1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13113 S. 628. An act to d_irect the Secretary of the case of veterans suffering from Hansen's dis­ SENATE Army to convey certain property located at ease (leprosy); Boston Neck, Narragansett, Washington H. R. 471. An act relating to the retired TUESDAY, Ju-LY 8, 1958 County, R. 1., to the State of Rhode Island; pay of certain retired officers of the Armed . S. 1901. An act to amend section 401 of the Forces;

STANDARDS FOR ISSUANCE OF AGRICULTURAL ACT OF 1958- PASSPORTS AMENDMENT STUDY OF COJiil'FLICT-OF-INTEREST - LAWS BY NEW YORK CITY BAR Mr. GREEN. Mr. President, by re­ Mr. TALMADGE submitted an amend­ ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE quest, I introduce, for appropriate ref-­ ment, intended to be proposed by him, to erence, a -bill to provide standards for the the bill CS. 4071) to provide more effec­ Mr. IVES. Mr. President, lately there issuance of passports by the Secretary of tive price, production adjustment, and has beeh considerable discussion about States. This bill was transmitted to the marketing programs for various agricul­ the necessity for study of the so-called Congress by the Secretary of State to · tural commodities, which was ordered to conflict-of-interest laws of the Federal carry out the recommendations made by lie on the table, and to be printed. Government. the President in his message to the Con­ Mr. JORDAN submitted an amend­ I believe it should be known that a gress of July 7, 1958, on the subject of ment, intended to be proposed by him distinguished bar association in my home passport legislation. to Senate bill 4071, supra, which was State, the Association of the Bar of the The Committee on Foreign Relatiqns ordered to lie on the table and be printed. City of New York, saw the necessity for will hold hearings oh this subject on July this kind of study over a year ago, and 16 and 17. I understand Deputy Under obtained a grant of $47,500 from the Secretary of State Robert Murphy will INCREASED USE OF AGRICULTURAL Ford Foundation to undertake such a make a presentation for the executive PRODUCTS FOR INDUSTRIAL PUR­ study. In May of this year a distin­ branch. A number of private witnesses POSES-AMENDMENT guished committee was appointed by the and representatives of national organi­ Mr. CURTIS submitted an amendment, president of the association. The com­ zations are scheduled to testify. It is my intended to be proposed by him, to the mittee consists of 10 lawyers from differ­ hope that information will be presented bill (S. 4100) to provide for the increased ent parts of the country, almost all of to the committee covering every aspect use of agricultural products for indus­ whom have had experience in high office of the subject of passports, including the trial purposes, which was ordered to lie in the Federal Government. The com­ relationship of passports to foreign rela­ on the table, and to be printed. mittee is strictly bipartisan, and has tions, individual civil rights, internal se­ members who served under both Demo­ curity, and economic policy. It is further cratic and Republican administrations. my hope that all witnesses will address TECHNICAL CHANGES IN FEDERAL I am informed by the -chairman of the themselves to the various bills on the EXCISE-TAX LAWS-AMENDMENT committee that it has already begun its subject which have been introduced in work, and this summer will complete the Congress, whether or not pending be­ Mr. MARTIN of Iowa (for himself and what perhaps will be the most exhaustive fore the Committee on Foreign Relations. Mr. HICKENLOOPER) SUbmitted an amend­ legal research ever done on the subject If action on passport legislation is to be ment, intended to be proposed by them, of the conflict-of-interest laws. Com­ completed during this session it would be jointly, to the bill CH. R. 7125) to make mencing in the fall, the committee pro­ most helpful to the committee to have technical changes in the Federal excise­ poses to examine all phases of the oper­ the comments of interested persons on tax laws, and for other purposes, which ation of the statutes in practice, and the many legislative proposals which was referred to the Committee on Fi­ will then consider proposals for their have been made. nance, and ordered to be printed. possible change, if found advisable. I wish to make clear that I am not en­ In order that the Congress may be dorsing the bill which I am now intro­ IMPROVEMENT OF ALASKA HIGH­ aware of the existence of this committee, ducing, nor any other bill on the subject. I ask unanimous consent to have printed WAY-ADDITIONAL COSPONSOR I desire that the executive branch bill be in the body of the RECORD the text of the before our committee in order that we OF BILL press release issued by the Association may hear informed opinion on it. We Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, on of the Bar of the City of New York on the shall also be receiving comments on other July 2, I introduced the bill

planning given by Mr. Judson King, and 2. Policies and procedures employed in the on~, the extent to which antirecession by him transmitted to the President of management of the public debt and the effect thereof on credit, interest rates and the actwn should take into account the dan· the United States, members of his Cabi­ Nation's economy and welfare; and' ger of further inflation. net, persons in the executive depart· 3. Factors which influence the availability . Because the general problem of infla­ ments, and Members of Congress. and distribution of credit and interest rates tion ran through all the hearings, it has Mr. King rendered great service to his thereon as they apply to public and private naturally become the central theme of country; and I, along with my colleagues debt.3 these. reports. In fact, I am convinced deplore his passing. ' that It ?as become our basic, long-time Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, I The list of witnesses, both last year and this, was an imposing one. Last year economic problem, and that until we, suggest the absence of a quorum. as a people, understand the danger it The PRESIDING OFFICER. The George M. Humphrey and Randolph Burgess, then Secretary and Under Sec­ creates and take the necessary steps to Secretary will call the roll. stamp it out, we cannot count on a fu­ The legislative clerk proceeded to call retary of the Treasury, respectively were the main witnesses; and Federal R~serve ture of sound growth and prosperity. the roll. The committee gathered a great vari­ Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, I Boar~ Chairman William McChesney Martm also appeared. This year the ety of material on the general nature ask unanimous consent that the order of the problem of inflation. I shall be· for the quorum call be dispensed with. committee heard from elder statesman Berpard Baruch; Marriner S. Eccles, gin by reviewing this background infor .. The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ m~tion. Without such a review, it seems out objection, it is so ordered. former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board; William McChesney Martin ~omtless to consider the separate, basic again; Profs. Sumner Slichter and Sey­ Issues developed at the hearings. THE PROBLEM OF INFLATION mour Harris, of Harvard University; and To me, the most serious aspect of in­ flation is the moral one. Inflation is Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, the Dean Charles Abbott, of the University of Virginia, in that order. essentially a process by which someone Senate Finance Committee recently attempts to get something for nothing completed its hearings on the financial In ~ddition to verba-l testimony, the committee sent a list of 17 questions on a disguised form of theft, in which th~ condition of the United States. The poor and helpless are the first victims sessions, held from June 18 through basic economic questions to outstanding economists, businessmen, and public but which can eventually engulf a whol~ August 19 last year and during April of economy. It is a narcotic which pro­ this year, were intended to be the first leaders. Replies have been received­ and published-from the presidents of duces the illusion of prosperity and full-dress examination of our fiscal and growth, and conceals the real damage. monetary policies since the one con­ the 12 Federal Reserve banks, the presi­ dents of 28 United States corporations, The committee devoted little or no time ducted by the Aldrich Monetary Com­ to this aspect of the problem, probably mission in 1908. As a member of the 12 trade association leaders, and 17 economists. The questionnaire was also ·because most of its members are in agree· committee, I sat through almost every ment that inflation is an evil whether session of the hearings and heard most sent to veterans' organizations and to labor leaders John L. Lewis and George it be judged on moral or on 'economic of the testimony. grounds. Instead, most of the time was II_l the absence of a formal report, Meany, but they did not respond. It is interesting to note that the two aevoted to the definition and mechanics I Wish to present my own personal im­ of inflation. pressions of the material presented to sessions of the hearings, last year and the committee and the ideas developed this, were held under entirely different In its search for information in this economic conditions. The ~ setting last field, ·the committee literally began at in the questioning. I do this in the be­ the beginning. Throughout the entire lief that the material covered in these year was one of inflation, characterized hearings should" be of interest to every by full utilization of the labor force and course of the hearings, the committee Member of the Senate. The hearings a capital goods boom. Since that time sought to find a workable definition of shed light on some of the most basic we have experienced a business down­ inflation. Most of the witnesses were turn, characterized by·a slump in private asked for, or volunteered, a definition. problems of our economy' problems with .In· addition, a request for a definition which we in Congress are concerned capital investment and some unemploy- ment. . was included among the questions sent every day, and which affect every per­ to business and university economists son in the United States. Rather than In setting for itself the problem of in­ and to the presidents of the Federal Re· summarize these hearings in one long vestigating so many aspects of the finan­ serve banks. The committee never at· statement, I shall make several, of which cial condition of the United States the tempted to make a final selection from this is the first. committee left the door open for a' dis­ all the answers; but I think it probably The purpose of .the study was out­ cussion of a wide variety of issues. true that by the end of the hearings the lined by the chairman of the committee Therefore, it is not surprising that vir­ simplest of all the definitions gained the the Senator from Virginia [Mr. BYRDj :tu~lly every question or topic bearing most acceptance; namely, that inflation in his introductory .comments last year: on the Nation's finances was encountered is simply a general rise in prices. . To study_ the existing credit and ·interest and disc'lissed. Nevertheless, in review­ In looking over all the definitions of situation and; more important, : inflation ing the printed record, I have been im· ~nflation suggested at the hearings, I am which has started again with its ominous pressed by the fact that running .through Impressed by the fact that many of the threat .to fiscal solvency, sound money, and all the cjiscussions was a single unifying witnesses agreed that inflation is ba· individual welfare. * * • This committee thread: namely, the prob'Iem of inflation. can never lose sight of. the fact that the sically a phenomenon of money. For .. During last . summer's sessions, when example, Mr. Baruch defined inflation Government's integrity · depends . upon a prices were rising .fairly rapidly and most stable currency • · • * .1 as an abnormal and disproportionate in· It is the committee's purpose to conduct of our resources were fully utilized, mucli crease of money and credit in relation to an objective examination to clarify the situa­ of the discussion . centered around two the production of goods and services. tion and be helpful in the effort to avoid questions: First, how could inflation be At ?ther times during the hearings, in­ further inflat!on, and to establish sound stopped; second, was the anti-inflation­ :tlatwn was defined as a· :flow ·of spend· fiscal principles flexible enough to meet pos­ ary action then being taken necessary sible recess10ns a-s well as increasing pros­ ings in excess of ·the flow of goods and p3rity.3 or harmful? Concern over inflation did services; or too much money for the not diminish during the hearings this goods ·and services offered, or too many The study as announced ·was to ex­ spring, despite the business downturn dollars chasing too few goods. On the amine: and a slowing down of the rate of the other }:land, it should, also· be noted that 1. The revenue, bonded indebtedness and . price rise. A scrutiny. of. the testimony inflation was described by some witnesses interest rates on all public obligation~, in­ - and questioning during these later ses· as being a result of pressure on costs, cluding contingent liabilities; · sions will indicate that the major issues particularly wage pressures. Thus, Pro .. were, first; whether the anti-inflationary fessor Slichter, of Harvard, rejected the 1 Investigation of the li'inancial Condition of the United States, hearings before the policy of 1957 was primarily responsible monetary definition ·as inaccurate, and Committee on Finance, United st·ates Senate· for the cur~·ent business downtw·n; sec- added that the recession is helping the 85th Cong., pp. 1-3. · · · ' public see more clearly than ever that ' Ibid., p. 5 • a Ibid., p. 1. 1·ising wages are a ·principal cause of 13130. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 8 rising prices.• Similarly, Dr. Abbott, ness decisions are made within a frame.. prices, will ask for larger wage increases (or dean of the graduate school of business work of price stability; and that the prin- insist on escalator clauses) when they see administration, of the University of Vir­ JCipal beneficiaries of inflation in the that their wage rises are swallowed up by ginia, emphasized that our current prob­ business world are speculators and rising prices. Hence soon the price creep will lem is a wage-push inflation. gamblers. Also, by destroying the use of become a trot and the trot a gallop. This is money as a store of value, inflation stimu- simply an application of the homely truth Personally, I believe it is possible to­ that while you may fool all people some of oversimplify the statement of any spe .. lates the production of other items which the time and some (though not the same) cific cause of inflation. For that reason, can serve the same function. Thus, we people all the time, you cannot fool all pea­ I was impressed with the statement on must devote a part of our energies to the pie all the time. the inflationary process, which was made production of articles which we would It has been objected to that argument by Chairman Martin, of the Board of not have needed in the absence of infla- that a galloping inflation is impossible in Governors, in his appearance before the tion. A good current example is the con- the ·un:ited States. I am inclined to accept centration of investment in partly filled this proposition, but I submit that it misses committee last summer. It was supple­ the point. Why is galloping inflation im- mented by an excellent account of infla .. 