ACHIEVING SIGNIlCANT FAT of larger areas—precisely those directly In their study, Associate Professor reduction in chocolate and fat-based monitored by the Soy Work Group (GTS), Paige Novak and her graduate student lLLINGS &OR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT which implements the moratorium. researcher Mark Lundgren studied waste- Persis Subramaniam at psubrama- Because of changes in the deforesta- water from 19 different sites in the US NIAM LEATHERHEADFOODCOM Q tion profile, the monitoring system “has to states of Minnesota and Iowa. They found 630 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

very high concentrations of these hor- of the Canadian Environmental Protection mone-mimicking phytoestrogens—up to Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999) after finding that it 250 times higher than the level at which may pose a risk to human health. feminization of fish has been seen in other The recommendation came after research—in the wastewater discharged Health Canada and Environment Canada from eight industrial sites, including bio- released final screening assessments and diesel plants, a soy milk factory, a barbecue proposed risk management approaches for meat processing facility, and a dairy. 19 substances assessed in Batch 5 of the They also detected high concentrations Chemicals Management Plan. of phytoestrogens in the water discharged The majority of acrylamide is used by some municipal wastewater treatment in the manufacture of various polymers, plants. The good news is that the research- which in turn are used in ore processing, ers revealed that phytoestrogens can be food packaging, plastic products, and in removed from water as it goes through molecular biology laboratory applications. standard treatment. In fact, they saw more To reach these levels, Deputy Minister Minute levels of acrylamide also form when than 90% removal of these compounds of Industry and Trade Bui Xuan Khu noted certain foods are cooked at high tempera- from the water. However, sometimes 99% that Vietnam will have to address its lack tures, such as when making French fries or removal is needed to reach levels that are of growing areas. (Currently, Khu said, up potato chips. considered harmless to fish, said Novak. to 90% of raw materials must be imported Health Canada is implementing a “Many people have looked at human- by the country’s 35 vegetable oil produc- three-pronged risk management approach related chemicals such as those in birth ers. At present, annual production stands to reduce Canadians’ exposure to acryl- control pills as the primary source of estro- at 1.13 MMT of refined oil and 85,000 MT amide from food sources. The approach gens in the water supply, but they have not of unrefined oil, the report said.) includes pressing the food industry to looked at plant-based estrogens from a Statistics released by the ministry develop and implement acrylamide reduc- wide variety of industries,” Novak said. indicate that the vegetable oil industry tion strategies for use by food processors “Our research is the first study of its kind generated a turnover of VND6.62 trillion and the foodservice industry; regularly to provide a snapshot in time of what is (almost $371.7 million) last year, account- updating consumption advice; and coordi- going on in these industries. We hope that it ing for about 5% of the total value earned nating risk management efforts for acryl- can be used in planning new industrial sites by the country’s food and drink industry. amide in food with key international food and expansion of current sites,” she added. Per capita vegetable oil consumption in regulatory partners. Novak pointed out that some of these Vietnam was estimated at seven kilograms The Government is also proposing to industrial facilities are in small towns (kg). add acrylamide to the Health Canada Cos- without sophisticated wastewater treat- The news agency report also said metic Ingredient Hotlist and to the Environ- ment plants. In these locations, there is that: mental Emergencies Regulations of CEPA potential for impacts on fish and wildlife. r 7JFUOBNFTF WFHFUBCMF PJM DPOTVNQ- 1999. The study appeared online ahead of tion is expected to grow by 8% during The Government’s screening assess- print in Environmental Toxicology and 2008–2018 and 3.5% during the 2018– ments are final; however, stakeholders are Chemistry (doi: 10.1897/09-029.1) and was 2025 period. This growth is expected encouraged to submit comments on the rec- funded by the Water Environment Research to result in a per capita consumption of ommended risk management options until Foundation and the University of Minneso- 15.2 kg by 2018 and 19.4 kg by 2025. October 21, 2009. ta’s Center for Urban and Regional Affairs r #FUXFFO m 7JFUOBNT WFH- (CURA). etable oil imports increased 12.6% on average each year, whereas exports EFSA update decreased. Last year import revenue Vietnam sets oil was $700 million. The European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) r i&YQFSUT IBWF XBSOFE UIBU JG 7JFUOBN has taken action on a number of issues production goals does not have an effective program to recently, including phytosterols, dietary ref- cultivate raw materials for vegetable erence values for fats, and food enzymes. Vietnam has announced ambitious targets oil, it will have to import $1 billion for vegetable oil production, according to worth of materials by 2015,” accord- PHYTOSTEROLS the official news service of the Socialist ing to the report. EFSA’s Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutri- Republic of Vietnam. tion and Allergies (NDA) said in an opinion The country’s Ministry of Trade and that cholesterol in the blood can be reduced Industry hopes to produce 1.7–2.16 MMT/ Acrylamide found on average by 7–10.5% if a person con- year of vegetable oil by 2020, of which sumes 1.5–2.4 grams of plant sterols and nearly 60,000 metric tons (MT) will be to pose risk stanols every day. The scientists found that exported, according to the report by the the effect usually occurs within the first two Vietnam News Agency. Those figures will The Government of Canada is recommend- to three weeks. increase to 2–2.65 MMT/year by 2025. ing that acrylamide be added to Schedule 1 CONTINUED ON PAGE 632 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 631

Acquisitions/ mergers Nutreco Holding N.V. !MERSFOORT .ETHERLANDS HAS PURCHASED Cargill’s -INNEAPOLIS -INNESOTA 53! ANIMAL nutrition operations in Spain and Por- tugal. QQQ &INNISH COMPANY Lannen Tehtaat says it will combine the operations of its sub- IDANT PROPERTIES )N THE STUDY RAPESEED PALM OIL Brassica napus sidiaries Avena Nordic Grain Oy and  MEAL PROTEIN ISOLATES WERE 4HE %L .I×O PHENOMENON IS EXPECTED TO Mildola Oy. The aim is to combine the lRST DIGESTED BY !LCALASE AND &LAVOURZYME reduce Indonesia’s crude palm oil pro- and the resultant rapeseed crude hydro- COMMODITY MARKET EXPERTISE OF !VENA duction BY  --4 IN THE FOURTH QUARTER lysate exhibited a dose-dependent reduc- .ORDIC 'RAIN WITH -ILDOLAS EXPERTISE IN OF  AN OFlCIAL TOLD THE 8INHUA .EWS ing antioxidant power and hydroxyl radical oil milling, Lannen Tehtaat said in a state- !GENCY IN !UGUST 7ITH THE REDUCTION scavenging ability. The study appeared in ment. PRODUCTION WOULD DECREASE TO  --4 the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chem- WHICH IS STILL HIGHER THAN S PRODUC- istry 57  n   TION OF  --4 8INHUA SAID QQQ Commodities QQQ Cargill -INNEAPOLIS -INNESOTA 53! The Rural and Regional Development CACAO/CHOCOLATE has completed a move to a new canola Ministry of Malaysia, through its planta- SEED FACILITY IN )DAHO &ALLS )DAHO 53!  )N !UGUST Cadbury New Zealand tion services company, Felcra, will invest The move almost doubled the amount RETURNED ITS #ADBURY $AIRY -ILK CHOC- 2- MILLION MORE THAN  MILLION TO of space and upgraded equipment, the olate to a recipe containing only cocoa build two new palm-oil processing facili- company said in a news release. butter. The move followed the company’s ties. The new mills will be located in Sri Cargill has also entered into a license receipt of hundreds of letters and e-mails !MAN AND -UKAH ACCORDING TO THE New agreement for patented canola breeding in which consumers told the company they Straits Times newspaper. technology with the Wisconsin Alumni did not approve of a new recipe in which Research Foundation a small proportion of the cocoa butter -ADISON 53!  The technology involves the use of tradi- SOY OIL was replaced with vegetable fat, includ- tional breeding techniques to introgress China National Cereals, Oils & Food- ing palm oil. traits from winter canola lines into spring stuffs Corp. #/&#/ THE COUNTRYS QQQ canola lines, resulting in higher spring largest oil and food producer, plans to Rabobank THE COOPERATIVE BANK THAT build a soybean-processing plant in south- deals mainly with agribusiness, says it YIELDS )NTROGRESSION IS THE MOVEMENT of a gene from one species into the gene west China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous expects cocoa prices to continue their 2EGION WITH A CAPACITY OF  --4YEAR upward momentum next year, although POOL OF ANOTHER ACCORDING TO THE 8INHUA .EWS !GENCY prices are expected to ease over coming )N !PRIL THE COMPANY OPENED A  BILLION months as the new crop supply hits the FLAXSEED OIL YUAN  MILLION OIL PRESSING PROJECT MARKET 'LOBAL COCOA FUNDAMENTALS Shape Foods in Brandon, Manitoba, IN 4IANJIN 8INHUA SAID 0ER CAPITA EDIBLE LOOK SET TO REMAIN IN A SLIGHT DEFICIT IN Canada, will continue bottling flaxseed OIL CONSUMPTION IS  KGYEAR IN #HINA THE n /CTOBERn3EPTEMBER oil under new co-owner and chief exec- according to the article. SEASON DESPITE RECENT DEMAND WEAKNESS UTIVE OFlCER *IM $OWNEY h) BELIEVE VERY 4HE )NTERNATIONAL #OCOA /RGANIZATION strongly in value-added processing of grains SUNFLOWER OIL currently is estimating a global deficit of that are grown in the Prairies,” Downey   -4 DESPITE BETTER THAN EXPECTED told www.producer.com. Yug Rusi intends to invest more than CROP ESTIMATES IN 7EST !FRICA QQQ  MILLION TO MODERNIZE ITS SUNmOWER OIL Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada MILLS BASED IN THE !NNA AND ,ISKI DISTRICTS CANOLA/RAPESEED OIL says producers in western Canada have OF 2USSIA ACCORDING TO THE %SMERK NEWS agency. 2ESULTS FROM A STUDY LED BY :( 8UE AND INCREASED THE SEEDED AREA OF mAX BY  COLLEAGUES AT 4IANJIN 5NIVERSITY 0EOPLES FOR n ALTHOUGH PRODUCTION IS QQQ Oil World was predicting on August 2EPUBLIC OF #HINA SUGGEST THAT rape- forecast to decline slightly due to lower %VEN AS seed peptide hydrolysate may be useful yields. The agency predicts flax planting  THAT WORLD SUNmOWERSEED PRODUCTION as a human food ingredient, serving as a WILL COVER   HECTARES THIS GROWING will decline this year, the National Sun- source of bioactive peptides with antiox- season. CONTINUED ON PAGE 633 632 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

information effects of oxidized _-tocopherol on soybean New work and corn oils with about 55% linoleic acid were greater than those on safflower and $ID YOU KNOW THAT inform provides news on storage of olive oils with about 12% linoleic acid, updates on the AOCS home page at www. respectively (P < 0.05). The changes in aocs.org? As well as alerts on Twitter at vegetable oils fatty acids during storage showed that www.twitter.com/theAOCS? Researchers from The Ohio State Univer- the oxidation ratios of oleic, linoleic, and sity in Columbus, USA, studied whether linolenic acids were 1:2:3, 1:12:26, and soybean, corn, safflower, and olive oils kept 1:8:16 after 5, 30, and 35 days of storage, their healthful fatty acids during storage. respectively. Their findings are as follows: r )JHI DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG PYJEJ[FE The NDA Panel also concluded that _-tocopherol were associated with a Planting dates and foods such as yogurts and milk, including decrease in stability, or a loss of health- low-fat yogurts and cheese, margarine-type ful qualities, in all the oils studied. fatty acids spreads, mayonnaise, salad dressing, and r 4PZCFBO PJM XIJDI DPOUBJOFE UIF other dairy products, were the most suit- US researchers at Mississippi State Uni- highest oxidized _-tocopherol able for delivering the cholesterol-lower- versity (Mississippi State, USA) have content, had the lowest stability during ing effects from plant stanols and sterols studied how agronomic factors—geno- storage. to the body. Information was either lacking type, planting date, and rate of nitrogen r $PSO TBGáPXFS BOE PMJWF PJMT IBE B for other foods or they appeared to be less application—affect the fatty acid compo- decrease in their healthful fatty acids effective in reducing blood cholesterol sition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). as their oxidized -tocopherol levels levels, the Panel said. _ Their study appeared in Agronomy Journal increased. (101:1003–1011, 2009). DIETARY REFERENCE VALUES The authors, led by AOCS member The scientists, led by Valtcho Zheliaz- David Min, conclude that removing the oxi- kov, found that earlier planting apparently EFSA has also initiated a public consulta- dized _-tocopherol will help improve the reduced the level of total saturated fatty tion on its proposed dietary reference values oxidative stability of food during storage. acids as well as producing the highest oil (DRVs) for carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and In the study, the researchers added content of the four planting dates studied. fats. Comments from the scientific commu- 0, 650, 1,300, and 2,600 parts per million As for individual fatty acids, “Overall, nity and other stakeholders will be accepted (ppm) of oxidized _-tocopherol to soybean, palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) con- by EFSA until October 15, 2009. corn, safflower, and olive oils and 10,000 centrations in sunflower seed grown in Mis- As part of this process, the NDA Panel ppm of oxidized _-tocopherol to a mixture sissippi from the first planting were reduced concluded that intake of fats should range of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. relative to the respective concentrations in between 20–35% of the total energy intake, Samples in the gas-tight vials were stored the original seed. Later planting tended to with different values recommended for in the dark for 6 or 35 days at 55°C. The increase these two acids relative to the first infants. Intakes of both saturated and trans oxidative stabilities of the oils were deter- planting and relative to the original seed,” fatty acids should be “as low as possible mined by headspace oxygen with gas chro- the researchers write. within the context of a nutritionally ade- matography (GC) and by peroxide value. quate diet.” The Panel also provided advice Fatty acids were determined by GC. As the regarding the setting of DRVs for mono- concentration of oxidized _-tocopherol Unique omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as in soybean, corn, safflower, and olive oils cholesterol. increased, the depletion of headspace source? oxygen and the peroxide values of oils InterMed Discovery (IMD) of Dortmund, FOOD ENZYMES increased during storage. The pro-oxidant Germany, is reporting a unique microbial EFSA has published a guidance docu- ment for industry specifying the type of information that industry should provide to enable EFSA to carry out its safety assessments on food enzymes. The doc- ument outlines what information on physicochemical characteristics and toxi- cological tests needs to be submitted. The guidance document is available at www. efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Guidance_ of_Panel/cef_ej1305_guidelines%20 enzymes_en.pdf?ssbinary=true. inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 633

flower Association (NSA; Bismarck, North Dakota, USA) Bio-Extraction Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is expanding was announcing that sunflowerseed oil exports from the United to the United States, where it will build a second canola pro- States to Canada set a new record. Exports are up 59% com- cessing facility in Minot, North Dakota. The 80,000-MT/year pared with 2008, NSA said. facility is expected to open in 2011. New ventures R&D

Bruker Daltonics announced the establishment of the Bruker A combination of sugar beet pectin and milk proteins could LabMate PLC, a life-science mass spectrometry joint venture be used in encapsulation processes or as fat replacers, accord- between Bruker Daltonics (Billerica, Massachusetts, USA) and ing to research led by AOCS member D. Julian McClements of LabMate Asia (Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India), with customer the University of Massachusetts (Amherst, USA). “These bio- support and technical expertise hubs in Bangalore, Chennai, polymer particles could be used as fat mimetics (e.g., to simu- Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai. late the light scattering or viscosity of fat droplet suspensions) or they could be used as delivery systems (e.g., to encapsulate QQQ bioactive components),” the researchers write in Food Hydro- Bursa Malaysia Bhd, Malaysia’s exchange holding company, and colloids (23:1312–1321, 2009). CME Group Inc., an electronic futures trader based in New QQQ York and Chicago (USA), are collaborating on trade-matching German specialty chemical supplier Evonik Industries has services, product licensing, and minor cross-equity investments added a group of biobased polyamides to its Vestamid product in the tropical oil derivatives market. The CME Group equity line. The polymers, sold under the Vestamid Terra brand name, stake will relate to Bursa Malaysia’s derivatives business. Spe- are based on monomers produced partly or entirely from fatty cific terms will be announced at a later date and the initiative is acids. The most important source currently is castor oil. Evonik subject to regulatory approval. is also developing further polyamides from palm kernel and QQQ rapeseed oils. Q source for the production of omega-3 fatty acids. The company acquired the strain from the University of Saarland and will work with researchers there on further research and development of new products. “This innovative microbial source has the potential to produce omega-3 [fatty acids] more sustainably and reliably compared to established sources,” IMD said in a news release, adding that the new strain “significantly out-perform[s] current sources.” IMD also said the new strain produces a “more favorable ratio between the fatty acids DHA and EPA.” DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) are essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fatty coldwater fish that apparently offer protection against a variety of health disorders such as cardiovascular disease, macular degenera- tion, and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Canola protein closer to GRAS status Burcon NutraScience Corp. (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) says the journal of Food and Chemical Toxicology will publish a peer-reviewed manuscript detailing a toxicology study on the com- pany’s Puratein canola protein isolate. Luis Mejia, director of sci- entific and regulatory affairs of Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM; Decatur, Illinois, USA), is the primary author of the study. Burcon and ADM have also submitted a toxicology study conducted for Supertein canola protein isolate to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. Once the Supertein toxicology study is accepted for publication, Burcon and ADM will proceed to submit a GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) notification for Puratein and Supertein to the US Food and Drug Administration. Q r~ ~ ~- MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION lOINF ;= e ~ Street Address: 2710 S. Boulder Drive, Urbana, IL 61802-6996 USA. 0 . Mail Address: P.O. Box 17190, Urbana, IL 61803-7190 USA. N 41.:1@~ ""'"' •1-2" -359-23«; "" .i-2"-351 ~091; Em•;I; m~b,,;h;p••oc;.0

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AOCS: Your international forum for fat s, oils, proteins, surfactants, and detergents. This Code has been adopted by the AOCS to define the rules of professional conduct for its members. As a condition of membership, it shall be signed by each applicant. AOCS Code of Ethics • Chemistry and its application by scientists, engineers, and technologists have for their prime objective the advancement of science and benefit of mankind. Accord ingly, the Soc iety expects each member: 1) to be familiar w ith the purpose and objectives of the Society as expressed in its Bylaws; to pro mote its aim actively; and to strive for self-improvement in said member's profession; 2) to present conduct that at all times reflects dignity upon the profession of chemistry and engineering; 3) to use every honorable means to elevate the standards of the profess ion and extend its sphere of usefulness; 4} to keep inviolate any confidence that may be entrusted to sa id member in such member 's professional capacity; 5) to refuse participatio n in questionable enterp rises and to refuse to engage in any occupatio n that is contrary to law o r the public welfa re; 6) to guard against unwarranted insinuations that reflect upon the character o r integrity of other chemists and engineers.

