Gross Domestic Product from Ohio

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT FROM OHIO

JANUARY 2020

Don Larrick, Principal Analyst Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency P.O. Box 1001, Columbus, Oh. 43216-1001 Steven Kelley, Editor

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Introduction 1

Introduction ------2

Highlights 3

Description of Ohio’s Economy------5

Ohio’s Economy in 2018 7

Comparing the Distribution of Economic Activity in Ohio with That of the U.S. ------9

Ohio’s Ranks Among the States and the World 14

The Geography of Ohio’s Economy------17

The Distribution of Gross Domestic Product by County, 2018 19

County Contributions to Ohio’s Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 2018 ------22

The Distribution of Gross Domestic Products in Metropolitan Areas, 2018 27

Recent Changes in Ohio’s Economy------29

Gross Domestic Product from Ohio: 1998 – 2018 31

Removing the Effects of Inflation------33

Motor Vehicles and Other Concentrated Durable Goods Industries 35

Concentrated Non-durable Goods Manufacturing ------41

i Other Major Manufacturing Industries 43

Natural Resources and Related Industries ------45

Infrastructure 47

Transportation and Warehousing – Moving and Storing Freight ------49

Transportation – Passenger Services 51

Information ------53

Financial, Real Estate, Rental and Leasing Activities 55

Professional and Business Services ------57

Health Care and Social Assistance 59

Leisure and Hospitality------61

Trade, Education and Other Private Sector Services 63

Federal, State and Local Government------65

Summarizing Changes: 2007-2009 67

Summarizing Changes: 2009-2018------69

Recession and Recovery in Metropolitan Areas and Counties 71

Past Changes and Forecasts for the Future: Three Parts ------73

Appendices 85

Terminology 86 ii Detailed Tables 87 Table A1: Ohio’s GDP by Sector, 2018 (current dollars) 89 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (current dollars) 90 Table A3: Ohio and U.S. GDP by Sector, 1998-2018 (chained dollars) 112 Table A4: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Durable Goods, 2007-2017 114 Table A5: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Non-durable Goods, 2007-2017 116 Table A6: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Natural Resources, 2007-2017 118 Table A7: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Transportation and Warehousing, 2007-2017 120 Table A8: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Information, 2007-2017 122 Table A9: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, 2007-2017 124 Table A10: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Professional/Business Services, 2007-2017 126 Table A11: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Health Care and Social Assistance, 2007-2017 128 Table A12: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Leisure and Hospitality, 2007-2017 130 Table A13: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Government, 2007-2017 132 Table A14: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Infrastructure, Trade, Education and Other Services, 2007-2018 134 Table A15: Ohio’s GDP by Industry – Sorted by 2017 Concentration Ratio 137 Table A16: Ohio’s GDP by Industry – Sorted by Percentage Change, 2007-2017 138 Table A17: Ohio’s GDP by Industry – Sorted by Size in 2017 139 Table A18: Value-Added and GDP in Manufacturing Industries in Ohio and the U.S., 2016 141 Table A19: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry Group in Ohio and the U.S., 2016 142 Table A20: Ohio::U.S. GDP and County Business Patterns Concentration Ratios 149 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment 151 Table A22: Changes in GDP for Ohio and Counties, 2007-2018 164 Table A23: GDP and Population in Ohio and the U.S., 1998-2018 169 Table A24: Growth and Industry Concentration in Ohio’s Economy, 1997-2017 170 Table A25: Percentage Changes in Ohio and U.S. GDPs by Industry, 1997-2017 (chained basis) 173

Notes ------176

Sources and References Cited 182

iii

INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION

This report provides an overview of Ohio’s economy and its role in the U.S. economy. It looks at the production of goods and the provision of services by people using capital located here; i.e., the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from Ohio.

There are four major sections after this introduction and highlights. The first describes the composition of Ohio’s economy, comparing it with other states and the national distribution of economic activity. The second notes the distribution of economic activity in Ohio by county and selected metropolitan areas. The third focuses on output by sector and the major industries therein, noting the key groups or specific industries within the major industries and their relative concentrations in Ohio as well as recent trends here and across the nation. The last is an appendix containing a section on terminology and data tables for those seeking a more-detailed understanding of recent economic activity here. The graphs and most of the discussions herein are based on, and refer to, the appendix tables.

The report describes economic activity from 1997 through 2018 but concentrates on 2007-2017 for the more detailed analyses of sectors and the major industries therein. Data were collected and prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The detailed GDP estimates are based on state and local taxes, value-added reports and company financial data. The BEA also has released initial total and sector-summary estimates for 2018. Figures for more recent years may have been revised from previous reports based on new and revised data from at least 19 federal agencies. See Platt and Mead (2017) for more details. The U.S. Bureau of the Census, other federal agencies, and several private sector organizations developed additional statistics cited in this report.

Total and sector figures for metropolitan areas and counties recently were released and have been incorporated into this expanded edition. While revised state-level figures also were released with the metropolitan and county statistics, the new state-level statistics have, with few exceptions, not been used due to time constraints. However, County Business Patterns data have been updated to 2017.

2 HIGHLIGHTS

• Ohio’s 2018 Gross Domestic Product is initially estimated at $676.2 billion, up 4.7 percent from the revised 2017 estimate of $645.8 billion and its ninth consecutive year of growth.

• Growth has continued through the third quarter of 2019, most recently at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.7 percent after adjusting for inflation.

• Ohio is the 7th largest source for the U.S. Gross Domestic Product with 3.3 percent of the national total in 2018.

• If Ohio was a separate country, it would be the 36th largest national economy in the world.

• Manufacturing is the largest of the 20 sectors in Ohio’s economy with 16.6 percent of its total output in 2018; durable goods were the larger part of manufacturing with 9.4 percent while non-durable goods were 7.2 percent.

• Ohio’s manufacturing sector produced $112.2 billion worth of goods – 4.8 percent of America’s manufacturing output in 2018, ranking it 3rd after California and Texas.

• Ohio is a leading source for many manufactured goods: primary and fabricated metal products as well as non-metallic mineral products, plastic and rubber goods, machinery, electrical equipment and appliances, and transportation equipment – especially motor vehicles and associated parts.

• Ohio recently emerged as a leading source for oil and natural gas, and now 4th-ranked with 4.8 percent of national output; it also is a prominent provider of related petroleum and coal products and pipeline services.