0 mce and apar t ment buildings in some possible? Because the Federal Reserve will tionary processes, given by Mr. Edward Latin American countries-which capital keep money sutnciently tight to prevent infla­ Wayne, first vice president of the Federal is withheld from productive industry. tion from galloping away. But what the Reserve Bank of Richmond. Neither of Finally, a creeping inflation must, in advocates of creeping inflation overlook is these presentations attempted to attrib .. the absence of specific controls or other that after a while the mere attempt to keep ute the blame for inflation to one specific unwarranted interference by Govern- inflation at a creeping pace (to prevent the ment, become a runaway inflation. Even creep from becoming a trot or a canter) element. As Chairman Martin pointed will be suffering [sic] to bring about un­ out: the inflat ionists fear this. When the employment and depression. This is after Inflation is a process in which rising costs times comes that a majority of the peo- all what happened last year. The advocates and prices mutually interact upon each other ple throw up their hands in resignation of creeping inflation themselves blame the over time with a spiral effect. At the same and accept the inevitability of rising tight-money: policy for the present depres­ time, demand must always be sufficient to prices, inflation will immediately cease to sian. I personally would say that it was a keep the spiral moving.G creep, for just as soon as those who have contributing factor-but let me, for argu­ a stake in inflation can be absolutely ment's sake, accept the proposition that it Although they were greatly concerned certain that society has become resigned was the main cause. Then it is indeniable with the causes of inflation, the commit­ that a policy which held the inflation at a tee members spent very little time on to the process, we see the inevitable de- creep-it did not do more than that­ questions having to do with its conse .. velopment o'f a completely destructive brought on unemployment and depression. quences. It is precisely here that its wage-price spiral. Said Ralph J. Cor- If money had been less right, prices would greatest danger lies. All of us are against diner, president of General Electric, in obviously have risen even faster. Sooner or it in theory, as we are against sin; but in his reply to the committee.: later the price rise had to be stopped or practice some of us think we can profit If creeping inflation were accepted as a slowed down. It should be observed that if permanent feature of American economic it had been stopped by fiscal measures (tax by it. Too often Pope's lines on vice can life, it would not create jobs; it would only increases or lower Government expenditures) also be used as an accurate description feed on itself in a rising spiral of costs and as some experts had recommended, the reac- of our attitude towarq inflation. tion would have been the same. In that re­ prices. To accept creeping inflation, instead spect monetary and fiscal policies are not dif­ Vice is a monster of so !rightful mien, of using every possible means to combat it, ferent in their operation. If demand is con- As to be hated needs but to be seen; would be to apply to our economy the - Yet seen too oft, familiar with her !ace, greatest of all inflationary pressures-the trolled either by monetary or fiscal measures We first endure, then pity, then embrace. pressure of inflation psychology. Expecting and wages continue to be pushed up, the continued price increases, businesses and in- consequence must be unemployment.7 It is a simple fact that inflation results dividuals would have a continuing incentive When I say there seemed to. be gen­ in a transfer of economic resources. Per­ to spend their money before its value de- eral agreement over the proposition that haps in theory we can imagine a situa­ . preciated further, and would thus be tempted inflation is a situation which must be tion in which as prices rise, all incomes into a flight from money. The inadequate rise at precisely the correct rate, and all volume of purchasing characteristic of the avoided, I do not mean to be understood money contracts change to just the right current recession would be replaced by an as saying that there was total agreement degree, so no loss is suffered by anyone. incl'easingly excessive rate of spending, with on the degree to which it should be But in real life, such a situation does not, far more destructive effects. The volume of avoided. For example, the testimony of savings would continually diminish, cutting Professors HalTis and Slichter quite and could not, exist. There is simply no off the only real source of investment funds. clearly indicated only slight concern way to avoid the fact that in an inflation­ The efforts of businesses to continue expand- fl ary process, some gain, on net balance, ing the volume of production and improving over in ation so long as the rate was while others lose; and the losers are those the attractiveness of their products, so as to slow. In addition, questioning by some least able to protect themselves or to maintain high levels of employment, would of the members of the committee sug­ make their voices heard : pensioners, require continued expansion of money and gested a similar attitude. I shall ex­ savers, white-collar workers, small-busi­ credit. Thus the inflationary spiral and the pect to discuss this issue in more detail ness men, the great body of unorganized profitless prosperity would be accelerated later. workers. One great trouble is that the toward inevitable collapse.o To return now to the consideration of transfer is involuntary. Resources are Professor Haberler, of Harvard Univer- the general nature of inflation as it was literally stolen from those who have no sity, had this to say regarding the dan- developed during the hearings, I must way of protecting themselves, and they gerous creeping inflation: say that one of the most significant con- are left without any claim to future out­ I admit that the present method of wage elusions I drew from the testimony is put, or even the satisfaction of knowing fixing and the attitude of the powerful trade that inflation today as a problem is a that, if the levy had been in the form of unions, which expect every year a large wage great and increasing threat to our econ­ a tax, others would also be sharing the rise exceeding the average annual increase of omy, with several new aspects. burden. labor productivity, poses a serious dilemma. I do not mean that the present infla- But the problem cannot be solved by ac- t• •t If If the only consequence of inflation quiescing in a continuous rise in prices. IOn 1 se is of some hitherto unknown were the slow, but insidious, transfer of The trouble is that when prices rise by only variety, but, rather, that the conditions resources from one group to another, 2 or 3 percent per year for a few years in under which we must combat inflation some of us might possibly resign our­ succession, more and more people become today are very different than anything selves to the process, and might provide alarmed and take steps to protect themselves. we have faced before in this. country. for relief, by way of legislation, for those The labor unions themselves, whose policy is The conclusion that our present in.;, affected by it. But inflation has other largely responsible for the continuing rise in flation is dangerous was reinforced, iii consequences. It provides a misdirected • . - my opinion, by the testimony of Bernard stimulus for business. Anyone who has Investigation of the Financial Condition Baruch In th m·d t of b · of the United States, comments of Executives · e 1 s a us1ness been In business knows that sound busi- of Corporations in Response to the Ques- downturn, When he COUld easily have tionnaire of the Committee on Finance, been expected to direct his attention to­ 4 Ibid, pp. 1842-1843. United States Senate, 85th Cong., ch. 2 p. ' Ibid, pp. 1262-1263. 197. ' 7 Ibid., ch. 5, p. 624. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13131 ward other matters, Mr. Baruch made increases. This development was cited of the 1930's would be resumed in the the fiat statement: by most of the committee's witnesses. post-war period. Unfortunately the goal Infiation, gentlemen, is the most important For example, Dean Abbott noted that of price stability was not included in the economic fact of our time-the single great· wage increases in excess of productivity objectives of the act, and because this est peril to our economic health.8 "'push up prices when, as is the case in was not done, the act seems to have had this country, there is a flexible money the effect of requiring the Government I think it is important that we look 11 behind this statement to see why in­ supply." Professor Slichter also took · to act more vigorously when prices need flation remains our No. 1 problem. note of this situation, as did former to be raised, and less vigorously, if at Chairman of the Board of Governors of all, when prices need to be lowered. As If there is one thing which stands out above all else with respect to our recent the Federal Reserve, Marriner Eccles, Dean Abbott put it: history, it is the persistency of inflation who said: It seems clear that both these objectives The main cause of rising prices has been (maximum employment and price stability) and inflationary pressures. This devel­ the use which labor union monopolies are will not be achieved so long as one has the opment must reflect the fact that we are making of their power to force up wages and blessing of the Federal Government and the now facing new economic problems, for, numerous costly fringe benefits far in excess otiler does not.12 contrary to some opinions, this country of increased productivity.1o has not had a continuing and persistent Another facet of the changed role of inflationary condition until recently. I There are several other aspects of this Government is the large place which was happy to see this point developed by problem which, I believe, warrant notice. Government expenditures occupy in the Chairman Martin during his question­ Foi· example, it is important to note that stream of our total national expendi­ ing by the Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. if organized labor were required to de­ ture. Because so much Government KERR]. Mr. Martin placed in the rec­ pend only on its bargaining power to spending is of a nature which cannot ord information on prices which reveal force wage increases in excess of pro­ easily be changed, a business downturn that over the period from 1800 to 1930,· ductivity, the program would eventually always results in disproportionately lower the trend of prices was generally down­ fail. That is to say, costs and.prices can tax receipts, and automatically produces ward. In other words, during the major be pushed up only so far before the pub­ a substantial Government deficit. On portion of the life of this Nation we have lic would become um.ble to purchase all the other hand, during periods of pros­ had stable or declining prices. I refer the output and there would be resulting perity in which inflationary pressures my colleagues to page 1938 of part 6 of unemployment. Recognizing this, much may be strong, it is difficult for the Gov­ the hearings. of organized labor has placed itself ernment to have much of a surplus, since Although we did not have a persistent squarely in the camp of the new infla­ there are always strong pressures for still tionists, supporting monetary programs larger Government expenditures of tax inflationary problem during· the most of reductions. our history, I do not mean to imply that which will validate higher wages. Thus we had no problems at all. The basic we have a two-pronged attack on price The third factor in our new inflation­ difficulty was that the price Jevel changed stability on the part of organized labor: ary problem is in many ways the most too suddenly and swiftly-first in one and I think that we have perhaps paid important, for it relates to the public at­ direction, and then in another. The er­ less attention to labor's devotion to in­ titudes which, in a democracy, ulti­ ratic movement of prices was terribly flation than we should have done. mately determine our course of action. serious. On some occasions price in­ I do not wish to give the impression To put it plainly, inflation seems to be creases and consequent declines were so that n:l the blame for the wage-price becoming acceptable. We had several sharp as to stimulate the wildest and l;;piral must rest with organized labor. illustrations of this attitude during the most reckless kind of economic activity. Industry pricing policies and attitudes hearings held by the Committee on Fi­ When this happened long periods of de­ must also carry their part of the re­ nance. For example, Professor Slichter pression and economic distress always sponsibility. As Mr. Eccles pointed out: argued that inflation-as long as it pro­ followed and we had panics, of which Business generally has been willing to ceeded at a slow rate-was not a ·par­ the years 1373 and 1093 are tragic ex­ grant excessive demands of labor r ather than ticularly worrisome problem. As he put f ace a strike, so long as it was able to pass on it: amples. to the public the increased costs.n It is noteworthy that during those pe­ · I do not think it is very dangerous. I Also, we must recognize that some think we are likely to have it and I think it riods prior to 1930 when we had price is an important problem, but I would not stability-and there were a number of business firms, because of their dominant use that expression "very dangerous." I such periods-as well as during some of positions, have the power to set prices would describe it as unfortunate.1a the periods in which the price level which, within limits, are not imme­ drifted downwards, this Nation enjoyed diately subject to traditional competi­ Professor Harris went even further a remarkable rate of economic growth. tive forces. when he appeared before the committee Today we hear much loose talk about It goes without saying that the entire indicating that he would be more or les~ the necessary relationship between in­ question of the relationship between content with a slow inflation so long as flation and growth, as if we needed the wages and prices deserves more atten­ there was a larger proportional increase first in order to have the s eo cond. I chal­ tion than I can give it today. I am con­ in output. His words were: lenge any one -to find any period in the cerned only with the development of I would be very happy with a 1-percent rise history of this country when we had· relatively new factors which have made of prices and a 5-percent rise in output.14. price stability which was not accom­ inflation a major problem, and one such On another occasion he made it clear panied by substantial economic growth. factor is the rise in the economic power that he was unconcerned over the loss If it is true-as I believe it to be-that of organized labor, unchecked by the we are today facing the old problem of traditional rules applied to business.· which will be suffered by savers in infla­ inflation in a new and more dangerous This is a most significant new develop­ tion when he said: setting, let us see what this setting con­ ment. I wouldn't be unhappy about a 1-percent sists of. In the first place there is the Second among the factors contributing inflation, even if it does, say over 40 years, wipes out 50 percent of your savings, as it role of organized labor, a factor not pres­ to our new inflationary problem is the would.16 ent to any important degree before the changed role of Government. In many 1930's, and which has only become really quarters the Employment Act of 1946 I might remark that although such a significant since World War II. Because is interpreted as a virtual commitment development might not make Professor of the growth in size and power of labor on the part of the Federal Government Harris unhappy, the same cannot be said unions, we are now faced with continu­ to undertake expansionary programs at for the millions who depend on fixed in­ ous upward pressure on wage costs and the first sign of a downturn. The act comes, many of them already at mini­ thus prices, regardless of productivity quite naturally reflected the fears of mum levels. I · am reminded of a remark many people that the long depression 8 Investigation of the financial conditions 12 Ibid., p. 2062. of the United States, hearings before the • Ibid., p. 2061. :ta Ibid., p. 1844. Committee on Finance, United States Senate. 1o Ibid., p. 1695. u Ibid., p. 2030. 85t h Cong., p. 1635. 11 Ibid., p . 1695. 15 Ibid., p . 2038. 13132 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 8 made recently by Malcolm Bryan, pt·esi­ follow that one also is willing to accept The PRESIDING OFFICER. The dent of the Federal Reserve Bank of At­ inflation as a permanent fact of our eco­ Senator from Utah. lanta: nomic life. If a policy of active or permissive inflation As I come near the end of this opening is to be a fact, then we can secure the shreds statement, I realize that I have not given PUBLIC PAPERS OF THE PRESI­ of our self-respect only by announcing the a complete list of all the factors which DENTS OF THE UNITED $TATES policy. This is the least of the canons of have appeared in recent years to give the decency that should prevail. We should have old problem of inflation a new face. One Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, the the decency to say to the money saver, "Hold which was raised by some witnesses, and first volume of an extremely valuable, still, little fish. All we intend to do is gut worthwhile new series of books entitled you." partially developed in limited question­ ing, referred to the role of the modern "Public Papers of the Presidents of the The importance of this changing atti­ financial intermediaries outside the United States" has just been published tude toward inflation was reflected in banking system; savings and loan asso­ by the National Archives and Records many ways during the course of the ciations, insurance companies, and fi­ Service of the General Services Admin­ hearings. I am sure that I do injustice nance companies. Dr. Abbott described istration. This series of great historical to no one when I say that the Federal these generally as "important financing import, was begun in response to a rec­ Reserve Board was quite severely criti­ institutions often governmentally spon­ ommendation by the National Historical cized by some of the Senators during the sored, not subject to the credit policies Publications Commission that the pub­ questioning last summer. Many of these or influence of the Reserve System." 