I hereby subscribe to the above Code of Ethics. Signature of Applicant ------Briefs inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 635

On July 31 Rep. Brian P. Bilbray (R-Cal- ifornia) introduced a bill (HR 3460) in Biofuels News the US House of Representatives to “amend the Clean Air Act to include algae-based biofuel in the renewable fuel program and amend the Inter- nal Revenue Code of 1986 to include algae-based biofuel in the cellulosic biofuel producer credit.” The legisla- tion would also establish a tax credit for producers of algae-derived fuel. The bill had eight cosponsors. It was referred to the Ways and Means Com- mittee and Energy and Commerce Committee. QQQ To help ensure that biofuel develop- ment does not compete with tradi- tional agricultural industry for land and resources, the Australian government made matching grants in August total- ing A$14.4 million ($12.l million) across seven projects through its Second Gen- eration Biofuels Research and Devel- opment Program. Among these were Martek has based its business in the the following: A consortium of the past on producing the long-chain polyun- South Australian Research Develop- GENERAL saturated fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic ment Institute (Adelaide), Flinders Uni- acid), an omega-3 fatty acid, in microalgae versity (Adelaide), and CSIRO received BP, Martek to and marketing it for inclusion in products A$2.7 million to develop a pilot-scale such as infant formula. DHA supplementa- biorefinery for microalgal biofuels and develop microbial tion is considered important for the optimal other products. Curtin University of development of an infant’s nervous and Technology (Perth) and Spitfire Oil oils for biofuels visual systems. The patents Martek has on (Perth) were awarded A$2.5 million to BP and Martek Biosciences Corp. (Colum- DHA begin to expire in 2010, however, so investigate production of biofuels from bia, Maryland, USA) signed a joint devel- this new venture with BP positions Martek Mallee trees (Eucalyptus spp.), which opment agreement in mid-August to work to identify new businesses should competi- are native to Australia’s inland plains. on the production of microbial oils for bio- tion arise on the DHA front. And researchers at the University of fuels applications. They will work together BP will contribute $10 million to the Melbourne received A$1.2 million for to establish proof of concept for large-scale, initial phase of the collaboration. a project at Victoria’s coal-fired Hazel- cost-effective microbial biodiesel produc- Earlier in 2009, BP and Verenium wood Power Plant to increase the effi- tion through fermentation. Corp. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) ciency of systems to derive biofuels In the joint statement, Philip New, formed a joint venture company, to be from microalgae. chief executive officer of BP Biofuels, said: called Vercipia Biofuels, which will open “As an alternative to conventional vegetable its new headquarters in Highland County, QQQ Florida, USA, in 2010. The focus of Ver- Greenline Industries, incorporated oils, we believe sugar to diesel technology has the potential to deliver economic, sus- cipia is on the development of commercial- in 2005 in Larkspur, California, USA, tainable, and scaleable biodiesel supplies. scale cellulosic ethanol facilities. filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy liqui- In partnering with Martek, we combine the dation in August. The company had world’s leading know-how in microbial gone through three chief executive lipid production with our expertise in fuels US state rejects officers in the final 13 months and had markets and applications, and our more terminated two chief financial officers recent experience in biofuels production biofuels from and a chief operating officer as well. and commercialization.” The company was formed to supply New added, “[This technology] is part renewable biomass waterless modular biodiesel produc- of our approach of integrating sugar cane The state of Massachusetts (USA) has ini- tion systems for small- to mid-scale and lignocellulosic biofuels with advanced tiated a Biofuels Mandate that will begin applications, and had provided clients technologies to produce products with a July 1, 2010. Under this mandate, all bio- fuels not made using waste feedstocks are CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE wide range of uses.” 636 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) in four countries with 33 biodiesel pro- cessing lines, representing more than 250 million gallons (950 million liters) per year in capacity. banned from qualifying under the state’s and other herbivores graze on these oil- QQQ Clean Energy Biofuels Act of 2008. One synthesizing algae. Once the minnow-sized The first BQ-9000 certified producer provision of the law is that biofuels must fish/herbivores have fattened, they can be of soybean-based biodiesel in Indiana reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least netted and processed into oil. The protein (USA) is the Louis Dreyfus Soybean 50%. remaining after oil removal can be used for The Massachusetts Department of animal feed, and residual phosphorus from Processing and Biofuel Plant of Clay- Energy Resources defines waste feed- fish bones can be used for fertilizer. pool. (BQ-9000 is a voluntary fuel stocks as previously used or discarded Initially, the ponds will be used to quality assurance program overseen material from industrial, commercial, or identify which species of algae-consum- by the National Biodiesel Accredi- household food service activities, including ing fish work best. tation Commission and adopted by animal waste; animal by-products; organic According to CleanTech.com (www. the National Biodiesel Board and the portions of municipal solid waste; grease cleantech.com/news/4839/livefuels-fish- Canadian Renewable Fuels Association. trap waste; and construction and demoli- algae-series-b), Lissa Morgenthaler-Jones, The program covers storage, sampling, tion debris. Thus, other forms of renewable chief executive officer of LiveFuels, said testing, blending, shipping, distribu- biomass—such as agricultural crop resi- that the fish eat more than one-third of tion and fuel management practices to dues (e.g., corn cobs; see inform 20:579– their body weight in wet algae per day. She achieve quality assurance.) The plant 580, 2009), dedicated energy crops such as added, “Fish need 1/800th of the energy of opened in August 2007, and has an switchgrass, miscanthus, other grasses, and a centrifuge to process algal water.” That annual production capacity exceeding jatropha; microorganisms; or algae (inform is, in this proposed system, fish provide 88 million gallons (330 million liters) 19:432–437, 2008)—are excluded. considerable efficiency and economy in of soy biodiesel. The facility also pro- Brent Erickson, executive vice presi- harvesting the oil, compared to the energy cesses nearly 50 million bushels (1.4 dent of the Biotechnology Industry Orga- needed to collect algae by a process such million metric tons) of soybeans annu- nization’s Industrial & Environmental as centrifugation. ally and produces more than 1 million Section, commented, “By permitting only Ultimately the project could be tons (900,000 metric tons) of soybean biofuels made from waste feedstocks expanded to growing algae in the open under its mandate, Massachusetts is pre- ocean, especially in areas that are experi- meal each year. venting its own biotech companies from encing algal blooms already. One proposal QQQ deploying their advanced technology to is to confine fish in netted enclosures that A plant with a growth habit similar to turn other sources of renewable biomass have been towed to the bloom area, and jatropha, called the croton tree (Croton into advanced biofuels. . . . [T]his effort then harvest them after a suitable period. tiglium or C. megalocarpus; not to be is based on good intentions, but it sets a “Dead zones” in the middle of the blooms confused with the houseplant Codi- very bad precedent by excluding some of must be avoided, but fish could be placed aeum variegatum, also called croton, the most sustainable renewable resources at the edges of these oxygen-depleted areas which is grown for its glossy multicol- from being utilized to make cleaner and to eat their fill and concentrate the fat con- ored foliage), is being developed as a greener transportation fuels. Massachu- tained in the algal cells. source of biofuel in Kenya and Tanza- setts has several biotech companies that are John Benemann, one of the authors nia. Kenyan farmers typically grow it leading the way to making advanced bio- of the seminal report on growing algae for as a windbreak or plant it as a fence. fuels from very sustainable feedstocks. We biofuel (Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. Ben- The plant’s inedible nuts reportedly are surprised to see the state disadvantage emann, and P. Roessler, A Look Back at contain up to 35% oil. The oil, obtained its own companies.” the U.S. Department of Energy’s Aquatic by pressing crushed seeds, either can Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae, be filtered and used directly to fuel a National Renewable Energy Laboratory, generator, or can be reacted chemi- ALGAE Golden, Colorado, USA. Report #NREL/ cally to produce biodiesel. Research TP-580-24190, 1998, 328 pp.), com- mented to CleanTech.com that the Live- on uses for the presscake are ongoing Fuels process overcomes major problems but may include use as a fertilizer or as LiveFuels proposes of harvesting and processing algae. On the a feedstock for cogeneration of elec- using fish to other hand, growing two species is more tricity. complicated than growing one. QQQ harvest algae US Senators Maria Cantwell (D-WA) On August 13 LiveFuels Inc. (Menlo Park, and Charles Grassley (R-IA) introduced California, USA) announced it was starting Algae contest, S. 1589, the Biodiesel Tax Incentive a new pilot project at its Brownsville, Texas prize to be offered Reform and Extension Act, on August (USA), facility, where it has nine 5-acre 6, and it was referred to the Senate (total area: 18 hectares) open saltwater California-based Prize Capital LLC will Finance Committee. The purpose of ponds that were once used for fish/shrimp be sponsoring prizes worth a total of $10 the bill is to extend the current bio- farming. LiveFuels proposes growing million for innovations in algae-to-fuel tech- diesel tax credit, which expires at the native, unmodified, oil-producing algae in nology research and development, accord- end of 2009, for five years. The legis- these ponds and letting filter-feeding fish ing to Matt Peak, director of technology lation also would change the biodiesel inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 637 tax incentive from a blenders’ excise tax credit to a production excise tax credit. This change would focus the ventures for the company. The award will Other revenue streams from growing benefits of the credit on the produc- go to the team that produces the most fin- algae for fuel include the sale of carbon tion capacity of these fuels rather than ished renewable diesel fuel per acre of land credits as well as the sale of leftover algae on the activity of just blending them between January 1, 2010, and December protein for $350 per ton to fish farms and with petroleum diesel. This Act would 31, 2013, with a minimum of 3,000 net- pet food makers. At present, Aurora plans also simplify the definition of “biodie- gallons (11,000 liters) produced at a cost of to sell its oil to fuel producers rather than sel” to encourage production from any no more than $3 per gallon ($0.79 per liter). make their own. Later they may explore the biomass-based feedstock or recycled A champion racing prize series will be part chemical market. oils and fats. of the challenge, with competitors racing in standard, uniform, sponsor-provided diesel- QQQ powered cars at raceways hosting national W2 Energy to build competitions. Lee Stein, founder and chairman of algae oil plant at Prize Capital, said the competition will provide incentives to determine which Guelph of the thousands of algae strains are best W2 Energy Inc., a developer of green suited for absorbing energy and producing energy headquartered in Carson City, renewable fuels, where these strains work Nevada, USA, announced in mid-August best, how to harvest algae most effectively, that it will build several commercial-scale and how to extract the oil most efficiently algae bioreactors at its facility in Guelph, from within algae’s cellular walls at suffi- Ontario, Canada. Initially, 10 units of W2’s cient scale, among other challenges. SunFilter Algae Reactor will be constructed Further information is available at to sequester CO2 from the company’s other www.prizecapital.net/Prize_Capital/ processes. Eight airlines signed an agreement in Algae_Fuel_Prize.html. Once the first stage is complete, W2 mid-August with Rentech, Inc. (Los plans to expand to 50 bioreactors. Each Angeles, California, USA) and Aircraft SunFilter has a capacity of 42 gallons (160 Service International Group (Orlando, liters). Florida, USA) to purchase up to 1.5 Aurora predicts Gases containing nitrogen oxides and million gallons (5.7 million liters) per CO enter the bottom manifold of the Sun- $2/gallon biodiesel 2 year of renewable diesel fuel (Ren- Filter and bubble up through the algae from algae tubes. Low-power ultraviolet lights, in Diesel) for use in ground service combination with the gases, feed the algae, equipment at Los Angeles Interna- Having identified and optimized a genetic which grow in the tubes. When the algae tional Airport beginning in late 2012, pathway in a species of single-celled oil- reach a suitable density, a set of magnetic when Rentech’s plant to produce the producing alga that boosts its growth and rings inside the tubes scrape them clean and fuel is scheduled to go into service. breeding cycle, Aurora Biofuels (Alameda, push the algae upward to the upper mani- RenDiesel will be produced at Rent- California, USA) announced the organism fold, where compressed air pushes the algae ech’s facility in Rialto, California, pri- consumes more than double the amount of out. The algae are then compressed, dried, marily from urban woody green waste and can then be processed into biodiesel CO2 as the wild type and produces twice as such as yard clippings and processed much oil. Company Chief Executive Officer by reaction with methanol or into renew- sewage sludge. Rentech also makes Bob Walsh says yields of 5,000 gallons of able diesel by means of the Fischer-Tropsch synthetic jet fuel. Q algal oil per acre (47,000 liters per hectare) reaction. per year can now be achieved. Aurora has been breeding the strain Interested in in open-air raceway ponds about the size Targeted Growth of Olympic swimming pools in Florida contributing and harvesting about half of the algae per increases oil to inform magazine? day; from that, the yield has been about a gallon of oil per pond per day. Aurora plans content of Do you have a story that would be to scale up to 50-acre (20-hectare) ponds perfect for the pages of inform? A new cyanobacteria development in your field that is sure that, it predicts, could produce 100 gallons to generate widespread interest? A (380 liters)/day by the second quarter Crop biotechnology company Targeted profile of a colleague or institution? of 2010. By 2011 or 2012, the company Growth, Inc. (TGI; Seattle, Washington, Been to a meeting whose hot topics plans to be producing algal oil in 2,000- USA) has developed a way to increase the stirred great debate? inform magazine lipid content of cyanobacteria (blue-green acre (800-hectare) ponds. Costs of produc- is actively seeking the contributions algae) by as much as 400%. The company tion in the latter are predicted to approach of you and your colleagues. Contact claims that this discovery will increase the $1.75/gallon; after conversion to biodiesel, inform’s managing editor at jeremyc@ the cost would be $2/gallon. yield per acre of algal oil, decrease the cost aocs.org for more information. 638 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

of algae production, and make algae-based outlets in the state must be 10% ethanol. 20:298, 2009) and on its investment at a new fuels price-competitive with petroleum. In advance of the requirement, refiner- facility in China. According to Bloomberg. In the past four years TGI has ies have already all but ceased production com (August 13), investment will fall by as sequenced the entire genome of cyanobacte- of ethanol-free gasoline. much as $38 million in 2009 and about $57 ria [genus/genera and species unspecified], Station owners have a choice of relin- million in 2010. identified and tested every active gene, and ing or replacing their tanks to counteract the Both Novozymes and rival Danisco A/S added and manipulated new genes to create ethanol content. Relining may be satisfac- (Copenhagen, Denmark) plan to have com- a high oil-yielding algae strain. tory in the short run, but ultimately station mercial quantities of enzymes for making TGI does not see itself as marketing owners’ tanks will need to be replaced. cellulosic ethanol starting in 2010. millions of gallons of biofuel in wholesale In discussing this issue, FloridaToday. or retail markets. Instead, it sees itself mar- com used as an example an independently keting the technology to grow and harvest owned gas station at South Patrick Shores, BIODIESEL the algae. For example, TGI is partnering Florida, just north of Melbourne, Florida, with UOP LLC, a Honeywell company, to that is facing costs of about $300,000 to develop ways to convert algae to biojet fuel. install new, underground tanks. EBB monitors UOP has participated in three separate tests in 2009 of algae-based fuels in airplanes. biodiesel imports Novozymes As reported earlier, the European Commis- sion (EC) imposed anti-dumping duties ETHANOL retreats from on US biodiesel that took effect July 12, ethanol expansion 2009 (see inform 20:420, 511, 2009). Sub- sequently, the European Biodiesel Board Increased ethanol The world’s largest maker of industrial (EBB) has been in conversations with the enzymes, Novozymes A/S (headquartered EC to identify any evidence that Argen- content expensive in Bagsværd, Denmark), has decided to tina and the United States might be trying for gas stations slow its expansion in the ethanol market. to circumvent these duties, as reported in Falling demand for ethanol-containing fuel the August issue of Biodiesel Magazine. As the required content of biofuels in in the United States has driven several of Amandine Lacourt of the EBB was quoted US-sold gasoline rises, station owners are the larger US bioethanol manufacturers as saying, “A lot of biodiesel already flows facing expenses that can jeopardize the into bankruptcy, including VeraSun Energy from Argentina to Europe and we have continued operation of their businesses. Corp. (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), Renew noticed an increase in the volumes, so it For instance, in Florida, gas station owners Energy LLC (Jefferson, Wisconsin), and might be easier for some fraudulent prac- have until the end of 2009 to replace or Aventine Renewable Holdings Inc. (Pekin, tices to occur.” The suspicion is that US reline their fuel storage tanks so that they Illinois). biodiesel is being shipped to Europe via can contain the more corrosive ethanol Novozymes is cutting back on its plans Argentina, to avoid duties. The EBB says additives. By the end of 2010, according to to double enzyme production capacity at its Argentina’s exports of biodiesel multiplied a 2008 Florida law, gasoline sold at retail Nebraska (USA) enzyme plant (see inform 20-fold from April 2008 to April 2009. Q Briefs inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 639 According to research presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior (http:// Health & Nutrition www.ssib.org/web/), brain scans revealed that women who had lower activity in food reward regions of the brain and who had genetic modifica- tions associated with lower dopamine activity showed the greatest weight gain after one year. Study leader Eric Stice of the Oregon Research Insti- tute in Eugene, Oregon, USA told RSSL Food eNews that “these findings provide some of the first prospective evidence that people who experience blunted reward from food may com- pensate by overeating, increasing risk for unhealth[ful] weight gain.” QQQ Researchers led by Clay F. Semen- kovich of Washington Medical School in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, say they have found a compound that binds to a specific protein in the liver and helps to metabolize glucose and fat. This compound—1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn- glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1- GPC)—is a component of lecithin. The study appeared in Cell (138 :476– 488, 2009). QQQ A new meta-analysis of studies on rate—energy that otherwise would have omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovas- Producing brown fat been stored as fat in white adipose tissue. cular disease appeared in the Journal Researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Insti- “Since brown fat cells have very high of the American College of Cardiol- tute (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) capacity to dissipate excess energy and ogy (54:585–594, 2009). Carl Lavie, have shown that they can engineer mouse counteract obesity, eBAT has a very high medical director of Cardiac Rehabilita- and human cells to produce brown fat, a potential for treating obesity,” said Shingo tion and Prevention, Ochsner Medical natural energy-burning type of fat that Kajimura, lead author of the paper. “We are Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, counteracts obesity. If such a strategy can currently working on this.” led the research. be developed for use in people, the scien- Excess caloric energy in the diet is “This isn’t just hype; we now have tists say, it could open a novel approach to stored in white fat calls that pile up in tremendous and compelling evidence treating obesity and diabetes. the body, particularly in the thighs and from very large studies, some dating A team led by Bruce Spiegelman has abdomen. The accumulated fat content in back 20 and 30 years, that demon- identified both parts of a molecular switch overweight people puts stress on these cells, strates the protective benefits of that normally causes some immature muscle which give out signals that cause inflam- omega-3 fish oil in multiple aspects cells in the embryo to become brown fat mation in body organs and the circulatory of preventive cardiology,” he said. cells. With this switch in hand, the sci- system, creating risks of heart disease and diabetes. QQQ entists showed in the laboratory that they Commercially available conjugated could manipulate it to force other types of Brown fat, by contrast, works in an opposite fashion; it evolved to protect linoleic acid (CLA) slowed age- cells to produce brown fat, known as Brown animals from cold conditions and prevent related muscle loss (sarcopenia) in Adipose Tissue (BAT). Their findings were obesity. Brown fat cells are equipped with mice, according to findings published reported in the journal Nature (460:1154– a large supply of mitochondria—organelles in Biochemical and Biophysical Research 1158, 2009). that use oxygen to burn sugar from the diet Communications (383:513–518, 2009). The scientists then transplanted these synthetic brown fat precursors, known as to generate heat, rather than to store the The research team, led by Gabriel energy as fat. Fernandes from University of Texas eBAT (engineered BAT), into adult mice to augment their innate stores of brown Scientists have long thought that Health Science Center at San Antonio brown fat was present in young animals (USA) pointed out that humans typi- fat. Tests showed that the brown fat trans- plants were burning caloric energy at a high and human newborns but virtually absent in cally lose 1–2% of their muscle mass every year after the age of 50. Q 640 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

that does that, it’s reasonable to think suggest you examine your diet. (Particu- human adults. Recently, however, research- that it might provide a direct anti-obesity larly if you are a rat, which was the animal ers have used modern PET (positron emis- treatment.” model used in their study.) sion tomography) scanners—which detect The research, which was published tissue that is actively absorbing sugar—to online in The FASEB Journal (doi: 10.1096/ search for deposits of brown fat in adults. fj.09-139691), shows that in less than 10 Such experiments have revealed unexpect- Phytosterols and days of eating a high-fat diet, rats had a edly large amounts of brown fat scattered cancer decreased ability to exercise and experi- through the neck and chest areas. enced significant short-term memory loss. In 2007, Spiegelman’s team, led by Phytosterols, which have been shown to “Western diets are typically high in fat Patrick Seale, who is the second author of reduce serum cholesterol levels in humans, and are associated with long-term compli- the new Nature paper, discovered a protein, may also “potentially prevent cancer devel- cations, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart PRDM16, that serves as a switch that deter- opment,” according to a new meta-analysis. failure, yet the short-term consequences of mines whether immature muscle cells will Emerging evidence links consumption of such diets have been given relatively little develop into mature muscle cells or become phytosterols to inhibition of cancers of the attention,” said Andrew Murray, co-author brown fat cells. stomach, lung, ovaries, and breast. of the study and currently at the University But this was not the whole story. The Conducted by researchers from the of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. “We scientists suspected that PRDM16 worked Department of Animal Science and the hope that the findings of our study will help with another unknown protein to initiate Richardson Centre for Functional Foods people to think seriously about reducing the brown fat development. This proved to and Nutraceuticals at the University of fat content of their daily food intake to the be the case. In the new experiments, the Manitoba, the meta-analysis appeared in immediate benefit of their general health, Spiegelman group found that PRMD16 the European Journal of Clinical Nutri- well-being, and alertness.” works in tandem with the protein C/EBP- tion (63:813–820, 2009). Murray and colleagues studied rats fed beta, and only as a two-part unit are they “This combined evidence strongly a low-fat diet (7.5% of calories as fat) and sufficient to jump-start brown fat develop- supports an anticarcinogenic action of rats fed a high-fat diet (55% of calories as ment in several types of cells. phytosterols and hence advocates their fat). The fat came from olive oil, soy oil, and To find out if the PRDM16-C/EBP- dietary inclusion as an important strategy hydrogenated coconut oil. The research- beta switch could change the identity of in prevention and treatment of cancer,” the ers discovered that the muscles of the rats other types of cells, forcing them to become reviewers write. The mechanism of action eating the high-fat diet for four days were brown fat cells, the researchers used viruses may be linked to increased activity of less able to use oxygen to make the energy to transfer the switch into embryonic mouse caspase enzymes, they suggest. This may needed to exercise, causing their hearts to connective tissue cells called fibroblasts. be achieved by incorporation of the phytos- worker harder—and increase in size. They also installed the switch into adult terols into the cell membranes, resulting in After nine days on a high-fat diet, the mouse skin cells, and into human skin cells changes to the structure and function of the rats took longer to complete a maze and isolated from foreskins removed from new- membranes and the activation of caspase made more mistakes in the process than borns during circumcision. enzymes. their low-fat-diet counterparts. Research- In all three cases, the fibroblasts pro- A second possible mechanism could ers then investigated the cellular causes of duced mature brown fat cells. The scientists also involve the reduction of blood cho- these problems, particularly in the mito- then transplanted the cells into mice, where lesterol. “High blood cholesterol level and chondria of muscle cells. They found they produced brown fat tissue. PET scans hence the concentration of cholesterol in increased levels of a protein called uncou- confirmed that the new brown fat tissue lipid rafts of cell membranes are associated pling protein 3, which made the rats less was burning excess energy in the animals, with reduced apoptosis of cancer cells,” the efficient at using oxygen needed to make as it should. The experiments did not test researchers write.”Mounting evidence sup- the energy required for running. whether the extra brown fat actually pro- ports a role for phytosterols in protecting “It’s nothing short of a high-fat hang- tected the mice from becoming obese. against cancer development,” they continue. over,” said Gerald Weissmann, editor- Spiegelman said the results “give a lot “Hence, phytosterols could be incorporated in-chief of The FASEB Journal. “A long more credence” to efforts to manipulate in diet not only to lower the cardiovascular weekend spent eating hotdogs, French fries, the brown fat switch as a potential means disease risk, but also to potentially prevent and pizza in Orlando might be a great treat of treating people with obesity and diabe- cancer development,” they conclude. for our taste buds, but they might send our tes. One strategy would be to remove some muscles and brains out to lunch.” tissue from the patient, add the PRDM16- C/EBP switch, and return it to the patient Do high-fat diets where it would manufacture additional brown fat. make us stupid and Take your vitamins A more conventional possibility, lazy? Spiegelman said, would be to administer a with tea drug to the patient that would ramp up the If your short-term memory is getting worse Here is a new strategy for longevity: Wash production of brown fat without the need and exercise is becoming more difficult, down your multivitamins with tea (prefer- for a transplant. “If we can find a hormone then scientists in the United Kingdom ably green). inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 641