• Major service industries concentrated here include banking and related services, insurance, trucking, warehousing and storage, hospitals, nursing and residential care facilities, waste management and remediation, and enterprise management (55 Fortune U.S.-1,000 companies have their headquarters here, with seven of those on Fortune’s Global-500 list).

• The Cleveland-Elyria and Columbus metropolitan areas, combined with the Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area, produced 56.3 percent of Ohio’s GDP in 2018; Cuyahoga, Franklin, Hamilton, Summit, Montgomery and Lucas Counties combined to produce 53.3 percent.

This page intentionally blank

DESCRIPTION OF OHIO’S ECONOMY

5 Ohio's Gross Domestic Product by Sector: Initial Figures for 2018 (in billions, except percentages) Total: $676.19--100.0% All goods-producing Private sector: $604.05--89.33% sectors: $152.73--22.59% Mfg. total: $112.24--16.60% Other services: $14.02--2.07% Government (includes Accommodation Mfg. durable goods: Postal Service): & food services: $63.43--9.38% $72.14--10.67% Agriculture, forestry, $16.83--2.49% fishing & hunting: Mfg. nondurable $2.68--0.40% Arts, entertainment goods: $48.81--7.22% & recreation: $7.90--1.17% Mining: $12.89--1.91%

Health care & social assistance: Construction: $24.93--3.69% $58.55--8.66%

Utilities: $10.94--1.62% Education: $6.22--0.92%

Administrative support & Wholesale: $43.09--6.37% waste mgt.: $21.14--3.13%

Retail: Enterprise Professional $39.68--5.87% management: & technical: $21.04--3.11% $34.99--5.17%

Real estate, rental & leasing: Finance & $74.68--11.04% Transportation insurance: & warehousing: Source: U.S. BEA $61.34--9.07% $22.42--3.32% Note: figures may not All service- sum to totals due providing sectors: Information: $18.46--2.73% to rounding. $523.47--77.41% 6 OHIO’S ECONOMY IN 2018

The chart above illustrates the distribution of economic activity in Ohio using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Ohio’s total economic output of $676.19 billion in 2018 is divided into 20 broad sectors of varying sizes. (Durable and non-durable goods manufacturing are two parts of one sector).

Manufacturing is the largest single sector, with such establishments producing final goods valued at $112.24 billion, which was 16.60 percent of the state’s total economic output. Manufacturers are divided into producers of durable and nondurable goods, with the former producing more than the latter: $63.43 billion and 9.38 percent, compared with $48.81 billion and 7.22 percent. (Durable goods generally are made to last at least three years, while non-durables usually are expected to last less than three years.) Other goods-producing sectors play smaller roles in Ohio’s economy. They include construction at $24.93 billion and 3.69 percent, mining at $12.89 billion and 1.91 percent, and agriculture-forestry- fishing-hunting at $2.68 billion and 0.40 percent. Combined output of these goods-producing sectors totaled $152.73 billion, or 22.59 percent of the total GDP from Ohio.

Services provided by public and private sectors in Ohio were $523.47 billion, or 77.41 percent of its economy. Total private sector services (i.e., excluding government services) were $451.33 billion, or 66.75 percent of the total. Real estate, rental and leasing is the largest private sector service with a value of $74.68 billion, or 11.04 percent of the economy. Its size primarily indicates the role homeownership plays in the economy, not just the activity of real estate agents, landlords, lessors, etc. Finance-and-insurance is the next largest sector, contributing $61.34 billion and 9.07 percent to the economy, followed by health care and social assistance at $58.55 billion and 8.66 percent. Other private service sectors providing at least five percent of Ohio’s economic output were wholesale and retail trade at 6.37 and 5.87 percent, and professional-scientific-technical services at 5.17 percent. Other sectors played smaller roles. These include transportation and warehousing, information, enterprise management, administrative-support/waste-management, education, arts-entertainment-recreation, accommodation and food services, and the catch-all category of other services. Services provided by federal, state and local governments amounted to 10.67 percent of the economy.

See Table A1

7 The Relative Concentration of U.S. Economic Activity in Ohio, 2018

1.80

Private goods-producing sectors 1.65 1.60 1.46 1.48 Private service-providing sectors 1.43 1.40 1.26 1.22 1.23 1.20 1.16

1.06 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.02 1.04 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.87

0.83 0.83 Ohio::U.S.

- 0.80 0.74 0.68

Ratio Ratio 0.60 0.49 0.50

0.40

0.20

0.00

Source: U.S. BEA Economic Sector 8 COMPARING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN OHIO WITH THAT OF THE U.S.

The preceding section showed the distribution of economic activity in Ohio across 20 sectors of the economy. For example, manufacturing was the largest sector in Ohio at 16.60 percent of GDP in 2018, while agriculture-forestry-fishing- hunting (AFFH) was the smallest at 0.40 percent. This section furthers our understanding of Ohio’s economy by comparing the distribution of output across sectors in Ohio with the corresponding national distribution. The graph above shows the ratios of these percentages for each sector. Continuing with the two examples, output from manufacturing and AFFH comprised 11.39 and 0.80 percent, respectively, of U.S. GDP in 2018. When compared with those for Ohio, these yield ratios of 1.46 for manufacturing (16.60 percent divided by 11.39 percent) and .49 for AFFH (0.40 percent divided by 0.80 percent – all figures are rounded). There are two ways to express the meanings of these figures. One way is to say that Ohio’s economy is relatively more dependent on manufacturing and less dependent on AFFH than the American economy. The other way is to note that manufacturing in America is concentrated in Ohio, while AFFH is not. (A ratio of 1.00 indicates exactly proportional activity, neither concentrated nor sparse.)

The concentration of one sector or industry here means that another must be relatively sparse. In this sense, a broad description of Ohio’s economy is illustrated by the chart above. It is driven a bit more by private sector activity than by government activity, as indicated by the concentration ratios of 1.02 and .87, respectively (orange and blue columns). Although overall goods-production is concentrated in the state (1.26, red), this principally reflects the concentration of manufacturing activity here (1.46) – with slightly more emphasis on nondurable than durable goods (1.48 vs. 1.43) – with mining concentrated here to a lesser degree (1.22). On the other hand, AFFH and construction activity are more or less sparse (.49 and .90, respectively).

