DOCSLIB.ORG

Familicide in Canada: 2010-2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Familicide in Canada: 2010-2019 ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶŽŵĞƐƟĐ,ŽŵŝĐŝĚĞ WƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ/ŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ FAMILICIDE IN CANADA: 2010-2019 Domestic Homicide Brief 9 July 2020 www.cdhpi.ca www.cdhpi.ca 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Canadian Domestic Homicide Prevention Initiative Suggested Citation: with Vulnerable Populations presents its ninth Boyd, C., Sutton, D., Dawson, M., Straatman, A.L., Homicide Brief, Familicide in Canada: 2010-2019. This Poon, J., Jaffe, P. (2020). Familicide in Canada: brief offers a summary of data collected through the 2010-2019. Domestic Homicide Brief 9. London, ON: Canadian Domestic Homicide Prevention Initiative with Canadian Domestic Homicide Prevention Initiative. Vulnerable Populations focusing on familicide – the ISBN: 978-1-988412-40-5. killing of multiple family members. Families living in rural, remote and northern populations appear to be Download copies of this brief at: particularly vulnerable offering implications for risk http://cdhpi.ca/knowledge-mobilization assessment, risk management and safety planning. THE CDHPIVP TEAM CO-DIRECTORS Myrna Dawson Peter Jaffe Director, Centre for the Study of Social and Legal Academic Director, Centre for Research & Education Responses to Violence, University of Guelph on Violence against Women & Children (CREVAWC), Western University [email protected] [email protected] MANAGEMENT TEAM GRAPHIC DESIGN Julie Poon, National Research Coordinator Elsa Barreto, Digital Media Specialist Anna-Lee Straatman, Project Manager This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 2 www.cdhpi.ca FAMILICIDE Familicide is a type of mass killing that involves FAMILICIDE IN CANADA family members as victims (Malmquist, 1980). Definitions of familicide vary, often based on The Canadian Domestic Homicide Prevention the perpetrators’ relationship with their victims. Initiative with Vulnerable Populations (CDHPIVP), Some scholars define familicide broadly, such as a national research project on domestic homicide, one family member killing multiple other family has created a database that documents domestic members (Liem & Koenraadt, 2008). For the homicides in Canada between 2010 and 2020. purpose of this brief we are using the following The data sources are court and media records, definition: an individual killing his/her current or and data collection is currently ongoing. Data former spouse and at least one biological or step- for this brief come from the CDHPIVP database child (Wilson, Daly & Daniele, 1995). which contains information on 667 domestic homicide cases, involving 756 victims, that occurred in Canada from 2010 to 2019. Of the Familicide: an individual killing his/her 667 cases, 25 cases involving 69 victims and 25 current or former spouse and at least accused met the criteria for familicide, according one biological or stepchild (Wilson, to our definition above. The CDHPIVP data supports the assertion that familicide, or the Daly & Daniele, 1995). killing of a current or estranged intimate partner along with at least one child, continues to be rare as a total proportion of all homicides. Among all PREVALENCE OF FAMILICIDE domestic homicide cases identified nationwide between and including 2010 and 2019, less Familicide occurs very rarely in Canada and than four percent (N=25) can be classified as a elsewhere around the world but certainly has familicide, comprising nine percent of all domestic devastating effects when it does happen. homicide victims. Between 1974 and 1990, 61 incidents of familicide, involving 161 victims, occurred in Canada (Wilson During the 10-year time frame, there was on et al, 1995). When the focus is on homicides average 66.7 domestic homicide cases per year that occurred between 1961 and 2003, there and 2.5 familicide cases per year. Therefore, the were 127 incidents of familicide involving 279 information about familicides presented in this victims (Statistics Canada, 2005). Beyond these brief is based on a small number of cases, but figures, there is little existing documentation focusing on them can help to provide context of the prevalence of familicide in Canada for these types of killings and contribute to more despite it being the most common type of nuanced risk assessment, risk management and mass killing, a finding true for both Canada and safety planning. elsewhere (Duwe, 2004). Based on historical data, familicide–suicide, defined as the killing of family members followed by the perpetrator’s Familicides in Canada 2010 – 2019 suicide, occurred on average once a year in the Netherlands between 1992 and 2005 (Liem & 25 cases involving 69 victims Koenraadt, 2007). In England and Wales, one out of every 72 homicide victims was a victim of familicide and in Canada between 1974 and 1990, Just over two-thirds (68%) of all familicide cases one in 69 was a victim of familicide (Wilson et (N=17; 55 victims) involved the killing of a primary al, 1995). Of the solved homicide-suicides that victim who belonged to