11 lic papers of the Presidents be published criticisms reflected legitimate differences Dr. Abbott also called our attention to in annual, indexed volumes. of opinion, but it was, nevertheless, the problem created by the fact that a The first volume, designated ''Dwight quite apparent that in the eyes of some large segment of the huge Federal debt D. Eisenhower, 1957," contains tran­ members of the committee the major has found lodgment in the banking scripts of all Presidential news con­ fault of the Federal Reserve Board was system. · ferences held during the year, speeches, that it was even attempting to fight the In other statements like this, I plan messages to the Congress, and other ma­ inflationary price rise which was then to discuss the role of the Federal Reserve terials issued as White House releases. occurring, using the only means at its Board in dealing with inflation through To be more specific, in this first volume disposal. It is significant, also, that dur­ its responsibility for monetary policy, there are 251 items comprising formal ing the most recent committee sessions the effects on inflation of the policies of addresses to the Congress, joint state­ the only criticism which we heard from organized labor, and the impact of the ments with heads of state, radio, and these same people with respect to the present recession on the continuing infla­ television messages to the people, state­ present policy of monetary ease now be­ tion. ments covering subjects of interest to ing followed by the Federal Reserve is As I conclude this, the first statement, the Nation-indeed, to the whole world. that it had not gone far or fast enough. I want to say again, that the one thing Also included are remarks of welcome Thus, we had the ironic situation of that concerns me above all others is the made to visiting dignitaries; toasts to hearings, held to determine what could apparent belief on the part of so many Queen Elizabeth, President Diem, and be done to stop inflation, which devoted Americans that "easy money" which en­ others; and the famous Cracker Barrel a large part of the time to criticism of a courages "easy debt" is a sound and con­ letter. There is dignity, wisdom, hu­ responsible agency which was attem'pting structive policy. Those who are at­ mor in this book. It is one to be proud to do exactly that. tracted by this idea denounce any at­ of; one that will grow increasingly valu­ The increasing acceptability of infla­ tempt to control inflation by restraining able with the years. tion, or the opposition to any anti-infla­ the too rapid growth of the money sup­ This series will continue with Presi­ tionary program, was also illustrated by ply, particularly if it coincides with the dential papers published annually in the frequent discussion during the hear­ heady exuberance of an inflationary future years. Publication of similar ings of the question of the compatibility boom. The resulting recession is then volumes covering years prior to 1957 will of a policy of price stability and a policy blamed on the restraint, which actually also be undertaken from time to time of maximum employment. For my own had dulled its potential damage, rather after consultation with the National His­ part, I am of the firm opinion that the than on the boom, which had made reces­ torical Publications Commission. two goals are not only compatible, but go sion inevitable. The first extensive compilation of the hand in hand; that we cannot have one The sad fact is that inflation is no eco­ messages and papers of the Presidents without the other. I would agree, for nomic fairy godmother. There is no were published under Congressional au­ example, with former Chairman Eccles, magic in money to produce something for thority between 1896 and 1899 and in­ who said: nothing, and when government creates cluded Presidential materials from 1789 I think they are equally important. • • • money faster than its citizens create to 1897. Since that time there have been I would undertake to maintain a stable econ­ value, it does not create wealth, it only various private compilations but no uni­ omy rather than having runaway inflation form, systematic publication comparable which will wreck employment and produc­ creates inflation, which is the illusion of wealth. While inflation may seem at first to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Or the tion • • • you have got to use such tools as United States Supreme Court Reports. you have through monetary and fiscal policy to provide some people something for to prevent inflation • • • in the long run nothing, it is only transferring value In a foreword to the first volume, Pres­ [this] will create more production and em­ from one group to another, and if con­ ident Eisenhower states: ployment than if you do not do it.tG tinued, eventually robs everyone-even There has been a. long-felt need for an or­ the "smart" boys. derly series of the public papers of the Presi­ I believe that this viewpoint is shared dents. A reference work of this type can be by most of the witnesses and most of the When the American people can cou­ most helpful to scholars and officials of gov­ persons submitting answers to the writ­ rageously face up to the fact that there ernment, to reporters of current affairs and ten questions prepared by the committee. is no such thing as something for noth­ the events of history. Nevertheless, it was quite evident that ing; that there is no real security without The general availability of the official text there were some members of the com­ risk; that money cannot be manipulated of Presidential documents and messages will mittee, ~nd perhaps one or two witnesses, to produce wealth; that there is no sub­ serve a broader purpose. As part of the ex­ who assign a secondary role to the goal of stitute for .human endeavor and indi­ pression of democracy, this series can be a price stability and who believe that any vidual wisdom and responsibility; then, vital factor in tlle maintenance of our indi­ attempt to achieve price stability will and only then can we bring America back vidual freedoms and our institutions of self­ result in frequent or continuous unem­ to economic reality, which in turn will government. ployment. I merely observe that if one put our feet on the path to sound growth . I wish success to the editors of this project, believes that price stability can only be and true prosperity. and I am sure their work through the years achieved at the cost of unemployment That concludes my formal statement, will add strength t9- the ever-growing tradi­ and also believes that maximum employ­ as a partial report on the hearings of tions of the RepubllC•· ment should be the only goal towards the Finance Committee. The planning and editorial work on which we should be striving, it must Mr. President- this series is carried out by the Federal Register Division. Members of Congress 18 Ibid., pp. 1777-1778. 17 Ibid., p. 2064. are entitled to one copy of each volume 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13133 upon application in writing to the Direc­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, this There being no objection, the Senate tor of the Federal Register Division. bill has been cleared on both sides of the proceeded to consider the bill, which Mr. ALLOTT obtained the floor. aisle. It is unanimously reported from had been reported from the Committee Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will the committee. on the Judiciary with amendments, on the Senator from Colorado yield to me This measure is designed to solve a page 2, at the beginning of line 1, to with the understanding that he shall not problem which has arisen in connection strike ·out "been a member of the court" lose the floor? with claims for compensation for death and insert "served as a circuit judge", Mr. ALLOTT. I am very happy to or disability by employees of nonappro­ and in line 12, after the word "has", to yield to the distinguished acting major­ priated fund instrumentalities of the strike out "been a member of the court" ity leader. Armed Forces. and insert "served as a district judge." I ask unanimous consent that an ex­ Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, the planation of the bill be incorporated in bill was passed by the House on the 23d ISSUANCE OF AVIATION REVENUE of May this year. The principal purpose BONDS, AND LAND EXCHANGES, the RECORD at this point as a part of my remarks. I may say in addition that the is to relieve the chief judges of our dis­ TERRITORY OF HAWAH bill is recommended by the executive trict and circuit courts of administrative Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I department. duties when they reach the age of 75. ask unanimous consent that the unfin­ There being no objection, the explana­ The bill also contains a .Senate amend­ ished business be temporarily laid aside tion was ordered to be printed in the ment to the effect that a person must and that the Senate proceed to the con­ RECORD, as follows: have served in a judicial capacity in sideration of Calendar No. 1835, House either a circuit or district court for a EXPLANATION year before he can become a chief judge. bill10347. Existing law requires certain nonappro­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill priated fund instrumentalities of the Armed Any difficulty which may rise with re­ will be stated by title for the informa­ Forces to provide their civilian employees spect to age is taken care of by allow­ tion of the Senate. with insurance covering disability and death. ing the youngest of a group of judges The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (H. R. However, the law provides that such em­ to serve as chief judge until a younger 10347) to amend section 73 (q) of the ployees "shall not be held and considered man can be appointed to the bench. Hawaiian Organic Act; to approve and as employees of the United States for the This subject has had thorough consid­ l'atify joint resolution 32, session laws of purpose of the • • • Federal Employees eration in the Judiciary Committee, and Hawaii, 1957, authorizing the issuance Compensation Act." Ordinarily, employees not subject to the the bill is unanimously reported. of $14 million in aviation revenue bonds; Federal Employees Compensation Act may The PRESIDING OFFICER. The to authorize certain land exchanges at have their.death and disability claims adju­ question is on agreeing to the committee Honolulu, Oahu, T. H., for the develop­ dicated by the appropriate State compensa­ amendments. ment of the Honolulu airport complex; tion commission. In this instance, however, The amendments were agreed to. and for other purposes. the State commissions have declined juris­ The amendments were ordered to be. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there diction on the grounds that the employees engrossed and the bill to be read a objection to the present consideration are employed by instrumentalities of the Federal Government. third time. of the bill? · Thus, a situation results wherein such em­ The bill was read the third time and There being no objection, the Senate ployees can look neither to the State nor to passed. proceeded to consider the bill. the Federal Government for the adjudica­ Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the dis­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the tion of their claims. tinguished Senator from Colorado for purpose of the statute enacted by the The bill corrects this impossible situation his courtesy and consideration, and I. Hawaiian Legislature is to authorize the by providing for adjudication by judicial suggest the absence of a quorum. issuance of $14 million in aviation tribunals established by the Secretary of Labor pursuant to the Longshoremen's and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bonds, and for other purposes connected clerk will call the roll. with aviation. The bill is unanimously Harbor Workers' Compensation Act. This judicial procedure is working well for the The legislative clerk proceeded to call i·eported from the committee, and it has determination of similar claims for long­ the roll. the approval of the leadership on both shoremen and harbor workers employed in Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask sides. private industry and is readily adoptable to unanimous com:ent that the order for The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill settle the claims of these employees. Enact­ is open to amendment. If there be no ment of the bill is recommended by the the quorum call be rescinded. amendment to be proposed, the question Department of Labor and others having an The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without is the third reading and passage of the interest in the problem. objection, it is so ordered. bill. · The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill The bill was ordered to a third read­ is open to amendment. If there be no ing, read the th'ird time, and passed. amendment to be proposed, the ques­ STATEHOOD FOR HAWAII tion is on the third reading and passage Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, in March APPLICATION OF LONGSHOREMEN'S of the bill. of 1954, Hawaii seemed closer to state­ The bill was ordered to a third read­ hood than it appears today. Yet its AND HARBOR WORKERS' COM­ ing, read the third time, and passed. sister applicant for statehood has yes­ PENSATION ACT TO . CERTAIN terday, by action of the President of the CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES United States, been admitted to State­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I RELINQUISHMENT OF OFFICE OF hood, subject only to her own vote of ask unanimous consent that the Senate CHIEF JUDGE OF FEDERAL ratification. Let me review for a mo­ proceed to the consideration of Cal­ · COURTS AT AGE 75 ment some of. the actions that have led endar No. 1826, House bill 10504. Hawaii to the brink of statehood; then The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I I would like to comment upon the situa­ will be stated by title for the informa­ ask unanimous consent that the Senate tion as I see it today. Here are the events tion of the Senate. proceed to the consideration of Calen­ of the 83d Congress: The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (H. R. dar No. 1815, House bill 985. On February 23, 1953, the House In­ 10504) to make the provisions of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill terior and Insular Affairs Committee be­ Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' will b~ stated by title for the informa­ gan hearings on Hawaii. Realizing that Compensation Act applicable to certain . tion of the Senate. every Hawaiian Delegate to Congress civilian employees of nonappropriated The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill

Hawaii. Alaska has received statehood; Mr. Pres~dent, only political expediency tinction between the legislative and execu­ Hawaii should also-during this Con· could prevent the fulfillment of that re­ tive branches of the Government; but rather gress. Our job is truly only half done. quest. We Republicans have been called to the relationship between the military and the civilian communities. On April 2, 1957, the chair~an of the upon for aid, help, and assistance to make Democratic National Committee stated: statehood for Hawaii a reality. That But I believe he is in error in that I think the greatest message that we in help is available here. Let us pass the interpretation of the basis of the consti· this year of 1957 could send to the peoples Hawaiian statehood bill. tutional provisions. throughout Asia and beyond the Pacific in In the analysis and interpretation of this troubled world of ours would be that the Constitution prepared by the Library the United States has granted first-class citi· THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE RE­ of Congress, and published in 1953, it is zenship to our fellow Americans in the Ter­ ORGANIZATION BILL, H. R. 12541 ritory of Hawaii, and has admitted Hawaii authoritatively stated, to the contrary, as the 49th or 50th State of the Union. Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, on that the precise reason for the provision Friday, June 27, in company with my giving Congress that power was so that He made that statement as a witness colleague the distinguished junior Sen­ the Executive would not have the sole before the Senate Interior and Insular ator from Missouri [Mr. SYMINGTON] I power to raise armies. The annotation­ Affairs Committee. Oddly enough, this discussed rather extemporaneously some page 283-is as follows: was the same gentleman who, when ad­ of t!Ie problems having to· do with the THE POWER TO RAISE AND MAINTAIN ARMED dressing the 29th Hawaiian Legislature proposed reorganization of the Depart­ FORCES in Honolulu in February 1957, had said: ment of Defense. It soon became ap­ PURPOSE OF SPECIFIC GRANTS I am confident that a vast majority of parent that there were strong differences The clauses of the Constitution which Democrats, both in the Senate and in the of opinion between us concerning the give Congress authority "to raise and sup­ House, will support the bills. I am frank pending legislation. port armies, to provide and maintain a navy" enough with you to say that Democratic votes and so forth, were not inserted for the pur­ alone will not be sufficient to pass the bills. It was clear that both of us believed that the House-passed bill, H. R. 12541, pose of endowing the National Government A few Republican votes will be needed in with power to do these things, but rather each House of Congress. It is to be hoped needed to be amended. However, it ap- ­ to designate the department of government that the President will give more than lip pears that the junior Senator from Mis­ which should exercise such powers. More· service to the cause of statehood this year souri believes that the bill does not go over, they permit Congress to take mea· and will see to it that members of his party far enough, whereas the Senator from sures essential to the national defense in vote for statehood. Montana [Mr. MANSFIELD] and I and, we time of peace as well as during a period of Following his statement to the Senate believe, many other Members of the Sen­ actual conflict. That these provisions grew ate believe the bill goes entirely too far. out of the conviction that the Executive Interior Committee, appears this colloquy should be deprived of the "sole power of from the same chairman of the Demo­ BASIS OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS raising and regulating fleets and armies" cratic Party: During that colloquy, the Senator from which Blackstone attributed to the King We hope this will be from here on out Missouri took exception to our belief that under the British Constitution 1 was empha­ sized by Story in his commentaries. He completely bipartisan. If that is the ca~;:e, the House-passed bill would surrender we should have statehood before the Fourth such a significant portion of our Congres .. wrote: "Our notions, indeed, of the dangers of July for both. of standing armies, in time of peace, are de­ sional responsibility that, in effect, it rived in a great measure from the principles Mr. BuTLER. Maybe Independence Day would amount to an abrogation of the would have greater meaning for approxi­ and examples of our English ancestors. In mately three-quarters of a million citizens. constitutional duties which we are re­ England, the King possessed the power of quired to discharge. He argued, in a raising armies in the time of peace accord· Independence Day had a significant letter which he placed in the RECORD at ing to his own good pleasure. And this pre­ meaning in Alaska, because the Senate that time, that the factors which gave rogative was justly esteemed dangerous to of the United States, by the votes of 33 rise to these constitutional provisions the public liberties. Upon the revolution of 1688, Parliament