The preceding section showed that service-providing industries collectively account for most economic activity in Ohio (77.41 percent with government, 66.75 percent without); yet the graph above shows that, as a whole, the collective contribution of non-governmental services to the GDP from Ohio is close to proportional with that of the nation (.95, yellow). However, this generalization masks considerable variability. The most notable departure is the concentration of enterprise management (1.65). The finance-insurance and health care-social assistance sectors are somewhat concentrated in Ohio at 1.23 and 1.16. Other service sectors that are roughly proportional with the national distribution include utilities, wholesale and retail trade, transportation-warehousing, administrative-support/waste-management, arts-entertainment- recreation, and other non-governmental services grouped in NAICS 81. Ohio’s economy is comparatively less reliant on the remaining private service sectors.

More specific industry Ohio-U.S. comparison statistics follow on the next three pages. See Table A1

9 Ohio and U.S. Gross Domestic Products by Industry, 2017 (current dollar figures in millions)

2012 GDP Ohio as a Ohio::U.S. NAICS Percent Concentra- Ohio's Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. of the U.S. tion Ratio Rank Top Five States

11-92 Total $645,820 $19,485,394 3.31% 1.00 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

11-81* Private industries* $574,997 $17,031,690 3.38% 1.02 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

11, 21, 23, 31-33 Private goods producing industries $141,734 $3,398,890 4.17% 1.26 3 CA, TX, OH , PA, IL

11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. $2,772 $169,225 1.64% 0.49 20 CA, TX, WA, IA, NB 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $2,299 $132,818 1.73% 0.52 19 CA, TX, IA, NE, IL 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $473 $36,407 1.30% 0.39 22 CA, WA, FL, TX, OR

21 Mining $9,980 $268,619 3.72% 1.12 5 TX, OK, PA, CO, OH 211 Oil & gas extraction $8,380 $174,755 4.80% 1.45 4 TX, OK, PA, OH , CO 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $941 $54,228 1.73% 0.52 23 AZ, WY, WV, NV, PA 213 Support activities for mining $659 $39,636 1.66% 0.50 11 TX, OK, LA, ND, CO

23 Construction $24,426 $781,413 3.13% 0.94 7 CA, TX, FL, NY, PA

31-33 Manufacturing $104,555 $2,179,633 4.80% 1.45 3 CA, TX, OH , IL, NC 32p & 33 Durable goods $60,030 $1,226,648 4.89% 1.48 4 CA, TX, MI, OH , IN 321 Wood products $1,123 $38,124 2.95% 0.89 14 OR, TX, CA, GA, PA 327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,485 $59,548 5.85% 1.77 3 TX, CA, OH , FL, NY 331 Primary metals $6,067 $59,835 10.14% 3.06 2 IN, OH , PA, AL, MI 332 Fabricated metal products $11,229 $151,870 7.39% 2.23 3 CA, TX, OH , IL, MI 333 Machinery $9,158 $150,424 6.09% 1.84 4 TX, IL, CA, OH , MI 334 Computer & electronic products $2,349 $281,124 0.84% 0.25 18 CA, TX, MA, OR, NC 335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances $4,390 $58,527 7.50% 2.26 1 OH , CA, TN, WI, NC 336 Transportation eqpt. $18,801 $306,953 6.13% 1.85 6 MI, WA, TX, CA, IN 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $11,765 $158,888 7.40% 2.23 4 MI, IN, TX, OH , TN 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $7,037 $148,065 4.75% 1.43 5 WA, CA, TX, CT, OH 337 Furniture & related products $1,180 $31,347 3.76% 1.14 8 CA, MI, NC, IN, TX 339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,246 $88,896 2.53% 0.76 15 CA, IL, MN, MA, NJ 31 & 32p Nondurable goods $44,525 $952,985 4.67% 1.41 6 CA, TX, NC, IL, PA 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $11,919 $269,669 4.42% 1.33 7 CA, NC, VA, TX, IL 313-4 Textile & textile product mills $331 $18,459 1.79% 0.54 14 GA, NC, SC, CA, NY 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $158 $9,299 1.70% 0.51 12 CA, NY, TX, MA, NC 322 Paper $2,218 $58,892 3.77% 1.14 9 WI, GA, PA, TN, CA 323 Printing & related support activities $1,999 $39,180 5.10% 1.54 6 CA, IL, WI, PA, MN 324 Petroleum & coal products $5,505 $120,698 4.56% 1.38 5 TX, CA, LA, IL, OH 325 Chemical $16,366 $353,975 4.62% 1.39 8 CA, TX, NC, IN, NJ 326 Plastics & rubber products $6,029 $82,812 7.28% 2.20 1 OH , IL, TX, PA, CA

10 Ohio and U.S. Gross Domestic Products by Industry, 2017 (current dollar figures in millions)

2012 GDP Ohio as a Ohio::U.S. NAICS Percent Concentra- Ohio's Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. of the U.S. tion Ratio Rank Top Five States

22, 42-811 Private service providing industries1 $433,263 $13,632,799 3.18% 0.96 8 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL

22 Utilities $10,571 $307,496 3.44% 1.04 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

42 Wholesale trade $40,501 $1,174,123 3.45% 1.04 9 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

44-45 Retail trade $39,053 $1,087,107 3.59% 1.08 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, WA

48-49* Transportation & warehousing* $20,780 $608,735 3.41% 1.03 9 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL 481 Air transportation $2,296 $135,733 1.69% 0.51 19 CA, TX, FL, GA, IL 482 Rail transportation $1,441 $40,479 3.56% 1.07 7 NE, TX, IL, MO, KS 483 Water transportation $110 $14,026 0.79% 0.24 24 FL, CA, LA, TX, NY 484 Truck transportation $7,384 $152,754 4.83% 1.46 4 CA, TX, IL, OH , PA 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $649 $44,345 1.46% 0.44 17 NY, CA, IL, MA, NJ 486 Pipeline transportation $2,266 $40,717 5.57% 1.68 6 TX, OK, PA, AK, CO 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $3,755 $117,085 3.21% 0.97 9 CA, TX, FL, NY, TN 493 Warehousing & storage $2,878 $63,596 4.53% 1.37 6 CA, TX, PA, IL, NJ

51 Information $18,078 $1,050,767 1.72% 0.52 14 CA, NY, WA, TX, PA 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $5,342 $266,860 2.00% 0.60 14 CA, WA, NY, MA, TX 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $498 $91,408 0.55% 0.16 19 CA, NY, GA, FL, TX 515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $8,746 $428,939 2.04% 0.62 11 CA, NY, PA, TX, GA 518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $3,492 $263,559 1.32% 0.40 16 CA, NY, WA, TX, IL