one or more of the four occurred in Canada between 1961 and 2003, 14 vulnerable groups focused on by the CDHPIVP. in 100 victims was a victim of familicide-suicide Specifically, of the 69 victims, 31 children (less (Statistics Canada, 2005). than 18 years old) were killed alongside the primary victim in 21 cases. Among the 31 child victims, 14 lived in an RRN region of the country, www.cdhpi.ca 3 five were Indigenous, and two were second- CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILICIDE generation immigrants, highlighting intersecting PERPETRATORS vulnerabilities of victims in these cases. Another 17 adult victims, comprising 12 cases, were killed Previous research regarding familicide in an RRN area of the country, three of which perpetrators has focused on demographic were Indigenous. Four cases involved the killing information and found that familicide is almost of immigrants/refugees with seven adult victims exclusively perpetrated by men (Mailloux, total.1 Finally, eight Indigenous victims were killed 2014), aged 30 to 40 years (Liem & Koenraadt, in three familicide cases, all of which occurred 2008). The CDHPIVP data is consistent with in an RRN area of the country, which, again this research. All but one of the accused in highlights intersecting vulnerabilities. Not only do the familicide cases were male (N=24) with an Indigenous peoples experience increased risk of average age of 39 years. violence because of the effects of colonization but that risk is compounded by living in rural areas (e.g., due to factors such as social isolation, Common Characteristics of Familicide service barriers, presence of firearms, etc.) Accused (Doherty & Hornosty, 2008; Holmes & Hunt, 2017; Jeffrey et al, 2019; Peters et al, 2018) y Primarily male y 30 to 40 years of age y History of domestic violence y Accused more likely to commit suicide FIGURE 1: AGE OF ACCUSED (N) 1 2 18-24 years 8 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 10 55-64 years 3 1 One case involved the killing of seven family members, two of which were children, and an unintended victim (for a total of 8). The primary victim and accused were immigrants but the children were born in Canada. The immigration status of the unintended victim was not reported in public documents. 4 www.cdhpi.ca Figure 1 shows the number of accused in age likely to be unemployed or struggling financially categories. The majority of accused fell within (Mailloux, 2014). In the CDHPIVP data, when this the 25-to-34- year age category (N=10), followed information was available (60% of the cases), just closely by 45-to-54 years (N=8). The age of one over one-third (N=9) of accused held full- or part- accused was unknown. time employment at the time of the familicide. History of domestic violence: There is often CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILICIDE a history of domestic violence by familicide VICTIMS perpetrators including physical violence, intimidation and threatening behavior (Johnson & While multiple victims are killed in familicide Sachman, 2014). Although a history of domestic cases, it is typically the case that a primary violence is not always reported by police, this victim can be identified as the main target of the information is often reported by family, friends perpetrator. Other victims are often biological and neighbours to media after the familicide or stepchildren (Lefevre et al, 2011; Liem & occurs. The CDHPIVP data indicates that among Koenraadt, 2008), but they may also be parents, those accused of committing familicide, there relatives, or those unrelated to the perpetrator was a documented history of violence against but related to the victim (e.g., new partner) or the primary victim in just over half of all cases bystanders. Prior research documents that the (N=13). Among those with a documented history primary victims are mostly adult women, usually of domestic violence, physical violence was in a legal marital relationship with the perpetrator most commonly experienced (N=8), followed (Mailloux, 2014). Of the familicides committed in by emotional/psychological (N=5), coercive Canada between 2010 and 2019, consistent with control (N=3), and an equal proportion of victims other studies, all but one of the primary victims reported sexual, economic, or another type of was an adult female (N=24) who was either violence (N=1 each).2 Victims were most likely the current or estranged legal or common-law to report the violence to police (N=4), family partner of the accused. More than half (64%) of members (N=4), or both (N=1), with the remaining the victims were in a current relationship with the confiding in friends (N=2), coworkers (N=1), accused as shown in Figure 2. or neighbours (N=1). It is expected that these numbers are still an underestimation of the Although the average age of primary victims history of domestic violence in these cases. within the CDHPIVP dataset was 36 years, almost half of the victims were between 25 and 34 years of age. Figure 3 shows the distribution of victims by age group. When primary victims were 18-24 years 1 in 2 cases of familicide reported a killed in an RRN area of the country (N=12), they history of domestic violence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolutionary Psychological Pers