wisely insisted upon a bill Republicans and 31 Democrats, kept are now different, because at the time of rights, which should furnish an adequate faith and fulfilled one-half of the pledge when the provisions were formulated, security for the future. But how was this of the two parties. The Republican the civilian population was then dis­ done? Not by prohibiting standing armies Party is ready .and anxious to fulfill its trustful of the military, resentful of the altogether in time of peace; but (as has been pledge to Hawaii also. quartering of troops upon the populace, already seen) by prohibiting them without In a speech on the Alaska statehood and suspicious of the efforts of com­ the consent of Parliament. This is the very bill, I said there should be no fewer than manders to discipline military personnel. proposition contained in the Constitution; for Congress can alone raise armies; and 70 senatorial votes for Alaska. In fact, He argued that it was as a result of those may put them down, whenever they 72 Members of this body cast affirma­ sentiments that there was made the con­ choose." :.a tive votes on the question of statehood stitutional determination that the Con­ for Alaska. Those 72 votes should dem­ gress should control the size of the mili­ So the grant of power to Congress did, onstrate to the majority that debate upon tary forces and should regulate certain in fact, relate directly to the distinction the Hawaii statehood bill would not be aspects of their discipline and behavior. between the legislative and the executive interminable. Mr. President, therein I believe lies branches. Mr. President, on February 2, 1953, one basis of the difference between those Few nations in the world that have President Eisenhower requested enact­ of us who are disturbed about the impli­ adopted the policies of greatly expanded ment of Hawaii statehood legislation, and cations of this proposed legislation and executive power over the military, as stated "the people of that Territory have those who support it. espoused by the principal long-time pro­ earned that status." The President has It seems to me that they are saying ponents of this proposed legislation, repeated his request every year for that the constitutional system of checks have survived as democracies. Equally 6 years. Only yesterday, when he signed and balances, which since the formation true, Mr. President, many of them have the Alaska statehood bill, the President of our country has prevented difficulties not even survived as nations, because said: from arising between our civilian and the military system implicit in this bill While I am pleased with the action of Con­ our military, should be abandoned. has never stood up under the tests of gress admitting Alaska, I am extremely dis­ Thus, Mr. President, they argue, in ef­ modern war. turbed over reports that no action is con­ fect, that because the system has worked SUMMARY OF DEFICIENCIES IN H. R. 12541 templated by the current Congress on pend­ so well, there is no longer present among The House-passed bill in my opinion ing legislation to admit Hawaii as a State. our people the same sentiment which led is deficient in four major areas. My messages to Congre~;:s urging enactment to the Congressional restrictions which of statehood legislation have particularly re­ were placed on our military by the Con­ 1. POWER OF CONGRESS WOULD BE CUT DOWN ferred to the qualifications of Hawaii, as well stitution, and that we may as well dis­ First, the power of Congress over the as Alaska, and I personally believe that Hawaii is qualified for statehood equally card them. I do not share this view. assignment of military roles and func­ with Alaska. The thousands of loyal, patri­ The Senator from Missouri stated the tions is cut down, and the power of the point somewhat more narrowly in his otic Americans in Hawaii who suffered the 1 Blackstone, Commentaries 263 (Wendell's ravages of World War II with us and who letter, when he wrote: ed. 1857). experienced that first disastrous attack upon In fact, the background of these constitu­ 2 II Story, Commental"ies, paragraph 1187 Pearl Harbor must not ·be forgotten. tional provisions does not relate to the dis- (4th ed. 1873). 13136 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 'July 8 Secretary of Defense and the President that it should not participate in major 3. ARMED SERVICE SECRETARIES' POWER REDUCED are increased, in the following manner: shore combat operations; that its func­ Third. The power of the Secretaries (a) In section 3 (a) the bill gives the tions should be primarily confined to of the different services is substantially Secretary of Defense the authority and those of the movement of goods and per­ reduced by-: mandate to provide for more effective, sonnel from ship to shore and to working The removal of the service Secre­ efficient, and economical administration, parties on the shore; that it size should taries from the chain of command for the including steps to transfer, reassign, not exceed from 50,000 to 60,000 men; unified and specified combatant com­ abolish, and consolidate functions other and that in effect it should cease to be a mands, making them little more than than ''major combatant functions." combat force. This is historical. I have Secretaries of supply commands, in The only limitation on this power is that seen no real indication that this point of effect. This is accomplished by making in case of functions established by law, view has been changed~ these unified commands directly respon­ he shall report pertinent details to Con­ 2 . POWERS ENLARGED FOR CHAIRMAN OF JOINT sible to the President and Secretary of gress 30 days before the change­ CHIEFS AND FOR JOINT STAFF Defense-section 5 In the case of "major combatant to the House bill is that the powers of The President proposed and the proposed functions" assigned to the services by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of legislation recognizes, that the Joint Chiefs specified sections of the law, transfers, Staff and the Joint Staff are substan­ of Staff, acting as a corporate body, will re­ reassignments, abolition, or consolida­ tially increased in the following manner: place the former executive agents (the mili­ tion may be effected by the Secretary tary departments) . in order to provide more (a) The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs centralized direction of the unified com­ unless within 60 days of continuous ses­ of Staff is given power to select the Di­ sion Congress passes a concurrent reso­ mands. rector of the Joint Staff-section 5 .(a), 4. INCREASED BURDENS OF SECRETARY OF DEFENSE lution of disapproval. This means a amended .section 143 (b)-though con­ resolution passed by both Houses. It sultation with the other members and Fourth. The Secretary of Defense will would be necessary for both Houses to approval of the Secretary of Defense be more heavily loaded with responsi­ disagree, if the action were to be in­ are also required. bilities and more insulated from the validated. And under the express terms (b) The Chairman is given coordinate day-to-day problems by the military of the bill, a combatant function is con­ authority to prescribe the duties of the staff, and civilian control of the Defense sidered a "major combatant function" Joint Staff-section 5 (a), amended sec­ Establishment will thereby be weakened subject to this relatively difficult Con­ tion 143 (c). by: gressional check only when one or more (a) The added burden of the unified members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff dis­ (c) The Joint Staff is increased in commands directly responsible to the size from 210 to 400 officers-section agree with the proposed action­ 5 (a), amended section 143 (a). Secretary of Defense-section 5 The strengthening of the Joint whether the prospective appointee by a vague permission to be organized Staff of the Joint Chiefs of Staff pre­ agreed with the Executive, there would and operated "along conventional staff viously referred to and the substitution be no chance whatsoever of a Congres­ lines"-section 5 (a), amended section of these military advisers for civilian sional check. 143 (d). service secretaries who have previously (c) In the case of hostilities or immi­ (e) In carrying out the new provisions served as executive agents for the unified nent threat of hostilities, the President for unified combatant commands-sec­ commands. may determine that transfers, and so tion 5 (b)-the Joint Staff and corporate In commenting on these new arrange­ forth, of any functions be made without ·body of the Joint Chiefs of Staff will ments, the House committee report any notice to Congress or Congressional provide a single, central command post stated, "Indeed the monolithic implica­ veto power whatsoever-amended, sec­ for transmission of the Secretary's di­ tions of this development, if left un­ tion 202 (c) (2). Let me make it clear rectives to the unified commands-See bridled, could be alarming.'' that I do not object to this latter power. House report, page 24. But under the other blank check pow­ It seems almost inevitable that under HOUSE RESISTED FURTHER CONCENTRATION ers in the executive departments, the these provisions we shall in fact create The House most wisely, in my opinion, United State Marine Corps, for in­ an operating general staff-not merely resisted the efforts of the administra­ stance-or naval aviation-could be vir­ a planning general staff, but an operat­ tion to increase even further the dan­ tually stripped of its functions as a ma­ ing general staff-which will be too far gerous reductions of power in Congress jor combat unit without any effective removed from the combat units to be and concentrations of power in the Sec­ Congressional restraint. That this is not able to make the most practicable plans retary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint a remote possibility is clearly shown by for successful field operations, and will Chiefs, and their Joint Staff, which · I the past recommendations of President possess too highly concentrated power have outlined. Eisenhower himself and other noted to be either efficient or sufficiently sub­ It refused to permit Congressional military figures, whose counsel in this ject to civilian controls. action of disapproval only in cases where respect Congress has consistently re­ In my judgment there is one principle two members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff jected. we need to . follow in all proposals for disagreed with a proposed shift of roles A few days ago I had printed in the military reorganization: We should not and functions. It refused to hog-tie the RECORD a memorandum which was con­ divorce planning from execution, for rights of the separate service secretaries tained in the so-called Joint Chiefs of when there is too great a separation, the and members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Staff memorandum which was published plans which are drawn become too diffi­ to make recommendations on their own by the House Committee on Expendi­ cult for the field units to execute. initiative to Congress. It refused to tures in the Executive Departments­ Another dangerous consequence of take from the general provision concern­ Report No. 961 , 80th Congress-under these provisions increasing the power of ing the power of the Secretary of Defense date of July 16, 1947. the Chairman and of the Joint Staff may over each department the explicit state­ I shall not ask that the full text be be that, in view of the generally predom­ ment that it should be exercised through reprinted again at this point, although inant attitude in higher military circles the respective secretaries of such depart­ later I shall ask that it be done. I that we must prepare primarily for all­ ments. merely say that at that time the Chief of mit war, there may be a neglect to pre­ I may say the administration has been Staff of the· United States Army was pare our Nation adequately for the more bending every effort toward getting each Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the present lim~ted, or brush-fire wars which seem to and every one of those provisions re­ President of the United· States, and that some of us the more likely threats in stored to the bill, and is making them on no less than two occasions he stated the years just ahead. I may say I think must objectives. that the Marine Corps should be main­ our military policy of the past 5 years But. despite this wise resistance by the tained solely as an adjunct of the fleet; h as erred precisely in that direction. House· to the further pressures for 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 13137 greater centralization of executive and or the executive branch of the Govern4 tiona! general staff, and a single chief of military power, I believe the bill as ment. The framers of our Constitution staff. And the present President of the passed by the House goes too far in the rejected that principle. And the plan United States was also raised in the 1·espects which I have noted. they established has worked. same school and apparently has em4 I do not argue that every one of the EXPERIENCE OF OTHER NATIONS CONFIRMS braced the same philosophy. provisions I have listed should be deleted WISDOM OF OUR SYSTEM CONGRESS HAS RESISTED COMPLETE from the bill or modified; though a num4 The wisdom of their conclusions has CENTRALIZATION ber of them should. But in their totality been borne out by the experience of other Fortunately, Mr. President, the Con­ they represent a surrendeF to the Execu4 nations as well. Even today, we find in gress has repeatedly disagreed with these tive of our constitutional obligation, a those areas of the world where military individuals over the years. I profoundly threat to the maintenance of ready com4 men become dominant, either through hope the Congress will continue to do so. bat units like the Marine Corps, an un4 filling vacuums which may exist in the In 1946, the original effort made along due concentration of military power in normal political or economic structure of this line was to incorporate into the law the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff a country, or through chicanery or force the so-called Collins plan. This was re­ and the Joint Staff, and a weakening of of arms, they soon control or supersede jected by the Congress. In 1947, when civilian control which I believe the Con4 the governments of the people which had the so-called Unification Act was gress should not approve. been established by constitutions or tra4 adopted, the merger of the services was FULLER ANALYSIS OF DEFICIENCIES ditions. specifically forbidden, as was the crea­ The arguments concerning these four It is surely not necessary. to enumerate tion of a single operating general staff deficiencies are to a great extent inter4 all the nations in which this has hap­ and a single chief of staff. 1·elated and inexorably intertwined. pened, but I think, with all justice, I can Very reluctantly, in 1949, the Congress The major flaw in this bill is the fact point out that within prewar Germany, went along with certain changes in the that it substantially surrenders the re4 where its general staff system had be­ Unification Act by creating a Chairman sponsibility placed by the Constitution come the epitome of the armies of the for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, but once upon Congress to regulate our Military world, it was the force of this army along again we rejected representations made Establishment. In a larger and more with some of the financial leaders of the at that time as to the need to "tie in" the general sense, it decreases the civilian country which helped to install a rabble­ military control over all the services. control over our military through re4 rousing civilian as the chief political In 1952, over the opposition of the ducing Congressional control and also by figure in that nation. Thereafter this Army, Congress temporarily guaran­ certain internal changes within the De4 leader, through his own means of con4 teed the continuation of the Marine partment of Defense. trolling the individual members of the Corps by prescribing a minimum 'l'HE CONSTITUTIONAL RESPONSmiLITIES OF military establishment, created one of strength of three divisions. CONGRESS the most despotic and despicable regimes Then in 1953, many of the same ex4 Article I of the Constitution is quite in the world. perts who are now continuing the or­ specific in several instances on this Even today in France, in one of the ganizational struggle within the Depart­ point. In general terms it provides in truly democratic nations of the world, ment of Defense, came to us with the 4 we find that the military men through support of the President. They con­ section 8-1 that the Congress shall "pro 4 vide for the common defense"; and, in· their strength have insisted that the vinced us that we should not refuse Re section 8-12, it says that the Congress head of the civil government be replaced organization Plan No. 6, which the by an individual of their choice. Even President himself said was designed to shall have power "to raise and StJpport 4 armies, but no appropriation of money today he is struggling with the conflict­ increase civilian control over the mili ing points of view within rival military tary ·by placing more ·authority in the to that use shall be for a longer term 4 than 2 years." Incidentally, this latter camps. It is clear that force, not reason, hands of the servic~ department Secre provision is, of course, being constantly - may well be the dominant factor and de­ taries. , · · violated at the present time. Then, in tennine the immediate future of France. It was under this plan that we created section 8-13, it is set forth that the Con4 Mr. President, I think that the the numerous under secretal:ies, deputy gress shall have power. "to provide and framers of our Constitution were cor­ under secretaries, assistant secretaries, maintain a navy"; and, in section 8-14, rect in their fears. Certainly in our deputy assistant secretaries, assistant~? it is provided that the Congress shall country we have not been plagued by to deputy