52 Finance & insurance $58,662 $1,465,909 4.00% 1.21 6 NY, CA, TX, IL, FL 521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $27,764 $617,032 4.50% 1.36 6 NY, CA, TX, NC, IL 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $4,042 $291,401 1.39% 0.42 15 NY, CA, MA, IL, TX 524 Insurance carriers & related activities $26,648 $540,782 4.93% 1.49 6 NY, TX, IL, CA, FL 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $209 $16,694 1.25% 0.38 15 CA, NY, TX, FL, GA

53 Real estate, rental & leasing $71,433 $2,591,221 2.76% 0.83 10 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL 531 Real estate $65,066 $2,367,513 2.75% 0.83 10 CA, NY, FL, TX, NJ 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets $6,368 $223,707 2.85% 0.86 10 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL

54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $33,291 $1,449,993 2.30% 0.69 15 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL 5411 Legal srvcs. $5,566 $257,791 2.16% 0.65 12 NY, CA, TX, IL, FL 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $7,584 $323,080 2.35% 0.71 15 CA, TX, VA, NY, MA 5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $20,141 $869,123 2.32% 0.70 15 CA, NY, TX, MA, FL

55 Management of companies & enterprises $20,832 $369,380 5.64% 1.70 5 CA, NY, PA, TX, OH

11 Ohio and U.S. Gross Domestic Products by Industry, 2017 (current dollar figures in millions)

2012 GDP Ohio as a Ohio::U.S. NAICS Percent Concentra- Ohio's Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. of the U.S. tion Ratio Rank Top Five States

56 Administrative & waste srvcs. $20,205 $606,974 3.33% 1.00 7 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL 561 Administrative & support srvcs. $17,679 $546,226 3.24% 0.98 8 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $2,527 $60,748 4.16% 1.25 6 CA, TX, NY, WA, FL

61 Educational srvcs. $6,124 $245,556 2.49% 0.75 13 NY, CA, PA, MA, IL

62 Health care & social assistance $56,307 $1,454,718 3.87% 1.17 7 CA, NY, TX, FL, PA 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $24,572 $708,287 3.47% 1.05 8 CA, TX, NY, FL, PA 622 Hospitals $21,078 $473,442 4.45% 1.34 7 CA, NY, TX, FL, PA 623 Nursing & residential care facilities $6,644 $146,281 4.54% 1.37 6 CA, NY, PA, FL, TX 624 Social assistance $4,012 $126,709 3.17% 0.96 8 CA, NY, PA, TX, MA

71 Arts, entertainment & recreation $7,571 $214,148 3.54% 1.07 7 CA, NY, FL, TX, IL 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $3,237 $125,669 2.58% 0.78 9 CA, NY, TX, FL, TN 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $4,334 $88,479 4.90% 1.48 6 CA, FL, NY, TX, IL

72 Accommodation & food srvcs. $16,337 $590,589 2.77% 0.83 8 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL 721 Accommodation $2,452 $163,175 1.50% 0.45 22 CA, FL, NV, NY, TX 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $13,885 $427,414 3.25% 0.98 6 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

81 Other srvcs., exc. government $13,518 $416,083 3.25% 0.98 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

92, 491 Government $70,823 $2,453,704 2.89% 0.87 10 CA, TX, NY, FL, VA 92fc, 92811, 491 Federal government $15,567 $759,896 2.05% 0.62 12 CA, VA, MD, TX, DC 92fc, 491 Civilian (inc. Postal Service) $11,331 $449,253 2.52% 0.76 12 CA, MD, DC, VA, TX 92811 Military $4,236 $310,643 1.36% 0.41 13 CA, VA, TX, NC, FL 92sl State & local $55,256 $1,693,809 3.26% 0.98 7 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL

Notes and abbreviations: * - excludes Postal Service (491); exc. - except; inc. - including; info. - information; p - part; prcsng. - processing; srvcs. - services. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

12 The table beginning on page 10 highlights the major industries with comparatively large contributions to Ohio’s 3rd-rank in manufacturing (NAICS code 31-33). (2018 figures for major industries are unavailable.) They include:

• the core of the motor vehicle industry: cars, trucks, trailers, RVs, their parts and accessories (NAICS codes 3361-3) – $11.77 billion, 7.40 percent of the U.S. industry total and the 4th-largest source of all such goods in the nation, • other transportation equipment (aerospace, rail, water, motorcycles, etc., 3364-9) – $7.04 billion, 4.75 percent, 5th, • fabricated metal products (332) – $11.23 billion, 7.39 percent, 3rd, • machinery (333) – $9.16 billion, 6.09 percent, 4th, • primary metal products (331) – $6.07 billion, 10.14 percent, 2nd, • plastic and rubber products (326) – $6.03 billion, 7.28 percent, 1st, • petroleum and coal products (324) – $5.51 billion, 4.56 percent, 5th, • electrical equipment and appliances (335) – $4.39 billion, 7.50 percent, 1st, and • nonmetallic mineral products (327) – $3.49 billion, 5.85 percent, 3rd.

The continuing development of oil and gas extraction in Ohio (211) – valued at $8.38 billion and 4th-ranked at 4.80 percent of national output – helped push the state to 3rd in total goods production (11, 23-33).

The table also lists service-providing industries making comparatively large contributions to Ohio’s and the nation’s GDP in 2017:

• banks (including Federal Reserve offices), savings-and-loans, credit unions, non-depository financing and related activities (521-2) – $27.76 billion, 4.50 percent, 6th, • insurance carriers, agencies and related activities (524) – $26.65 billion, 4.93 percent, 6th, • hospitals (622) – $21.08 billion, 4.47 percent, 7th, • enterprise management (55) – $20.83 billion, 5.64 percent, 5th, • truck transportation (484) – $7.38 billion, 4.83 percent, 4th, • nursing and residential care facilities (623) – a $6.64 billion, 4.54 percent, 6th, • amusements, gambling and recreation (713) – $4.33 billion, 4.90 percent, 6th, • warehousing and storage (493) – $2.88 billion, 4.53 percent, 6th, • waste management and remediation (562) – $2.53 billion, 4.16 percent, 6th, and • pipeline transportation (486) – $2.27 billion, 5.57 percent, 6th, which follows the growth in oil and gas extraction.

13 OHIO’S RANKS AMONG THE STATES AND THE WORLD

States and the Larger Economies in the World (in billions of dollars)

Country Estimates (2017) States – Total (2018) States – Manufacturing (2018)

Percent Percent Rank Area GDP* Area GDP^ of U.S. Area GDP^ of U.S.