    AN EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON FILICIDE AND FILICIDE-SUICIDE by Viviana A. Weekes A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida August 2011 Copyright by Viviana A. Weekes 2011 ii AN EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON FILICIDE AND FILICIDE-SUICIDE by Viviana A. Weekes This dissertation was prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation advisor, Dr. David Bjorklund, Department of Psychology, and has been approved by the members of her supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy. EE: Charles White, Ph.D. Gary W. Perr Dean, The Charles E. Sch (It College of Science 7/7//1 JSr 7'7:L...- ~ . Barry T. Rosson, Ph.D. Date Dean, Graduate College iii1Il ABSTRACT Author: Viviana A. Weekes Title: An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective on Filicide and Filicide-Suicide Institution: Florida Atlantic University Dissertation Advisor: Dr. David Bjorklund Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Year: 2011 This dissertation focuses on using one tangible component of filicide, the method or weapon used by a parent to kill a child, as a means by which to understand parental psychology. An evolutionary psychological perspective (e.g., Buss, 2004; Bjorklund & Pellegrini, 2002; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992) can provide insight into our understanding of filicide. Questions that have not been asked by previous researchers may come to the fore by using an evolutionary perspective as a guide for investigating filicide and its surrounding circumstances and contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • When the Victim Is a Woman
    Chapter Four 113 When the Victim is a Woman he demographics of armed violence are and suffering, especially given that violence T often described in general terms. Men— against women seldom occurs as an isolated especially young men—are determined incident. It is often the culmination of escalating to be most likely to kill and be killed. Women, it aggressions that in some cases lead to fatal out- is often said, are affected in different ways: as comes. Moreover, when a woman is killed, there victims, survivors, and often as single heads of are also frequently indirect casualties; perpetra- households. Yet on closer inspection these crude tors sometimes commit suicide while also taking WHEN THE VICTIM IS A WOMAN generalizations are found wanting. This chapter the lives of others, including children, witnesses, unpacks global patterns of armed violence directed and bystanders. Many women who endure abusive against women. It focuses on ‘femicide’—the and violent relationships also commit suicide in killing of a woman—as well as sexual violence order to end their misery. The sharp increase in committed against women during and following reported suicide and self-immolation among Afghan 1 armed conflict. women is attributed to severe forms of psycho- logical, physical, and sexual violence, including 2 Men generally represent a disproportionately forced marriage (MOWA, 2008, pp. 12–13). high percentage of the victims of homicide, while 3 women constitute approximately 10 per cent of The violent killing of any individual is a tragedy 4 homicide victims in Mexico, 23 per cent in the with traumatic knock-on effects; it generates far- United States, and 29 per cent in Australia (INEGI, reaching repercussions that reflect the victim’s 5 2009; FBI, 2010; ABS, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Responding to Murder Suicide and Suicide Clusters
    Responding to murder suicide and suicide clusters Guidance document April 2011 Final Version - 18 April 2011GD 1 Contents 1. Foreword 2. Executive Summary 3. Background: rationale membership 4. Prevention – key elements 5. Murder Suicide & Suicide Clusters – some definitions 6. Suicide Mortality 7. Research evidence 8. Learning from our own and others’ experience 9. Guidance for the management of suicide and suicide clusters at local HSE level. 10. Implementing the Plan 11. Role of the media 12. Appendices Appendix 1 – National Working Group Terms of Reference and Membership Appendix 2 - Media guidelines for reporting suicide Appendix 3 – Websites and information resources. Final Version - 18 April 2011GD 2 1. Foreword Suicide remains a significant public health issue in Ireland. However in the last few years in Ireland the relatively rare events of murder suicide and suicide clusters have become more prevalent. When such events occur they have often attracted high profile media coverage. There is therefore a need for a consistent and coordinated health and social care response. This guidance document is designed to be an accessible resource for local service managers when responding to such tragic events as murder-suicide and suicide clusters. Murder suicides occur when one person, or persons, kill others and then take their own lives. Suicide clusters emerge when a number of apparent suicides, which may appear to be unrelated, occur in a particular area over a particular time period and have common or similar method. These are sometimes referred to as ‘copycat’ suicides. Whilst the HSE has a significant and often lead role to play there are many other organisations, both statutory and voluntary, which can make an important contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Murder and Spree Murder