assistant secretaries, deputies such problems as these. But surely every to assistants to deputy assistant secre4 have power "to make rules for the gov­ 4 ernment and regulation of the land and thoughtful citizen must want us to con4 taries, and so on. Such is the organiza naval forces." Section: 8-16 provides tinue to avoid these dangers. tional monstrosity which now inhabits that the Congress shall have power "to CENTRALIZATION DRIVE HAS DEEP ROOTS the Pentagon, and those responsible for it did such a terrible job they now come provide for organizing, arming, and dis­ Mr. President, I cannot find anything ciplining the militia," and the same sec­ to us and say, "We did a poor job, but new in the arguments which are being riow you must take our word for it that tion reserves to the States the appoint­ advanced to support the proposed legis­ ment of officers and the authority to we know how to do the perfect job." lation. It is, in fact, startling to find . Yet, within a period of 5 short years, tt·ain the militia. that the same persons who were making The President, to be sure, has a vital, we find that this plan is declared to be the arguments a dozen years ago based inadequate. It is now urged that the coordinate responsibility. Article II, sec­ on the problems in existence at that 4 tion 2, provides that the President shall service Secretaries have too much au time -now advance exactly the same thority; that it is necessary to specify be Commander in Chief of -the Army and solutions for what all of us readily agree Navy of the Unit~d States a,nd of the _ greater powers for the Chairman of the are new and vastly changed problems. Joint Chiefs of ·staff and · thus almost militia of the several States. But under What then is the genesis and source of the Constitution his is not a dominant set him up as a . separate eritity; and these recommendations? We know that that there is need ·to create a greatly · authority over the obligations laid upon the United States Army created a gen­ Congress; it is only coordinate. enlarged general staff at Department of · eral staff structure within the old War Defense level, which will probably be4 Mr. President, in one respect I agree Department as early as 1903, a~d fol4 come · an operating general · staff, and with the distinguished junior. Senator lowing · World War I developed it. to its may either carry with it, on the one · . from Missouri [Mr. SYMINGTON] when present status. We know that tradi4 hand, a complete disruption of the sep4 . he says that it :was the sentiment of the tionally, through public proposals, as in arate operating staffs of the highly times which made such restrictions im4 the so-called Collins plan (for a single technical separate services, or, on the portant. 0ur forefathers had known chief of staff and a national general other hand, result in tremendous over4 through their own experience what hap­ staff), ·and through statements made lapping and duplication with ·a corre­ pens to nations where there is little con4 from time to time in the press or other sponding decrease in efficiency. trol over the military forces. In Eng­ media by such distinguished gentlemen We may have to enlarge the Pentagon land, the responsibility for providing, as General Bradley, General Spaatz, and to an octagon in order to provide for the maintaining, and regulating the .forces others, they have consistently believed additional Secretaries, Assistant Secre4 had always been vested in the Crown· in broad terms in a single sei'vtce,-a na~ taties, and ~tatf officers;· 13138 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 8

DEFENSE DEFICmNCIES DO NOT RESULT PRIMARILY Fourth. That he could not use his the corporate body of the Joint Chiefs of FROM LACK OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY power to establish a single command­ Staff and making him superior to them. What, Mr. President, is wrong with single Chief of Staff--or an operating By such legislation we shall have moved the present organization that supports military supreme command over the close to the final step of creating the the present demands for more authority? Armed Forces; same single Chief of Staff which in the I think the best way to get efficiency Fifth. That he could not without first past the Congress has specifically for­ would be to eliminate at least two· reporting to Congress transfer, reassign, bidden by law, but which has always thirds of the superstructure which was abolish, or consolidate other types of been the premise supported by our pres­ built up in 1953 by the very same ex· specific functions ; and ent President and a relatively few but perts who are now coming forward and Sixth. That this law did not prohibit persistent individuals within our coun­ telling us what we should do. the Secretary of the Department of De· try, most of whom have either served in I believe I can tell Senators one of the fense or a member of the Joint Chiefs of a military or civilian capacity with the troubles with the Department of De· Staff from presenting to the Congress on United States Army, fense-and it is not the lack of authority his own initiative recommendations that Further evidence that this is their ob· which this bill seeks to confer. he deemed proper. jective, and that they look upon this ob­ First, I refer to the fact that insofar These were all reasonable and neces­ jective as one worthy of their sustained as the Department of Defense is con­ sary limitations. efforts over the years, was provided by cerned, there is no lack of legal authority BUT ADMINISTRATION SEEKS GREATER EXECUTIVE some of the testimony given before the to accomplish changes desired within AUTHORITY AND WOULD VIRTUALLY CREATE A Senate Committee on Armed Services. In the Department. Under date of March GENERAL STAFF that regard, a former major general of 17, 1953, Mr. H. Struve Hensel, Counsel Yet, Mr. President, despite this broad the Army, Otto L. Nelson, Jr., testified for the Committee on Department of De­ interpretation of their powers under as a representative of the United States fense Organization, rendered a legal existing law, which has not been chal­ Chamber of Commerce. Under ques­ opinion to the Secretary of Defense lenged by anyone that I know of, the tioning by the distinguished senior Sen­ which was also signed by Mr. Roger administration is now insisting that ator from North Carolina [Mr. ERVIN] it Kent, General Counsel for the Depart­ many of these Congressional limitations developed that General Nelson had writ­ ment, and Mr. Frank X. Brown, the be removed. What they would have us ten a book describing the development Assistant General Counsel for Depart­ do is to decrease the authority of Con­ of the general staff structure within the mental Programs within the Department gress and at the same time decrease the Army and their single Chief of Staff. of Defense. This legal opinion was pre­ authority of the several services' Secre­ This book was entitled "National Security pared at the -request of the Secretary of taries with a further consolidation of au­ and the General Staff." It was perfectly Defense. I quote from its conclusion: thority in the O:ffi·ce of the Secretary of clear that General Nelson was one of In our opinion, the Secretary of Defense Defense. That is specific in this legis­ the architects within the Army of their now have by statute full and complete au­ lation. present · staff structure, and believed thority, subject only to the President and fully that this was the best system for a certain specific restrictions subsequently They would also insulate the Stcretary combination of all our military services. herein listed, over the Department of De­ of Defense from the normal operations The last paragraph of his book is most fense, all its agencies, subdivisions, and per­ of either the military or the civilian sys­ revealing: sonnel. To make this statement perfectly tem by the force and effect of an in­ plain, there are no separately administered creased operating general staff headed THE GENERAL STAFF CoNCEPT AND THE FUTURE preserves in the Department of Defense. The by the Joint Chiefs of Staff-the officer The general staff concept has come a long Secretaries of the military departments, the personnel is to be virtually doubled-but way since Elihu Root persuaded the Congress Joint Chiefs of Staff, all officers and agencies to establish it in 1903. It has abundantly and all other personnel or the Department from which the Chairman is being singled justified its usefulness in extending the are under the Secretary of Defense. Con­ out and given superior powers by some of directing arm of leadership. Over a long gress has delegated to the Secretary of De­ the language of the law. In this regard, peacetime period and during two World Wars, fense not only all of the authority and pow~r notwithstanding the worthy statements the general staff has come to be recognized normally given the head of an executive of policy expressed in section 2 of this as an effective instrument for planning, co­ department, but Congress has in addition hill-which says among other things ordination, and supervision. As the com­ expressly given the Secretary of Defense "but not to establish a single Chief of plexities of modern warfare and the prob­ even greater power when it made the Secre­ lems of command become more difficult, the tary of Defense the principal assistant to the Staff of the Armed Forces nor an overall greater is the need for an improved general President in all matters relating to the Armed Forces general staff"---section 5 staff organization with more effective tech­ Department of Dafense. of the bill does move rather far in the niques of control. The general staff con­ To repeat, subject to the President and direction of establishing a de facto single cept still has a long way to go in reducing certain express prohibitions against specifi­ Chief of Staff and increases the size of the top-level job of integrated national se­ cally described actions on the part of the the Joint Staff to give it the necessary curity to manageable proportions. This can Secretary as contained in the National Secu­ implementing power. be its most important contribution, but it rity Act as amended, the power and authority need not stop there. The application of such of the Secretary of Defense is complete and Mr. President, is there any question an instrumentality enlarging the capacity of supreme. It blankets all agencies and aU that this staff will be organized along the chief to direct is not inherently restrict­ organizations within the Department; it is conventional staff lines, and will be an ed to military use but is applicable to any superior to the power of all other officers operating general staff for all of our organization whose size and complexity re­ thereof; it extends to ali affairs and all military services? quire that the directing head have something activities of the Department; and all other It may be argued by some that this bill strong on which to lean. authorities and responsibilities must be does not elevate the Chairman of the Earlier, in his final chapter, General exercised in consonance therewith. Joint Chiefs of Staff, or make him a Nelson discussed the importance of an Now, the six specific areas which were single Chief of Staff. Indeed, the House overall general staff for what he re­ mentioned as limitations on the supreme committee report warned of the dangers ferred to as "the Secretary of a Depart­ power of the Secretary of Defense in­ of any such result, but declared the safe­ ment of National Defense." He wrote, volve: guards in the bill adequate to prevent it. "the crucial need is for a general staff First. That he may not transfer, re­ But I point out such language in the bill or some similar organization at the very assign, abolish, or consolidate the com­ as "the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of top level." In this discussion, he pointed batant functions of the military services. Staff in consultation with the Joint out that the influence and competence of In general terms, those functions were Chiefs of Staff shall select the Director the staff would be strengthened if a cer­ carefully spelled out in the law. of the Joint Staff," and, later, "the Joint tain percentage of its members could be Second. That he could not accomplish Staff shall perform such duties as the appointed for a 6- or 8-year period, or this indirectly through the handling of Joint Chiefs of Staff and· the Chairman even permanently. personnel or appropriations. shall prescribe.'' These new powers, -The one thing that is missing from the Third. That he could not merge three when added to his existing powers to general's book is any discussion of the military departments or deprive the Sec.. prepare the agenda for meetings, report effect of such a military structure upon retaries of those departments of their to the Secretary, and manage the Joint the framework of a free nation operating legal rights to administer the organi· Staff, go a long way toward separating under a constitutional form of govern­ zations; the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs from ment. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13139 In response to questions as to whether creasingly captive to the recommendations and House-which would make it much he might have changed his mind, Gen~ of the general staff. more difficult and would reverse our eral Nelson stated, in substantial part, NEW EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY ASKED IS LARGELY normal legislative procedures. that he believed all these steps were an A BLANK CHECK Furthermore, the House-passed bill orderly evolution within a rapidly chang~ In essence then, Mr. President, the limits application of even this limited ing world, and that Congress ought to go Congress is being asked to reverse its po~ Congressional control to what are de­ ahead and enact this legislation, and, sition on the form of our military struc­ scribed as major combatant functions. after the Joint Chiefs of Staff had oper­ ture, divorce itself from most of its re~ And as I pointed out in the Senate 10 ated under the new law for a period of sponsibilities for future control and turn days ago, Mr. President, under the terms a year or two, we should then take an­ its constitutional authority over to the of the bill a function would only become other look at it to determine the next Secretary of Defense. a major combatant function when a step. Furthermore, the proponents of the bill member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff HOUSE COMMITTEE OUTLINED DANGERS OF in the administration do not even bother would object to its transfer, reassign­ NATIONAL GENERAL STAFF to tell us how they propose to organize ment, consolidation or abolition. In this connection I invite attention or operate. So far as I know, no wit­ I submit it is unreasonable to assume to the report of the House Committee on nesses have told the Congress how they under this definition that many matters Armed Services which accompanied propose to organize within the Depart­ would ever come to the Congress, in H. R. 12541, which contains some very ment of Defense to exercise this new view of the fact, as has been stated, good comments on this point. I read authority if we should give it to them. that any promotions above two-star rank from page 27: The distinguished chairman of the Sen­ are to be conditioned upon prior agree­ On the other hand, there has been little ate Armed Services Committee has asked ment with the general defense policies or no development of the reasons why an that they suggest specific plans. So far, of the Executive. This would tend to Armed Forces general staff, at national level­ to my knowledge, this has not been done. produce a group of general officers who whether "Prussian" or native-is dangerous. Moreover, the present Chairman of the would abdicate individual responsibility The general st aff is the essential staff or­ Joint Chiefs of Staff was asked if the and who would accept the dominant ganization required to permit rapid and suc­ Joint Staff wo·uld be organized on con­ theories of the group which happened cessful conduct of combat operations on the ventional staff lines or whether an oper­ to be in control of the Defense De­ field of battle. The reasons for the effective­ partment. Therefore, we would under ness of the general staff as an instrument for ational section would be established decision making in combat are two: within the present framework of the this bill sharply restrict the number of 1. It is an axiom of war that, in battle, any Joint Chiefs of Staff. General Twining cases in which Congress would have any decision, however faulty, is better than no testified in response to that question that modicum of control. decision. it would be one or the other, but they Mr. President, I would recommend 2. The general staff is nn effective decision­ had not yet made up their minds. amendments-if the Senate committee making machine because its principal faculty does not anticipate me in this respect­ is the swift suppression, at each level of con­ There is reason to believe, however, Mr. to insure that the Congress maintains sideration, of alternative courses of action, President, that not only have they made control over all functions, roles, and mis­ so that the man at the top has only to ap­ up their minds, but that the organization prove or disapprove-but not to weigh alter­ of an operational general staff is in proc­ sions which have been established by natives. · ess, and ·officers are being earmarked for statute; that proposals for change in Such an organization is clearly desirable in duty on that staff. these areas should come to the Congress b attle, where time is everything. At the for 60 legislative days, and that during top levels of government, where planning Yet, in the face of this lack of candor, that time they could be defeated by a precedes, or should precede, action by a con­ or knowledge, on the part of the peren­ simple majority of either House. This siderable period of time, a deliberate decision nial experts in the executive branch as would make changes within the Depart­ is infinitely preferable to a