World $127,800.0 United States $20,494.1 100.00% United States $2,334.6 100.00%

1 China1 $23,210.0 California $2,968.1 14.48% California $316.8 13.57% 2 United States $19,490.0 Texas $1,775.8 8.66% Texas $230.4 9.87% 3 India $9,474.0 New York $1,676.4 8.18% Ohio $112.2 4.81% 4 Japan $5,443.0 Florida $1,036.3 5.06% Illinois $108.4 4.64% 5 Germany $4,199.0 Illinois $864.6 4.22% North Carolina $103.6 4.44% 6 Russia $4,016.0 Pennsylvania $788.5 3.85% Michigan $102.3 4.38% 7 Indonesia $3,250.0 Ohio $676.2 3.30% Indiana $102.1 4.37% 8 Brazil $3,248.0 New Jersey $624.9 3.05% Pennsylvania $93.8 4.02% 9 United Kingdom $2,925.0 Georgia $588.2 2.87% New York $74.6 3.19% 10 France $2,856.0 Massachusetts $567.3 2.77% Georgia $64.6 2.77% 11 Mexico $2,463.0 North Carolina $565.8 2.76% Wisconsin $63.3 2.71% 12 Italy $2,317.0 Washington $563.2 2.75% Washington $63.1 2.70% 13 Turkey $2,186.0 Virginia $534.4 2.61% Tennessee $56.0 2.40% 14 South Korea $2,035.0 Michigan $528.0 2.58% Florida $55.9 2.39% 15 Spain $1,778.0 Maryland $412.9 2.01% Massachusetts $53.3 2.28% 16 Saudi Arabia $1,775.0 Colorado $368.8 1.80% New Jersey $52.7 2.26% 17 Canada $1,774.0 Minnesota $368.3 1.80% Minnesota $52.7 2.26% 18 Iran $1,640.0 Indiana $366.7 1.79% Louisiana $49.2 2.11% 19 Australia $1,248.0 Tennessee $365.6 1.78% Virginia $47.8 2.05% 20 Thailand $1,236.0 Arizona $346.8 1.69% Missouri $40.7 1.74% 21 Egypt $1,204.0 Wisconsin $337.0 1.64% South Carolina $38.7 1.66% 22 Taiwan $1,189.0 Missouri $317.7 1.55% Kentucky $38.7 1.66% 23 Poland $1,126.0 Connecticut $274.2 1.34% Alabama $38.0 1.63% 24 Nigeria $1,121.0 Louisiana $252.1 1.23% Iowa $35.7 1.53% 25 Pakistan2 $1,061.0 Oregon $238.7 1.16% Oregon $34.8 1.49% 26 Malaysia $933.3 South Carolina $230.4 1.12% Connecticut $30.8 1.32% 27 Netherlands $924.4 Alabama $221.1 1.08% Arizona $29.9 1.28% 28 Argentina $922.1 Kentucky $208.3 1.02% Kansas $27.2 1.17% 29 Philippines $877.2 Oklahoma $200.0 0.98% Colorado $25.1 1.08% 30 South Africa $767.2 Iowa $190.2 0.93% Maryland $24.3 1.04% 31 Colombia $711.6 Utah $177.3 0.87% Arkansas $19.8 0.85%

14 States and the Larger Economies in the World (in billions of dollars)

Country Estimates (2017) States – Totals (2018) States – Manufacturing (2018)

Percent Percent Rank Area GDP* Area GDP^ of U.S. Area GDP^ of U.S.

32 U.A.E.3 $696.0 Kansas $167.0 0.82% Utah $19.2 0.82% 33 Bangladesh $690.3 Nevada $165.8 0.81% Oklahoma $19.1 0.82% 34 Iraq $649.3 District of Columbia $140.3 0.68% Mississippi $18.5 0.79% 35 Vietnam $648.7 Arkansas $128.1 0.62% Nebraska $14.1 0.60% 36 Ohio $645.8 Nebraska $123.0 0.60% New Hampshire $9.9 0.42% 37 Algeria $630.0 Mississippi $114.1 0.56% Idaho $9.2 0.40% 38 Belgium $529.2 New Mexico $99.4 0.49% Nevada $8.1 0.35% 39 Singapore $528.1 Hawaii $92.0 0.45% West Virginia $7.9 0.34% 40 Switzerland $523.1 New Hampshire $84.7 0.41% Maine $6.3 0.27% 41 Sweden $518.0 West Virginia $77.5 0.38% South Dakota $5.3 0.23% 42 Romania $483.4 Idaho $77.0 0.38% Rhode Island $5.3 0.23% 43 Kazakhstan $478.6 Delaware $75.0 0.37% Delaware $4.7 0.20% 44 Hong Kong1 $455.9 Maine $64.4 0.31% New Mexico $4.0 0.17% 45 Chile $452.1 Rhode Island $61.0 0.30% North Dakota $4.0 0.17% 46 Austria $441.0 North Dakota $54.7 0.27% Vermont $3.2 0.14% 47 Peru $430.3 Alaska $54.0 0.26% Montana $3.1 0.13% 48 Venezuela $381.6 South Dakota $51.6 0.25% Hawaii $1.9 0.08% 49 Norway $381.2 Montana $49.0 0.24% Alaska $1.7 0.07% 50 Czechia $375.9 Wyoming $39.4 0.19% District of Columbia n.a. n.a. 51 Ukraine $369.6 Vermont $33.7 0.16% Wyoming n.a. n.a.

Notes and abbreviations: * - Purchasing Power Parity basis (U.S. CIA, 2019), except Ohio (U.S. BEA, 2019); special areas and overseas territor- ies of countries are not included in their GDP, which is why (1) China and Hong Kong are listed separately; (2) fiscal year estimate; (3) U.A.E. – United Arab Emirates; ^ - initial, subject to revision; U.S. figures include overseas activities such as diplomatic and military missions; n.a. - not available. Sources: U.S. CIA (2019), U.S. BEA (2019).

If Ohio was a separate country, it would have the 36th largest economy in the world. The U.S. BEA’s revised estimate of $645.8 billion for 2017 places Ohio between Vietnam and Algeria with estimated GDPs of $648.7 and $630.0 billion, respectively (U.S. CIA, 2018).1

The table also shows that Ohio ranked 7th with 3.30 percent of U.S. total GDP and was the 3rd-ranked source for manufactured goods. The $112.2 billion in manufacturing output was 4.81 percent of the corresponding U.S. total, exceeding the output of four more populous states: Florida, Illinois, New York and Pennsylvania (U.S. BEA, 2019).

