DOCSLIB.ORG

Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Lessons in HIV/STD prevention drs Rietmeijer, C.A.M. Publication date 2004 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): drs Rietmeijer, C. A. M. (2004). Lessons in HIV/STD prevention. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:04 Oct 2021 Increases in Gonorrhea and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men A 12-Year Trend Analysis at the Denver Metro Health Clinic Cornells A. Rletmeljer, MD, Jennifer L. Patnalk, Franklyn N.Judson, MD, and John M. Douglas Jr, MD Background: Recent increases in rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and decreases in safe sex behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in several American and European cities have been noted by researchers. It has been suggested that these trends are the result of perceptions that HIV/AIDS is less serious because of the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Goal: The goal of the study was to examine trends in STD rates and risk behaviors among MSM and men who have sex with women (MSW) visiting a public STD clin­ ic in Denver and to determine whether there is an ecological association with the avail­ ability of HAART. Study Design: This is a two-part retrospective analysis of male visits to the Denver Metro Health Clinic (DMHC). The first part describes gonorrhea and early (primary and secondary) syphilis trends among MSM between 1982 and 2001. For the second part, data were grouped into two 6-year time periods to represent pre-HAART and post-HAART time frames, 1990 to 1995 and 1996 to 2001. Results: Gonorrhea and early syphilis cases among MSM declined precipitously between 1982 and 1988 and then stabilized at low rates. The proportion of male vis­ its to the clinic made by MSM decreased from 14.1% in 1990 to 7.2% in 1995 and then increased to 13.0% in 2001. Gonorrhea positivity rates among MSM increased after 1995 and were significantly higher in the period 1996 to 2001 (12.9%) than in the period 1990 to 1995 (8.1%; P < 0.0001). Conversely, gonorrhea rates among MSW dropped from 11.2% in the first period to 6.9% in the second (V < 0.0001). 99 Among MSM known to be HIV-infected, gonorrhea rates increased from 11.6% in the first time period to 24.0% in the second period (P < 0.0001). Reports of anal sex among MSM increased from 64.4% to 70.9% (P < 0.0001). Reporting more than one sex partner increased for MSM from 65.2% to 70.3% (P < 0.0001), but it sig­ nificantly decreased from 52.6% to 46.2% forMSW(P < 0.0001). No or inconsis­ tent condom use increased from 60.9% to 63.0% for MSM (P = NS) and decreased from 85.1 % to 82.4% amongMSW(P < 0.0001). Conclusions: These trends appear to reflect a change toward higher risk-taking behaviors among MSM but not MSWsince the time HAART became available and raise concerns about the potential for increased HIV transmission in this group. The onset of the AIDS epidemic in the United States in die early 1980s brought about strong grassroots efforts within the gay communities that led to rapid increases in safer sex behaviors and decreases in rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) among men who have sex with men (MSM).1-2 In Denver, for example, rectal gonorrhea among MSM, an important indicator of unprotect­ ed anal sex, showed an almost 40% decline between 1982 and 198 3, while gon­ orrhea rates among non-MSM and women remained stable. 3 However, recent gonorrhea and syphilis outbreaks associated with increases in high risk sexual behaviors among MSM have been reported from several American and European cities.4"6 Some studies have shown that these developments are occurring in the Hiv-infected population as well as among the uninfected.7-9 One common hypothesis for these trends is that increases in STD and risk behaviors among MSM are related to the widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HAART has prolonged and improved lives for the Hiv-infected and has potentially lowered infectivity rates. These advance­ ments may have affected the sexual practices of MSM by influencing their per­ ceptions of the risk and consequences of HIV infection.10 This current study had two goals: (1) to describe trends in gonorrhea and syphilis among MSM making visits to the Denver Metro Health (STD) Clinic (DMHC) over the 20 years since the first case of AIDS was diagnosed in Colorado in 1982 and (2) to compare trends in STD and sexual risk behaviors among MSM and men having sex with women (MSW) making visits to DMHC in two 6-year time-frames before and after the introduction of HAART in 1996, in order to determine any ecolog­ ical association of these trends with HAART availability. Methods DMHC is the largest public STD clinic in the Rocky Mountain region. There are