Why? A study out of Hong Kong led Put that study from the British by Ruth Chan found that the telomeres of Journal of Nutrition (doi:10.1017/ people who drank an average of three cups S0007114509991383) with an epidemio- of (largely) green tea per day were approx- logical study from the American Journal of imately 4.6 kilobases longer than people Clinical Nutrition (89:1857–1863, 2009), who drank an average of a quarter cup and the idea of washing down one’s multi- per day. (Telomeres are the sticky ends of vitamins with green tea is born. The latter chromosomes; they shorten as cells repli- study found that telomere length in the cohort of 586 women was longer among cate and age. Telomere length may coin- those subjects who regularly took multivi- cide with biological age. In this case, the tamins. Was it a matter of vitamin takers researchers think the 4.6 kilobase differ- tending to lead more healthful lives or ence corresponds to five extra years of life. was it the multivitamins? That question A kilobase consists of a 1000-base frag- is impossible to answer without further ment of nucleic acid.) research. Q

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March 4–6, 2010. Commodity Classic (“Analytica”), New Munich Trade Fair Austria. Information: www.euro- (sponsored by the American Soybean Centre, Munich, Germany. Information: fedlipid.org/meetings/vienna2010. Association, National Corn Growers www.analytica.de. Association, National Association of May 16–19, 2010. 101st AOCS Annual Wheat Growers, and National Sorghum March 23–26, 2010. Advancements in Food Meeting and Expo, Phoenix Conven- Producers), Anaheim Convention Center, Safety Education: Trends, Tools and Tech- tion Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Anaheim, California, USA. Information: nologies (sponsored by the US Depart- Information: phone: +1-217-359-2344; www.commodityclassic.com. ment of Agriculture and the National fax: +1-217-351-8091; e-mail: meet- Science Foundation), Hyatt Regency [email protected]; http://Annual_Mtg. March 5–6, 2010. waste to energy: Inter- Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Informa- aocs.org. national Exhibition and Conference for tion: e-mail: [email protected]; www. Energy from Waste and Biomass, Bremen, fsis.usda.gov/Atlanta2010. May 16–20, 2010. STLE [Society of Germany. Information: www.wte-expo. Tribologists and Lubrication Engi- com. March 24–25, 2010. Wellness 10, Inter- neers] 2010 Annual Meeting, Bally’s Continental Chicago O’Hare, Rosemont, Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 14–16, 2010. National Institute of Illinois, USA. Information: www.ift.org/ USA. Information: www.stle.org. Oilseed Products, JW Marriott Desert cms/?pid=1001994. Springs Resort & Spa, Palm Springs, Cali- May 29–June 2, 2010. 9th ISSFAL fornia, USA. Information: www.oilseed. Congress. Maastricht, Netherlands. org. April Information: www.issfal.org.uk/ meetings.html. March 15–17, 2010. World Biofuels April 14–15, 2010. CED 40 Annual Meeting Markets, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [Comité Español de la Detergencia, Ten- Information: www.greenpowerconfer- sioactivos y Afines], Barcelona, Spain. ences.com. Information: www.cedmeeting.com. June March 21–25, 2010. American Chemical April 25–27, 2010. IMR Conference Food June 15–17, 2010. International Pro- Society National Meeting and Exposition, Hydrocolloids, Grand Hyatt Hotel, Berlin, biotic Conference 2010, Kosice, San Francisco, California, USA. Informa- Germany. Information: www.hydrocol- Slovakia. Information: www.probi- tion: http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/ loid.com. otic-conference.net. content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ TRANSITIONMAIN&node_ id=2060&use_sec=false&sec_url_ June 17–18, 2010. CosmeticBusi- var=region1&__uuid=b706dc39-e14f- May ness 2010, M.O.C. (Münchener 4c5f-ba72-080d986957c1. Order Center), Munich, Germany. May 13–15, 2010. International Sym- Information:www.cosmetic-busi- March 23–26, 2010. 22nd International posium on Microbial Lipids: From ness.com/en/tradefair/kontakt. Trade Fair and Analytica Conference Genomics to Lipidomics, Vienna, php. Q inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 642 Briefs Biotechnology News In a surprising move, Egypt recently reversed course and announced that it would no longer accept the import or allow the export of genetically modi- fied (GM) foods. “It is necessary that all crops imported from abroad and exported from Egypt are accompanied by a certificate from the country of origin stating they are free of geneti- cally modified materials,” Green Planet.net quoted Egyptian Agricul- ture Minister Amin Abaza as saying. Although Egypt had been identified as “consum[ing] large quantities of biotech products” and being on their way to commercialization of GM crops (including an insect-resistant long- staple GM cotton strain; see inform 20:588, 2009), a recent dispute over GM Russian wheat apparently became the catalyst for the blanket ban. QQQ The US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is seeking Weberich Fernando public comment on a petition to dereg- ulate a soybean genetically engineered Steroid plant level. Animal cells usually respond to ste- (GE) to have higher levels of oleic acid. roids using internal receptor molecules within the cell nucleus, whereas in plants APHIS has regulated the soybean, des- discovery shows the receptors, called receptor-like kinases, ignated as event 305423, through its are anchored to the outside surface of cell permitting process since 2002. The promise membranes. For over a decade, scientists petition for deregulation, submitted In September researchers at the Carne- have tried to understand how the signal is by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. gie Institution for Science’s Department passed from the cell surface to the nucleus (Johnston, Iowa, USA), is in accordance of Plant Biology (Stanford, California, to regulate gene expression. The final gaps with APHIS’ regulations concerning USA) announced they had discovered a were bridged in the study, published in the introduction of GE organisms and key missing link in the signaling pathway Nature Cell Biology (11:1254–1260, 2009). products. As part of the decisionmak- for plant steroid hormones (brassinoster- The research team unraveled the pathway ing process, APHIS has also prepared a oids). Many important signaling pathways in cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. draft environmental assessment (EA) are relays of molecules that start at the cell “This is the first completely connected for review and comment. surface and cascade to the nucleus to regu- signaling pathway from a plant receptor- Consideration will be given to late genes. like kinase, which is one of the biggest comments received on or before This discovery marks the first such gene families in plants,” says Carnegie’s November 2. Send two copies of pathway in plants for which all the steps Zhi-Yong Wang, leader of the research comments by postal mail or commer- of the relay have been identified. Since team. “The Arabidopsis genome encodes cial delivery to Docket No. APHIS- this pathway shares many similarities with over 400 receptor-like kinases. . . . We 2007-0156, Regulatory Analysis and pathways in humans, the discovery not only know the functions of about a dozen or so. Development, PPD, APHIS, Station could lead to the genetic engineering of The completely connected brassinosteroid crops with higher yields but also could be a pathway uses at least six proteins to pass 3A-03.8, 4700 River Road, Unit 118, key to understanding major human diseases the signal from the receptor all the way to Riverdale, MD 20737-1238. Or visit such as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. the nuclear genes expressed. This will be a the Federal eRulemaking portal at Brassinosteroids regulate many new paradigm for understanding the func- www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/com- aspects of growth and development in tional mechanism of other receptor-like ponent/main?main=DocketDetail&d plants. Brassinosteroids are similar in many kinases.” =APHIS-2007-0156. respects to animal steroids but appear to Understanding the molecular function very differently at the cellular CONTINUED ON PAGE 644 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 643

QQQ Great Plains—The Camelina Company Discovering soybean plants resistant to (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) recently announced that its partner, Agragen aphids, and a new aphid (Cincinnati), has filed for patent pro- Debra Levey Larson tection on a novel method designed to increase the tolerance of camelina to This year farmers in the US Midwest are growing a new variety of soybeans developed by Group 2 herbicides. Agragen’s science University of Illinois (U of I; Urbana-Champaign, USA) researchers that has resistance to team has introduced specific modifica- soybean aphids. However, in addition to the resistant plants, U of I researchers also dis- tions that increase camelina’s tolerance covered a new soybean aphid that is not controlled by this resistance. to Group 2 herbicides by more than Soybean aphids made their first appearance in North America in the summer of 2000, 300-fold in laboratory testing. This resulting in tremendous crop losses for farmers. U of I researchers began immediately unique approach is designed to make searching for a variety of soybean that is resistant to the new pest. camelina more tolerant for planting in Dowling and Jackson were the first two resistant varieties to be identified. “We have areas where residual Group 2 herbi- the US Soybean Germplasm collection here at Illinois. It houses about 18,000 different cides in the soil limit a farmer’s crop- accessions,” said Glen Hartman, soybean plant pathologist with the US Department of ping options. The introduction of an Agriculture and U of I. “We didn’t screen all 18,000, but we went through a small set of herbicide-tolerant camelina will poten- 4,000 to 5,000 and that’s where Jackson and Dowling came from. We knew they were tially open up the crop to millions of resistant, but we had to do the crossings and look at the inheritance patterns to figure out additional acres of rotational land. whether the resistance was because of a single gene or multiple genes.” With additional screening, a third soybean resistant to aphids was found—a Japa- QQQ nese variety known as PI 200538. “After we mapped the genes from these sources, we Bayer CropScience (Monheim am discovered that Jackson and Dowling had genes mapping to the same place on a chromo- Rhein, Germany) and Precision Bio- some and the PI had a gene mapping to a different place. This means that Jackson and Sciences Inc. (Research Triangle Park, Dowling likely have the same resistance gene and PI 200538 has a different gene we can North Carolina, USA) announced in use in breeding.” September a collaborative agreement Researcher Brian Diers said that both Jackson and Dowling originated in the south- to create site-specific genome mod- ern United States, so neither could be grown to seed in the Midwest. They used traditional ifications in plants. The agreement breeding techniques together with marker-assisted selection to quickly breed the resistance provides Bayer CropScience with non- genes into varieties that are adapted to the Midwest. exclusive access to aspects of Preci- “Because the aphid resistance is conferred by a single gene in the resistance sources, sion BioSciences’ proprietary Directed we were able to breed these genes into Midwest-adapted varieties quickly and easily,” Diers Nuclease Editor™ (DNE) technology, said. “We can complete three crossing generations a year by using both greenhouses and which can be used to develop novel fields. This year is a milestone because we now have a variety that’s being commercially traits in plants. produced that carries the resistance gene from Dowling. This is its first commercial pro- Precision BioSciences’ DNE duction of an aphid-resistant variety in the Midwest.” technology uses protein engineer- While studying soybean plants, though, they discovered a new type of aphid. “We ing methods to produce rationally were excited about finding the resistance. We discovered this gene from Dowling and designed, obligate heterodimer Jackson, bred it into varieties, and we hoped that we could solve the aphid problem, but endonucleases that have the ability of course things are never that simple,” Diers said. “We found that there are different bio- types of soybean aphids, including a biotype that can overcome the resistance gene for to modify single, unique sites within a Dowling.” large genome. Using DNE technology, In tests, this new aphid was able to infest Dowling as well as it could any susceptible crop researchers can insert multiple genotype of soybean. “We don’t know how widespread those aphids are or whether or not genes at a single site within a plant this is actually going to occur in fields, but certainly it’s something to be concerned about chromosome, thereby efficiently and because we know that resistance isn’t going to be perfect,” Diers said. precisely conferring desirable traits The good news is that the PI 200538 gene for resistance is different from the one in into plant species. This technology Dowling and Jackson. “We found that this second resistance gene in the PI protects the could thus streamline the trait devel- plants against this new biotype of aphid. We are currently breeding the PI 200538 gene opment and breeding processes and into varieties, but it will be at least a few years before any varieties with this gene will be potentially accelerate a trait’s time to released.” market. Even after the appearance of this new aphid, Diers is still optimistic. “We have one In related news, Bayer Crop- variety with the Dowling resistance gene that’s being commercialized this year. A company Science and Performance Plants Inc. is increasing seed of a second variety with the Dowling gene that should be commercial- (Kingston, Ontario, Canada) have ized next year. So we’ll have two varieties available to growers.” He explained that the U entered into an exclusive licensing of I aphid-resistant germplasm and marker technology is licensed to private seed compa- agreement for the development and nies who are using it to breed their own varieties. commercialization of drought-toler- ant cotton using Performance Plants’ Debra Levey Larson can be contacted at [email protected]. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 644 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

Yield Protection Technology® (YPT). According to the companies, this agree- mechanism of brassinosteroid signaling approach towards the potential for low level ment follows several years of field trials could help researchers develop strategies presence of unapproved GM material in that have shown YPT to be effective and molecular tools for genetic engineer- imported commodities.” in preserving yields under conditions ing of plants with modified sensitivity to Further: “FSA’s research concluded of drought stress. They reported that, hormones, either produced by the plant or that the supply of GM and non-GM soya in five years of field trials, YPT canola sprayed on crops during cultivation, result- are of immediate concern to the animal feed has produced consistent seed yield ing in higher yield or improved traits. industry.” increases of up to 26%. QQQ Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri, DEFRA, FSA INRA reports on USA) recently announced a non- publish reports on GMO detection exclusive research and commercial license agreement with Cellectis S.A. GM food and feed In late August, INRA (the French National (Romainville, France), a biotechnol- Institute for Agricultural Research) reported In July 2008, the Food Matters report was ogy company specializing in genome on recent developments in GMO (GM published and included two parallel action engineering, for broad use of its mega- organism) detection methods. points for the Food Standards Agency nuclease technology in plants. Mega- In recent years, growth in the numbers (FSA) and the UK Department for Envi- of GM plants, the asynchronous approval nucleases are molecular scissors that ronment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) of GMO between the European Union can be directed to a single site in the on GM food and animal feed. They were: and other countries, and the dissemination genome of a plant cell, thereby allow- r %&'3" working with FSA, would of GMO not authorized in any particular ing a wide range of precise genome publish an analysis of the potential country (Bt10 in the United States, Bt63 modifications, including gene stacking impacts on the livestock sector arising in China, etc.) have necessitated the devel- and gene knock-out as well as modula- from global food trends in GM produc- opment of detection techniques that will tion of gene function to develop new tion and the current operation of the enable a distinction between authorized traits. Under the agreement, Monsanto GM approval system in the EU. and non-authorized GMO. will have access to Cellectis’ intellec- r *O QBSBMMFM '4" XPSLJOH XJUI As early as 1999, in the context tual property on meganucleases and DEFRA, would publish an analysis of the European GMOchips program, its custom meganuclease production of the extent to which changes in the INRA researchers proposed the “Matrix platform. market are putting a strain on the regu- Approach,” the aim being to develop QQQ latory system for GM products (includ- methods that would be able to detect non- In September, Reuters reported that ing animal feed) and the implications approved and generally unknown GMO two new varieties of GM corn engi- for UK consumers. (UGM). This matrix approach represents neered to resist pests and glyphosate- The report on the work that FSA and the second stage in the methods and strat- DEFRA have undertaken in response has based herbicide had been approved by egies for the detection of UGM developed been published and can be found at www. Brazil’s biosecurity regulator, CTNBio. by INRA, the first having been the so-called food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2009/aug/ The varieties were developed sepa- differential quantitative polymerase chain gm. Further, a progress report updating all reaction (Anal. Biochem. 376:189–199, rately by Monsanto and Syngenta. A of the Food Matters actions, including the 2008), which is currently used by control third strain developed by Syngenta, two action points above, was published laboratories and is under validation in the with insect-resistant properties only, in August. Entitled Food Matters: One context of the European Co-Extra research was also approved. Nine GM corn year on, the report can be found at www. program (www.coextra.eu), coordinated by varieties are now approved for use in defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/pdf/food- INRA. Brazil, according to the report. Reuters matters-oneyearon090806.pdf. Among the Thanks to the satisfactory results also said that about 30% of the seeds findings: obtained by the GMOchips program, a new planted for Brazil’s 2009–2010 corn “DEFRA has assessed the potential biochip, called DualChip®, which utilizes crop will be genetically modified. impacts of global trends in GM production EAT (Eppendorf Arrays Technology) was QQQ on the UK livestock sector. It confirms that proposed and then validated by the Euro- DuPont (Wilmington, Delaware, USA) if soya feed imports from South America pean Joint Research Centre under ISO stan- announced in September that it had were curtailed because of problems with dard 5725 (Co-Extra program). The results received full Canadian regulatory the EU GM regime, it could have a serious of interlaboratory studies have now been approval of its proprietary herbicide effect on livestock production. There would published (http://bgmo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ tolerance trait, Optimum™ GAT™, in be little scope for alternative soya supplies, home/documents/report-JRC-EAT.pdf; Eur. corn and soybeans for cultivation, feed, and use of other protein feeds would cost Food Res. Technol. 227:1621–1632, 2008). more and be less efficient. The likelihood of and food. DuPont business Pioneer INRA also jointly chairs the UGM a major supply problem arising is uncertain, Hi-Bred has already received US working group for the European Network being dependent on whether or not Brazil approval of the Optimum GAT trait in of GMO Laboratories (ENGL). A document and Argentina cultivate new GM soya crops explaining the approach adopted regarding soybeans and anticipates US approval before they are cleared for EU import, and UGM and their detection is scheduled to of the Optimum GAT trait in corn in on whether the EU adopts a more pragmatic appear in the near future. Q the coming months. Q inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 645 Briefs S&D News Technip (Courbevoie, France) has been awarded a contract by Chevron Pacific Indonesia for an oil recovery trial project in Indonesia. The con- tract covers a range of services includ- ing construction management for a polymer and surfactant mixing plant at the Minas oilfield in Sumatra. The work is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2013. See the November issue of inform for a feature on enhanced oil recovery. QQQ Chemguard, a manufacturer of fluoro- surfactant specialty chemicals based in Mansfield, Texas, USA, has expanded its short-chain (C6) fluorosurfactant products to include a new line of phos- phate ester-based anionic fluorosur- factants. More information is available at www.chemguard.com. QQQ In August, the German Federal Insti- Jeffrey Youngblood, an assistant professor of materials engineering at Purdue University (West tute for Risk Assessment (BfR) rec- Lafayette, Indiana, USA), works with equipment that enables researchers to measure the ommended a ban on the antibacterial contact angle of a liquid as it beads up on a surface. Photo courtesy of Purdue News Service/ agent triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlo- David Umberger. rophenoxy]phenol) in food contact plastic materials. Triclosan is used in a coatings—environmentally ‘green’ in the wide range of personal care products, Water as a super sense that they eliminate the need for deter- including toothpaste and cosmetics, gents and solvents in settings ranging from as well as in clothing and in plastics. detergent home kitchens to industrial machine shops The report is available, in German, at The next disruptive technology likely to that must contend with heavy oil spills.” www.bfr.bund.de/. affect the household products industries The materials could be used in a QQQ may be a mere CRADA (Cooperative range of consumer and industrial products, In 2008, Spokane County in the US Research and Development Agreement) Youngblood said. They include household state of Washington enacted a ban away from reality. cleaners, easy-to-clean paints, water filters on high phosphate levels in home “ . . . Using this product transforms that separate water from oil, sealants for dishwashing detergents. The Spokes- water into a super detergent,” said lead concrete floors and walls that repel oil in man-Review newspaper reported in researcher Jeffrey Youngblood of Purdue home garages and auto repair shops. In August that water coming into Spo- University in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. addition, anti-fog coatings could be used on windshields or eyewear, including everyday kane’s sewage plant during the first 12 Youngblood described what he and his co- lenses and fog-free scuba masks. months of the ban had nearly 11% less workers believe is a simple and effective The eco-friendly coatings could reduce phosphorus than the annual average coating for glass, plastics, and other materi- als that will allow oily smears to be cleaned the need for detergents containing phos- the previous three years. away with plain water. phates. “We put out tons of detergents and QQQ Their report at the 238th National phosphates each year,” said Youngblood, Japan’s Kao Corp. is building a 16-bil- Meeting of the American Chemical Society adding that the polymer materials also lion-yen (almost $171 million) research pointed out that the same coating-forming could reduce the use of detergents for laun- center in the city of Wakayama to material can be added to common window dering clothes. This would cut down on the develop a range of environmentally cleaning sprays and used to prevent bath- release of phosphates, which, left untreated, friendly products. Completion of the room mirrors, automobile windshields, and wash into lakes and streams and stimulate Eco-Technology Research Center other surfaces from fogging up. growth of algae, depleting oxygen supplies is expected in February 2011. The “You add water, and the oil just in ways that cause fish kills in waterways. company also announced it has set a comes right off like magic,” Young- “The idea is to use these polymers to goal of cutting its carbon emissions by blood added. “These are eco-friendly clean in situations where it is inconvenient 35% by 2020. Q 646 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

