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First Battle of Manassas: an End to Innocence

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First Battle of Manassas: an End to Innocence National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence (Manassas National Battlefield Park) To many Americans, the firing on Fort Sumter by Confederate troops on the morning of April 12, 1861, signaled the separation of the United States into two nations. Soon thereafter, both the North and the South began preparing for war enlisting armies, training troops, and raising rhetoric to a fevered pitch. At first, Americans viewed the conflict romantically, as a great adventure. To many, it was a crusade of sorts that would be decided quickly, and would return both the North and South to a peaceful way of life, either as one nation or two. Scarcely three months later, however, events near the small Virginia community of Manassas Junction shocked the nation into the realization that the war might prove longer and more costly than anyone could have imagined--not only to the armies, but to the nation as a whole. On July 21, 1861, the first major confrontation of the opposing armies took place here, coming to a climax on the fallow fields of the widow Judith Henry's family, and claiming almost 5,000 casualties. Among the victims were not only the dead and wounded of the opposing armies, but members of the civilian population, and, ultimately, the wide-eyed innocence of a nation that suddenly realized it had gone to war with itself. The importance of the first battle of Manassas, or Bull Run as it was generally known in the North, lay not so much in the movement of the armies or the strategic territory gained or lost, but rather in the realization that the struggle was more an apocalyptic event than the romantic adventure earlier envisioned. National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence Document Contents National Curriculum Standards About This Lesson Getting Started: Inquiry Question Setting the Stage: Historical Context Locating the Site: Maps 1. Map 1: Central and eastern Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, c. 1861 2. Map 2: The upper Potomac, 1861 3. Map 3: Manassas Battlefield today Determining the Facts: Readings 1. Reading 1: The Last Letter of Major Sullivan Ballou 2. Reading 2: The Letters of J.W. Reid 3. Reading 3: Some Events Connected with the Life of Judith Carter Henry Visual Evidence: Images 1. Drawing 1: The Henry House, as it appeared soon after the first battle of Manassas 2. Photo 1: The Henry House, March 1862 3. Photo 2: The Stone House, March 1862 Putting It All Together: Activities 1. Activity 1: Considering Life as a Soldier 2. Activity 2: Manassas National Battlefield Park 3. Activity 3: Local and Personal Impact of the Civil War References and Endnotes Additional Resources National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence Where this lesson fits into the curriculum Time Period: Late 19th century Topics: The lesson could be used in units on the Civil War. Students will strengthen their skills of observation and interpretation in the study of history and geography, and gain practice in analyzing primary documents. Relevant United States History Standards for Grades 5-12 This lesson relates to the following National Standards for History from the UCLA National Center for History in the Schools: US History Era 5 • Standard 2A: The student understands how the resources of the Union and Confederacy affected the course of the war. • Standard 2B: The student understands the social experience of the war on the battlefield and home front. Relevant Curriculum Standards for Social Studies This lesson relates to the following Curriculum Standards for Social Studies from the National Council for the Social Studies: Theme II: Time, Continuity and Change • Standard F: The student uses knowledge of facts and concepts drawn from history, along with methods of historical inquiry, to inform decision-making about and action-taking on public issues. Theme III: People, Places, and Environment • Standard D: The student estimates distance, calculate scale, and distinguish other geographic relationships such as population density and spatial distribution patterns. Theme IV: Individual Development and Identity National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence • Standard F: The student identifies and describes the influence of perception, attitudes, values, and beliefs on personal identity. Theme X: Civic Ideals, and Practices • Standard G: The student analyzes the effectiveness of selected public policies and citizen behaviors in realizing the stated ideals of a democratic republican form of government. Relevant Common Core Standards This lesson relates to the following Common Core English and Language Arts Standards for History and Social Studies for middle school and high school students: Key Ideas and Details • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-12.2 Craft and Structure • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-12.6 Integration of Knowledge and Ideas • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-12.7 Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-12.10 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence About This Lesson This lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration file, "Manassas National Battlefield Park" [http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/66000039.pdf ] (with photographs http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Photos/66000039.pdf). This lesson was written by Michael Litterst, former Park Ranger and Supervisory Historian at Manassas National Battlefield Park. Mr. Litterst is now Supervisory Park Ranger at Colonial National Historical Park. It was edited by Teaching with Historic Places staff. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into classrooms across the country. Objectives 1. To explain the physical features of the area that brought the armies to Manassas; 2. To describe how the fighting of July 21, 1861 affected soldiers and the local population, both immediately and in the months and years following the battle; 3. To describe how the impact of the battle changed the way Americans of the time--military and civilian--viewed the Civil War; 4. To discover the effects of the Civil War on their own community, as well as communities around the nation. Materials for students The materials listed below can either be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. 1. Three maps of Virginia and Manassas Battlefield today; 2. Three readings compiled from accounts by soldiers and civilians about the battle and its aftermath; 3. One drawing and two historic photographs of the Henry House and the Stone House. Visiting the site The fields over which the first battle of Manassas was fought are well preserved as part of the Manassas National Battlefield Park. The site is located just north of Interstate 66, approximately 25 miles west of Washington, D.C. The park is open 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. year round (with the exception of Christmas Day), with extended hours in the summer months. For additional information, contact the Superintendent, Manassas National Battlefield Park, 6511 Sudley Road, Manassas, VA 22110, or visit the park's web pages. National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence Getting Started What do you think happened to this structure? National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence Photo Analysis Worksheet Step 1: Examine the photograph for 10 seconds. How would you describe the photograph? Step 2: Divide the photograph into quadrants and study each section individually. What details--such as people, objects, and activities--do you notice? Step 3: What other information--such as time period, location, season, reason photo was taken--can you gather from the photo? Step 4: How would you revise your first description of the photo using the information noted in Steps 2 and 3? Step 5: What questions do you have about the photograph? How might you find answers to these questions? National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence Setting the Stage The Confederate States of America was formed between December 1860 and May 1861, when 11 Southern states seceded from the United States. The division came about as a result of decades of sectional tension between the North and the South. After the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in November 1860 and the attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, the nation seemed inevitably headed for war. Most Northerners and Southerners believed the coming conflict would consist of one climactic, winner-take-all battle. Federal troops were enlisted for only 90 days, more than enough time, Northern leaders believed, to rout the Southern army and end the "callow" rebellion. The Union's first goal was Richmond, Virginia, the newly designated capital of the Confederacy and only 100 miles from Washington, D.C. To reach Richmond, the army first had to capture Manassas Junction, an important railway junction 30 miles southwest of Washington. Troops set out for Manassas on July 16, 1861. So naive was the nation about the coming horrors that 200 or so private citizens from Washington, D.C., accompanied federal troops on the march. They hoped to witness and be entertained by this once-in-a-lifetime event.
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