approximately 12,500 patient visits for a new problem each year, of which about 8000 are by men. Gonorrhea and Svphilis Trends, 1982-2001 For the first part of this study, we summed gonorrhea and primary and second­ ary syphilis cases among MSM reported from DMHC for each year in the 20 year 100 interval, MSM were defined as men who reported having sex with another man in the previous 12 months. The definition of a gonorrhea case included a diag­ nosis of urethral, pharyngeal, or rectal gonorrhea. Infections at multiple anatomical sites at the same visit were counted as one case, but a single person could contribute multiple cases if he or she had gonorrhea diagnosed on more than one occasion. The latter definition also applied to primary and secondary syphilis, i.e., a single person could contribute multiple cases if repeated infec­ tions were diagnosed. Before 1987, all cases were entered in a written log. In January 1987 the DMHC database became fully computerized, and all subse­ quent analyses were conducted with statistical computer programs. Comparative Trend Analyses, 1990-2001 This part of the study was a retrospective analysis of the DMHC patient comput­ er database. Patients' demographic, risk behavior, and clinical information is collected by clinic staff members during visits with a computer-scannable form and is maintained in a computerized medical record. A total of 91,524 records from male clients who visited DMHC for a new problem between January 1990 and December 2001 were analyzed. For purposes of this analysis, MSW were defined as men who self-reported sex with a woman within the previous 12 months but denied having sex with a man in this time period. Men who had sex with both men and women during this interval were included in the MSM group. Men who claimed to have had no sex within the past year were excluded from the analysis. Positivity rates for MSM and MSW were calculated for the following STDS, for which all men were routinely evaluated: gonorrhea, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), and primary and secondary syphilis. Routine screening of men for chlamydia was not performed until 1996; therefore, those data are presented only for the latter period. Rates of HIV infection were based on current test results or, if these results were unavailable, on past testing results. Sexual risk behaviors were queried over the 4 months before the clinic visit; these includ­ ed engaging in receptive or insertive anal sex, having more than one sex part­ ner, and condom use for anal or vaginal sex (categorized as never, sometimes, or always). Inconsistent condom use was defined as never or sometimes using condoms. HAART became widely available for HIV disease in 1996. To evaluate the (eco­ logical) association of STD trends with the availability of HAART, the 12 years of data were grouped into two 6-year periods, before and after the introduction of HAART: 1990 to 1995 and 1996 to 2001. In addition, for certain STDS and behaviors, data are also presented by year to better demonstrate trends over the 12 year interval. All analyses were conducted with use of the SAS 8.1 statistical software package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). We used the chi-square test for statistical significance of categorical data in the bivariate analysis. Laboratory Procedures STD diagnoses were based on the following: gonorrhea was diagnosed by cul- 101 ture of urethral, rectal, and pharyngeal specimens on Thayer Martin choco­ late agar plates; nongonococcal urethritis was diagnosed when four or more polymorphonuclear cells were detected by high power examination of a gram stained urethral smear. Routine chlamydia screening of urine samples from men began in 1996 with use of the Roche Amplicor polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was replaced with the ProbeTec strand displacement assay (SDA; Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD) in July 2000.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Queer Theorists and Gay Journalists Wrestle Over
    PLEASURE PRIPRINCIPLES BY CALEB CRAIN QUEER THEORISTS AND GAY JOURNALISTS WRESTLE OVER THE POLITICS OF SEX 26 PLEASURE PRINCIPLES PLEASURE PRIPRINCIPLES Nearly two hundred men and women have come to sit in the sweaty ground-floor assembly hall of New York City’s Lesbian and Gay Community Services Cen- ter. They’ve tucked their gym bags under their folding chairs, and, despite the thick late-June heat, they’re fully alert. Doz- ens more men and women cram the edges of the room, leaning against manila-colored card tables littered with Xerox- es or perching on the center’s grade-school-style water foun- tain, a row of three faucets in a knee-high porcelain trough. A video camera focuses on the podium, where activist Gregg