to apply soap or anywhere you would need about how (and why) nanotechnology has by Mark Rohr, president and CEO of Albe- to have oil cleaned off easily,” said Young- been used in their products’ manufacture. marle Corp.; Dave Kepler, executive vice blood, a materials engineer at Purdue. “Oil For example, a hair-care product states that president of Dow Chemical Co.; Tom Shep- fouling is always a problem. A lot of people “with the unique molecular nanotechnol- herd, chairman and CEO of The Shepherd overlook the fact that pure water will gen- ogy, Color Longevity Formula hair color Chemical Co.; Chris Cathcart, president erally not remove oil from a surface, but lasts longer and is more vibrant.” and CEO of the Consumer Specialty Prod- using this product transforms water into a “The use of nanotechnology in con- ucts Association (CSPA); and Ernie Rosen- super detergent.” sumer products continues to grow rapidly,” berg, president and CEO of The Soap and Youngblood’s group spent years in an says PEN Director David Rejeski. “When Detergent Association (SDA). effort to develop the coatings. Once suc- we launched the inventory in March 2006 “Some might be surprised that we cessful, their framework for self-cleaning we only had 212 products. If the intro- in the industry are supporting enhanced plastics was in place. “With these materi- duction of new products continues at the regulation. They should not be. We have als, if you stuck an oil droplet on them you present rate, the number of products listed invested hundreds of millions of dollars could completely remove it with water. You in the inventory will reach close to 1,600 annually in testing and research and support could basically do soap-free rinsing.” within the next two years. This will provide a robust chemicals management system. The coatings have a bottom layer of significant oversight challenges for agen- High priority chemicals should be tested polyethylene glycol, which attracts water, cies like the US Food and Drug Admin- and evaluated under generally accepted sci- and an upper layer of a Teflon-like mol- istration and Consumer Product Safety entific principles and the effort should be ecule that prevents the passage of oil. The Commission, which often lack any mecha- overseen by an Environmental Protection result is a surface that holds a film of water nisms to identify nanotech products before Agency that is provided adequate resources while repelling oil. “Our work is a big they enter the marketplace.” to do its job. It will give the public confi- step forward toward useable materials as As defined by PEN, nanotechnology “is dence in what we do,” said Kepler. either additives or coatings,” he said, “and the ability to measure, see, manipulate, and “Modernizing TSCA will go a long few others are working in this area. Most manufacture things usually between 1 and way toward enhancing the public’s con- research on self-cleaning is done with dif- 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one bil- fidence in responsible management and ferent surfaces.” lionth of a meter. A human hair is roughly regulation of chemicals,” said Rosenberg. Youngblood is currently evaluating 100,000 nanometers wide. The limit of “SDA is committed to targeted risk-man- self-cleaning and anti-fog capabilities for the human eye’s capacity to see without a agement measures that focus priorities polymers on different kinds of metals and microscope is about 10,000 nanometers.” In and are practical, timely, transparent, and ceramics. Preliminary tests on the lifetime 2007, the global market for goods incorpo- responsive to the needs of consumers and of anti-fog coatings are especially encour- rating nanotechnology totaled $147 billion. other stakeholders.” aging. “We have stored these on shelves Lux Research Inc., a market research firm The principles include the following and use them months afterwards, and we based in New York, projects that figure will statements: haven’t noticed a decrease in performance,” grow to $3.1 trillion by 2015. r $IFNJDBMT TIPVME CF TBGF GPS UIFJS he said. “We feel that we can make all our The Wilson Center and The Pew Char- intended use. self-cleaning plastics commercially avail- itable Trusts created PEN in 2005. It is a r 5IF 64 &OWJSPONFOUBM 1SPUFD- able within a few years.” partnership dedicated to helping business, tion Agency (EPA) should prioritize governments, and the public anticipate and chemicals for safe use determina- manage the possible health and environ- tions to focus on chemicals of highest Nanotech products mental implications of nanotechnology. To concern. learn more, visit www.nanotechproject.org. r 5IF DIFNJDBM JOEVTUSZ TIPVME DPO- top 1,000 tinue to provide robust information in The number of “nanotechnology-enabled” a transparent manner on chemicals it consumer products on the global market SDA and CSPA call produces. has passed the 1,000 mark, according to r 1PUFOUJBM SJTLT GBDFE CZ DIJMESFO the Project on Emerging Nanotechnolo- for change should be an important factor in safe gies (PEN). The American Chemistry Council (ACC; use determinations. Health and fitness items continue to Washington, DC, USA) released its spe- r $PNQBOJFT BOE &1" TIPVME XPSL dominate the PEN inventory, represent- cific guidelines for the modernization of together to enhance public access ing 60% of products listed. More prod- US chemical safety laws. to chemical health and safety ucts are based on nanoscale silver—used “Current law [the Toxic Substances information. for its antimicrobial properties—than any Control Act, or TSCA] is more than 30 r &1" TIPVME SFMZ PO TDJFOUJàDBMMZ WBMJE other nanomaterial; 259 products (26% of years old and the law must be updated to data and information, and should have the inventory) use silver nanoparticles. The keep pace with science,” said Cal Dooley, the resources it needs to ensure the updated inventory represents products from president and chief executive officer (CEO) safety of chemicals. over 24 countries, including the United of ACC. Dooley presented the Council’s r " NPEFSOJ[FE 54$" TIPVME FODPVS- States, China, Canada, and Germany. proposed 10 principles for effective chem- age technological innovation. A quick look at some of the personal icals management at a press briefing in For the full list of chemical manage- care items on the list finds that many compa- August in Washington. ment principles, see www.americanchem- nies give only the most cursory information Dooley was joined at the press briefing istry.com/TSCAprinciples. inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 647

alkyl radical having 4 to 18 C atoms, and information S&D patents R4 hydrogen or an alkyl radical having 1 to 6 C atoms and n is a number from 1 to 30 Free online access to the Journal of Sur- Lavatory-freshening and/or and m a number from 0 to 5. cleaning system factants and Detergents (JSD) is available Fabric care composition from now until the end of November at Moodycliffe, T.I., and J. Veltman, S.C. www.springerlink.com/content/1097- Johnson & Son Inc., July 21, 2009, Frankenbach, G.M., The Procter & Gamble 3958. JSD is published by AOCS Press US7563755 Co., August 4, 2009, US7569529 and Springer Business+Media. A lavatory-freshening and/or cleaning The patent involves the use of a first system comprises a dispenser for dispens- fabric care composition comprising a first ing liquid composition from under the rim perfume delivery agent to treat a fabric of a lavatory bowl. The dispenser is in the and subsequently and independently treat- form of a reservoir arranged for suspen- ing the fabric using a second fabric care active principle comprising a solid, inert sion from the rim of a lavatory bowl, and composition comprising a second perfume support in a particle form impregnated by the reservoir contains the liquid composi- delivery agent provides a synergistic odor a liquid medium comprising a hydrophobic tion. The liquid composition comprises a benefit on the fabric. phase and optionally a hydrophilic phase, at combination of anionic and nonionic sur- least one surfactant and at least one active factants having a total concentration equal Antimicrobial composition principle dissolved in at least one of said to substantially 7.6 wt%, a thickening agent Pan, R.Y.-L., et al., The Procter & Gamble phases, wherein said active principle(s) having a concentration of 0.40 wt%, and Co., August 4, 2009, US7569530 is(are) also present in at least one of said a perfume having a concentration of 6.00 The patent involves antimicrobial phases in the form of a suspension. Such an wt%. compositions that provide enhanced imme- impregnated powder is used as a base for diate and residual antiviral and antibacte- various preparations in the pharmaceutical, Water-soluble, liquid-containing rial efficacy against rhinovirus, rotavirus, parapharmaceutical, and cosmetic field, in pouch coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, the food complement field, and in the food Kouvroukoglou, S., et al., The Procter & Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative processing industry. Gamble Co., July 21, 2009, US7563757 bacteria, and combinations thereof. More The present invention relates to water- specifically, antimicrobial compositions Fabric-softening laundry soluble pouch which contains a liquid deter- comprising an organic acid or organic acid detergent gent composition, wherein the pouch is a mixture and a short-chain anionic surfactant Vanpachtenbeke, T.R.M., et al., The water-soluble film, the film material com- having at least one of a large head group; Procter & Gamble Co., August 6, 2009, prising a polyvinyl alcohol, and wherein a branched alkyl chain and an unsaturated WO/2009/095823 the liquid detergent composition also alkyl chain. Further, products incorporat- The invention relates to aqueous comprises a plasticizer, wherein the plas- ing the antimicrobial compositions of the laundry detergent compositions containing ticizer is selected from the group consist- present invention and methods of using the surfactants and fatty acid, having a hydro- ing of glycerol, ethylene glycol, diethylene antimicrobial compositions and products gen potential of from about 6 to about 11 glycol, triethylene glycol, 2-methyl-1,3- are disclosed herein. and containing a polymer having a number propanediol, sorbitol, methanol, diglycerol, average molecular weight of from about 1,4-butanediol, urea and mixtures thereof, Cosmetic composition 700,000 to about 4,000,000 and compris- and wherein the liquid detergent composi- Dumousseaux, C., and M. Kawamoto, ing monomeric units including nonionic tion further comprises a viscosity modifier, L’Oreal, August 6, 2009, WO/2009/ monomers selected from acrylamide, preferably a hydrogenated castor oil. 095808 N,N-dialkyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, The invention relates to a cosmetic N,N-dialkylmethacrylamide, hydroxyal- Floor-cleaning and -care com- composition comprising in a cosmetically kyl acrylate and vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl positions acceptable medium flakes comprising at acetate, vinyl alcohol, and mixtures. least one fluorescent agent, entrapped in Rogmann, K.-H., et al., Ecolab Inc., July an hybride [sic] matrix comprising at least 21, 2009, US7563759 Liquid composition one metal oxide, at least one hydrophobic The patent involves an aqueous floor- group linked to the at least one metal oxide Geret, L., et al., Ecolab Inc., August 6, cleaning and/or -care composition, contain- and at least one organic surfactant. 2009, WO/2009/095827 ing, based on the total composition, at least The invention involves a liquid com- 3% by weight of a nonionic surfactant of Impregnated powder improving position . . . based on surfactants and formula I: ##STR00001## wherein R1 rep- enzymes, and is particularly useful for resents hydrogen or an alkyl radical having bioavailability, solubility manual cleaning of instruments. In manual 1 to 18 C atoms, and R2, independently of Besse, J., et al., SAS Galenix Innovations, and ultrasonic application the composition R1, represents hydrogen or an alkyl radical August 4, 2009, US7569274 in use concentration shows low foaming having 1 to 18 C atoms, and the sum of The invention relates to an impreg- and gives a cleaning solution which is not the C atoms present overall in R1 and R2 nated powder for increasing the bioavail- cloudy at least at a temperature in the range 3 is between 6 and 18, and R represents an ability and/or the solubility of at least one from 16°C to 40°C. Q 648 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) In Memoriam Walter Marvin Cochran People News/ Long-time AOCS member Walter Marvin Cochran died on January 6, 2009, in Camarillo, California, USA. Born in Richmond, Virginia, USA on Inside AOCS September 16, 1916, he grew up in DeKalb, Illinois, USA, and graduated from Northern Illinois State Teachers been added to the scientific advisory board College, now Northern Illinois Univer- DuPont streamlines of LiveFuels (San Carlos, California, USA), sity. He also did post-graduate work a developer of algae-based renewable fuel at the University of Chicago. its organization (see inform 20:636, 2009). In the company Cochran served in World War In response to current economic conditions, press release, Paul said, “We know today II as a Naval Air Combat intelligence DuPont (Wilmington, Delaware, USA) that biofuel technology can create renew- officer, stationed in the Aleutians. announced a number of changes in mid- able materials which integrate into the August. Among these were the elimination petroleum processing system to produce of five group vice president positions and transport fuels; what we need are business existing support structure; consolidation of models for producing them sustainably . . . . the company’s 23 businesses into 14; and LiveFuels may be the only startup company increases for these 14 businesses in regional that has thought about algal biofuel produc- business responsibility and accountability. tion from start to finish in the context of the Effective October 1, the following existing fuel infrastructure.” leadership appointments took place: r 5IPNBT . $POOFMMZ +S., execu- tive vice president and chief innova- New president for tion officer, took responsibility for the Applied Biosciences, Nutrition & Novozymes North Health, Performance Polymers, and America He started his professional career Packaging & Industrial Polymers busi- as an analytical chemist with Swift nesses. He continues to lead science On August 11 and Co. in Chicago. After his Naval and technology and geographic regions Novozymes, whose service, he joined the Durkee Famous North American outside the United States. Foods Division of Glidden Co., also headquarters is in r +BNFT $ #PSFM, group vice president in Chicago, where he attained the Franklinton, North for DuPont Agriculture, was named position of food research and tech- executive vice president. His respon- Carolina, announced the appointment of nical service director. He stayed with sibilities include Pioneer Hi-Bred and Durkee until 1970, when he rejoined the Crop Protection businesses. "EBN .POSPF as president of its North Swift as manager of edible oils research. r $SBJH ' #JOOFUUJ, senior vice presi- American region. After retirement from Swift in 1981, dent, Nutrition & Health, took on the Adam Monroe Monroe replaces Cochran provided consulting services additional responsibility for Appled , who for Bunge Foods for five years. BioSciences and became president, -BST )BOTFO has returned to In 1975 he received the Alton Nutrition & Health and Applied Denmark to head the E. Bailey Award and Medal from the BioSciences. company’s European American Oil Chemists’ Society North r 6NB $IPXEISZ is now senior vice region. Central Section, “for his many prac- president and chief science & tech- Monroe has been nology officer. tical contributions to the fats and oil with Novozymes industry, including the development of r 1BVM & 4DIJDLMFS is now president of since 1991 and most emulsifier, fat, and shortening systems Pioneer Hi-Bred and %FBO 0FTUSFJDI recently had respon- is chairman. for use in bakery, confectionery, imi- Lars Hansen sibilities for supply tation dairy, and prepared mix prod- r +BNFT $ $PMMJOT is president of Crops chain and capacity ucts.” Protection. planning in the Americas and global plan- Cochran married Elizabeth ning. He successfully established the com- Thomson Parkhurst in 1944. They pany’s global manufacturing supply line were 53-year residents of Highland LiveFuels appoints of enzymes for the biofuels market during a period of rapid growth. The Franklinton Park, Illinois. They moved to California Paul as advisor facility also supplies enzymes for other in 2003 to be near a daughter. Former Chevron vice president and chief uses, including brewing beer, making deter- He is survived by his wife of 64 technology officer %POBME - 1BVM has gents, and treating wastewater. Q years, two daughters and a son; seven grandchildren; and two great-grand- children. inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 649

the genetic discrimination Book Review of related food species. The molecular techniques Modern Techniques for Food Authentication discussed are of particu- Da-Wen Sun (editor), 2008 lar interest since geneti- Academic Press/Elsevier, 689 pages cally engineered foods have ISBN-978-0-12-374085-4, $159.95 found their way into super- markets. The techniques discussed can be used for identifying various species Anakalo Shitandi in food products and feed- stuffs including fish, plant Many food processors have developed and are species, cell lines, animal breeds, and genetically installing systems to ensure that their products modified organisms. The meet the legislated demands of the countries important subject area of where their products are sold. This is partially in proteomics and metabolo- mic analysis is rather limited in coverage and perhaps this could response to the growing interest and awareness be extended in future editions. Issues in detecting genetically-mod- of the need to trace and authenticate food prod- ified organisms (GMO) and developing improved GMO detection methods could also be strengthened. ucts. Governments, through their local standards Chapters 14, 15, and 16 cover electrophoretic techniques, bodies, are striving to ensure that tested and valid thermal techniques, and chemometric methods currently used for methods are available to meet industry needs and food authentication. The book appropriately ends with a chapter highlighting the trends in food authentication. to protect the public. The production and wide- One possible drawback of this book may be the limited cov- spread sale of genetically engineered foods has erage and discussion on traceability and food processing. While increased expectations among consumers to be it does not fall into the typical framework of analysis, good trace- ability systems can be particularly useful and important when prob- better informed and protected by their govern- lems arise in the food supply chain. It may be of future interest ments. to consider a chapter on this topic, specifically the development Modern Techniques for Food Authentication, edited by and implementation of effective traceability and product recall Da-Wen Sun, provides an important review of both established and systems. developing technologies in food authentication. Over the course In conclusion, Modern Techniques for Food Authentication of 17 chapters, the book covers recently developed techniques, is interesting reading on an important subject. It provides a com- including aspects of spectroscopy, chromatography, DNA analy- prehensive survey of analytical methods applied to investigate ses, enzymatic assays, electrophoretic techniques, and thermal and and confirm authenticity or adulteration. This book should be a chemometric methods. While the book is rather large, the chapters useful text for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as are grouped into well-designed components, which make it much a very good reference source for researchers interested in food easier to read. authentication. Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive introduction summa- rizing the analytical techniques applied to food authentication. Anakalo Shitandi has a Ph.D. from the Swedish University of Agriculture Chapters 2 through 9 discuss the numerous spectroscopic tech- in Uppsala, Sweden, with a focus on food safety. He is a senior lecturer niques used for food authentication. These include mid-infrared and researcher at Egerton University in Kenya. He can be reached at and Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopies, near-infrared either [email protected] or [email protected]. spectroscopy, Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy including the combined isotopic-spectroscopic techniques. Chapter 9 is particularly informative with good depth of the topics dis- We are looking for additional book reviewers, including reviewers from outside North America. If you are interested in reviewing cussed. The discussion includes stable isotope ratio measurements one or more books, please send an email to the book review using recent applications of food authenticity from the literature. editor (William Artz) at [email protected] and indicate your The inclusion of referenced applications makes the text useful for subject area of interest. An e-mail request for the review with scientists and researchers in the field of food authenticity. information about the text is sent to each reviewer, before any Chapters10 and 11 cover chromatographic techniques, partic- book is mailed out for review. Reviews are generally expected ularly gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chroma- three to four months later. After review submission, the books tography. Chapter 12 highlights DNA-based techniques, which are belong to the reviewer. AOCS provides a general review guide- based on the polymerase chain reaction, while Chapter 13 discusses line, available to each reviewer upon request. the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chapter 12 examines 650 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