bad decision. to what will be filled in on the blank ment of Defense subject to th~ same Likewise, the weighing of legitimately op­ check, we are asked to surrender our posed alternative courses of action is one of controls by Congress that it has estab­ Congressional control over these matters lished in less important fields. the main processes of free government. to an extent which will make it relatively Thus a general staff organization-which is impossible in the future for the United REQUESTED ADDITIONAL EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY unswervingly oriented to quick decision and WILL NOT AID QUICK REACTION TO ATI'ACK obliteration of alternative courses-is a States Congress to discharge its constitu­ fundamentally fallible, and thus dangerous, tional responsibilities in this field, or to A great deal of the advocacy for this instrument for determination of national preserve the assignments of combat func­ measure stems from casual acceptance of policy. tions which we have carefully guarded the premise that it is designed to give in the past. us a fast reaction in the event of attack. I may say in this connection that the So that there may be no misunderstand~ entire country has been suffering from a NORMAL CONGRESSIONAL RESTRAINTS ON EXEC• ing as to this conception which has staff concept under which alternatives UTIVE REORGANIZATIONS SHOULD BE PRO• VIDED been so carefully nurtured by the pro­ are not fully stated to the President of ponents of this bill, I wish to discuss the United States but under which he Mr. President, perhaps we should give whether these prompt de.:isions and this merely receives a staff paper recommend­ the Secretary of Defense a little more alleged quick action are in fact likely to ing a certain course of ~ction, with per­ authority to accomplish desirable reor­ be advanced by the proposed measure. haps an argument or two against it, but ganizations within the Department of All of the peacetime and much of the in connection with which all he needs to Defense. wartime business of the Secretary of De­ say is yes or no-and is shielded from the If so, I would suggest" that we follow fense consists of the day-to-day han­ pressures and conflicts of interested per­ the normal reorganization procedures dling of administrative matters arising sons in making a decision. established for other executive depart­ in this complex governmental depart­ I continue reading from the House re­ ments, as proposed by· the Hoover Com-· ment. In fact, this Department com­ port on page 28: mission and adopted by Congress. These prises-in size and in funds expended­ As a corollary, it is the nature of a general would require that proposed changes the largest single entity within America. staff at national level to plan along rigid lines within the Department of Defense be The proponents of this legislation are for the future. This creates rigidity of mili­ subject to disapproval by Congress within tary operations and organization and his­ striving to place more of the details of a fixed time period by a simple majority the actual administration of this vast torically has led general staffs to attempt of those· voting in either House, instead to control all national policies involved in organization in the hands of the Secre­ war--=notably foreign and economic policy, of the requirement of a majority of both tary of Defense. By so doing, it is clear both of which lie far beyond the proper Houses, as is contained in the bill. that they would defeat their stated pur~ sphere of military planners. This has been· recommended by sev­ pose to improve the efficiency and ad· Moreover, when structurally placed over eral witnesses, including Mr. Ferdinand ministration of the Department. all the armed services and military depart­ Eberstadt, an outstanding authority in ments, an overall Armed Forces general staff I said earlier I believed I could tell in serves to isolate the politically responsible this field. The House-passed bill is part what is wrong with the present de­ civilian official from all points of view but markedly deficient in that it requires a fense structure. In his testimony be~ it s own, so that, while he, in theory at least, concurrent resolution for this purpose­ fore the Senate committee, Mr. Ferdi­ retains all power, this powe1· becomes in- a resolution passed by both the Senate nand Eberstadt state~. "The larger the 13140 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 8 Secretary's Office, the greater the con­ The facts are to the contrary. The dem­ placed on· them by Congress. Yet they fusion and the less the efliciency. What onstrated need for stepping up the re­ press us for added centralized authority. is lacking, in my opinion, is not more search and development of weapons does Even if we gave them the type of blank authority but more decision." He be­ not justify all of the proposed central­ check which President Eisenhower seems lieved it unwise and vigorously opposed ization of our military and executive to demand, the crux, the heart, the life­ any further centralization of authority authority. We cannot look for better blood of the Department of Defense will within the Office of the Secretary of De­ instantaneous, split-second decisions still be proper leadership and willingness fense because he thinks it simply can­ from our Joint Chiefs of Staff as a result to make decisions. not be administered by one man, no mat­ of the new authority proposed in the bill. For the President of this country and ter how able he may be. He pointed out Mr. President, it is an old military the Secretaries of Defense appointed by that there will have to be logical sub­ saying that in tactics a bad decision is him to say that they cannot control the divisions of the problem, or it cannot better than no decision. But with re­ individuals within the Department of De­ be solved. gard to broad strategy planning as dis­ fense without added authority, gives Now, Mr. President, it becomes clear tinguished from tactics, and the broad, patent proof of the lack of positive lead­ that these matters which seem to vex national policies on which our Joint ership, which is, I believe, the real source the President and the Secretary of De­ Chiefs of Staff must pass judgment, that of the trouble within the Pentagon. I fense to the· greatest extent have noth­ axiom must be reversed, as the passage have had some reports-which I believe ing to do with the split-second reaction which I read from the House committee to be accurate--that the Joint Chiefs of time which the proponents of this bill report suggests. Staff will frequently unanimously agree are using as one of the main theses in It is my belief that at that level no upon a matter which must be approved at supporting their request for its passage. decision would be preferable to a bad a higher level, and will then have to wait They would lead us to believe that what one. A bad decision would commit us to for as long as 2 years without receiving a we need at the top of our military struc­ set courses of action, the development decision. How would the proposed new ture is a battlefield command post from of given weapons, the focusing of our law help this? which instantaneous, military decisions foreign policy along given lines, none of It may well be time for the Congress to will be promulgated in times of crisis. which could be readily changed once the determine whether or not we have not Many of my distinguished colleagues error was discovered. I frankly want gone too far in permitting the five sides know the fallacy of these views. One our Joint Chiefs of Staff to continue to of the Pentagon to encompass many lesson we learned in \Vorld War H­ serve as the focal point for debate and times the personnel and responsibilities and while we continually decry the ex­ discussion of legitimately opposed, alter­ that they themselves asked for in 194:7, perience of previous wars in the light of native points of view. The gentlemen and to which .we intended to limit them. advancing technology, I still submit that who achieve this rank are not individuals The memory of many Senators runs the problems of World War II were to to dispute matters for shallow or minor back to the debate on the Unification Act, those who fought it as advanced as the cause. Each is skilled in his element of in which it was stated that the total ones we now project as problems of new our total military structure. Together :humber of persons working in the Office world conflicts-we learned you simply they can give us the soundness of deci­ of the Secretary of Defense would be in do not fight battles from Washington. sion which we require. the vicinity of 100 and that the total ap­ UNIFIED COMMANDS ALREADY MAKE SPLIT­ I do not want to replace the collective propriation to support them would be SECOND REACTIONS POSSIDLE judgment of these men by the single around $663,000. Contrast that with We learned to establish unified com­ judgment or predominant judgment of what we have today. The latest report mands in the field. During World War even the wisest man in the world-and of the Secretary for January-June 1957, II and up to and including today, as we we cannot be sure we would get the wis­ lists 1,511 civilian employees and 695 as­ stand here debating this subject, we est man in the world in any case. Nor, signed military personnel in the Secre­ have had operational commands as I have said earlier, do I want to sub­ tary's Office alone. The 1959 budget esti­ throughout the world, prepared to move stitute for the collective judgment of mate for 1,261 of these civilian employees on a moment's notice in the event of Congress, the judgment of the best Sec­ in the Secretary's Oflice is $10,100,000, an attack on the forces within these retary of Defense that the world has with other expenses bringing the total to commands or any part of the United ever seen. $15,900,000. States. Believe me, if the Sixth Fleet It has been said many times that ours Yet those who today under the slogan has to wait for a meeting of even the is a government of laws, not of men. of economy and efliciency are pleading proposed streamlined staff suggested in Men, even Presidents and Secretaries, and even demanding that the Congress this bill, they will have little effect on change with political vicissitudes and by give up many of its constitutionally re­ the outcome of any future world war. natural law. Our laws, however, must quired controls over the military are The unified commander in the theater of be such as to endure so long as they much the same as those who in 1947 operations must control. He does now. are required for the good of our Nation made the representations to which I have He will under any law. . as .a whole. Therefore, it is difflcult for referred. I, for one, have reached the We also have another great command me to understand why or how we shall point of asking to see at least a proto­ in our military system known as our improve our national security by giving type model of the military structure and Strategic Air Command. This is a uni­ such authority to any President or any not simply to have it described to me in fied command, or to be more exact, it is Secretary of Defense, however skilled in very general terms by the alleged ex­ called a specified command. It takes these matters the present incumbents perts in this field. What do they propose its broad plans and policies from the may be. Their successors might not to write into the blank check if we give Joint Chiefs of Staff and then, under possess the same skills and virtues. it to them? the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and NOT MORE AUTHORITY, BUT MORE DECISION IS It is worthwhile to recall that the the Air Staff, prepares itself for instan­ THE NEED House of Representatives heard no testi­ taneous reaction to any enemy aggres­ I am sure by now my colleagues recog­ mony in opposition to the President's sion. It will not wait for staff direction nize that many of the proposals in H. R. proposals. The distinguished chairman from Washington. 12541 are the basis of some suspicion of our Armed Services Committee--and I believe it is clear that they should I commend him for it-has seen fit to not make any nuclear air strikes on their and great concern on my part. We have good laws on the books today. We were hear both the pros and cons of the issue. own initiative, but only on orders from It has been interesting to me that while the Commander in Chief himself. But beguiled in 1953 by the same experts who editorial comment has not materially I understand that arrangements have now condemn the system erected at that changed, the news reporting has become already been made so that this can be time, to create more Assistant Secretaries more objective, and now reports are pub­ done, and without delay. of Defense and in the several service de­ lished that there are at least two sides Mr. President, these entities are in partments in order to improve military to this problem. being now. There is no reasonable basis operations. Their own lawyers have told Moreover, many columnists and some for stating that we have been completely them that they have all the authority in editors have begun to question whether negligent in preparing ourselves to meet the world to do anything that needs to be or not the House bill has not gone too these problems of today or tomorrow. done, subject only to the restrictions far. Therefore, I feel that each of us 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13141 should be alert to the fact that we have Willing to give up such authority, so Chiefs of Staff should have the benefit of the ·views of General Vandegrift, the Comman­ so far been presented with a wealth of clearly vested in it by the Constitution, dant of the Marine Corps, and of Vice Ad­ carefully sponsored material largely on to a member of the executive branch of miral Radford, the Deputy Chief of Naval one side of the case. The opposition is our Government. Operations for Air. Their comments are at­ only now beginning to be heard from. This is particularly true when, as I tached as enclosures A and B, respectively." UNCHECKED EXECUTIVE POWER TO ASSIGN ROLES recalled in the Senate 10 days ago, and • • • • • AND FUNCTIONS THREATENS CONGRESSIONAL• earlier today, the President and other "'I agree with the Chief of Staff, United LY APPROVED COMBAT ROLE OF MARINE CORPS close advisers of his are known to have States Army, that further exchange of papers Obviously I have strong feelings that proposed just such a breakup of the on the subject of the missions of the land, Marine Corps' central function as long naval, and air forces will serve no useful the proposed legislation raises serious purpose. It is further apparent that the constitutional questions. ago as in 1946. question is part of the larger one of the I would be less than frank with my col­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ merger of the War and Navy Departments, leagues, however, if I did not state that sent that excerpts from two memoran­ which proposal was, at the Army's insistence, under this legislation I am concerned dums from General Eisenhower, then referred to the President and which is now that it would be possible for any segment Chief of Staff of the United States Army, before the Congress. Thus, the matter now of our military organization to be done and another from General Spaatz, com­ under consideration has already reached manding general of the Air Force, which levels higher than the Joint Chiefs of Staff." away with as a combat unit, with Con­ General Spaatz, commanding general, gress having little opportunity to speak appeared in House Document No. 961, Army Air Forces, wrote: in the matter. 