Gonsalves and Columbia University law professor Kendall Thomas welcome the audience to a teach-in sponsored by the new organization Sex Panic. It might have been the Sex Panic flyer reading DANGER! ASSAULT! TURDZ! that drew this crowd. Handed out in New York City’s gay bars and coffee shops, the flyer identified continuing HIV transmission as the danger. It pointed to the recent closing of gay and transgender bars and an increase in arrests for public lewdness as the assault. And it named gay writers Andrew Sullivan, Michelangelo Signorile, Larry Kramer, and Gabriel Rotello as the Turdz. The flyer, however, is not how I first Kramer, or Sullivan with hisses, boos, thing called queer theory. Relatively found out about the Sex Panic meeting. and laughs. The men and women here new, queer theory represents a para- A fellow graduate student recommend- tonight feel sure of their enemies, and as digm shift in the way some scholars are ed it to me as a venue for academic the evening advances, these enemies thinking about homosexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Law and Society May Legitimately Prefer Heterosexuality
    Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons Faculty Publications 2011 Straight Is Better: Why Law and Society May Legitimately Prefer Heterosexuality George W. Dent Jr. Case Western University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons Repository Citation Dent, George W. Jr., "Straight Is Better: Why Law and Society May Legitimately Prefer Heterosexuality" (2011). Faculty Publications. 506. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/faculty_publications/506 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. TEXASFINAL STRAIGHT IS BETTER DENT FINAL AUG. UPDATE8/23/2011 3:15 PM STRAIGHT IS BETTER: WHY LAW AND SOCIETY MAY JUSTLY PREFER HETEROSEXUALITY GEORGE W. DENT, JR. * I. INTRODUCTION........................................................... 361 II. THE CONFLICT OVER HOMOSEXUALITY .................... 361 III. THE LEGITIMACY OF VALUE JUDGMENTS IN THE LAW ............................................................................ 363 IV. THE CATHOLIC NATURAL LAW PHILOSOPHY OF SEXUALITY ................................................................. 369 V. SOCIETY MAY LEGITIMATELY PREFER HETEROSEXUALITY AND TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE ... 371 A. The Intrinsic
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Satisfaction, Identity and Sero-Adaptation
    SEXUAL SATISFACTION, IDENTITY AND SERO-ADAPTATION: AN INVESTIGATION INTO PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOURAL CORRELATES OF BAREBACK IDENTITY AND BEHAVIOUR IN MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN by Natania Leah Marcus A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Clinical and Counselling Psychology Applied Psychology and Human Development Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Natania Leah Marcus (2016) SEXUAL SATISFACTION, IDENTITY AND SERO-ADAPTATION: AN INVESTIGATION INTO PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOURAL CORRELATES OF BAREBACKING IDENTITY AND BEHAVIOUR IN MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN Master of Arts Clinical and Counselling Psychology 2016 Natania Leah Marcus Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development University of Toronto Abstract Barebacking, or condomless anal intercourse in the presence of risk of contracting HIV, has emerged as a common phenomenon between men who have sex with men (MSM). The present cross-sectional study investigated psychological correlates of barebacking behaviour and identity, as well as how MSM increase their sexual satisfaction while reducing risk of HIV transmission. Two hundred and fifty-six MSM across Canada and the US were recruited for an online survey. Men who engaged in barebacking were significantly more likely to be HIV-positive, be higher in sexual sensation-seeking, meet sexual partners online, and use substances before and during sex. Self-identified barebackers were also more sexually satisfied than non- barebackers. Further, MSM who engaged in barebacking were found to use more sero-adaptive strategies, which are harm-reduction techniques to reduce risk of HIV transmission such as strategic positioning and taking PrEP.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Outside the Circle: the Politics of HIV/AIDS Education and the Disenfranchisement of HIV-Negative Gay Men
    Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press Adult Education Research Conference 1999 Conference Proceedings (DeKalb, IL) Living Outside the Circle: The Politics of HIV/AIDS Education and the Disenfranchisement of HIV-Negative Gay Men Kimberly B. Sessions Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/aerc Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License Recommended Citation Sessions, Kimberly B. (1999). "Living Outside the Circle: The Politics of HIV/AIDS Education and the Disenfranchisement of HIV-Negative Gay Men," Adult Education Research Conference. https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/1999/papers/42 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Adult Education Research Conference by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Living Outside the Circle: The Politics of HIV/AIDS Education and the Disenfranchisement of HIV-Negative Gay Men Kimberly B. Sessions Abstract: The purpose of this qualitative study was to use the lens of political planning theory to explore the relationship between how HIV-negative gay men think HIV/AIDS prevention efforts "should" be handled and how they actually are handled. Background, Problem, and Methods Within the last 15 years the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has emerged from complete obscurity to become the leading cause of death for Americans 25 to 44 years of age (Altman, 1995). According to current estimates there are more than 900,000 people, or about 1 out of every 280 Americans, infected with the virus (Karon et al., 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Radical Dissents of Justice Scalia and Other (Post-) Queers – [Raising Questions About Lawrence, Sex Wars, and the Criminal Law]
    Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 2004 "You Are Entering a Gay and Lesbian Free Zone": On the Radical Dissents of Justice Scalia and Other (Post-) Queers – [Raising Questions about Lawrence, Sex Wars, and the Criminal Law] Bernard Harcourt Columbia Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Criminal Law Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Bernard Harcourt, "You Are Entering a Gay and Lesbian Free Zone": On the Radical Dissents of Justice Scalia and Other (Post-) Queers – [Raising Questions about Lawrence, Sex Wars, and the Criminal Law], 94 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 503 (2004). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/646 This Foreword is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 0091-4169/0419403-0503 THEJOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 94, No. 3 Copyright 0 2004 by NorthwesternUniversity, School of Law Pnred i U.S.A. SUPREME COURT REVIEW FOREWORD: "YOU ARE ENTERING A GAY AND LESBIAN FREE ZONE"': ON THE RADICAL DISSENTS OF JUSTICE SCALIA AND OTHER (POST-) QUEERS. [RAISING QUESTIONS ABOUT LAWRENCE, SEX WARS, AND THE CRIMINAL LAW] BERNARD E. HARCOURT* The most renowned substantive criminal law decision of the October 2002 Term, Lawrence v. Texas,2 will go down in history as a critical turning point in criminal law debates over the proper scope of the penal sanction.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Bibliography Part 2: the Response to the Epidemic: Culture of Prevention and Care
    Prepared for UNESCO by the Social Science Research Council Vinh-Kim Nguyen University of Montréal Jennifer Klot Social Science Research Council Alton Phillips New York University Catherine Pirkle University of Montréal CLT/CPD/CAD-SSRCBIB/1 For more information please contact: UNESCO Division of Cultural Policies and Intercultural Dialogue 1, rue Miollis F - 75732 Paris cedex 15 [email protected] Tel: +33-1-45 68 43 30 Social Science Research Council 810 Seventh Avenue, 31st Floor New York, NY 10019 [email protected] Tel: 212.377.2700 Fax: 212.377.2727 Disclaimer: The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this text and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. This document was published only in English and is available at http://www.unesco.org/culture/aids and http://www.ssrc.org/programs/HIV/ Table of Contents Introduction 4 Part I: Culture and everyday life: micro and macro approaches A. Power and everyday life 1. Gender roles and power relations 6 2. Sexual violence and exploitation 11 3. Sexuality and constructions of identity 15 4. Demographic issues and reproductive health implications 19 a. Migration 21 b. Orphans and vulnerable children 26 B. Systems of Thought 1. Communities of worship 31 2. Explanatory systems and bodily practices 34 3. Healing systems 41 Part II: The response to the epidemic: cultures of prevention and care A. Biomedical responses, impacts and uptake 44 B. Behavioral approaches 48 C. Human rights based approaches 57 D.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Sex, Queer Intimate Kinship, and How the AIDS Epidemic Bathhouse Closures Constituted a Dignity Taking