This page intentionally blank

THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO’S ECONOMY

17 2018 Total Gross Domestic Product Ohio and the 10 Largest Counties $700,000 70.0% $675,905

62.3% 60.6% 58.9% $600,000 60.0% 56.3% 53.3%

49.3% $500,000 50.0% 45.1%

40.5% $400,000 40.0%

29.3%

$300,000 30.0%

GDP (in GDP millions) Cumulative Percentage of TotalStatePercentage Cumulative $200,000 20.0% 14.8%

$100,075 $97,775 $100,000 $76,097 10.0%

$30,687 $28,910 $26,755 $20,361 $17,169 $11,820 $11,251 $0 0.0% Ohio Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Summit Montgomery Lucas Butler Stark Lake Lorain

Total GDP Cumulative Percentage of State Total Source: U.S. BEA 18 THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY COUNTY, 2018

The BEA recently published GDP estimates for counties. The chart above illustrates the 10 largest contributions by the county-where-the-work-was-done to Ohio’s total GDP of $675.9 billion (as opposed to the counties’ resident populations; some people cross county boundaries for work). In this sense, about $100.1 billion, or 14.8 percent, of Ohio’s GDP originated in Cuyahoga, closely followed by Franklin at $97.8 billion with Hamilton at $76.1 billion. Individual figures for the next seven ranged between $30.7 and $11.2 billion (green columns).

The chart also illustrates the cumulative contributions of each of the 10 to Ohio’s total output (gold dots). Cuyahoga and Franklin combined for 29.3 percent, with the addition of Hamilton raising the cumulative total of the three to 40.5 percent. The five largest counties combine for nearly 49.3 percent of Ohio’s output, and the 10 accounted for 62.3 percent of the $675.9 billion total.

Tables on the following two pages list the contributions of all 88 counties in both rank and alphabetic order.

19 Ohio Counties 2018 Total Gross Domestic Products, Ranked by Size with Percentages

Percentages Percentages Percentages

GDP (in Indi- Cumu- GDP (in Indi- Cumu- GDP (in Indi- Cumu- Rank Area Name millions) vidual lative Rank Area Name millions) vidual lative Rank Area Name millions) vidual lative

Ohio $675,905 29 Miami $4,569 0.68% 82.24% 59 Darke $2,017 0.30% 94.84% 30 Fairfield $4,348 0.64% 82.88% 60 Seneca $1,901 0.28% 95.12% 1 Cuyahoga $100,075 14.81% 14.81% 31 Geauga $4,236 0.63% 83.51% 61 Pickaway $1,895 0.28% 95.40% 2 Franklin $97,775 14.47% 29.27% 32 Union $4,170 0.62% 84.13% 62 Madison $1,887 0.28% 95.68% 3 Hamilton $76,097 11.26% 40.53% 33 Muskingum $3,962 0.59% 84.71% 63 Lawrence $1,865 0.28% 95.95% 4 Summit $30,687 4.54% 45.07% 34 Tuscarawas $3,829 0.57% 85.28% 64 Defiance $1,856 0.27% 96.23% 5 Montgomery $28,910 4.28% 49.35% 35 Washington $3,673 0.54% 85.82% 65 Ashland $1,843 0.27% 96.50% 6 Lucas $26,755 3.96% 53.31% 36 Shelby $3,323 0.49% 86.32% 66 Williams $1,772 0.26% 96.76% 7 Butler $20,361 3.01% 56.32% 37 Columbiana $3,182 0.47% 86.79% 67 Harrison $1,504 0.22% 96.99% 8 Stark $17,169 2.54% 58.86% 38 Ashtabula $3,155 0.47% 87.25% 68 Coshocton $1,462 0.22% 97.20% 9 Lake $11,820 1.75% 60.61% 39 Scioto $3,047 0.45% 87.70% 69 Van Wert $1,432 0.21% 97.41% 10 Lorain $11,251 1.66% 62.27% 40 Marion $2,953 0.44% 88.14% 70 Putnam $1,416 0.21% 97.62% 11 Delaware $10,855 1.61% 63.88% 41 Sandusky $2,941 0.44% 88.58% 71 Crawford $1,383 0.20% 97.83% 12 Warren $10,807 1.60% 65.48% 42 Ross $2,921 0.43% 89.01% 72 Henry $1,278 0.19% 98.02% 13 Greene $9,777 1.45% 66.92% 43 Monroe $2,797 0.41% 89.42% 73 Preble $1,258 0.19% 98.20% 14 Mahoning $9,707 1.44% 68.36% 44 Fayette $2,666 0.39% 89.82% 74 Highland $1,198 0.18% 98.38% 15 Clermont $8,685 1.28% 69.64% 45 Guernsey $2,620 0.39% 90.20% 75 Champaign $1,196 0.18% 98.56% 16 Allen $8,221 1.22% 70.86% 46 Gallia $2,480 0.37% 90.57% 76 Wyandot $1,109 0.16% 98.72% 17 Trumbull $8,010 1.19% 72.05% 47 Auglaize $2,476 0.37% 90.94% 77 Hardin $1,045 0.15% 98.88% 18 Wood $7,131 1.05% 73.10% 48 Holmes $2,470 0.37% 91.30% 78 Jackson $1,010 0.15% 99.03% 19 Medina $6,988 1.03% 74.13% 49 Huron $2,427 0.36% 91.66% 79 Adams $953 0.14% 99.17% 20 Belmont $6,353 0.94% 75.07% 50 Mercer $2,333 0.35% 92.01% 80 Noble $939 0.14% 99.31% 21 Licking $6,296 0.93% 76.01% 51 Fulton $2,184 0.32% 92.33% 81 Brown $901 0.13% 99.44% 22 Portage $6,113 0.90% 76.91% 52 Clinton $2,180 0.32% 92.65% 82 Perry $800 0.12% 99.56% 23 Hancock $5,866 0.87% 77.78% 53 Carroll $2,178 0.32% 92.97% 83 Hocking $674 0.10% 99.66% 24 Wayne $5,626 0.83% 78.61% 54 Athens $2,166 0.32% 93.30% 84 Morrow $628 0.09% 99.75% 25 Erie $5,489 0.81% 79.42% 55 Knox $2,153 0.32% 93.61% 85 Paulding $615 0.09% 99.84% 26 Clark $5,001 0.74% 80.16% 56 Logan $2,148 0.32% 93.93% 86 Meigs $411 0.06% 99.90% 27 Richland $4,886 0.72% 80.89% 57 Ottawa $2,074 0.31% 94.24% 87 Morgan $332 0.05% 99.95% 28 Jefferson $4,590 0.68% 81.56% 58 Pike $2,036 0.30% 94.54% 88 Vinton $327 0.05% 100.00%

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by County [machine-readable data file] / prepared by the Bureau. Washington, D.C.: the Bureau [producer and distributor], 2019. Table CAGDP2.