80th Congress, be printed at this point "I recommend therefore that the size of I do not pretend that Congress is per­ in the RECORD. the Marine Corps be lixnited to small, readily fect in its judgment on all matters. I There being no objection, the excerpts available and lightly armed units, no larger think that in the framing of specific from the memorandums were ordered to than a regiment, to protect United States in­ schedules of a complicated tariff, the be printed in the RECORD, as follows: terests ashore in foreign countries and to provide interior guard of naval ships and major portions of its work must of neces­ In the memorandum forwarded by General naval shore establishments." sity be delegated to other bodies. But in Eisenhower, then Chief of Staff, United States General Eisenhower, Chief of Staff, United the field of military judgment, I submit Army, among other things we find this: States Army, also wrote: that Congress has had an extremely good "The conduct of land warfare is a responsi­ "The following is proposed for consid­ record, and that its record has been very bility of the Army. Operationally, the Navy eration: • • • good in comparison with that of the ex­ does not belong on the land; it belongs on " ( 1) That the Marine Corps is maintained the sea. It should have only technical and solely as an adjunct of the fleet and par­ ecutive branch of the Government. administrative functions on land in connec­ In the past, within a given service ticipates only in minor shore combat opera­ tion with its headquarters, bases, or other tions in which the Navy alone is interested. where one man determined the form and naval installations. The emergency develop­ "(2) That it be recognized that the land structure of the organization, many gross ment of the marine forces during this war aspect of major amphibious operations in mistakes have been made. Frequently should not be viewed as assigning to the the future will be undertaken by the Army Congress alone has forced the acceptance Navy a normal function of land warfare, and consequently the marine forces will fundamentally the primary role of the Army. not be appreciably expanded in time of war. of a concept which had theretofore been There is a real need for one service to be unacceptable to the Chief of Staff of a charged with the responsibility for initially "(3) That it be agreed that the Navy will particular service. bridging the gap between the sailor on the. not develop a land army or a so-called am­ Probably there never would have been ship and the soldier on land. This seems to phibious army; marine units to be limited an Air Force if it had not been for Gen. me properly a function of the Marine Corps. in size to the equivalent of the regiment, I believe the Joint Chiefs of Staff should give and the total size of the Marine Corps there­ Billy Mitchell and for Congress. There fore limited to some 50,000 or 60,000 men." · might never have been a Naval Air serious consideration to such a concept. The need of a force within the fleet to provide Report by Army members of "Joint Staff Force if it had not been for Congress. small readily available and lightly armed planners (proposal) : We have had to have our military units to protect United States interests • • • • • martyrs to give us an Air Force, to bring ashore in foreign countries is recognized. "Provide landing parties with the fleet to about an air arm within the Navy, to These functions, together with that of in­ protect United States interests ashore in for-· give us an amphibious force capable of terior guard of naval ships and naval shore eign countries in operations short of war, and carrying out that highly specialized type establishments, comprise the fundamental in time of war to conduct raids and small­ of operation. role of the Marine Corps. When naval forces scale amphibious demonstrations. If it had not been for Congress and the are involved in operations requiring land • • • • • forces of combined arms, the task becomes "'Perform necessary functions aboard ship, work of the Truman committee, there a joint land-sea, and usually Air Force mis­ at naval installations, and in the ship-to­ would have been the grossest abuses in sion. Once marine units attain such a size shore phase of amphibious operations." the arming and in the supplying of our as to require the combining of arms to ac­ forces during World War IT. complish their missions, they are assuming Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, from More recently, we have found Con­ and duplicating the functions of the Army the record, therefore, it appears that the gress forcing an acceptance of the con­ and we have in effect two land armies. I blank check may be filled in quite to the therefore recommend that the above con­ contrary of the judgment of Congress cept of nuclear energy for submarines, cept be accepted as stating the role of the which was being resisted by some within Marine Corps and that marine units not ex­ concerning our national-defense and se­ the military services. ceed the regiment in size, and that the size curity needs. If it had not been for Congress, Ad­ of the Marine Corps be made consistent In this connection we should remem­ miral Rickover would not have been with the foregoing principles." ber that powerful elements within the promoted, and the Nautilus would not To that view, Admiral Nimitz, under date Army's general staff have for a long time have been commissioned. of March 30, 1946, replied: believed that the Marine Corps should "The basic and major issues considered in be eliminated as a combatant force. That This is on the affirmative side. But in J. C. S. 1478/ 10 and J. C. s. 1478/ 11 comprise a negative manner, the role of Congress is a proposal on the part of the Army (a) to was nearly carried out, I believe, in 1930 equally important. Witnesses have testi­ eliminate the Marine Corps as an effective and 1931; and certainly it was a part of fied before the House and Senate Armed combat element, reducing it to the status of the plan of 1946 and 1947. If it had not Services Committee that under this bill a naval police unit with possibly certain an­ been for the legislation which Congress the United States Marine Corps could be cillary service functions in respect to am­ passed in 1952, and which I had the reorganized into complete obscurity. I phibious operations, and (b) to abolish an honor to sponsor, the Marine Corps essential component of naval aviation which might well have been eliminated then as note that Secretary !'4cElroy says that operates from coastal and island shore bases. has changed his views on this point. To those ends these papers propose to discard a combatant force. So we are not con­ I believe that if any such endeavor agreements on these matters which have been juring up nonexistent possibilities. were ever undertaken, it is possible that arrived at between the Army and the Navy Mr. President, I know that many per­ Congress might find some way to undo from time to time over a period of more than sons believe that my position on this 20 years, and which have resulted in a re­ issue is dictated by emotion and by serv­ the harm done by this law and force the sponsibility for functions proven highly ef­ maintenance of the Marines as the ready fective in World War II. ice loyalty. The st. Louis Globe-Demo­ combatant force of our Nation. But the · "In matters so vital both to the Marine crat, a very excellent newspaper, pub­ important point to me lies in the prin­ Corps and to naval aviation, I consider it lished, on July 2, an editorial in which ciple that the Congress must not be appropriate and desirable that the Joint it virtually made that charge itself, and CIV--827 13142 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE July 8 accused me of being guilty of "old school Let me say most solemnly that if it It, I am firmly convinced at a later time tie" allegiance, and of voting for the were in the interest of the Nation that we shall hear more of this proposition. Marine Corps first and for the United the Marine Corps be stripped of its com­ When the Congress endeavors by the States second. It took the position that batant functions, I would not hesitate a addition of funds to the appropriation my loyalties are partial; that I put that moment to vote to have that done. No acts to start programs affirmatively or service above my country. institution is an end in itself. It has to keep programs at given levels, the Of course a favorite argumentative de­ value only insofar as it serves a general executive branch has never hesitated to vice is to try to discredit the motives of cause. impound those funds and to refuse to one who is in opposition. Yet, Mr. President, I submit that the carry out the mandates of Congress. I It is true that I am attached to the history and capacities of the Marine recall quite clearly under a Democratic Marine Corps. It is true that I feel loyal Corps are such that we should not meek­ administration when we added about to the best traditions of that Corps. If ly allow the reorganizers and the theo­ $900 million to the Air Force appropria­ that is a sin, I suppose I must plead retical experts to administer the Marine tion in an endeavor to keep it at a guilty to it. Corps out of existence, in the name of a size commensurate with what Congress Let me say that I do not think I need false uniformity. believed necessary-namely, 70 air apologize for the fact that, with all the So, Mr. President, were any such dis­ groups-our President at that time im­ somewhat varied experiences pf my life, mantling of the combat capacity of the pounded those funds. I am certain that my membership in the Marine Corps is Marine Corps to succeed, the damage to within a very short period of time he bit­ perhaps the one I cherish most, aside ·the Nation's defense structure, not only terly regretted this decision because of from my family and church relationships.· to the Marine Corps, would.be incalcula­ the inadequacies of many aspects of our Although I am not of a very bellicose or ble. Contra1·y to the view held in some air arm when Korea came upon us. military disposition, I may say that I high military circles, Congress has Today, Mr. President, in this very found in the Marine Corps a degree of rightly, in my opinion, determined that Congress fU:nds have been added to the bravery, technical skill, loyalty, and will­ we must maintain our readiness to fight Department of Defense appropriation to ingness to endure hardships which draws small wars, which are the most probable· prevent a reduction in the size of the out the best there is in a man and gives conflicts, in view of the present state of Army and to bring about a slight in­ capacity for mutual extermination. To crease in the size of the United States him great pride in being a part of a chain deter the launching of such probing at­ of tradition. If devotion to those princi­ Marine Corps. This stems in substantial tacks and such brush-fire wars is vital part from the belief within the Congress ples amount to giving loyalty to that to national security. The essential de­ service, I am guilty. But I submit that that small wars will present a continuing terrent is the capacity to resist and suc­ threat for many years to come. · Not­ these principles are not in opposition to cessfully defeat such thrusts. the interests of the Nation. withstanding this action, public an­ The combat-ready United States Ma­ nouncement has already been made that Some persons believe that the wars of rine Corps is a key unit in any such plan. the future will be pushbutton wars in the executive branch has no intention To dismantle it, or to place the power of paying any attention to this Congres­ which human bravery and human skill to do so, as this bill provides, in the will not count for much; that the wars sional mandate. hi:mds of those who in the past have rec­ Where, then, is our Congressional con­ will be waged by scientists at long dis­ ommended it, would be a dangerous re­ tance, using nuclear weapons of de­ trol through appropriation? It simply versal of our prior Congressional deter­ is not sufficient. struction. minations concerning both the ·formula­ I doubt very much whether that will be tion and the substance of defense policy. SUMMARY the case. I believe that the new weapons I notice that the Governor of the State Therefore, Mr. President, in summary, of destruction -are so terrible that they of Wyoming appeared before the Senate may I say that I believe the House­ may either destroy the :world or else each Armed Services Committee and said that passed bill to be deficient in that, first, side may be deterred from using them, in his opinion under this bill it would be it surrenders too much of our constitu­ so that the greater danger which we face possible to abolish the National Guard tionally specified responsibilities to the is that of probing operations on the part Bureau without recourse to Congress, and Executive, and if enacted, Congress will of Soviet Russia and its allies which that it is quite possible that the Reserves have little or no control over the size, would give rise to so-called brush-fire and National Guard of our country could shape, form, and general manner of op­ wars. If we do not have the means to also be abolished, with little or nothing eration of the military; second, it moves fight such brush-fire wars, but are com­ said by Congress. That shows how broad a long way toward the creation of a na­ pelled to use nuclear weapon deterrents, this bill is. tional general staff, headed by a single it seems to me that almost inevitably Mr. President, I do not see how we can Chief of Staff; third, it would reduce the what might have been confined to a local approve such a bill; nor do I believe that control of our civilian Secretaries over conflict would expand into a terrible, the people we represent, if they properly the military by reducing the authority worldwide war, with all the elements of understand all the implications of the of the Secretaries of the service depart­ destruction which that would bring; and bill, will wish us to surrender the respon­ ments and by placing added authority in therefore I believe we should be properly sibilities which they elected us to dis­ the hands of the Secretary of Defense; armed and ready to fight brush-fire or charge. and, fourth, under this bill the Secretary limited wars efficiently and well. APPROPRIATION CONTROL ALONE IS INSUFFICIENT of Defense will be so insulated from the If we accept that as a thesis, then the normal day-to-day problems by the en­ question is, How is that best to be done? I have heard much made of the argu­ larged military staff surrounding him Some persons say-and I do not question ment that the Congress will continue to that civilian control will have been weak­ their sincerity-that it can be done ,by control the military through the appro­ ened and made much less effective. only one land army and by the oblitera­ priation channels. These are the areas of concern I have tion of the traditions and organization Mr. President, I do not see how anyone about this legislation. I am, therefore, of the Marine Corps. can seriously advance such a thesis. It first, opposed to the amendments being In this connection, let me say that tra­ is true, the Congress can reduce appro­ demanded by the President to further ditions are not dead things. Instead, priations and thereby can exercise some carry out his objectives of centralization; form of negative control. However, it they influence men and affect their con­ should be borne in mind that when the second, strongly in support of amend­ duct. In the Marine Corps there is a President sent to the Congress his orig­ mentsto- degree of technical skill and fighting inal message on this subject, he recom­ (a) Maintain at least the same degree morale which I believe is of great mended that he be given authority to of control over military reorganizations service to our Nation and which should receive a lump-sum appropriation; and as exists over reorganizations generally, not be summarily dismissed; and Con­ that thereafter he be given authority to and that is that any military reorgani­ gress should have the right · to decide determine the best use of those funds. zation plan be subject to defeat by a. whether that should be done. In fact, Although this proposal has not been ad­ simple majority of those voting in either fundamentally the American people vanced so far in legislative form; which House of Congress, and that all changes should have the right to decide whether I attribute solely to the prompt and in statutory functions and missions must it should be done. · vigorous Congressional reaction against come to the Congress;, 1958. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_; SENATE 13143 (b) Assure that the civilian service He added that the National Guard was not Mr. DOUGLAS. The number has Secretaries continue to administer their affected as it is not a comp-onent of the De­ been about 31; and that is only the be­ fense Department within the meaning of the ~nd ginning, because then there are assist­ departments fu.nction in the chain legislation. of command to the unified and specified It is perfectly astonishing the extent to ants to the Assistants, assistants to the commands assigned to them; and which the Navy and the Marines have been Deputies, and so on. (c) Make certain that the Joint Chiefs able to rally Congressional and private Mr. MANSFIELD. Can the Senator of Staff continue to function as a long­ opinion to their defense, completely sur­ from Illinois furnish for the informa­ range strategic and policy-planning passing in concept the requirements of the tion of the Senate the approximate group, supported by an adequate family Defense Department as a whole. · number of committees and commissions Senator DOUGLAS is a good case in point, of committees to give them the necessary for his "old-school-tie" allegiance to the Ma­ which have been in existence in the De­ advice and guidance in arriving at their rine Corps transcends his normal instincts partment of Defense during the past 4 decisions, and not become a national for proper organization and the consider­ or 5 years? general staff. able economies which can arise out of the Mr. DOUGLAS. Hundreds. Mr. President, I hope it may be pos­ President's defense reorganization bill. Mr. MANSFIELD. I believe the :fig­ sible to achiev~ these objectives by prop:­ In other words, he is for economy every ure is somewhere between 700 and 800. er amendments to H. R. 12541. With place except when the Marine Corps is in­ Mr. DOUGLAS. Yes; and the spon­ volved. these safeguards, the legislation would Senator DouGLAS' concern for the Marines sors of all this are the very persons who seem to me markedly better. is understandable. We share his enthusi­ now pose as experts. The same group It is most unfortunate that, on the asm for this incomparable body which has who put over the 1953 reorganization other hand, the military cries for more added such luster to its name over the years, plan is now trying to put over the 1958 authority from Congress because they but we do not place it above country itself. reorganization plan. cannot accomplish their missions, and Admiral Radford is an excellent case con­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Does the Senat::>r at the same time the record shows they trary to Senator DouGLAS. When the Navy have any information at his disposal as first joined action in the reorganization do not even exercise that authority which battle a decade or more ago, Admiral Rad­ to how many civilians the Chiefs of they already possess. As Mr. Eberstadt ford was so outspoken in opposition that he Staff of the different Armed Forces have has declared, the answer is not more was banished from Washington because to go through before they can reach the authority, but more decision. There is his testimony was so at val'tance with the Secretary of the military department of no justification for the blank-check pro­ ideas of the President and many within his which they are a part, or the Secretary visions of H. R. 12541 which are being own service. of Defense? pressed upon us. Since that time, Admiral Radford has re­ Mr. DOUGLAS. No; I do not. sumed his rise in the Navy and finally be­ I ask· unanimous consent to have came the first Raval officer to serve as chair­ Mr. MANSFIELD. I think it should printed in the RECORD an editorial from man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, our highest be interesting to learn that the Chief of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat criticizing military position. This service gave him Staff of the United