    Chicago-Kent Law Review Volume 92 Issue 3 Dignity Takings and Dignity Restoration Article 13 3-6-2018 Fucking With Dignity: Public Sex, Queer Intimate Kinship, and How the AIDS Epidemic Bathhouse Closures Constituted a Dignity Taking Stephen M. Engel Bates College Timothy S. Lyle Iona College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview Part of the Property Law and Real Estate Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephen M. Engel & Timothy S. Lyle, Fucking With Dignity: Public Sex, Queer Intimate Kinship, and How the AIDS Epidemic Bathhouse Closures Constituted a Dignity Taking, 92 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 961 (2018). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol92/iss3/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. FUCKING WITH DIGNITY: PUBLIC SEX, QUEER INTIMATE KINSHIP, AND HOW THE AIDS EPIDEMIC BATHHOUSE CLOSURES CONSTITUTED A DIGNITY TAKING STEPHEN M. ENGEL* TIMOTHY S. LYLE** I. INTRODUCTION On Friday, March 11, 2016, just before Nancy Reagan’s funeral be- gan, Hillary Clinton offered an unprompted assessment of the former first- lady’s advocacy on AIDS: “It may be hard for your viewers to remember how difficult it was for people to talk about HIV/AIDS in the 1980s. And because of both President and Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Orientation" Threatens Religious Liberty
    Liberty University Law Review Volume 4 Issue 3 Article 5 October 2015 How the Concept of "Sexual Orientation" Threatens Religious Liberty Robert H. Knight Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lu_law_review Recommended Citation Knight, Robert H. (2015) "How the Concept of "Sexual Orientation" Threatens Religious Liberty," Liberty University Law Review: Vol. 4 : Iss. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lu_law_review/vol4/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Liberty University School of Law at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Liberty University Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLE HOW THE CONCEPT OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION THREATENS RELIGIOUS LIBERTY Robert H. Knight I. INTRODUCTION Sexual orientation laws are not about the preservation of civil rights or even the creation of civil protections that are necessary to ensure the liberty of all citizens. Instead, they are about hijacking civil rights in order to empower homosexual groups with the ability to threaten lawsuits against any institution that will not go along with the idea that homosexuality is normal, healthy, and should be promoted. It is important to understand that people who engage in homosexual behavior have the same basic rights as other citizens, no more, no less. But they should not be given additional rights based on their willingness to perform peculiarand often medically dangeroussex acts. Like other terms that swiftly achieve common usage, sexual orientation is rarely examined. Yet sexual orientation is more than a neutral term that can be used to describe anyones sexual inclinations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medical Abnormality of Homosexuality
    The Linacre Quarterly Volume 70 | Number 3 Article 7 August 2003 The edicM al Abnormality of Homosexuality Michael Brendan Flanagan Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Flanagan, Michael Brendan (2003) "The eM dical Abnormality of Homosexuality," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 70: No. 3, Article 7. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol70/iss3/7 The Medical Abnormality of Homosexuality by Michael Brendan Flanagan, M.D. The author graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in medicine, in 1942. During World War II, he served in the Royal Navy. On release from naval service, he enteredfamily practice in Croydon, South London. He moved to San Francisco, California, in 1953. He retired from active p ractice in 1981. The author wishes to thank Ms. Dale O 'Leary for making available the notes and bibliography she compiled as researcher for the National Association for Research and Treatment of Homosexuality (NA RTH). Introduction The Catholic Medical Association published a report entitled "Homosexuality and Hope" in the closing days of the millennium (Linacre Quarterly, May, 200 I). It was the result of three years of study by a task force composed of experts in the various relevant specialties both medical and clerical. It was designed to provide the bishops with a review of the medical, scientific, and psychological studies on homosexuality and Church teaching and to serve as a source of reference for Catholic clergy, physici ans, mental health professionals, educators, parents and the general public. It contains a complete bibliography with abstracts of over one hundred forty articles from the medical literature which can be downloaded from the Catholic Medical Association website (HYPER LINK http://www.cathmed.org).