    Two Mass Murder and Spree Murder Two Types of Multicides A convicted killer recently paroled from prison in Tennessee has been charged with the murder of six people, including his brother, Cecil Dotson, three other adults, and two children. The police have arrested Jessie Dotson, age 33. The killings, which occurred in Memphis, Tennessee, occurred in February 2008. There is no reason known at this time for the murders. (Courier-Journal, March 9, 2008, p. A-3) A young teenager’s boyfriend killed her mother and two brothers, ages 8 and 13. Arraigned on murder charges in Texas were the girl, a juvenile, her 19-year-old boyfriend, Charlie James Wilkinson, and two others on three charges of capital murder. The girl’s father was shot five times but survived. The reason for the murders? The parents did not want their daughter dating Wilkinson. (Wolfson, 2008) Introduction There is a great deal of misunderstanding about the three types of multi- cide: serial murder, mass murder, and spree murder. This chapter will list the traits and characteristics of these three types of killers, as well as the traits and characteristics of the killings themselves. 15 16 SERIAL MURDER Recently, a school shooting occurred in Colorado. Various news outlets erroneously reported the shooting as a spree killing. Last year in Nevada, a man entered a courtroom and killed three people. This, too, was erro- neously reported as a spree killing. Both should have been labeled instead as mass murder. The assigned labels by the media have little to do with motivations and anticipated gains in the original effort to label it some type of multicide.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Murder in the 21St Century
    Mass Murder in the 21st Century: From Assumptions to Truths Meredith L. Ille 3 Acknowledgements For my dear Mother, Mary Lou Ille, my best friend and staunchest supporter. There are not enough words to express my gratitude and love. For my thesis committee members: Chairperson Dr. Shawna Cleary, for inspiring this thesis and seeing it through to the end; Dr. Elizabeth Maier, for taking the time and having such patience; And Dr. Burle Steelman, for his willingness to help and going above and beyond the call of duty. 4 Table of Contents Abstract 5 Introduction 6 Literature Review 9 Hypotheses 39 Methods 40 Results 43 Discussion 50 Conclusions 57 References 59 5 Abstract Mass murder is the killing of four or more people in one incident. There is a national lack of awareness of the most predominant type of mass murder. This thesis hypothesized that the majority of mass murders in the United States are mass murder familicides. It is further hypothesized that most mass murder familicides are committed by Caucasian men in their 30s and 40s. Data from two sources were used: the USA Today Behind the Bloodshed database, and the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) for the years 2006- 2016. It was also necessary to use supplemental data from media accounts where data was missing or in doubt. Mass murder familicides were tallied from both databases. They were then categorized to determine if mass murder familicide was the most common form of mass murder, testing hypothesis one. Ages and race of offenders were then tallied to determine support for hypothesis two, that most offenders were Caucasian and in their 30s and 40s.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Murderers: a Case Study Analysis of Social Media Influence and Copycat Suicide
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2020 Mass Murderers: A Case Study Analysis of Social Media Influence and Copycat Suicide Stephanie Ann McKay Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Stephanie McKay has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Eric Hickey, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Jerrod Brown, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Victoria Latifses, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2020 Abstract Mass Murderers: A Case Study Analysis of Social Media Influence and Copycat Suicide by Stephanie McKay MS, Walden University, 2012 BS, Francis Marion University, 1996 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Forensic Psychology Walden University May 2020 Abstract The frequency of mass murder has increased over the past decade, with nearly half of all mass murderers committing suicide. Previous researchers have found imitations of mass murderers which relate to suicide contagion, media contagion, and copycat effects; however, there remains a gap in the literature pertaining to the connection between copycat suicides of mass killers and the influence of social media.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-American Model