States Army, Gen. me. the broad rather than the narrow approach Maxwell D. Taylor, has to go through 16 There being no objection, the editorial of one branch only. As a result of his ex­ civilians before he can reach the Secre­ was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, perience, Admiral Radford, along with Sen­ tary of the Army Brucker. I think as follows: ator SYMINGTON, is now one of the most there are a good many activities within outspoken proponents of the President's re­ the Department of Defense and the SURPRISING STAND OF SENATOR DoUGLAS organization plan. Senator PAUL DouGLAS, of Illinois, has long We wish Senator DoUGLAS would similarly Pentagon which could be reorganized been known as a chief advocate of low t axes. see the light. He is ordinarily a construc­ without additional legislation-not that During the recent debate on the tax bill, tive thinker whose stature should not be I do not think legislation is needed, but Senator DouGLAS introduced no less than 4 jeopardized by his taking the narrow view I would certainly hope to see the num­ major amendments to repeal or reduce taxes when the Nation so desperately needs a ber of Assistant Secretaries reduced by in amounts varying up to $6 billion. · broad approach in the interest of the whole half and the number working in the He has been similarly known for his desire country and all its .Armed Forces. Pentagon reduced by half. to save the Government money on spending. Time is running out for the United States. There is very little question as to his sincerity If we are to have an effective control of Mr. DOUGLAS. The number of offi­ on these two scores. our Armed Forces, competent to meet any cers also. But Senator DouGLAS has a blind spot--the challenge, we cannot delay much longer in Mr. MANSFIELD. The number of United States Marine Corps, in which he giving the President the authority he needs generals, admirals, and the like, and the served with considerable distinction. Where to keep America strong and free. number of commissions and committees. the Marines are concerned, the Senator is I would like to see Parkinson's law work frequently prone to vote for the Marine Corps Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will first and for the United States second. the Senator yield? in reverse in the Pentagon and in the Last week Senat-or DouGLAS, in concert with Mr. DOUGLAS. I yield to the Sen­ Defense Establishment. Senator MANSFIELD, of Montana, addressed a ator from Montana. · I want to commend the Senator from letter to Democratic Senators urging resist­ · Mr. MANSFIELD. I wonder ·if the Illinois for bringing this vital subject to ance to the President's reorganization of the Senator from Illinois can give us any the attention of the American people. Defense Department. Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator This letter was brilliantly answered by information of the extent to which the civilian bureaucracy in the Pentagon from Montana. Senator SYMINGTON, who, though a Demo­ Mr. President, I yield the ftoor. crat, has been one of the stanchest support-'­ and the Department of Defense has in­ ers of the President's reorganization plan. creased in the past 6 or 7 years. The original Douglas-Mansfield letter ex­ Mr. DOUGLAS. I can say that origi­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE pressed fear of the adverse effect of the Presi­ nally they expected to add about 100 dent's plan on the National Guard and Ma­ additional personnel. A message from the House of Repre­ rine Corps, adding that the Marine Corps has sentatives, by Mr. Bartlett, one of its served as a vital and useful military service Mr. MANSFIELD. That is in the only because of the safeguard the corps care­ office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. reading clerks, announced that the House fully places on existing laws. Mr. DOUGLAS. No; that was in the had passed, without amendment, the Senator DouGLAS stated that the legislation Office of the Secretary of Defense. following bills of the Senate: in his opinion sharply reduces the abilities Does the Senator mean in the entire S. 832. An act for the relief of Matilda of the Congress t-o control the future avail­ Pentagon? Strah; ability of the Marine Corps and National S. 1524. An act for the relief of Laurance Guard. Mr. MANSFIELD. Yes. F. Stafford; Senator SYMINGTON in his reply quoted the ¥r. DOUGLAS. Those figures can be S. 1593. An act for the relief of Elizabeth law which specifically mentions the Marine obtained for the RECORD. Year after Lesch and her minor children, Gonda, Nor­ Corps as being "under the direct authority· year I have noticed how the number has bert and Bobby; and control of the Secretary of Defense." He been swollen, so to speak, until it runs S. 1975. An act for the relief ot Peder urged prompt action to modernize our de­ into the thousands. Strand; fense structure as vital to the security -of this S. 2638. An act for the relief of Nicholas country, and expressed the hope that special Mr. MANSFIELD. Can the Senator Ch.ristos S-oulis; interest or regard for any particular service tell us what the incxease in the number S. 2665. An act for the relief of Jean Kou­ would not continue to prevent the long over­ of Assistant Secretaries and Under Sec­ youmdjian: due reorganization of the Defense Depart­ retaries in the Department of Defense S. 2944. An act for the relief of Yoshiko ment. has been during the past 6 years? Matl:;uhara and her minor child, Kerry; 13144 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE S. 2950. An act for the relief of Peter has been completed on statehood for editor written by a very distinguished Liszczynski; Alaska, it behooves every one of us, in scholar and professor of law at Wil­ s. 2965. An act for the relief of Taeko Takamura Elliott; all the 48 States, to welcome the new lamette University, at Salem, Oreg., S. 2984. An act for the relief of Taka State and its people to equal and sover­ which deals with the action taken by the Motoki; eign membership in the indivisible President of the United States some S. 2997. An act for the reilef of Leobardo Union of States--one Nation under God. weeks ago in ordering American troops Castaneda Varga~; It is, of course, known to my colleagues to American bases close to Venezuela. S. 3019. An act for the relief of Herta Wil· and to the public that my vote was cast Professor Reginald Parker is recognized mersdoerfer; in opposition to statehood for Alaska at throughout the country as a keen stu­ S. 3080. An act for the relief of Kimiko this time. I reached a decision to vote dent of international law, and I am Araki; S. 3159. An act for the relief of Cresencio against the bill after giving careful con­ pleased to have his letter printed in the Urbano Guerrero; sideration to the arguments, pro and RECORD. S. 3172. An act for the relief of Ryfka con, which we:re submitted during the The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Bergmann; debate. BIBLE in the chair). Is there objection s. 3173. An act for the relief of Prisco Di Since the vote was taken, I have had to the request of the Senator from Ore­ Flumeri; numerous communications from constit­ gon? S. 3175. An act for the relief of Giuseppina uents, some of whom agreed with the There being no objection, the letter Fazio; was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, S. 3176. An act for the relief of Teo:filo M. position I had taken and others who did Palaganas; not agree and inquired as to my reasons as follows: S. 3269. An act for the relief of Mildred for voting as I did. STATES TROOP ACTION ILLEGAL (Molka Krivec) Chester; I appreciate these inquiries, and in To the EDITOR: S. 3271. An act for the relief of Souhail order that my reasons for voting against It is reassuring that Senator MoRsE-an Wadi Massad; statehood for Alaska may be clearly un­ outstanding legal scholar-ha~ assumed the S. 3272. An act for the relief of Janez derstood, I have set them forth, as leadership of the committee that is to in­ (Garantini) Bradek and Franciska (Garan­ follows: vestigate the causes of the recent events in tini) Bradek; First. The population of Alaska is South America that accompanied Vice Presi· S. 3358. An act for the relief of John Deme· dent NIXON's journey. "Armed missionaries triou Asteron; and about 200,000. Of these, almost one­ are not liked," said Robespierre, and I am S. 3364. An act for the relief of Antonios fourth are military personnel, civilian sure Senator MoRSE and his committee will Thomas. military employees and their depend­ find this truism, plus decades of overbearing ents whose residence in Alaska for the conduct toward our Latin American neigh­ most part is temporary. This population. bors, at the root of the humiliating treat· PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATIONS, is less than that of 15 counties of Penn­ ment our Vice President had to endure. 1959 sylvania. It is also below the number No doubt the Senate committee under its able leadership will also address themselves Mr. BIBLE. Mr. President-- required for a State to be allocated a seat to another question, viz., just what form of The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. in the House of Representatives. international law authorized the United MANSFIELD in the chair). The Senator Second. The people of Alaska are by States Governmep.t to mass troops near Ven­ from Nevada. no means unanimous in the desire for ezuela with the intent to invade that coun­ Mr. BIBLE. Mr. President, I move statehood. A substantial percentage of try if harm should befall Vice President that the Senate proceed to the consider­ Alaskans do not want statehood, recog­ NIXON? ation of H. R. 12858, the public works nizing that the responsibilities of state­ If a citizen of the United States, Vice hood would create many ·difficult and President or otherWise, is molested or at­ appropriation bill for 1959. tacked in a foreign country, that is a matter The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill complex problems. for the local police to deal with. What would will be stated by title for the information Third. Only a small portion of the we say if, for instance, Mexico would dis· of the Senate. vast area of Alaska is privately owned. play readiness to attaclc us because one of The LEGISLATIVE CLER~. A ~ bill The great percentage is owned by the p.er citizens or even her Vice President had

IOWA Lawrence H. Emmons, Sergeantsville, N.J., VERMONT George G . Hendricks, Fort Dodge, Iowa, in in place of L. J. Myers, deceased. H arold B. Wright, White River Junction, place of R. J. Gilday, retired. NEW YORK Vt., in place of C. A. O'Brien, retired. KANSAS Peter S. Tosi, Boiceville, N. Y., in place of VIRGINIA Chloe E. Huffman, Englewood, Kans., in M. D. Robeson, retired. Arthur P. McMullen, Hot Springs, Va., in place of E. J. Lee, retired. Grace E. Pfeiffer, Middle Island, N. Y., in place of F. L. Thompson, retired. George Paul Gerardy, Hanover, Kans., in place of E. H. Pfeiffer, deceased. Elmer H. Kirby, Stanleytown, Va., in place place of R. J. Munger, retired. Minor J. Leonard, Odessa, N.Y., in place of of M. C. Stanley, resigned. H. H. Rundle, retired. Jack D. Warnock, Stafford, Kans., in place WEST VIRGINIA of W. L. Kent, retired. Alice B. Larsen, Peconic, N.Y., in place of W. E. Way, resigned. Dempsey Dale Lilly, Coal City, W. Va., in KENTUCKY Clarence B. Wilmot, Rushford, N. Y., in place of L. L. Lilly, retired. Minnie M. Staley, Lackey, Ky., in place of place of M. E. Austin, removed. Franklin N. Phares, Valley Bend, W.Va., in Mike Staley, retired. Berta R. Fellows, South Salem, N. Y., in place of A. K. Crawford, deceased. LOUISIANA place of J. R. Reilly, retired. WISCONSIN Ivy M. Lytton, Gilliam, La., in place of NORTH CAROLINA Ruth M. Bergstrom, Comstock, Wis., in S . H. Reid, resigned. Lexine G. McCarson, Balfour, N.C., in place place of N. 0. Peterson, deceased. Billy R. Johnson, Harrisonburg, La., in of L. R. Geiger, retired. place of J. L. Beasley, retired. James Howard Crowell, Concord, N. C., in •• .. ... • • Roberta G . Landry, Mathews, La., in place place of B. E. Harris, resigned. of B. A. Gautreaux, retired. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Ora G. Thomas, Mooringsport, La., in place OHIO Quindo A. Belloni, Brewster, Ohio, in place of A. H. Barre, retired. T uESDAY, JuLY William A. Bulcao, Slidell, La., in place of of Kathryn Schott, retired. 8, 1958 C. D. Block, resigned. OKLAHOMA The House met at 12 o'clock noon. MAINE Frank M. Hippard, 'Okeene, Okla., in place The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, Chandler Byrant Paine, Bar Harbor, Maine, of A. M. Farhar, deceased. D. D., offered the following prayer: in place ofT. L. Roberts, deceased. Earl Dale Allee, Quapaw, Okla., in place of Raymond M. Flynn, Sanford, Maine, in C. E. Douthat, retired. Job 5: 8: Unto God would I commit place of F. C. Creteau, resigned. OREGON my cause. Donald L. Lapointe, Van Buren, Maine, in Eternal God, who art the source of place of L. N. Poirer, retired. Allan T. Ettinger, Brookings, Oreg., in place of W. G. Thompson, resigned. all our blessings, gn:.nt that daily we MASSACHUSETTS Wayne F. Ball, Huntington, Oreg., in place may commit ourselves and our way unto Katherine C. Brown, Littleton Common, of B. K. Harvey, resigned. Thee. Mass., in place of R . C. West, retired. PENNSYLVANIA Inspire us with a vivid sense of Thy James H. Bradley, Woburn, Mass., in place presence and power as we face duties of J. H. Murphy, retired. Charles A. Mensch, Bellefonte, Pa., i,n place of E. B. Bower, retired. and responsibilities which are far beyond MICHIGAN William R. Mundell, Birdsboro, Pa., in place our own finite wisdom and strength. Budd A. Goodwin, Adrian, Mich., in place of P . F. Petrillo, removed. We humbly confess that there are days of P. F. FTownfelder, retired. Richard L. Altemose, Brodheadsville, Pa., when the ide_als, which we cherish, seem James Patejdl, Harbert, Mich., in place of in place of M. L. Serfass, retired. so visionary and the outlook for a nobler 0. W. Tornquist, retired. Emma Jane Kimmel, Dalmatia, Pa., in civilization appears so gloomy. place of P. L. Tressler, retired. MINNESOTA May men and nations everywhere give Clifford C. Mills, Freeland, Pa., in place of Edward J. Shega, Babbitt, Minn., in place Neale Boyle, retired. their allegiance to the King of Kings, of R. J. Slade, resigned. Julia M. McCluskey, New Bedford,· Pa., in who rules not with the rod of iron but Arthur Peter Hein, Excelsior, Minn., in place of ·N. R. Akens, deceased. with the scepter ofjustice, righteousness, place of F. J. Mason, retired. Charles s. Borem, Sewickley, Pa., in place mercy, and love. . Orlin A. Ofstad, Orr, Minn., in place of of S. V. Webster, deceased. Hear us in His name. Amen. A. M. Rude, retired. Robert W. Kramer, Valencia, Pa., in place Sylvester V. Zitzmann, Vesta, Minn., in ofT. M. Perry, retired. The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ place ofT. c. Kline, deceased. terday was read and approved. PUERTO RICO MISSISSIPPI Angel Ceear Benitez Lopez, Aguas Buenas, · Maxie A. Grozinger, Crowder, Miss., in P.R., in place of F. G. Gonzales, retired. place of 0. B. Jones, transferred. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Hobert Riley, Jr., Pattison, Miss., in place SOUTH CAROLINA A message from the Senate by Mr. of J.D. Burch, transferred. Urban G. Milhous, Jr., Denmark, S. C., in McGown, one of its clerks, announced George w. Benson, Webb, Miss., in place place of M. R. Mayfield, resigned. of L. A. White, retired. Willie C. Maxwell, Inman, S. C., in place that the Senate had passed without of J. G. Waters, retired. amendment bills and a joint resolution MISSOURI of the House of the following titles: Kenneth C. James, Gravois Mills, Mo., in SOUTH DAKOTA place of M. L. McKinley, retired. Maynard G . Hatch, McLaughlin, S.Dak., in H. R . 7349. An .act to amend the act regu­ Wilhelmine E. Jacobi, Martinsburg, Mo., place of Freda Haberman, retired. lating the business of execu~ing bonds for in place of F. J. Jacobi, Jr., deceased. compensation in criminal cases in the District Willard H. Dowden, Pickering, Mo., in place TENNESSEE of Columbia; of J. L. Bosch, deceased. John L. Sanders, Somerville, Tenn., in place H. R. 7452. An act to provide for the desig­ of W. A. Rhea, retired. nation of holidays for the officers and em­ MONTANA TEXAS ployees of the government of the District of Virgil S. Davis, Anaconda, Mont., in place Columbia for pay·and leave purposes, and for of F. J. J. Finneg~n. removed. Vernon C. Johnson, Alvin, Tex., in place of other purposes; B. A. Borskey, retired. H. R. 9285. An act to amend the charter of NEBRASKA Ruby D. Cummings, Barstow, Tex., in James C. Dowding; Bellevue, Nebr., in place St. Thomas' Literary Society; place of A. J. Hayes, resigned. H. E. 12643. An act to amend the act en­ of J. H. Schaller, resigned. Benedict M. Kocurek, Caldwell, Tex., in Edward W. Divis, Brainard, Nebr., in place titled "An act to consolidate the police court place of R. A. Bowers, transferred. of the District of Columbia and the munic­ of Fr~d Hla_vac, retired. _ Grace M. Duncan, Crandall; Tex., in place ipal court of the District of ·Columbia, to be Malcoim E. Jensen, Emerson, Nebr., in of K. H. Jorns, resigned. known as· "the municipal court for the Dis­ place of R. L. McPherrap., resigneg. · ' H0mer R. Gr~tnberry, Douglassville, Tex., trict of Columbia,' to create 'the municipal Ruth E. Fouts, Maxwell, Nebr., in place of R. C. Dolan, retired. - in place of E. E. McMillian, Jr., removed. court of appeals for the District of Colum­ . Leslie Fulenwider, Uvald~, 'rex., in place of bia,' and for other purposes," approved April NEW HAMPSHIRE J.P. Molloy, deceased. l, 1942, as amended; and J. Clyde H. Seavey, Candia, N.H., in place of UTAH H. Res. 479. Joint resolution to desig­ R. B. Dinsmore, retired. nate the 1st day of May o! each year as Roger A . . Clark, Emery, Utah, in place of Loyalty Day. - NEW JERSEY J. R. Sorenson, deceased. . - Ellen E. Benson, Lawnsi-de, N. J ., in place . Daniel Clair· Whitesides,- Layton, Utah, in The message also announced that the of Helen Davis, remove~. _place of ~· H._Ba!ton, deceast:d! Senate had passed, with. amendments in