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 12/19).

20 Ohio Counties 2018 Total Gross Domestic Products, with Ranks and Percentages, in Alphabetic Order

GDP (in Percent GDP (in Percent GDP (in Percent Area Name millions) of Ohio Rank Area Name millions) of Ohio Rank Area Name millions) of Ohio Rank

Ohio $675,905 100.0% Greene $9,777 1.45% 13 Morrow $628 0.09% 84 Guernsey $2,620 0.39% 45 Muskingum $3,962 0.59% 33 Adams $953 0.14% 79 Hamilton $76,097 11.26% 3 Noble $939 0.14% 80 Allen $8,221 1.22% 16 Hancock $5,866 0.87% 23 Ottawa $2,074 0.31% 57 Ashland $1,843 0.27% 65 Hardin $1,045 0.15% 77 Paulding $615 0.09% 85 Ashtabula $3,155 0.47% 38 Harrison $1,504 0.22% 67 Perry $800 0.12% 82 Athens $2,166 0.32% 54 Henry $1,278 0.19% 72 Pickaway $1,895 0.28% 61 Auglaize $2,476 0.37% 47 Highland $1,198 0.18% 74 Pike $2,036 0.30% 58 Belmont $6,353 0.94% 20 Hocking $674 0.10% 83 Portage $6,113 0.90% 22 Brown $901 0.13% 81 Holmes $2,470 0.37% 48 Preble $1,258 0.19% 73 Butler $20,361 3.01% 7 Huron $2,427 0.36% 49 Putnam $1,416 0.21% 70 Carroll $2,178 0.32% 53 Jackson $1,010 0.15% 78 Richland $4,886 0.72% 27 Champaign $1,196 0.18% 75 Jefferson $4,590 0.68% 28 Ross $2,921 0.43% 42 Clark $5,001 0.74% 26 Knox $2,153 0.32% 55 Sandusky $2,941 0.44% 41 Clermont $8,685 1.28% 15 Lake $11,820 1.75% 9 Scioto $3,047 0.45% 39 Clinton $2,180 0.32% 52 Lawrence $1,865 0.28% 63 Seneca $1,901 0.28% 60 Columbiana $3,182 0.47% 37 Licking $6,296 0.93% 21 Shelby $3,323 0.49% 36 Coshocton $1,462 0.22% 68 Logan $2,148 0.32% 56 Stark $17,169 2.54% 8 Crawford $1,383 0.20% 71 Lorain $11,251 1.66% 10 Summit $30,687 4.54% 4 Cuyahoga $100,075 14.81% 1 Lucas $26,755 3.96% 6 Trumbull $8,010 1.19% 17 Darke $2,017 0.30% 59 Madison $1,887 0.28% 62 Tuscarawas $3,829 0.57% 34 Defiance $1,856 0.27% 64 Mahoning $9,707 1.44% 14 Union $4,170 0.62% 32 Delaware $10,855 1.61% 11 Marion $2,953 0.44% 40 Van Wert $1,432 0.21% 69 Erie $5,489 0.81% 25 Medina $6,988 1.03% 19 Vinton $327 0.05% 88 Fairfield $4,348 0.64% 30 Meigs $411 0.06% 86 Warren $10,807 1.60% 12 Fayette $2,666 0.39% 44 Mercer $2,333 0.35% 50 Washington $3,673 0.54% 35 Franklin $97,775 14.47% 2 Miami $4,569 0.68% 29 Wayne $5,626 0.83% 24 Fulton $2,184 0.32% 51 Monroe $2,797 0.41% 43 Williams $1,772 0.26% 66 Gallia $2,480 0.37% 46 Montgomery $28,910 4.28% 5 Wood $7,131 1.05% 18 Geauga $4,236 0.63% 31 Morgan $332 0.05% 87 Wyandot $1,109 0.16% 76

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 12/19).

21 COUNTY CONTRIBUTIONS TO OHIO’S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY SECTOR, 2018

The list below names the top 10 counties contributing to Ohio’s 20 economic sectors. The counties are listed in rank order with the cumulative percentage contributions of the top five and top 10 in the column at right. An asterisk (*) indicates the sector is concentrated in the county at a ratio of 1.1::1 or greater when compared to the U.S. distribution of goods and services provision. The sectors are in descending order of their concentration in the top five counties; the previously seen economy-wide summary included for comparison. Sectors less than the economy-wide summary of 49.3 and 62.3 percent for the top five and 10 counties may be thought of as more widely diffused across the state. Appendix Table A2 shows sector and super-sector data for the U.S., Ohio and all its 88 counties.

Cumulative Sector Percent of Ohio Mining, Quarrying and Oil-and-Gas Extraction (1.91 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Belmont*, Monroe*, Jefferson*, Guernsey*, Harrison* 76.4 6-10: Carroll*, Noble*, Wayne*, Columbiana*, Tuscarawas* 90.7 Arts, Entertainment and Recreation (1.17 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Cuyahoga*, Erie*, Hamilton*, Franklin, Summit 72.7 6-10: Lucas, Delaware*, Montgomery, Warren*, Stark 85.5 Finance and Insurance (9.07 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Cuyahoga*, Franklin*, Hamilton*, Butler*, Summit 70.7 6-10: Montgomery, Delaware*, Stark, Lucas, Clermont* 81.9 Professional-Scientific-Technical Services (5.17 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Cuyahoga, Franklin, Hamilton, Summit, Montgomery 68.6 6-10: Greene*, Lucas, Delaware*, Stark, Warren 82.1 Information (2.73 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Montgomery*, Summit 68.4 6-10: Lucas, Warren, Stark, Delaware, Greene 78.0 Enterprise Management (3.11 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Hamilton*, Franklin*, Cuyahoga*, Summit*, Delaware* 65.8 6-10: Warren*, Lucas*, Hancock*, Montgomery, Medina* 79.1 Educational Services (0.92 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Cuyahoga*, Franklin, Hamilton, Montgomery*, Lorain* 63.1 6-10: Lucas, Summit, Stark, Greene*, Knox* 76.0 Wholesale Trade (6.37 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Cuyahoga*, Hamilton*, Franklin, Summit*, Butler* 57.8 6-10: Montgomery, Lucas, Stark, Warren*, Mahoning* 71.4