Patents Homogeneous process for the hydrogenation of dicarboxylic acids Patent Application and/or anhydrides thereof Wood, M., et al., Davy Process Technology Ltd., March 3, 2009, Method for reducing acrylamide in US7498450B2 A homogeneous process for the hydrogenation of dicarboxy- foods, foods having reduced levels lic acids and/or anhydrides in the presence of a catalyst compris- ing: (i) ruthenium, rhodium, iron, osmium, or palladium; and (ii) of acrylamide, and article of an organic phosphine; wherein the hydrogenation is carried out in commerce the presence of at least about 1% by weight water and wherein the reaction is carried out at a pressure of from about 500 psig to about Zyzak, D., et al., Procter & Gamble Co., July 30, 2009, 2000 psig and a temperature of from about 200 to about 300°C such US20090191310A1 that from about 1 mol to about 10 mol of hydrogen are used to strip A method for the reduction of acrylamide in food products, 1 mole of product from the reactor. food products having reduced levels of acrylamide, and an article of commerce. In one aspect, the method comprises reducing the level of asparagine in a food material before final heating (e.g., Low trans-fatty acid fats and fat cooking). In another aspect, the method comprises adding to a food material an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the amide group compositions and methods of of free asparagine. In yet another aspect, an article of commerce making same communicates to the consumer that a food product has reduced or low levels of acrylamide or asparagine. Van Toor, H., et al., Cargill, March 3, 2009, US7498453B2 This disclosure describes select low trans-fatty acid fats and fat compositions and methods of making such fats and fat composi- tions. These fats and fat compositions achieve properties commonly Published Patents associated with typical partially hydrogenated fats, but avoid the high trans-fatty acid contents typically associated with such fats. Method for producing vegetable oil fuel Immobilized cells and liposomes Matsumura, M., et al., Foundation for Advancement of Interna- and method of immobilizing the tional Science, March 3, 2009, US7497939B2 A method for producing vegetable oil fuel with low viscos- same ity, including transesterification of vegetable oil with triglycer- Nagamune, T., et al., National Institute of Advanced Industrial ide having unsaturated fatty acid, ozone treatment of unsaturated Science and Technology, March 10, 2009, US7501280B2 fatty acid methyl ester generated in the transesterification step, and In an inexpensive and convenient method for immobilizing a reduction of the ozonide generated in the ozone treatment step. suspension cell, a phospholipid vesicle, or the like regardless of the type of cell, on the surface of a solid phase, a cell is immobi- lized by causing the cell to contact a support having a hydrophobic Edible spread composition and chain and a hydrophilic chain. packaged product Kincaid, C., et al., Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC, March 3, Aqueous resin dispersion for 2009, US7498050B2 An edible spread composition comprises a homogenous adhesive and composition thereof mixture of plant fiber-containing material, edible oil, water, and Ootuka, M., and Igarashi, Y., Asahi Chemical Corp., March 10, an effective amount of an emulsifier that prevents separation of 2009, US7501475B2 oil from the plant fiber and other mixture solids that otherwise To provide a water-based polymer dispersion for isocyanate- occurs in its absence when the edible spread composition is dis- crosslinked adhesives comprising a polymer (i) that is obtained charged while held under pressure. The edible spread composi- by emulsion polymerization of a monomer composition compris- tion may be, for instance, a peanut butter spread composition or ing at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an a chocolate spread composition. There also is a packaged spread aromatic vinyl monomer and a (meth)acrylate monomer, a cross- product comprising the edible spread composition that is held linkable monomer, and a different monomer, in respective prede- inside a pressurized container and dispensed without experienc- termined amounts; and a polymer (ii) that is obtained by emulsion ing oil separation. polymerization of a monomer composition comprising at least one inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 651

monomer selected from the group consisting of an aromatic vinyl labeled internal standard is provided. Said internal standard is monomer and a (meth)acrylate monomer, a hydroxyl group-con- prepared by reaction of an authentic sample of said carboxylic acid taining vinyl monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic with a stable isotope-labeled reagent, and is added to a sample con- acid monomer, and a different monomer, in respective predeter- taining said carboxylic acid. Said carboxylic acid in said sample is mined amounts, wherein the polymers (i) and (ii) have a Tg (glass- then quantitatively converted to a chemical compound of identical transition temperature) difference of 20 to 80°C. structure, except the stable isotope atoms, as that of said internal standard using a nonlabeled reagent. Said sample is then extracted and the extract is analyzed by mass spectrometry. Identification Process for the pre-treatment of and quantification of said carboxylic acid are made from a plot of vegetable oils for physical refining ion ratio of said converted carboxylic acid to said internal standard versus carboxylic acid concentration. Chakrabarti, P., and others, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, February 24, 2009, US7494676B2 The present invention relates to a simple and economically Nonaqueous coating compositions attractive process for the pretreatment of vegetable oils that involves Nguyen, L., Cabot Corp., February 24, 2009, US7495042B2 (i) enzymatic degumming with commercially available phospho- The present invention relates to a dispersant composition com- lipase A from sources such as the Aspergillus oryzae microor- 1 prising at least one anionic surfactant and at least one polymer com- ganism, (ii) bleaching of the enzymatically degummed oil using prising at least one salt of a carboxylic acid group. Also disclosed bleaching earth and activated carbon, and (iii) dewaxing (in case of are pigment compositions and nonaqueous coating compositions rice bran oil) of degummed and bleached oil at lower temperature comprising the dispersant composition. to obtain oil with less than 5 ppm of residual phosphorus, which is amenable for physical refining. Biodegradable polymer Method and apparatus for Long, Y., et al., Plantic Technologies Ltd., February 24, 2009, US7495044B2 processing vegetable oil miscella, A biodegradable polymer is disclosed having a composition method for conditioning a from 8 to 80% by weight of a starch modified to include a hydroxy- alkyl C2-6 group or modified by reaction with an anhydride of a polymeric microfiltration dicarboxylic acid, preferably hydroxypropylated high-amylose starch, (i) from 0 to 87.9% of starch, (ii) from 4 to 11% by weight membrane, membrane, and lecithin of a water-soluble polymer selected from polyvinylacetate, poly- product vinyl alcohol, and copolymers of ethylene and vinylalcohol that have a melting point compatible with the molten state of the starch Jirjis, B., et al., Cargill, February 24, 2009, US7494679B2 components, (iii) from 0 to 20% by weight of a polyol plasticizer, A method for processing vegetable oil miscella is provided. preferably glycerol, (iv) from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight of a C12-22 fatty The method includes steps of feeding vegetable oil miscella to a acid or salt, preferably stearic acid, and, (v) 0 to 12% added water. conditioned polymeric microfiltration membrane, and recovering The polymers are suitable as biodegradable rigid sheet or flexible a permeate stream having a decreased weight percentage of phos- film materials for use in packaging foodstuffs. pholipids compared with the weight percentage of phospholipids provided in the miscella. The retentate stream can be further pro- cessed for the recovery of lecithin. The polymeric microfiltration Acyltransferase membrane can be conditioned for the selective separation of phos- Dahlqvist, A., et al., Danisco US Inc., Genencor Division, March pholipids in the miscella. A method for conditioning a membrane 3, 2009, US7498026B2 for selective separation of phospholipids from vegetable oil mis- The invention relates to at least one nucleotide sequence, cella, and the resulting membrane, are provided. The membrane derived from a nucleotide sequence encoding an acyltransferase that can be conditioned can be characterized as having an average polypeptide comprising at least one membrane-spanning region, pore size of between about 0.1 and about 2 microns. encoding an improved active membrane-independent acyltrans- ferase polypeptide in which at least one amino acid residue of the Method of quantification of membrane-spanning region has been deleted and/or substituted as compared with the original acyltransferase polypeptide, wherein carboxylic acids by mass the encoded active membrane-independent acyltransferase poly- peptide can produce fatty acid esters and/or fatty acid thioesters spectrometry such as triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, phos- Nguyen, H., et al., February 24, 2009, US7494822B2 pholipids, glycolipids, wax esters, acylated carbohydrates, acylated Method of identification and quantitative analysis of carboxy- amino acids, and lysolipids, e.g., lysophosphospholipid, lyso- lic acid(s) in a sample by mass spectrometry using stable isotope- lecithin. Thereby one single acyltransferase can be used for the 652 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

production of a huge number of products. The invention also relates manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, platinum, to means and methods for the production of such an improved boron, arsenic, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, calcium, active membrane-independent acyltransferase and the use of such beryllium, magnesium, cerium, strontium, hafnium, phosphorus, a membrane-independent acyltransferase in industry. europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, terbium, ytterbium, lutetium, lanthanum, scandium, palladium, pra- seodymium, neodymium, yttrium, thorium, tungsten, cesium, zinc, Methods of incorporating tin, germanium, silicon, lead, barium, or thallium may also be com- polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk ponents of the catalyst. This catalyst is prepared by co-precipitation of metal compounds that are calcined to form a mixed metal oxide Abril, J., et al., Martek Biosciences Corp., March 17, 2009, catalyst that can be used for the selective conversion of an alkane US7504121B2 to an unsaturated carboxylic acid in a one-step process. Method for incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids into milk with improved efficiency. The methods include protecting the poly- unsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyun- Soy proteins and/or soy derivatives saturated fatty acids, with a protective agent prior to feeding the fatty acids to a milk-producing animal. Methods for feeding poly- with zero-valent iron compositions unsaturated fatty acids to milk-producing animals by top-dress- and use for environmental ing a polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement on top of animal feed compositions and methods of making and using such compositions remediation are also provided. Zhang, W.-x., Lehigh University, March 24, 2009, US7507345B2 Preparation of dispersions of zero-valence nanoscale iron par- Δ12 desaturases suitable for ticles and one of soy protein, soy milk, or other soy derivative. The altering levels of polyunsaturated dispersions can be used to treat contaminated soil or water. fatty acids in oleaginous yeast Laminate film Yadav, N., et al., DuPont, March 17, 2009, US7504259B2 Hase, T., et al., Nippon Bee Chemical Co. Ltd., March 31, 2009, The present invention relates to fungal Δ12-fatty acid desat- US7510769B2 urases that are able to catalyze the conversion of oleic acid to A laminate film has a clear layer (B) comprising an acrylic- linoleic acid (18:2). Nucleic acid sequences encoding the desatu- based polymer (B1) having at least one longer unsaturated double rases, nucleic acid sequences which hybridize thereto, DNA con- bond group and at least one shorter unsaturated double bond group structs comprising the desaturase genes, and recombinant host as side chains, and having a weight-average molecular weight not microorganisms expressing increased levels of the desaturases are less than 50,000 but not more than 500,000, the longer unsaturated described. Methods of increasing production of specific t-3 and double bond group introduced in the acrylic-based polymer (B1) t-6 fatty acids by overexpression of the Δ12-fatty acid desaturases by a long-chain unsaturated carboxylic acid having a molecular are also described herein. weight of 150 or more, and the shorter unsaturated double bond group introduced in the acrylic-based polymer (B1) by a short- chain unsaturated carboxylic acid having a molecular weight of Catalyst composition for the less than 150. Compared with laminate films prepared by spray selective conversion of alkanes to coating, dip coating, or other coating methods, this laminate film is excellent in processability, coating film properties, and ornamental unsaturated carboxylic acids, properties. Thus, an article can be excellently decorated with the method of making and method of laminate film provided by the present invention. using thereof Hazin, P., and Ellis Jr., P., Saudi Basic Industries Corp., March 17, 2009, US7504357B2

A catalyst composition having the formula: Mo1VaSbbNbc- Patent information is compiled by Scott Bloomer, MdOx wherein M is gallium, bismuth, silver, or gold, a is 0.01 to 1, a registered US patent agent with Archer Daniels b is 0.01 to 1, c is 0.01 to 1, d is 0.01 to 1, and x is determined by Midland Co., Decatur, Illinois, USA. Contact him the valence requirements of the other components. Other metals, at [email protected]. such as tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, chromium, Publications inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 653

corresponded with their application area. and bipolar disorder (BD) in adults. No Extracts & For example, SFC and DP of PPM were studies have examined the effectiveness of higher than for cream margarines and CM; LCn-3PUFA supplementation in the treat- they were also harder at 15°C. Moreover, ment of mania and depression in juvenile all the investigated physical properties BD (JBD) when given as an adjunct to stan- Distillates were affected by the suppression of TFA in dard pharmacological treatment. Eighteen bakery margarines. children and adolescents with JBD received supplements containing 360 mg per day A small molecule that blocks fat Antioxidant activity of bene hull eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1,560 mg per day docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 6 synthesis by inhibiting the oil compared with sesame and weeks in an open-label study. Intake and activation of SREBP rice bran oils during the frying fasting red blood cell (RBC) LCn-3PUFA, mania, depression, and global function were Kamisuki, S., et al., Chem. Biol. 16:882– process of sunflower oil assessed before and after supplementation. 892, 2009 Sharif, A., et al., J. Food Lipids 16:394– RBC EPA and DHA were significantly Sterol regulatory element binding pro- 406, 2009. higher following supplementation. Clini- teins (SREBP) are transcription factors that The antioxidant activity of bene hull oil cian ratings of mania and depression were activate transcription of the genes involved (BHO) was compared with that of sesame significantly lower and global functioning in cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. In oil (SEO) and rice bran oil (RBO) during significantly higher after supplementation. the present study, we show that a small syn- the frying process of sunflower oil (SFO) Parent ratings of internalizing and exter- thetic molecule we previously discovered to at 180°C. The ratios between the poly- nalizing behaviors were also significantly block adipogenesis is an inhibitor of SREBP unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and lower following supplementation. A larger activation. The diarylthiazole derivative, calculated oxidizability were statistically randomized controlled trial appears war- now called fatostatin, impairs the activa- greater for the SFO (4.26 and 6.48, respec- ranted in this participant population. tion process of SREBP, thereby decreasing tively), followed by the SEO (3.18 and 6.27, the transcription of lipogenic genes in cells. respectively), RBO (1.53 and 4.37, respec- Our analysis suggests that fatostatin inhib- tively), and BHO (0.37 and 1.67, respec- Determination by Fourier its the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)–Golgi tively). Peroxide and acid values of the oils transform Raman spectroscopy translocation of SREBP through binding to studied ranged from 0.34 to 3.07 mequiv/kg of conjugated linoleic acid in their escort protein, the SREBP cleavage- and from 0.19 to 5.20 mg/g, respectively. activating protein (SCAP), at a distinct site Total tocopherols and phenolics contents I2-photoisomerized soybean oil from the sterol-binding domain. Fatostatin of the SEO (1093.28 and 1042.43 mg/kg, Bernuy, B., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. blocked increases in body weight, blood respectively) were significantly higher than 57:6524–6527, 2009. glucose, and hepatic fat accumulation in those of the SFO (740.27 and 38.68 mg/kg, The potential of Fourier transform obese ob/ob mice, even under uncontrolled respectively), BHO (573.41 and 276.67 mg/ (FT)-Raman spectroscopy to quantify food intake. Fatostatin may serve as a tool kg, respectively), and RBO (832.98 and the total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for gaining further insights into the regula- 67.98 mg/kg, respectively). In total, based content was evaluated to find a technique tion of SREBP. on the conjugated diene value and carbo- for the routine control of CLA synthesis by nyl value measurements during the frying chemical procedures. The calibration and Physicochemical properties of process, the BHO showed an antioxidant validation samples were obtained by pho- European bakery margarines activity higher than those of the SEO and toisomerization of linoleic acid contained RBO at the level of 2%, and the levels in soybean oil. The catalyst was iodine with and without trans fatty higher than 2% of the antioxidative oils (I2), and the light source was the green line acids caused the oxidative stability of the SFO to (514.5 nm) of an argon ion laser. The cri- decrease, indicating the pro-oxidant effect teria to select the best partial least-squares Cavillot, V., et al., J. Food Lipids 16:273– of the oils added at these levels. (PLS) calibration model were a low stan- 286, 2009. dard error of prediction (SEP), a high cor- Physicochemical properties of com- relation coefficient (R), and the selection of mercially available European bakery mar- Reduced mania and depression relevant variables of the Raman spectrum garines (cream margarines, cake margarines in juvenile bipolar disorder to reduce spectral interferences. The total [CM], and puff pastry margarines [PPM]) associated with long-chain -3 CLA content of the 22 samples ranged from containing and devoid of trans fatty acids t 0.05 to 3.28% of total lipids. The best PLS (TFA) were investigated. Studied phys- polyunsaturated fatty acid calibration model was obtained with three ical properties were the solid fat content supplementation optimal factors, a SEP of 0.22, and an R of (SFC), dropping points (DP), polymor- Clayton, E.H., et al., Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 0.97. This calibration model was obtained phism, texture (hardness), plasticity, and 63:1037–1040, 2009. after baseline correction of the C=C stretch- the melting profile by differential scanning Long-chain t-3 polyunsaturated fatty ing region (1642−1680 cm−1), which con- calorimetry. Experimental results confirm acid (LCn-3PUFA) supplementation may tained sufficient spectral information for that physical properties of the margarines improve symptoms of depression in children reliable CLA quantification. 654 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

Phytosterols accumulation in AOCS Journals Q Effects of temperature and UV light on the seeds of Linum degradation of _-tocopherol in free and usitatissimum dissolved form, Sabliov, C.M., C. Fron- L. czek, C.E. Astete, M. Khachaturyan, L. Herchi, W., et al., Plant Physiol. Biochem. Khachatryan, and C. Leonardi 47:880–885, 2009. Q Quality of crude oil extracted from A comparative study was performed to aging walleye pollock (Theragra chalco- determine the free sterols content and com- gramma) by-products, Wu, T.H., and position during the development of three P.J. Bechtel varieties of linseed (H52, O116, and P129). Q Optimization of an oil extraction Seed samples were collected at regular process for algae from the treatment intervals from 7 to 60 days after flower- of manure effluent, Mulbry, W., S. ing (DAF). Ten compounds were identified: Kondrad, J. Buyer, and D.L. Luthria cholesterol, campesterol, brassicasterol, Q Wild Brazilian mustard (Brassica juncea stigmasterol, `-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, cycloartenol, 24-methylene cycloartanol, L.) seed oil methyl esters as biodie- obtusifoliol, citrostadienol. The maximum sel fuel, Jham, G.N., B.R. Moser, S.N. level of 4-desmethylsterols (1515 mg/100 g Shah, R.A. Holser, O.D. Dhingra, S.F. oil) was reached at 7 DAF in P129 variety. Vaughn, M.A. Berhow, J.K. Winkler- H52 had the highest level of 4-4 dimeth- Moser, T.A. Isbell, R.K. Holloway, E.L. ylsterols (355 mg/100 g oil) at 28 DAF. Walter, R. Natalino, J.C. Anderson, and The greatest amount of 4-monomethyl- D.M. Stelly sterols (35 mg/100 g oil) was detected in Journal of the American Oil Q Foam separation of oil from enzy- H52 at 14 DAF. During linseed develop- Chemists’ Society matically treated wet-milled corn ment, `-sitosterol (830 mg/100 g oil) was (September) germ dispersions, Dickey, L.C., M.J. the major 4-desmethylsterol, followed Q Evaluation of authenticity of Iranian Kurantz, N. Parris, A. McAloon, and by campesterol (564 mg/100 g oil) and olive oil by fatty acid and triacylglycerol R.A. Moreau stigmasterol (265 mg/100 g oil). Some profiles, Piravi-Vanak, Z., M. Ghavami, of these compounds followed nearly the H. Ezzatpanah, J. Arab, H. Safafar, and same accumulation pattern during linseed J.B. Ghasemi maturation. Q Fourier transform near infrared spec- troscopy as a quality control tool for Synthesis and characterization the analysis of lecithin and by-products of a structured lipid from during soybean oil processing, Li, H., M. amaranth oil as a partial fat Goulden, R. Cocciardi, and J. Hughes substitute in milk-based infant Q A comprehensive evaluation of the melting points of fatty acids and esters formula determined by differential scanning cal- Pina-Rodriguez, A.M., and C.C. Akoh, J. orimetry, Knothe, G., and R.O. Dunn Agric. Food Chem. 57:6748–6756, 2009 Q Chemical characterization of the seed The aim of this study was to use and antioxidant activity of various parts enzymatic interesterification techniques of Salvadora persica, Mariod, A.A., B. to modify underutilized amaranth oil as Matthäus, and I.H. Hussein a structured lipid (SL) by increasing its Q Variations in fatty acids, phospholip- palmitic acid content at the sn-2 position ids and sterols during the seed devel- and incorporating docosahexaenoic acid opment of a high oleic sunflower (DHA). This SL can be partially or com- variety, Zlatanov, M.D., M.J. Angelova- plementarily used in milk-based infant for- Romova, G.A. Antova, R.D. Dimitrova, mulas to deliver a lipid component similar S.M. Momchilova, and B.M. Nikolova- Lipids to that in breast milk. Amaranth oil was (September) Damyanova modified by enzymatic interesterification in Q Michael T. Arts, Michael T. Brett, Q Differential scanning calorimetry analy- two stages. First, the palmitic acid content Martin J. Kainz (eds.): Lipids in Aquatic sis of goat fats: Comparison of chemical was increased specifically at the sn-2 posi- Ecosystems, Carballeira, N.M. tion to resemble breast milk triacylglyc- composition and thermal properties, Q Marine two-headed sphingolipid-like Yılmaz, M.T., and M. Karakaya erols (TAG) using Novozym 435 lipase. compound rhizochalin inhibits EGF- Then DHA was incorporated, mainly at the Q Frying quality characteristics of French induced transformation of JB6 P+ Cl41 sn-1,3 positions, by using Lipozyme RM fries prepared in refined olive oil and cells, Fedorov, S.N., T.N. Makarieva, IM, an sn-1,3-specific lipase. An optimiza- palm olein, Tabee, E., M. Jägerstad, and tion model was developed to determine the P.C. Dutta Publications inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 655