    Inter-American Model Law on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of the Gender-Related Killing of Women and Girls(Femicide/Feminicide) The Organization of American States (OAS) brings together the nations of the Western hemisphere to promote democracy, strengthen human rights, foster peace, security and cooperation and advance common interests. The origins of the Organization date back to 1890 when nations of the region formed the Pan American Union to forge closer hemispheric relations. This union later evolved into the OAS and in 1948, 21 nations signed its governing charter. Since then, the OAS has expanded to include the nations of the English-speaking Caribbean and Canada, and today all of the independent nations of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean make up its 35 member states. The Follow-up Mechanism to the Belém do Pará Convention(MESECVI) is an independent, consensus- based peer evaluation system that looks at the progress made by States Party to the Convention in fulfilling its objectives. MESECVI is financed by voluntary contributions from the States Party to the Convention and other donors, and the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) of the OAS acts as its Secretariat. Inter-American Model Law on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of the Gender-Related Killing of Women and Girls (Femicide/Feminicide) Copyright ©2018 All rights reserved OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission of Women. Follow-up Mechanism to the Belém do Pará Convention (MESECVI). Ley modelo interamericana
    [Show full text]
  • Circumstances Preceding Homicide-Suicides Involving Child Victims: a Qualitative Analysis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE HHS Public Access provided by CDC Stacks Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author J Interpers Manuscript Author Violence. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 February 01. Published in final edited form as: J Interpers Violence. 2018 February ; 33(3): 379–401. doi:10.1177/0886260515605124. Circumstances Preceding Homicide-Suicides Involving Child Victims: A Qualitative Analysis Kristin M. Holland, Ph.D., M.P.H.1, Sabrina V. Brown, Dr.P.H.2, Jeffrey E. Hall, Ph.D., M.S.P.H., C.P.H.1, and Joseph E. Logan, Ph.D.1 1Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 2University of Kentucky, Department of Epidemiology, Lexington, KY Abstract Homicide-suicide incidents involving child victims can have a detrimental impact on survivors of the violence, family members and friends of the decedents, and other community members, but the rare occurrence of these acts makes using quantitative data to examine their associated antecedents challenging. Therefore, using qualitative data from the 2003–2011 National Violent Death Reporting System, we examined 175 cases of homicide-suicide involving child victims in an effort to better understand the complex situational factors of these events. Our findings indicate that 98% of homicide-suicides with child victims are perpetrated by adults (mostly parents) and propelled by the perpetrators’ intimate partner problems, mental health problems, and criminal/legal problems. These events are often premeditated, and plans for the violence are sometimes disclosed prior to its occurrence.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide in Asia: Opportunities and Challenges
    Epidemiologic Reviews Vol. 34, 2012 ª The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxr025 All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. Advance Access publication: December 7, 2011 Suicide in Asia: Opportunities and Challenges Ying-Yeh Chen, Kevin Chien-Chang Wu, Saman Yousuf, and Paul S. F. Yip* * Correspondence to Dr. Paul S. F. Yip, Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (e-mail: [email protected]). Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article/34/1/129/498617 by guest on 29 September 2021 Accepted for publication September 8, 2011. Asian countries account for approximately 60% of the world’s suicides, but there is a great mismatch in the region between the scale of the problem and the resources available to tackle it. Despite certain commonalities, the continent itself is culturally, economically, and socially diverse. This paper reviews current epidemiologic patterns of suicide, including suicide trends, sociodemographic factors, urban/rural living, suicide methods, sociocultural religious influences, and risk and protective factors in Asia, as well as their implications. The observed epidemiologic distributions of suicides reflect complex interplays among the traditional value/culture system, rapid economic transitions under market globalization, availability/desirability of suicide methods, and sociocultural permission/ prohibitions regarding suicides. In general, compared with Western countries, Asian countries still have a higher average suicide rate, lower male-to-female suicide gender ratio, and higher elderly-to-general-population suicide ratios. The role of mental illness in suicide is not as important as that in Western countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Algorithm Characterization of Suicide: Introducing an Informative Categorization System
    Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2016 September; 10(3):e4544. doi: 10.17795/ijpbs-4544. Published online 2016 August 15. Commentaries Algorithm Characterization of Suicide: Introducing an Informative Categorization System Mohsen Rezaeian,1,* and Mehran Zarghami2,3 1Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran 2Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Sari, IR Iran 3Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Sari, IR Iran *Corresponding author: Mohsen Rezaeian, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3434331315, E-mail: [email protected] Received 2014 October 31; Revised 2015 April 11; Accepted 2015 October 29. 1. Introduction of integration of individual into the society’. Altruistic sui- cide in which the ‘individual is highly integrated into the The world health organization (WHO) has estimated society’. Anomic suicide, which results from ‘lack of regu- that each year nearly one million people die from suicide. lation of the individual by the society’ and finally,Fatalistic Moreover, up to twenty million people carry out suicide at- Suicide, in which ‘an individual’s attitudes and values are tempts annually. The WHO also reported that all through highly regulated by the society’ (3). the world and within the last 45 years, suicide rates have Durkheim’s theory was based on a careful geographi- increased by 60%, mostly among young people (1). cal observation of suicide rates over a long time period (4) When we are dealing with a rising phenomenon like and is used to predict associations between suicide rates suicide, which is a very complicated act and can emerge and social indicators (5).
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico's Drug Trafficking Organizations
    Mexico’s Drug Trafficking Organizations: Source and Scope of the Rising Violence June S. Beittel Analyst in Latin American Affairs September 7, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41576 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Mexico’s Drug Trafficking Organizations: Source and Scope of the Rising Violence Summary The violence generated by Mexico’s drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) in recent years has been unprecedented. In 2006, Mexico’s newly elected President Felipe Calderón launched an aggressive campaign against the DTOs—an initiative that has defined his administration—that has been met with a violent response from the DTOs. Government enforcement efforts have successfully removed some of the key leaders in all of the seven major DTOs, either through arrests or deaths in operations to detain them. However, these efforts have led to succession struggles within the DTOs themselves that generated more violence. According to the Mexican government’s estimate, organized crime-related violence claimed more than 34,500 lives between January 2007 and December 2010. By conservative estimates, there have been an additional 8,000 homicides in 2011 increasing the number of deaths related to organized crime to over 40,000 since President Calderón came to office in late 2006. Although violence has been an inherent feature of the trade in illicit drugs, the character of the drug trafficking-related violence in Mexico has been increasingly brutal. In 2010, several politicians were murdered, including a leading gubernatorial candidate in Tamaulipas and 14 mayors. At least 10 journalists were killed last year and five more were murdered through July 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Qaeda and the Internationalization of Suicide Terrorism the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (JCSS)
    Yoram Schweitzer and Sari Goldstein Ferber Al-Qaeda and the Internationalization of Suicide Terrorism The Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (JCSS) JCSS was founded in 1977 at the initiative of Tel Aviv University. In 1983 the Center was named the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies – JCSS – in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Jaffee. The purpose of the Jaffee Center is, first, to conduct basic research that meets the highest academic standards on matters related to Israel's national security as well as Middle East regional and international security affairs. The Center also aims to contribute to the public debate and governmental deliberation of issues that are – or should be – at the top of Israel's national security agenda. The Jaffee Center seeks to address the strategic community in Israel and abroad, Israeli policymakers and opinion-makers, and the general public. The Center relates to the concept of strategy in its broadest meaning, namely the complex of processes involved in the identification, mobilization, and application of resources in peace and war, in order to solidify and strengthen national and international security. Yoram Schweitzer and Sari Goldstein Ferber Al-Qaeda and the Internationalization of Suicide Terrorism Memorandum No. 78 November 2005 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies יורם שוייצר ושרי גולדשטיין פרבר אל קאעדה והגלובליזציה של טרור המתאבדים Editor: Judith Rosen Cover Design: Yael Kfir Graphic Design: Michal Semo, Yael Bieber Printing House: Kedem Printing Ltd., Tel Aviv Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies Tel Aviv
    [Show full text]