    [Show full text]
  • NORMAL and NORMALLER Beyond Gay Marriage
    NORMAL AND NORMALLER Beyond Gay Marriage Michael Warner There are no societies which do not regulate sex, and thus all societies create the hope of escaping from such regulations. --Michel Foucault Yo evaluate the policy question of gay marriage is, implicitly or explicitly, to make judgments about what sex is, whether states can or should regulate it, and how the intimate life of pleasure and affect does or does not matter publicly. Deciding whether gay marriage is a good thing quickly involves questions that are at once practical and theoretical: Do gay people yearn to be normal in a way that might be satisfied by marriage? Or is the idea of normal gays oxymoronic? If so, is it because the repetition or performativity of norms renders them unstable, as some queer theory suggests? Or is it because there are historical contradictions among sexual norms that cannot he resolved by broader access to matrimony? Is sex normal? Is it normal to want to be normal? Or is there a deepening rift between those who in some important sense aspire to be normal and those who either aspire otherwise or have no choice-that is, between normal gays and queers? Does an institution like marriage change the people to whom it is extended, or is it that the entry of gay people into marriage would change the meaning of marriage? These world- historical judgments are the often unrecognized subtext of queer theory and are misrecognized when taken to be simply theoretical.1 Let us suppose, then, that the significance of marriage for queers might still be posed as a question.
    [Show full text]
  • Increases in Gonorrhea and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex with Men a 12-Year Trend Analysis at the Denver Metro Health Clinic
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Lessons in HIV/STD prevention drs Rietmeijer, C.A.M. Publication date 2004 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): drs Rietmeijer, C. A. M. (2004). Lessons in HIV/STD prevention. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 Increases in Gonorrhea and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men A 12-Year Trend Analysis at the Denver Metro Health Clinic Cornells A. Rletmeljer, MD, Jennifer L. Patnalk, Franklyn N.Judson, MD, and John M. Douglas Jr, MD Background: Recent increases in rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and decreases in safe sex behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in several American and European cities have been noted by researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Same-Sex Marriage and the Schools: Potential Impact on Children Via Sexuality Education A
    Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal Volume 2011 Number 2 Symposium: The Impact of Same-Sex Article 3 Marriage on Education Fall 3-2-2011 Same-Sex Marriage and the Schools: Potential Impact on Children via Sexuality Education A. Dean Byrd Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/elj Part of the Education Law Commons, Family Law Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation A. Dean Byrd, Same-Sex Marriage and the Schools: Potential Impact on Children via Sexuality Education, 2011 BYU Educ. & L.J. 179 (2011). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/elj/vol2011/iss2/3 . This Symposium Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal by an authorized editor of BYU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND THE SCHOOLS: POTENTIAL IMPACT ON CHILDREN VIA SEXUALITY EDUCATION A. Dean Byrd* I. INTRODUCTION Schools exist ostensibly to educate children. Most would agree that education-the acquisition of knowledge through the learning process and the transfer of information from teacher to student-does not occur within a vacuum. Rather social, emotional and even moral development proceed along with cognitive development. Indeed, virtually every educator in the United States receives training in the cognitive development (Piaget), social/emotional development (Erikson, Goleman), and moral development of children (Kohlberg). 1 Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that what is taught influences child development in a myriad of ways not just limited to transfer of information.
    [Show full text]