A.G. Guzii, L.K. Shubina, J.Y. Kwak, exact parameter combinations to incorpo- aging. A pro-oxidant effect of _-tocopherol and V.A. Stonik rate a specific amount of DHA (1.0−2.5%). addition was observed at 25°C on both BB Q Tocotrienols suppress proinflammatory The model suggestions were used for a and TB. At 60°C, an antioxidant effect was markers and cyclooxygenase-2 expres- gram-scale interesterification to yield the observed on TB. sion in RAW264.7 macrophages, Yam, expected product. The final SL composi- M.-L., S.R.A. Hafid, H.-M. Cheng, and tion was as follows: palmitic acid, 33.9%; Statistical evaluation of K. Nesaretnam stearic acid, 2.8%; oleic acid, 23.3%; lino- leic acid, 37.3%; linolenic acid, 0.7%; and triacylglycerol composition in Q Phospholipid, oleic acid micelles and docosahexaenoic acid, 1.9%. The original plant oils based on high- dietary olive oil influence the lutein amaranth oil and the final SL were char- performance liquid absorption and activity of antioxidant acterized by determining the fatty acid enzymes in rats, Lakshminarayana, composition, melting profile, chemical chromatography−atmospheric R., M. Raju, M.N.K. Prakash, and V. characteristics, oxidative stability (perox- pressure chemical ionization Baskaran ide, p-anisidine, and total oxidation values), mass spectrometry data Q Radical scavenging activity of lipo- and phytosterol, tocopherol, and squalene philized products from transesterifi- contents. The physical and chemical char- Lísa, M., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. cation of flaxseed oil with cinnamic acteristics determined in this study support 57:6888–6898, 2009. acid or ferulic acid, Choo, W.-S., E.J. the potential application of DHA-contain- The statistical evaluation of triacylg- Birch, and I. Stewart ing customized amaranth oil as a partial fat lycerol profiles in plant oils based on high- performance liquid chromatography–mass Q The hypolipidemic effect of an ethyl substitute or complement for milk-based spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analysis enables ester of algal-docosahexaenoic acid infant formula. Research on the application the differentiation of various plant oils on in rats fed a high-fructose diet, Ryan, and stability of this SL used in an infant formula is being conducted. the basis of the multidimensional data A.S., E. Bailey-Hall, E.B. Nelson, and matrix. A data set of 93 oil samples from N. Salem 60 varieties of plants composed from 355 Q Comparison of seal oil to tuna oil on Enzymatic interesterification of triacylglycerols is evaluated using princi- plasma lipid levels and blood pressure in anhydrous milk fat with pal component analysis (PCA). Analyzed hypertriglyceridaemic subjects, Meyer, rapeseed and/or linseed oil: samples are resolved in the PCA plot, and B.J., A.E. Lane, and N.J. Mann similarities among some types of plant oils Q Organ-specific distributions of lyso- Oxidative stability are visualized by the formation of clusters. phosphatidylcholine and triacylglyc- Giet, J.-M., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. The authentication of plant oils is tested erol in mouse embryo, Hayasaka, T., 57:6787–6794, 2009. with model samples of olive oil adulterated N. Goto-Inoue, N. Zaima, Y. Kimura, Blends of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) with sunflower oil at different concentration and M. Setou and linseed oil (70:30) and of AMF, levels. Our HPLC/MS method using the sta- Q Four new fatty acid esters from the rapeseed oil (RO), and linseed oil (LO; tistical multivariate data analysis of a large feces of Trogopterus xanthipes, Yang, 70:20:10) were submitted to enzymatic data matrix enables a clear identification of N.-Y., W.-W. Tao, J.-A. Duan, J.-M. Guo, interesterification. The oxidative stabilities adulterated olive oils already from 1% of and L.-L. Cao of the blends, the interesterified (IE) blends, added sunflower oil as an adulterant. Q Nitro-fatty acids occur in human plasma and IE blends with 50 ppm of _-tocopherol in the picomolar range: A targeted added as antioxidant were studied. Samples Enzymatic measurement of nitro-lipidomics GC–MS/MS study, were stored in open flasks at 60, 25, and 4°C and periodically submitted to perox- phosphatidic acid in cultured Tsikas, D., A.A. Zoerner, A. Mitschke, ide, p-anisidine, and thiobarbituric acid cells and F.-M. Gutzki value determinations and ultraviolet mea- Q Liquid chromatography–high-resolu- Morita, S.-y., et al., J. Lipid Res. 50:1945– surement at 232 and 268 nm. The analysis 1952, 2009. tion mass spectrometry for quantita- of volatile compounds was carried out by tive analysis of gangliosides, Fong, B., C. In this work, we developed a novel solid-phase microextraction for the samples enzymatic method for measuring phospha- Norris, E. Lowe, and P. McJarrow stored at 60°C. Peroxides appeared to be tidic acid (PA) in cultured cells. The enzy- the only significant oxidation products after matic reaction sequence of the method 12 weeks of storage at 4°C. As expected, involves hydrolysis of PA to produceglyc- Published something the binary blends (BB) were more sensitive erol-3-phosphate (G3P), which is then oxi- lately? to oxidation than the ternary blends (TB). dized by G3P oxidaseto generate hydrogen The BB were associated with increased vol- peroxide. In the presence of peroxidase, We would like to begin listing recent atile emission compared to the TB. Inter- hydrogen peroxide reacted with Amplex publications of our student members, esterification led to variable effects on the Red to produce highlyfluorescent resorufin. including dissertations. Please send oxidation of fat mixtures, depending on We found that lipase from Pseudomonas complete citations to inform Associ- composition and temperature (beneficial sp. can completely hydrolyze PA to G3P ate Editor Catherine Watkins (cwat- effect on BB, at both 25 and 60°C, and a and fatty acids. The calibration curve for [email protected]). rather neutral effect on TB). The IE blends PA measurement was linear between 20 and exhibited higher volatile release prior to 250 μM, and the detection limit was 5 μM 656 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

(50 pmol in the reaction mixture). We also total fat intake, and fat qualityin either diet improve CLA production under the aerobic modified the method for the enzymatic mea- period for either intervention. Supplemen- conditions. Bifidobacterium breve LMC surement of lysophosphatidic acid. By this tation with CLA and SAF exerted differ- 520 was tested with different amounts of new method, we determinedthe PA content ent effects on BMI, total and trunk adipose LA in varied culture conditions, such as air, in the lipid extract from HEK293 cells. The mass, and lean tissue mass in obese post- additives, and pH. A maximal level of CLA cellular content of PA was decreased with menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. production (up to 90% of substrate) was increasing cell density but not correlated Supplementation with these dietary oils obtained after 24 h of incubation in culture with the proliferation rate. The diacyl- may be beneficial for weight loss, glyce- medium containing 1 mM LA at pH 5.5 and glycerolkinase inhibitor R59949 markedly mic control, or both. under anaerobic conditions. There was no reduced the cellular PA content, suggest- decline in the CLA level with prolonged ing the diacylglycerol kinase activity was Pressurized liquid extraction of incubation until 48 h. When the effect of involved in a large part of the PA produc- pre-incubation with LA on CLA production tion in HEK293 cells. This novel method soil microbial phospholipid and was tested, there was no significant differ- for PA quantification is simple, rapid, spe- neutral lipid fatty acids ence between the CLA-producing activity cific, sensitive, and high-throughput and of pre-incubated and untreated bacteria at will help to study the biological functions White, P.M., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. the third passage but there was a signifi- of PA and its related enzymes. 57:7171–7177, 2009. cant reduction in CLA production by the Soil microbial lipid biomarkers are pre-incubated cells after the fourth passage. indicators of viable microbial biomass and Comparison of dietary These results demonstrate that the CLA- community structure. Pressurized liquid producing activity of B. breve LMC 520 conjugated linoleic acid with extraction (PLE) of soil phospholipid fatty could be maximized by numerous environ- safflower oil on body acids (PLFA) and neutral lipid fatty acids mental factors. The data also indicate its (NLFA) was compared to a conventional composition in obese potential for increasing CLA accumulation extraction method in four soils with dif- in dairy products when B. breve LMC 520 postmenopausal women with fering physical and chemical properties. is used as a functional starter culture. type 2 diabetes mellitus PLE efficiency was greater than that of the conventional method for about half of Norris, L.E., et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. the saturated PLFA and for selected other Fatty acid selectivity of lipases 90:468–476, 2009. Gram-positive (i16:0) and Gram-negative during acidolysis reaction Weight loss may improve glucose bacteria (18:1t7c) PLFA, fungal PLFA between triolein and saturated control in personswith type 2 diabetes. The (18:2t6,9c), and eukaryotic NLFA from effects of fat quality, as opposedto quantity, a coarse-textured soil. Lipids extracted by fatty acids varying from caproic on weight loss are not well understood.We the two methods did not indicate a signif- to behenic acids compared the effects of two dietary oils, icant difference in microbial community Karabulut, I., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and saf- structure data. Principal component analy- flower oil (SAF), on body weightand com- 57:7584–7590, 2009. sis revealed that PLFA clustered by loca- The chain length selectivity of three position in obese postmenopausal women tion, with data indicating that the group with type 2 diabetes.This was a 36-wk ran- immobilized lipases, namely, Lipozyme of microbes contributing the greatest TL IM from Thermomyces lanoginosus domized, double-masked, crossover study. weight differed among soils. Overall, the Fifty-five obese postmenopausal women [sic], Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor PLE method proved to be more efficient at miehei, and Novozym 435 from Candida with type 2 diabetes received SAF or CLA extracting soil-borne microbial lipids while (8 g oil/d) during two 16-wk diet periods antarctica, was determined in acidolysis not altering microbial community informa- performed in hexane using the homolo- separated by a 4-wk washout period. Sub- tion. These advantages indicate the PLE jects met monthly withthe study coordinator gous series of even carbon number, satu- method is robust and well-suited to soil rated fatty acids (SFA) of 6−22 carbons. to receive new supplements and for assess- microbial ecology research. ment of energy balance, biochemical end Triolein with individual SFA or a mixture points, or anthropometricvariables. Thirty- of equimolar quantities of SFA was used five women completed the 36-wk interven- Characterization of conjugated as the substrate. The effects of operat- tion. Supplementation with CLA reduced linoleic acid production by ing variables including the mole ratio of fatty acid to triolein, temperature, enzyme body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.0022) and Bifidobacterium breve LMC 520 total adipose mass (P = 0.0187) without dosage, and time on incorporation were altering lean mass. The effect of CLA in Park, H.G., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. also investigated. Incorporation abilities of lowering BMI was detected during the last 57:7571–7575, 2009. the enzymes tested were found to be signifi- 8 wk of each 16-wk diet period. In contrast, This study was performed to charac- cantly different for most of the fatty acids SAF had no effect on BMI or total adipose terize the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at the experimental conditions evaluated. mass but reduced trunk adipose mass (P production ability of a bacterial strain, Bifi- Lipases acted weakly on SFA of which the = 0.0422) and increased lean mass (P = dobacterium breve LMC 520, which can carbon chain length was shorter than eight 0.0432). SAF also significantly lowered actively convert linoleic acid (LA) to cis- carbon atoms and higher than 18 carbon fasting glucose (P = 0.0343) and increased 9,trans-11 CLA, a major isomer derived atoms. Lipases showed a bell-shaped dis- adiponectin (P = 0.0051). No differences from microbial enzymatic conversion. tribution plot in incorporation vs. chain length with a maximum around C −C . were observed in dietary energy intake, The culture conditions were optimized to 12 16 Publications inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 657

Among the experimental parameters tested, new commercial applications. We report on whichwere published from January 1990 to the effect of the substrate mole ratio was some of the main achievements for convert- October 2008. Attempts also were made to greater than those of the others, and the ing glycerol into high-value products and access unpublished data. Study quality was highest incorporation was observed for C12 energy developed in the last two years, and assessed by using the Jadad score, and a

(36.98%), C14 (37.63%), and C16 (38.66%) conclude by providing an outlook on the meta-analysis was conducted.Twenty-eight at a 4:1 substrate mole ratio with Lipozyme evolving status of bioglycerol in the chem- studies were included. Flaxseed interven- TL IM. Lipases caused significantly differ- ical industry. tions reduced total and LDL (low-density ent levels of acyl migration from sn-1,3 to lipoprotein) cholesterol by 0.10 mmol/L sn-2 positions. Microemulsion-based palm (95% CI: –0.20, 0.00 mmol/L) and 0.08 mmol/L (95% CI: –0.16, 0.00 mmol/L), kernel oil extraction using Implications of biodiesel respectively; significant reductions were mixed surfactant solutions observed with whole flaxseed (–0.21 and production and utilisation on –0.16 mmol/L, respectively) and lignan global climate—A literature Naksuk, A., et al., Ind. Crop Prod. 30:194– (–0.28 and –0.16 mmol/L, respectively) 198, 2009. review supplements but not with flaxseed oil. The This study introduces a novel tech- cholesterol-lowering effects were more Majer, S., et al., Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. nique using surfactant microemulsion- apparent in females (particularly postmeno- 111:747–762, 2009. based oilseed extraction. To achieve this pausalwomen), individuals with high initial Over the last few years, the favor- objective, microemulsion formation with cholesterol concentrations,and studies with able political environment has led to an palm kernel oil was studied first. Then, the higher Jadad scores. No significant changes increasing use of biofuels in the worldwide selected microemulsion system was used were found in the concentrations of HDL transportation sector. This development is for palm kernel extraction. The results (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and mainly driven by concerns about the secu- showed that the mixed surfactant of 3 wt% triglycerides.Flaxseed significantly reduced rity of energy supplies and the intention to Comperlan KD and either 0.1 wt% Alfo- circulating total and LDL-cholesterol con- mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gases terra145-5PO or 145-8PO provided an centrations, but the changes were depen- (GHG). However, recently, the sustainabil- ultralow interfacial tension with the palm dent on the type of intervention, sex, and ity of a broad biofuel production and use kernel oil (0.0197 and 0.0359 mN/m, initial lipid profiles of the subjects. Further has, in particular, been strongly questioned. respectively). By using those two aqueous studies are needed to determine the effi- Against this background, in this study a lit- surfactant systems for palm kernel oil ciency of flaxseed on lipid profiles in men erature review on available and recently extraction, the extraction efficiency was and premenopausal women and to explore published life cycle assessment (LCA) 93.99 and 94.13% at the optimum crushed its potential benefits on other cardiometa- studies for biodiesel has been carried out kernel size between 0.212 and 0.425 mm, bolic risk factors and prevention of cardio- and the potential GHG emission savings using 1 g seed load to 10 mL of solution vascular disease. from biodiesel production and use com- and 30 min of contact time. The extracted pared to fossil diesel have been analyzed. oil was evaluated for water content, fatty The results of the reviewed studies under- acids composition, and surfactant partition- Rapid seed oil analysis using line the significant influence of the effects ing into the oil phase. The results showed UPLC for quality control and of land use change and the importance of that the quality of the oil obtained using authentication avoiding the conversion of natural land into the surfactant microemulsion-based tech- Lee, P.J., and A.J. Di Gioia, Lipid Technol. agricultural areas. If no land use change nique is of similar or better quality than 21:112–115, 2009. takes place, the results show moderate to when extracted by hexane solvent. Without derivatization and haloge- good GHG savings for biodiesel (depend- nated solvent, various seed oil samples ing on the type of converted raw materials Meta-analysis of the effects of were rapidly characterized using a UPLC as well as on the chosen biomass conver- (ultra performance liquid chromatograph) sion technology). In particular, the biodie- flaxseed interventions on blood equipped with UV (ultraviolet) photodiode sel feedstock production and the source of lipids array and mass spectrometer detectors. The energy for the production process strongly Pan, A., et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90:288– method acquires multiple types of data in influence the overall result of the GHG 297, 2009. a single injection to authenticate seed oil, balance of biodiesel. Several clinical trials have investi- analyze triacylglycerol composition, and gated the effects of flaxseed and flaxseed- evaluate seed oil oxidation. It can, for Recent advances in the derived products (flaxseed oil or lignans) example, identify olive oil samples adulter- conversion of bioglycerol into on blood lipids; however, the findings have ated with <1% of other seed oils. Compared been inconsistent. We aimed to identify with conventional high-performance liquid value-added products and quantify the effectiveness of flaxseed chromatography methods, the UPLC solu- Pagliaro, M., et al., Eur. J. Lipid Sci. and its derivatives on blood lipid profiles. tion shortens analysis time, reduces solvent Technol. 111:788–799, 2009. A comprehensive literature search was per- usage, and provides more information, A versatile platform chemical and formed on the basis of English reports of resulting in a cost benefit. The reduction in energy vector, bioglycerol from biodie- randomized controlled trials of flaxseed or analysis time and solvent usage align with sel manufacturing is increasingly finding its derivatives on lipid profiles in adults, the principles of green chemistry. Q 658 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) Meet Thrandur Helgason

viable, since regular solid lipid nanopar- ticles will change shape and recrystallize. This results in the expulsion of the incor- porated bioactive material and an increase in surface area that causes a decline in oxi- dative stability, as compared with regular emulsions. In our studies, however, we have been able to produce particles that showed almost no breakdown of the `-carotene by controlling the crystallization and recrys- tallization of the solid lipid nanoparticles,” Helgason concludes. Away from the laboratory, he can often be found in an outdoor setting. “I hiked in the Alps for one week in August, which was spectacular. But I have also taken many canoeing camping trips in America and also have gone scuba diving in Florida and Aruba. I also enjoy playing badmin- ton, tennis, and basketball. Besides that, I studied music for many years and used to play in many bands in Iceland before I started my graduate studies.” Q

Thrandur Helgason meets up with his reflection in Anish Kapoor’s Cloud Gate sculpture at CLASSIFIED Chicago’s Millennium Park. Jedwards International, Inc. Thrandur Helgason, a 2009 Honored 2010, Helgason hopes for a post-doctoral Student, remembers the moment he first appointment on the way toward a faculty Suppliers of Bulk Specialty Oils to became interested in food science: “It was position. “I think it is safe to say that I will the Food, Dietary Supplement and after I saw my teacher put a whipped egg be doing research after I finish, which is in Cosmetic Industries. Leading Sup- yolk into a pot of Béarnaise sauce that had my opinion fantastic,” he says. plier of Omega-3 Oils. separated because I added the butter and His doctoral project involves encapsu- heated it too fast (I was in a hurry). After lating bioactive ingredients (`-carotene) in www.bulknaturaloils.com the addition of the egg yolk, my Béarnaise solid lipid nanoparticles, which consist of tel: 617-472-9300 sauce became stable again. This is when I crystalline lipid particles dispersed in water. first realized how interesting the chemis- Because lipid molecules can recrystallize, try behind food can be and how much you resulting in the expulsion of the bioactive can learn from understanding the interac- compounds, Helgason and colleagues have tions in food matrices. As you might have been working to control the crystal struc- guessed, I was studying to be a chef at the ture by engineering the particle interface. time, but all these small details fascinated To date, the work has resulted in what me so much that I gave up on being a chef Helgason calls “an astounding increase in and started studying food science at the oxidative stability of `-carotene. University of Iceland.” “We found that by using surfactants Helgason, who was born in Akureyri, that form crystals at high temperatures we Iceland, currently is working on his Ph.D. can control the subsequent crystallization as an exchange student at Hohenheim Uni- of the lipid, which leads to particles that do versity in Germany, under the supervision not recrystallize as much and thus main- of AOCS member Jochen Weiss. After his tain a spherical shape,” he explains. “In the expected completion date of September past, this system has not been considered ~Springer spr1• nger.com the language of science

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2008–2009 AOCS Laboratory Proficiency Program winners Honorable Mention Cottonseed Oil The Laboratory Proficiency Program (LPP) utilizes AOCS methods to JLA China Analytical Team First Place ensure quality in the laboratory. Winners are those demonstrating JLA China Inc. Rodney Kuss the most accurate results over the program year. Qingdao Shandong, P.R. PYCO Industries China Lubbock, TX, USA

Aflatoxin Corn Meal Honorable Mention Aflatoxin Peanut Paste Edible Fat First Place Roger McDaniel Test Kit First Place Cindy McCormick Food & Drug Protection Dev First Place Lloyd Boatright Office of the Texas State NCDA&CS Louisville Quality Assurance Ag Processing Inc. Chemist Raleigh, NC, USA Team St. Joseph, MO, USA College Station, TX, USA Algood Food Co. Aflatoxin in Milk Louisville, KY, USA Honorable Mention Honorable Mention First Place Deborah McRoberts Kelley Renkemeyer, Ryan My Chieu Nguyen Honorable Mention Golden Foods/Golden Malone Division of Analytical Jocelyn Alfieri Brands Trilogy Analytical Laboratory Laboratories Silliker Canada Co. Louisville, KY, USA Washington, MO, USA Lidcomb, NSW, Australia Markham, ON, Canada Honorable Mention Aflatoxin Corn Test Kit Aflatoxin Peanut Butter Honorable Mention James Houghton First Place First Place N’Tegra Analytical Team Golden Foods/Golden Janet Duran Edenton Analytical Team N’Tegra, Inc. JLA member Brands A&L Plns Agrl Labs Inc. J. Leek Associates Co. Louisville, KY, USA Lubbock, TX, USA Edenton, NC, USA Arbuckle, CA, USA Honorable Mention Honorable Mention Aflatoxin Peanut Paste Cholesterol Beth Miller Sandy Holloway First Place First Place Ag Processing Inc. Cotecna Inspections Inc. N’Tegra Analytical Team Helen Li (Extraction), St. Joseph, MO, USA USA N’Tegra Inc., JLA member Peggy McLaren, Roxana Memphis, TN, USA Company Banaru, Zhinan Feng Honorable Mention Arbuckle, CA, USA (Instrumentation) Gregg Newman Honorable Mention Maxxam Analytics Fuji Vegetable Oil Eric Stone Honorable Mention Mississauga, ON, Canada Savannah, GA, USA Illinois Dept. of Agriculture De Leon Analytical Team Springfield, IL, USA JLA USA Honorable Mention Honorable Mention De Leon, TX, USA Thomas P. Mawhinney Bill Zubrinic Aflatoxin Cottonseed University of Missouri Bunge Canada First Place Honorable Mention Columbia, MO, USA Hamilton, ON, Canada Jose F. Izaguirre Mariana Astore Chandler Analytical Lab SGS Argentina S.A. Villa Cottonseed Feed Microscopy Chandler, AZ, USA Mercedes First Place First Place Buenos Aires, Argentina Tammy Kahlich Elizabeth Krzykwa PYCO Industries Canadian Food Inspection Lubbock, TX, USA Agency Ottawa, ON, Canada LPP inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 661

Second Place Honorable Mention Marion Smith Ardin Backous, Anders List of 2009–2010 AOCS Canadian Food Inspection Thomsen Certified Laboratories Agency Eurofins Scientific Ottawa, ON, Canada Des Moines, IA, USA Admiral Testing Eurofins Scientific Third Place Honorable Mention Services, Inc. 3507 Delaware Ave. Piotr Czajkowski Tracy Hildebrand 12111 River Rd. Des Moines, IA 50313 USA Provimi ADM Quincy New Orleans, LA 70070 +1-515-265-1461 Osnowd, Poland Quincy, IL, USA USA Ardin Backous, Kent +1-504-734-5201 Karsjens Fish Meal Honorable Mention Renato M. Ramos First Place Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, Hahn Laboratories, Carl W. Schulze A. Thionville, Nancy ATC Scientific Inc. N.J. Feed Lab Inc. Trosclair 312 North Hemlock 1111 Flora St . Trenton, NJ, USA Thionville Laboratories Inc. North Little Rock, AR Columbia, SC 29201 USA New Orleans, LA, USA 72114 USA +1-803-799-1614 Honorable Mention +1-501-771-4255 Frank M. Hahn Cecilia Palomino Honorable Mention Mike White, Brian SGS Del Peru SAC Linda S. McLaren Eskridge Intertek Agri Services Callao, Peru Loders Croklaan 160 East James Dr., Channahon, IL, USA Barrow-Agee Suite 200 Fumonisin in Corn Laboratories, Inc. St. Rose, LA 70087 USA First Place Honorable Mention 1555 Three Place +1-504-602-2100 Ted Oplinger Sandy Holloway Memphis, TN 38116 USA Harvey Becnel Office of the Texas State Cotecna Inspections Inc. +1-901-332-1590 Chemist USA Michael Hawkins, Lynn K-Testing Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA Memphis, TN, USA Hawkins Inc. 1555 Three Place, Suite A Fumonisin in Corn Test Marine Oil Carolina Analytical Memphis, TN 38116 USA Kit First Place Services LLC +1-901-525-0519 First Place Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, 17570 NC Hwy 902 Edgar Tenent Usevolod Potapov A. Thionville, Nancy Bear Creek, NC 27207 Mars LLC Trosclair USA Minnesota Valley Moscow region Stupino-1, Thionville Laboratories, Inc. +1-919-837-2021 Testing Lab Russia New Orleans, LA, USA H. Newton Beavers 2 North German New Ulm, MN 56073 USA Gas Chromatography Honorable Mention Eurofins Central +1-507-233-7171 First Place (tie) Ernesto Hernandez, Hema Analytical Joel Sieh Pete Cartwright Marwaha Laboratory, Inc. N.J. Feed Lab Inc. OmegaPure 2315 N. Causeway Blvd. Thionville Trenton, NJ, USA Houston, TX, USA Metairie, LA 70001 USA Laboratories, Inc. +1-504-297-3420 5440 Pepsi St. First Place (tie) Honorable Mention John Reuther Harahan, LA 70123 USA James Houghton Cecilia Palomino +1-504-733-9603 Golden Foods/Golden SGS Del Peru SAC Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, Brands Callao, Peru Boyce Butler Louisville, KY, USA Marine Oil Fatty Acid Honorable Mention Profile Analytical Team First Place Bunge Oils Pete Cartwright Bradley, IL, USA N.J. Feed Lab Inc. Trenton, NJ, USA 662 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

Honorable Mention Honorable Mention Oilseed Meal 100% Olive Oil Part B John Reuther, Chris Lirette Frank Fuentes Nitrogen Ba 4d-90 First Place Eurofins Central Analytical Southern Cotton Oil Co. First Place Manolis Fafoutakis Labs Lubbock, TX, USA Trevor Meredith E.A.S. Heraklion Metairie, LA, USA Solbar Hatzor Heraklion, Crete, Greece Honorable Mention Ashdod, Israel NIOP Fats & Oils Mike White, Brian Eskridge Olive Oil Part C First Place ATC Scientific Oilseed Meal 100% First Place Philip Bastijns N. Little Rock, AR, USA Nitrogen Ba 4e-93 Giorgio Cardone Oleotest NV First Place Chemiservice sas Monopoli Antwerp, Belgium Oilseed Meal 100% Ardin Backous, Anders Bari, Italy Crude Fiber Thomsen Nutraceutical Oils First Place Eurofins Scientific Peanut Seed First Place Mike White, Brian Eskridge Des Moines, IA, USA First Place Fitri Sudradjat, Chris Lirette ATC Scientific Brownfield Analytical Team Eurofins Central Analytical N. Little Rock, AR, USA Honorable Mention JLA USA Labs Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, Brownfield, TX, USA Metairie, LA, USA Honorable Mention A. Thionville, Nancy H. Newton Beavers III Trosclair Honorable Mention Honorable Mention Carolina Analytical Services Thionville Laboratories, Inc. Max Everhart Gudmundur Gudmundsson Bear Creek, NC, USA New Orleans, LA, USA USDA AMS S&T LYSI hf Blakely, GA, USA Reykjavik, NA, Iceland Honorable Mention Honorable Mention Lynn Hawkins, Michael Duane O. Winter Phosphorus in Oil Honorable Mention Hawkins, John Peden ServiTech First Place Hema Marwaha Barrow Agee Dodge City, KS, USA Analytical Services OmegaPure Memphis, TN, USA POS Pilot Plant Corp. Houston, TX, USA Oilseed Meal 100% Oil Saskatoon, SK, Canada Honorable Mention First Place Nutritional Labeling Keith Dominey Frank Fuentes Solid Fat Content by First Place (tie) Waters Agricultural Southern Cotton Oil Co. NMR Jocelyn Alfieri Laboratories Lubbock, TX, USA First Place Silliker Canada Co. Camilla, GA, USA Ricardo Arevalo Markham, ON, Canada Honorable Mention Numar Co. Oilseed Meal 100% Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, San Jose, Costa Rica First Place (tie) Moisture A. Thionville, Nancy Sonia Bouchard First Place Trosclair Honorable Mention CFIA Food Lab Trevor Meredith Thionville Laboratories, Inc. Randy Kruger Lonqueuil, PQ, Canada Solbar Hatzor New Orleans, LA, USA Bunge North America Ashdod, Israel Council Bluffs, IA, USA Oilseed Meal Honorable Mention First Place Honorable Mention Jana Pogacnik Soybean Oil Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, Vira Suphanit Shur-Gain/Nutreco Canada First Place A. Thionville, Nancy SGS Thailand Ltd. St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada Frank Hahn Trosclair Bangkok, Thailand Hahn Laboratories Inc. Thionville Laboratories, Inc. Honorable Mention Columbia, SC, USA New Orleans, LA, USA Honorable Mention Trevor Meredith Frank Fuentes Solbar Hatzor Soybeans Honorable Mention Southern Cotton Oil Co. Ashdod, Israel First Place Frank Tenent, Edgar Tenent Lubbock, TX, USA Ardin Backous, Anders K-Testing Lab Inc. Olive Oil Part A Thomsen Memphis, TN, USA Honorable Mention First Place Eurofins Scientific Frank Tenent, Edgar Tenent Manolis Fafoutakis Des Moines, IA, USA K-Testing Lab Inc. E.A.S. Heraklion Memphis, TN, USA Heraklion, Crete, Greece LPP inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 663

Honorable Mention Honorable Mention Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, Eddie L Baldwin, Helen A. Thionville, Nancy Cianciolo Trosclair Stratus Foods-Technology Thionville Laboratories, Inc. Center New Orleans, LA, USA Bartlett, TN, USA

Tallow & Grease Honorable Mention First Place (tie) Linda S. McLaren Jose Garcia Loders Croklaan National Beef Packing Co. Channahon, IL, USA Liberal, KS, USA Honorable Mention First Place (tie) William Lillycrop Paul Thionville, Shani Jolly, Health Canada A. Thionville, Nancy Scarborough, ON, Canada Trosclair Thionville Laboratories, Inc. trans by IR New Orleans, LA, USA First Place Eddie L. Baldwin, Helen Honorable Mention Cianciolo Adalberto Cornado Stratus Foods-Technology National Beef Packing Co. Center Liberal, KS, USA Bartlett, TN, USA

Trace Metals Unground Soybean Meal First Place First Place Mark Gulden, Ken Determan Ardin Backous, Anders CHS Thomsen Mankato, MN, USA Eurofins Scientific Des Moines, IA, USA Honorable Mention Jerome J. King Honorable Mention Midwest Laboratories Inc. Sherry Muse Omaha, NE, USA Ag Processing Inc. St. Joseph, MO, USA trans by GC First Place Honorable Mention Wakako Tsuzuki Ms. Malinee, Ms. Benya National Food Research Boriboonwiggai Institute Thai Vegetable Oil Public Co. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Ltd. Bukkalow Thonburi, Thailand Honorable Mention My Chi Mai Vegetable Oil Color Only Division of Analytical First Place Laboratories Phil Fontenot Lidcomb, NSW, Australia Ventura Foods Louana Div. Opelousas, LA, USA Q Honorable Mention Val Buckner ADM Valdosta 564/217 Valdosta, GA, USA 664 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) Eco-Efficiency Analysis— applied to different chelating agents

Tobias Borén, Kjerstin Ludvig, Karin Andersson customer benefit and identifies the best alternative. It includes all Halldén, and Jan Seetz steps along the value chain. The general procedure for carrying out the EEA is presented in Figure 1 (modified from Rudenauer et al., 2005). The eco-efficiency methodology is based on a combination Chelating agents are used to improve the detergency power of clean- of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) according to ISO 14040+14044 ers and detergents. AkzoNobel (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) has and an assessment of the Life Cycle Costing (LCC). ISO stand- conducted an Eco-Efficiency Analysis (EEA) of the alternative chelat- ards on LCA methodology have been prepared for harmonization of LCA procedures and for credibility reasons. The grey-shaded ing agents GLDA (tetrasodium L-glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid); steps in Figure 1 can be found in the LCA standards. The LCA is EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid); NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid); also complemented with an analysis of the alternatives’ toxicity and STPP (sodium tripolyphosphate). An EEA integrates and assesses potential and risk potential. The eco-efficiency method used by the ecological and economic profiles of alternative systems deliver- AkzoNobel is also used by BASF and many more corporations ing the same customer benefit. This paper gives an account of the and institutes. main results of the environmental dimension of the chelate study and provides an in-depth description of the EEA methodology currently DEFINITION OF GOAL AND SCOPE practiced within AkzoNobel. It concludes that GLDA is the most The goal definition states the purpose of the study and the intended environmentally benign chelating agent, and that the main reasons use of the results. The scope definition includes a description of the for this are that it is biodegradable, phosphorus free, and based on product function to be studied. The function is quantified in terms a renewable raw material. of a functional unit, which is the reference to which all environ- mental impacts and costs are related. Also included in the scope definition is a definition of the environmental and technical time perspective of the study, and of geographical and technical (against Chelating agents are widely used in detergents nature and other products’ life cycles) system boundaries. This and cleaners to improve the detergency power. defines which processes to include in the EEA. The chelating agents bind hard water ions (calcium and magnesium) firmly in complexes, thus soften- ECONOMY: LCC The focus of LCC is adapted according to the goal and scope of ing the water, so that these ions cannot interfere the study (Rudenauer et al., 2005). The LCC is actor-specific; that with the cleaning action of the detergent and less is, all costs for a certain actor that are associated with a given detergent has to be used to achieve the necessary alternative over the whole period of ownership or stewardship are taken into account. The actor to focus the LCC around is given by cleaning effect. the goal and scope definition. Often the actor is the purchaser of a With the purpose of assessing different chelating agents from product, and the purpose of the LCC result is to communicate how environmental and financial perspectives, an Eco-Efficiency Analy- future costs of the product will affect the economy of the purchaser sis (EEA) was carried out (for European conditions). In this study (Bengtsson and Sjöborg, 2004). External costs are not covered by GLDA was compared with its main alternatives, EDTA, NTA, and the LCC since by definition external costs are borne by society and STPP. The chelating agents were compared on an equal weight reflect environmental aspects of the system under study (Rudenauer basis in order to make the study independent of the exact amounts et al., 2005). These aspects are covered by the LCA steps. used in the many detergent recipes. ECOLOGY: LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY (LCI) EEA METHODOLOGY The LCI step involves quantification of inflows and outflows of An EEA assesses the ecological impact and cost structure of material and energy over the defined system boundaries of the competing products, processes, or services delivering the same life cycle. It includes flows related to raw material extraction, S&D inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 665

to more than one environ- mental impact category. In the characterization process the inventory data are multiplied with a char- acterization factor that is specific for each data and environmental impact category. In this way, for each category, the poten- tial environmental impact of all substances in the category is summed up and is represented by one index. The impact cate- gories that were con- sidered in the EEA and FIG. 1. General procedures for Eco-Efficiency Analysis (EEA). were applied for differ- ent chelating agents are: processing of raw materials, manufacturing, use, maintenance, primary energy consumption, resource depletion, area use, emis- recycling/reuse, waste management, and transportation (Fig. 2). sions, human toxicity, and risk. The impact category “emissions” Each process requires material and/or energy inflow and produces is further subdivided into other impact categories (see Table 1). different kinds of emissions and waste. The LCI results in a long In a further weighting process, the impact category results are list of different environmental interventions. aggregated into a single indication or statement of the total strain put on the environment. In the ISO standards the weighting is an ECOLOGY: LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT optional step of the LCA, and no specific weighting methodology (LCIA) is recommended (ISO 14044, 2000). However, weighting is often a necessary step to simplify communication and decision making The vast amount of data produced by the LCI and the complexity and is therefore widely used within industry. In the EEA method of the cause and effect of different environmental interventions currently practiced by AkzoNobel, a weight that expresses the envi- make it hard to identify which data are important from an envi- ronmental importance of that impact category relative the other ronmental point of view (Rydh et al., 2002). For interpretation impact categories is assigned to each impact category. and communication pur- poses, methods have been designed to aggregate the LCI data to fewer digits, representing either dif- ferent impact categories (characterization) or the total environmental load of the system (weight- ing). In this way the envi- ronmental hot spots of the life cycle can more readily be identified. The LCIA encompasses three parts: classification, char- acterization, and weight- ing (Fig. 3). In the classification phase, inventory data are sorted into environmen- tal impact categories. The classification is based on scientific cause-effect relations, and hence one substance can be assigned FIG. 2. A product life cycle. 666 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

These weighting factors are the geomet- ric means of impact cat- egory-specific “relevance factors” and “societal factors.” For the European weighting, and the result- ing weighting factors for the chelate study, see Table 1. To derive the rel- evance factor, the result of the alternative with the highest impact in that cate- gory is normalized against the total load of the same category in a specific region. This step yields the relative significance of the different impact category results. The soci- etal factors, on the other hand, express the severity of each item relative to the other impact categories as perceived by a group of people (see Table 1). The FIG. 3. Phases included in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)—the stepwise aggregation of information societal factors are based in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The inventory list is usually considerably more extensive, and more charac- on the opinions of people terization/impact categories are normally included in the Eco-Efficiency Analysis (EEA). Modified from Rydh in the same region as were et al. (2002). chosen for the derivation of the relevance factors. The societal factors have been presented by BASF and were derived integration of ecological and economic data, presented below, see through a public opinion poll (Kicherer, 2005). [For more infor- Saling et al. (2002) and Kicherer et al. (2007).] mation regarding the weighting methodology and the subsequent In this way the weighting step combines all environmental loads and impact categories and makes it possible to assess the relative contribution of different data to the total strain. This facili- tates effective communication and interpretation of the results and provides a better overview of a complex system. When performing information an EEA the need for weighting is high, since otherwise each of the various environmental impacts would have to be compared with For further reading: the cost side individually (Rudenauer et al., 2005). Q Bengtsson, S., and L. Sjöborg, Environmental costs and environ- mental impacts in a chemical industry, M.Sc. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 2004. Q ISO 14044, Life cycle assessment–Life cycle interpretation, 2000. Highest eco- Q Kicherer, A., BASF Eco-Efficiency Analysis Methodology efficiency Seminar, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, 2005. Q Kicherer, A., et al., Eco-efficiency. Combining life cycle assess- ment and life cycle costs via normalization, International Journal Product / Process A

of Life Cycle Assessment 12:537–543 (2007). (normalised) Product / Process B Q Rudenauer, I., et al., Integrated environmental and economic assessment of products and processes, Journal of Industrial Impact Environmental Ecology 9:105–116 (2005). Q Rydh, C.J., et al., Livscykelanalys-en metod för miljöbedömning av produkter och tjänster, ISBN 91-44-02447-9, Studentlitte- Financial Cost (normalised) ratur, Lund, 2002. FIG. 4. The eco-efficiency portfolio. Q Saling, P., et al., Eco-efficiency analysis by BASF: The method, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 7:203–218 (2002). S&D inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 667

TABLE 1. Weighting factors for the chelate studya From these results it is clear that a trade-off Impact category Societal Relevance Total weight- between different kinds factor (S) [%] factor (R) [%] ing factor (T) of environmental impacts [%] (geometric is needed in order to gen- b mean of S & R) erate a priority list of the Resource use 20 4 11 different chelating agents from a holistic environ- Primary energy use 20 5 13 mental perspective. This Area use 10 0.3 2 trade-off is done via the weighting step. The Toxicity potential 20 20 20 weighting factors that Risk potential 10 10 10 were used to aggregate the Emissions 20 61 44 impact category results in a single score, denoting Water emissionsc 35 95 78 the total environmental Solid waste 15 — — pressure of the different alternatives, are presented Air 50 5 22 in Table 1 and represent Global warming potential (GWP) 50 69 68 European conditions. The result of the Photochemical ozone creation 20815weighting is illustrated in potential (POCP) the bar chart and table in Ozone depletion potential (ODP) 20 — Figure 5. They show the weighted values for each Acidification potential (AP) 10 23 17 impact category and alter- aTotals may not agree because of rounding. The relevance factors and total weighting factors, as presented in the table, have native chelating agent; the been normalized so that they add up to 100%. top of the bars denotes the b 1/n The geometric mean of a data set [a1, a2, ..., an] is given by (a1, a2, ..., an) . For example, in this table, T = √S*R. cThis impact category takes into account the eutrophication potential of substances emitted to water recipients.

INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT AND TABLE 2. Characterization/impact category results for 1 ton of the studied a EVALUATION chelating agents The eco-efficiency method includes a weighting Alternatives of environmental impact and costs, resulting in Impact categories GLDA EDTA NTA STPP displaying the most eco-efficient alternative in Primary energy use [GJ] 71 83 77 20 a two-dimensional diagram (Fig. 4). The axes in the diagram are inverted so that the alterna- Resource use [yr–½*10–3] 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 tive that has the lowest sum of environmental Area use [m2 yr] 358331 and financial performance is found closer to the * upper right corner. This alternative is termed Toxicity potential [dimensionless] 0.09 0.34 1 0.11 the most eco-efficient alternative and is hence Risk potential [dimensionless] 0.58 1 0.89 0.18 favored from an eco-efficiency perspective. Global warming potential [ton CO2 5.1 5.7 5.5 2.7 INTERPRETATION equiv] The purpose of the interpretation phase is to Photochemical ozone creation poten- 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.4 analyze the results of the study, evaluate and tial [kg C2H4 equiv] explain its limitations, and generate conclu- Ozone depletion potential [kg CFC ———— sions and recommendations (ISO 14044, 2000). equiv] The robustness of the results can be assessed with a sensitivity analysis of the effects that Acidification potential [kg SO2 equiv] 17 15 12 15 chosen methods and data have on the result of Waste [kg] ———— the study. 3 Results of EEA of different chelating agents. Water emissions [1000 m ] 0.6 6 0.2 27 The impact category results for one ton of chelat- aDarker blue-shaded items constitute emissions. Abbreviations: GLDA, tetrasodium l-glutamic acid, ing agent are presented for the different alterna- N,N-diacetic acid; EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid; NTA, nitrilotriacetic acid; STPP, sodium tripolyphosphate; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon. tives in Table 2. 668 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

FIG. 5. Weighted values for the different impact categories and chelating agents. For abbre- viations, see Tables 1 and 2. total and final environmental results that were integrated with economic data in the com- plete EEA. DISCUSSION The result of this study indicates that GLDA scores best or second-best in all impact cat- egories except “area use” and “acidification.” However, Table 1 and Figure 5 reveal the small relevance of “area use” in this assessment. Even though GLDA requires more land than its alternatives since it is based on renewable raw materials, the land use is small on an absolute basis and therefore not a key criterion in an environmental assessment of different chelating agents. In fact, in this study, emissions to water is the most important environmental aspect according to the applied weighting methodology, followed by tox- icity, risk potential, and global warming potential. CONCLUSIONS GLDA performs well in all important aspects compared with the other alternatives, mainly because it is based on renewable raw materials and is readily biodegradable. Another advantage of GLDA is that (unlike STPP) it does not give rise to any phosphorus emissions to water and hence the eutrophication potential of GLDA is insignificant. With respect to the toxicity potential, GLDA scores much better than especially NTA, for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenic effects from exposure (= R40 label as defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC). For these reasons it can be concluded that on an equal mass basis GLDA is the most environmentally benign chelating agent. A sen- sitivity analysis also showed that this result is robust with regard to the region (continent) that is chosen for the weighting.

Tobias Borén ([email protected]), Kjerstin Ludvig, and Karin Andersson Halldén are with AkzoNobel Technology & Engineering. Jan Seetz ([email protected]) is technical development manager chelates at AkzoNobel Functional Chemicals. The prece- ding article has been reprinted with permission from AkzoNobel. For more information, visit www.akzonobel.com. Online Registration Opens December 1! http://AnnualMeeting.aocs.org

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Destination: Phoenix, Arizona Allow some time to enjoy the many delights this Sonoran desert playground offers: • the Wrigley Mansion with 24 rooms, 17 bathrooms, and 11 fireplaces • the stunning red rock-rimmed Sedona • Taliesin West, Frank Lloyd Wright's desert home and still-operating design school • plus ghost towns, aVulture mine, one of the largest collections of Native American artifacts and artworks in the country, an upside down river, and, oh, did we mention that ol' Grand Canyon .. . ?

Group tours to some of these destinations will be available to AOCS attendees and guests; others you can venture to on your own. Either way, you can't help but be captivated by the Valley of the Sun's unique charms. We need more members Why should you recruit? like you!

( 1 . Help the Society ) "'Be proactive and get involved with the society!' I vividly recall the words Broadening our membership to include a mentor sternly gave me at my first AOCS meeting while introducing me to related tec hnica l fields in va rious geo­ colleagues and various AOCS staff The warm welcomes and at-home feeling graphic areas allows us new opportuni­ I had was unique to AOCS and convinced me to become involved with the ties for interaction and future business Society. Since then my involvement has provided unique leadership and ventures. This is your Society. Let's make it THE Society for fats, oils, surfactants, mentoring opportunities in addition to helping me establish an international and detergents professionals. network ofco lleagues and friends I've come to depend upon. Within the Society, I obtain timely ( 2. Advance a colleague's career) technical information and sharpen my leadership AOCS is committed to keeping its mem- skills while having the freedom to try out new Help bers up-to-date in th e fields of fats and ideas and to positively contribute to the Society." oils by providing programs and services AOCS JIM KENAR that cultivate their profess ional devel­ USDA ARS NCAUR opment throughout their careers. and help yourself. ( 3. Get money ) Recruit an individual or corporate member, and receive a $25 Start or $50 gift certificate respectively, redeemable toward any AOCS product or service. Make as many copies of the appl i­ recruiting cation* in this issu e as you'd like. There is no limit! today! Recruit five or more full-dues paying members, and receive a comp Iim entary registration to the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo.

Let your recruits know they can also join online at recruit.aocs.org!

*Be sure to w ri te your name on the top of the IPllQ!fli!IQI enclosed application so you will receive the credit. Your Global Fats and Oils Connection Inside AOCS inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 671 Outtakes from the history of AOCS

Memphis was the cotton commerce capital of the United States Editor’s note: To celebrate AOCS’ 100th anniversary, AOCS Cen- at the end of the 19th century. Paquin opened an independent ana- tennial Historian George Willhite chronicled its history with a series lytical laboratory in 1900—one of the first in the nation to spe- of articles in inform. During the research, writing, and revision of cialize in cottonseed products. He became the official chemist for those 12 articles—appearing in inform from April 2008 to April the Memphis Merchants Exchange. The exchange’s trading rules 2009—countless anecdotes and interesting facts failed to make specified Memphis as the settlement point for cottonseed oil trading the final cut each month because of space constraints. Beginning disputes. Paquin conducted analyses, when needed, for arbitra- tion cases. this month, we present the “best of the rest” of his research on He also taught chemistry at the College of Physicians and Sur- the history of AOCS. geons in Memphis in 1908. The next year he bought an analytical laboratory in Galveston, Texas, where he moved. In 1909, the number of US cottonseed oil mills was near its George Willhite all-time high (about 880 cottonseed oil mills were recorded in the 1914 US Census of agriculture), and they crushed approximately FELIX PAQUIN 3.3 million tons (3.0 million metric tons) of cottonseed annually. Today there are fewer than 40, crushing a slightly lower tonnage. AOCS’ founding pres- Thus, he was a logical “president pro tem” for the fledgling ident Felix Paquin did organization he helped found. not plan to become a chemist. FRANK NEWELL Paquin was born December 17, 1865, in SMALLEY St. Andrews, Québec, Frank Smalley—founder Canada. His father died of AOCS’ check sample while Felix was a boy, program—served as and his mother moved the a US Army nurse in family to Columbia, Mis- the Philippines during souri, USA (for reasons the Spanish-American not yet discovered). War. He also had bad In the late 1880s, handwriting. Paquin enrolled at Mis- He obtained his souri State University in bachelor’s degree from a three-year program, not MIT (Massachusetts in chemistry, but engi- Institute of Technol- neering. He later wrote ogy, Boston) about the in a biographical sketch that he left college “due to bad health time Paquin was com- and a flat purse.” He left to earn some money in railroad siting and pleting his pharmacy construction work during a railroad-building boom in the United studies in St. Louis, in States. US railroad track mileage had tripled between 1870 and the final years of the 19th 1880. But when the boom burst in 1893, Felix went back to school, century. enrolling in a two-year program at the St. Louis College of Phar- Smalley became a teacher at the University of Cincinnati macy when he was 28. (Ohio), where he received his master’s degree in 1898. His first job after graduation was with a biological laboratory, He moved to the University of California to pursue a doctorate. but before long he accepted a position as city chemist in Memphis, But before the end of the school year, the Spanish-American War Tennessee, a half-time position that involved testing water purity, began and Smalley enlisted in the US Army. He served as a chemist testing milk samples (he ordered the arrest of a milkman for deliv- and nurse at Corregidor Island, Manila, the Philippines. ering milk that did not have the required minimum fat content), and After the war (which for Smalley lasted only five months), he similar chores. His autobiographical sketch said that when a small- returned to Framingham, Massachusetts, where his father, H.W. pox epidemic scare arose, “I propagated the necessary vaccine to Smalley, had a firm that manufactured straw hats for “ladies, misses, vaccinate the whole city of Memphis, about 80,000” persons. and children.” Smalley worked there for about two years, then for 672 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

an iron foundry in Rhode Island, and then became a chemist for David Wesson became AOCS’ second president in 1911, when Southern Cotton Oil Co. the society had about 20 members (the total rose to between 30 and Smalley also apparently had poor handwriting. 40 members by the end of the year). It was while Wesson was Theo Rettger, who worked for Smalley at Southern Cotton AOCS president that a Seattle firm began using hydraulic presses Oil, said one time that Smalley left Rettger with a handwritten note to crush imported soybeans, and it may well have been the first of things to be done while Smalley was on a business trip. When commercial soybean crushing activity in the United States. Rettger looked at the note, he couldn’t decipher the writing. After In a 1924 New Year’s greeting published in the Journal of Oil Smalley returned, Rettger handed him the note and said, “I didn’t and Fat Industries (later, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ get these done.” Rettger said Smalley looked at the note, crumpled Society [JAOCS]), Wesson noted that when AOCS was formed, it up, and said, “I can’t read the damn thing myself.” “The discussion of broad chemical principles as applied to our Smalley was AOCS president in 1913, when there were about industry was considered high treason by the manufacturing inter- 40 members. That also was the year in which the first colonial ests; therefore our mutual efforts were confined to the improvement oilseed mill in the United States—in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania— of analytical methods, to the great advantage of the industry. Now closed down. The plant had first crushed linseed in 1745. that the analytical baby has happily grown into a big boy and has The 1921 AOCS meeting was the last Smalley attended. After changed his name to the American Oil Chemists’ Society, let us an elective operation in Boston (I have been unable to discover all pull together and make the society helpful to all of us and keep what type of operation was being done), Smalley developed peri- our profession on the highest plane.” tonitis and died on August 15, 1921. In another commentary, he had noted that at AOCS meetings many attendees would attend sessions hoping to learn as much as DAVID WESSON possible but not contribute much about their own operations. But David Wesson—whose later in the evening, when everyone had spent a few hours talking name survives on super- in the bars, tongues loosened and as tales were compared, everyone market shelves that learned that they had all been trying similar routes to better results stock ConAgra’s Wesson and, in listening to each other, found new ways to proceed. Oil—left the fats and oils Wesson apparently also was the person most responsible for industry for five years to the crossed-flask drawing that was AOCS’ logo for many years. The manufacture bicycles. symbol first appeared on the program for the 12th annual meeting Wesson grew up in during May 1921 in Chicago. F.B. Porter, in his president’s address Brooklyn, New York, and at that meeting, said, “Dr. Wesson, with the help of others, has sup- attended the Polytechnic plied us with the design for our stationery, a copy of which you will Institute in Brooklyn. He find on the cover of our program.” The logo was used through 1984, received his bachelor’s when it was updated for the 75th anniversary celebration. degree in 1883 at MIT, followed by a post-grad Look for part two of this article in next month’s issue of inform. assistantship there. In 1884, Wesson joined the N.K. Fairbank & Co. of Chicago, which George Willhite, AOCS’ centennial historian, retired from AOCS in had been purchased in 2002 after 27 years as a member of its publications staff. He is 1875 by American Cotton Oil. In 1930, Wesson wrote that “I was an honorary member of AOCS. He can be contacted via e-mail at employed as a cub chemist to analyze soaps for the new factory [email protected]. which had just started.” That’s where he first began working on cot- tonseed oil, of which he wrote, “I had hardly heard of cottonseed oil CLASSIFIED before this time. Nothing had been said about it at the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, from which I had just escaped.” Employment Specialty Services A few years later, Fairbank was absorbed by W.J. Wilcox Lard and Refining Co., and in 1890, Wesson was transferred to a plant in If you are looking for a qualified candidate to fill a position New Jersey. He left the company five years later to open a bicycle at your company or are an individual interested in changing factory in Cortland, New York, which, from 1895 to 1900, produced a current situation, Employment Specialty Services (ESS) the Loyal brand of bicycles. There’s no record of why he chose to can confidentially and economically help. manufacture bicycles or why he established his facility in Cortland, but there is a university there. ESS, with its excellent knowledge of the fats and oils indus- Wesson, however, may have run the bicycle operation to make try and personnel, will strengthen your organization or money while retaining his interest in fats and oils, for he formed further your career. the Wesson Process Co. in Cortland and maintained a chemistry laboratory there. Contact: Stan Smith It was during these five years in Cortland that he developed his Phone: 401-722-6037 winterizing process, which led, in 1900, to his becoming technical Fax: 401-722-9686 director for the Southern Cotton Oil Co. Wesson was with that firm E-mail: employstan@ aol.com until he died in 1934, serving as technical advisor after 1920.

Your Global Fats and Oils Connection

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www.aocs.org/store TO ORDER Offer expires November 16, 2009 Phone: + 1-2 1 7-693-4803 Fax: + 1-2 1 7-693-4847 Mention Promo Code BOM1009 when ordering to receive discount. Email: [email protected] Health & Nutrition inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10) 675 Obesity and immune functions Two new studies connect the immune system with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

David Cameron produce insulin. In contrast, type 2 diabetes is a strictly metabolic condition in which cells grow increasingly “deaf” to insulin signals Crack open the latest medical textbook to the and thus lose their ability to metabolize glucose. In both cases, glucose content mounts in the blood, at times to fatal levels. chapter on type 2, or adult-onset, diabetes, and But it is becoming increasingly clear that we should also think you will be hard-pressed to find the term “immu- of type 2 diabetes in the context of immune function, Harvard sci- entists assert. nology” anywhere. This is because metabolic con- Guo-Ping Shi, a biochemist from the Department of Medi- ditions and immunologic conditions are, with a few cine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, exceptions, distant cousins. began to suspect such a connection when, in a previous study, he found mast cells present in a variety of inflammatory vascu- However, a group of papers that appeared in Nature Medicine, lar diseases. two of which are from Harvard Medical School (HMS; Boston, Mast cells are immune cells that facilitate healing in wounded Massachusetts, USA) researchers, have linked type 2 diabetes with tissue, primarily by increasing blood flow to the site. However, in immunology in a way that might persuade leading researchers to certain conditions, mast cells build up to levels far beyond what the start viewing them as siblings. body needs. As a result, these cells become unstable and eventu- In the first study (Nature Medicine 15:940–945, 2009), ally, like punctured trash bags, leak molecular “garbage” into the researchers used two common over-the-counter allergy medica- tissue. This can result in chronic inflammation that causes asthma tions to reduce both obesity and type 2 diabetes in mice. The med- and certain allergies. ications, called Zaditor® and cromolyn, stabilize a population of As Shi and postdoctoral research fellow Jian Liu discovered, inflammatory immune cells called mast cells. In the second study, mast cells were far more abundant in fat tissue from obese and dia- researchers found that a kind of white blood cell called a regula- betic humans and mice than they were in normal-weight fat tissue. tory T cell, once thought to manage only other white blood cells, This led to an obvious question: by regulating mast cells, could we also acts as a liaison between the metabolic and immune systems— then control the symptoms? in this case, controlling inflammation in fat tissue. Fat tissue from To find out, Shi and colleagues took a group of obese and dia- obese and insulin-resistant mice and people is marked by a dra- betic mice and, for a period of two months, treated them with either matic absence of this cell type, in contrast to an already reported ketotifen fumarate (also called Zaditor) or cromolyn, both over- overabundance in fat tissue of inflammatory immune cells called the-counter allergy drugs. macrophages. “It seems that we’re seeing the emer- gence of a new biomedical discipline: immu- nometabolism,” says HMS professor of pathology Diane Mathis, senior author on one of the papers (Nature Medicine 15:930– 939, 2009). MOLECULAR GARBAGE Type 1 and type 2 diabetes both involve abnor- malities in the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, but their root causes are com- pletely different. Type 1 diabetes is an auto- immune disease in which the immune system attacks the pancreas, destroying its ability to 676 inform October 2009, Vol. 20 (10)

“We knew from published research that both cromolyn and was full of inflammatory macrophages and nearly absent of Tregs, Zaditor help stabilize mast cells in people suffering from allergy normal-weight fat tissue was the diametric opposite. or asthma,” said Shi. “It’s almost as if the drugs place an extra “For immunologists this is very important, because Tregs had layer of plastic on the ripped trash bag. So it seemed like a logical always been thought to control other T cells and that is it,” says place to begin.” Markus Feuerer, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of HMS pro- The mice were divided into four groups. The first was the fessors of pathology Diane Mathis and Christophe Benoist. “But control group; the second group was simply switched to a healthful this is an entirely new concept.” Mathis and Benoist collaborated diet; the third was given cromolyn or ketotifen fumarate; and the on the study with Steven Shoelson, HMS professor of medicine at fourth was both given the drug and switched to a healthful diet. the Joslin Diabetes Center. While symptoms of the second group improved moderately, “I come at this studying the effects of obesity and why it the third group demonstrated dramatic improvements in both body can spread systemically to cause chronic health problems,” says weight and diabetes. The fourth group exhibited nearly 100% Shoelson, an endocrinologist. “It’s possible that the inflamma- recovery in all areas. tion caused by macrophages results in insulin resistance. And it is To bolster these findings, Shi and colleagues then took a more likely, from what we have just seen, that Tregs are keeping group of mice whose ability to produce mast cells was genetically impaired. Despite three months of a diet rich in sugar and fat, these the macrophages in check in normal fat tissue, thus preventing mice neither became obese nor developed diabetes. inflammation.” “The best thing about these drugs is that we know [they are] For over a decade, Tregs have been known as guardians for safe for people,” says Shi. “The remaining question now is: Will the immune system, ensuring that when white blood cells attack this also work for people?” a foreign pathogen they do not become overzealous and harm Shi now intends to test both cromolyn and ketotifen fumarate healthy host tissue in a kind of friendly fire. Malfunctioning Tregs, on obese and diabetic non-human primates. however, have recently been implicated in diseases as diverse as multiple sclerosis and certain cancers. BEYOND FRIENDLY FIRE “Now we’re seeing that Tregs may be needed to prevent met- In findings independent of Shi, researchers at HMS and Joslin Dia- abolic abnormalities as well,” says Mathis. She adds, half joking, betes Center (Boston, USA) discovered that a class of immune “As an immunologist, I always thought that type 2 diabetes was a system cells called regulatory T cells, or Tregs, were abundant in pretty boring condition. After these findings, I’m starting to change the abdominal fat tissue of normal-weight humans and mice but my mind.” were virtually absent in the same tissue from obese and diabetic Both studies were funded by the US National Institutes of humans and mice. Health. Their numbers were inversely correlated with the numbers of a class of inflammatory immune cells, macrophages, in a sense cre- David Cameron is a member of the Harvard Medical School public ating parallel universes of fat. While obese and diabetic fat tissue affairs staff.

FIELD-PORTABLE MASS SPECTROMETERS (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 627) prototype instruments mark an important step toward a field-por- food safety. Researchers are already busy applying DESI-MS to table MS instrument, but these systems are not constructed for several high-profile food safety concerns, such as melamine screen- or rugged enough for constant operation in harsh environments. ing in milk products and bacterial profiling in foodstuffs (for more Recently, ICx Technologies, Inc. (Arlington, Virginia, USA)/ on melamine, see inform 20:563–565, 2009). Griffin Analytical Technologies LLC (West Lafayette, Indiana) has In the essay “Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagina- developed a field-ready mass spectrometer capable of ambient MS tion” in Profiles of the Future (1961), Arthur C. Clarke stated, “Any (Wells et al., 2008). It is the first robust, commercial-grade instru- sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” ment of this kind. Customized DESI-MS ionization sources are While there is still much to do to optimize these instruments, field- also currently available from Prosolia, Inc (Indianapolis, Indiana) portable DESI-MS systems have already been shown capable of for most laboratory-scale, atmospheric inlet mass spectrometers. rapid and routine analysis of traditionally difficult samples. Commercialization of technologies like those of ICx/Griffin and Prosolia is a key milestone in making this technique available to scientists and practitioners in all fields of science. Christopher C. Mulligan is an assistant professor It is exciting to think of the impact that DESI-capable, field- in analytical chemistry at Illinois State University portable systems could have in the near future, as they are well (Normal, USA). His current research involves the suited for law enforcement and corrections, forensics, and home- design and application of portable mass spectromet- land security. The robust nature of the technique suggests it could ric instrumentation, with specific interest in method be applicable to future threats and samples of interest. This technol- development for homeland and travel security, food ogy could also have an immediate impact on industrial hygiene and safety, forensic science, and environmental monitor- quality control, and the ability to directly analyze consumable prod- ing. Contact him at [email protected]. ucts as they are being made, imported, or sold could revolutionize

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