22 Cumulative Sector Percent of Ohio Health Care-Social Assistance (8.66 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Cuyahoga*, Franklin*, Hamilton*, Montgomery*, Summit* 56.7 6-10: Lucas*, Stark*, Butler, Mahoning*, Lorain* 71.0 Administrative-Support/Waste-Management-Remediation (3.13 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin*, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Summit*, Montgomery 56.0 6-10: Lucas, Butler, Stark, Mahoning*, Warren* 69.3 Governments and Their Enterprises (10.67 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin*, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Greene*, Montgomery 51.6 6-10: Lucas, Summit, Butler, Stark, Lorain 65.6 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing (11.04 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Cuyahoga, Franklin, Hamilton, Montgomery, Summit 51.0 6-10: Lucas, Stark, Butler, Lorain, Mahoning 64.7 Summary GDP in Ohio (100.0 percent) 1-5: Cuyahoga, Franklin, Hamilton, Summit, Montgomery 49.3 6-10: Lucas, Butler, Stark, Lake, Lorain 62.3 Accommodation-Food Services (2.49 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Montgomery, Summit 48.3 6-10: Lucas, Stark, Butler, Delaware* Trumbull* 63.1 Other Private Sector Services (2.07 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Summit, Montgomery 46.2 6-10: Lucas, Stark*, Butler, Warren*, Lake* 60.6 Transportation-Warehousing (3.32 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin*, Cuyahoga, Clermont*, Hamilton, Hancock* 45.5 6-10: Montgomery, Lucas, Summit, Butler, Wood* 61.2 Utilities (1.62 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Gallia*, Jefferson*, Lake*, Washington*, Ottawa* 43.4 6-10: Lawrence*, Franklin, Hamilton, Lucas, Carroll* 65.7 Construction (3.69 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin, Hamilton, Cuyahoga, Summit, Montgomery 42.5 6-10: Butler*, Lucas, Stark*, Medina*, Warren* 57.3 Retail Trade (5.87 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Franklin, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Summit*, Lucas* 42.4 6-10: Montgomery, Butler*, Stark*, Warren*, Delaware* 58.0

23 Cumulative Sector Percent of Ohio Manufacturing (16.60 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Hamilton, Cuyahoga, Franklin, Lucas*, Summit 35.9 6-10: Allen*, Butler*, Stark*, Lake*, Montgomery 52.8 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting (0.40 percent of Ohio’s total GDP) 1-5: Mercer*, Van Wert*, Pickaway*, Auglaize*, Lake* 23.3 6-10: Hardin*, Marion*, Holmes*, Lorain*, Preble* 37.9

These lists show the effects of several factors. Sometimes it is the sheer size of the counties’ populations that leads to their high sector ranks; other times it is the relatively large presence of one sector regardless of a county’s population size. Sometimes the concentration reflects the tendency of more specialized sectors to locate in larger counties, which may in turn reflect either or both sufficiently large markets for sales and for workers with desired skills; other times it may be the presence of particular resources or the lack of large urban populations.2

Drawn from Table A2

This page intentionally blank

25 2018 Gross Domestic Product for Multi-county Metropolitan Areas in Ohio (in millions) Private Sector Governments Goods-Producing Service-Providing Manufacturing Area (number of Ohio counties) Total Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent

Aggregate Amounts U.S. $20,580,223 $18,035,586 87.6% $3,673,443 17.8% $2,321,192 11.3% $14,362,142 69.8% $2,544,637 12.4% Ohio $675,905 $603,476 89.3% $154,009 22.8% $111,491 16.5% $449,467 66.5% $72,429 10.7% Akron (2) $36,800 $32,950 89.5% (D) (D) $5,437 14.8% (D) (D) $3,850 10.5% Canton-Massillon (2) $19,347 $17,722 91.6% $5,698 29.5% $3,846 19.9% $12,024 62.2% $1,625 8.4% Cincinnati (three states) $141,053 $129,487 91.8% (D) (D) $21,380 15.2% (D) (D) $11,565 8.2% Cincinnati (Ohio part, 5)* $116,851 $107,787 92.2% (D) (D) $17,838 15.3% (D) (D) $9,064 7.8% Cleveland-Elyria (5) $134,370 $120,985 90.0% (D) (D) $19,171 14.3% (D) (D) $13,384 10.0% Columbus (10) $129,328 $111,466 86.2% $18,529 14.3% $12,978 10.0% $92,937 71.9% $17,862 13.8% Dayton-Kettering (3) $43,255 $35,520 82.1% (D) (D) $5,619 13.0% (D) (D) $7,735 17.9% Toledo (4) $38,143 $34,119 89.5% $10,823 28.4% $9,111 23.9% $23,297 61.1% $4,024 10.5% Youngstown-Warren... (two states) $22,281 $19,824 89.0% $5,078 22.8% $3,834 17.2% $14,746 66.2% $2,457 11.0% Youngstown-Warren... (Ohio part, 2)^ $17,717 $15,722 88.7% $3,890 22.0% $2,922 16.5% $11,833 66.8% $1,995 11.3%

Percentage of Ohio Sum of the Eight 79.3% 78.9% 69.0% 82.2% Akron (2) 5.4% 5.5% 4.9% 5.3% Canton-Massillon (2) 2.9% 2.9% 3.4% 2.2% Cincinnati (Ohio part, 5)* 17.3% 17.9% 16.0% 12.5% Cleveland-Elyria (5) 19.9% 20.0% 17.2% 18.5% Columbus (10) 19.1% 18.5% 11.6% 24.7% Dayton-Kettering (3) 6.4% 5.9% 5.0% 10.7% Toledo (4) 5.6% 5.7% 8.2% 5.6% Youngstown-Warren... (Ohio part, 2)^ 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.8%

Notes: * - Brown, Butler, Clermont, Hamilton and Warren Counties summed; ^ - Mahoning and Trumbull Counties summed; (D) - Suppressed to maintain confidentiality for some local enterprises - usually the agricultural sector.

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19).

26 THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS, 2018

The BEA also publishes GDP data for metropolitan areas (MAs). MAs are counties or clusters of adjacent counties with a core urbanized area of at least 50,000 people. (Urbanized areas include large cities, their suburbs and densely populated unincorporated areas.) Multi-county MAs have a high degree of social and economic integration with one another, and typically are named after the principal city or cities. The table above shows the GDPs for six multi-county MAs wholly in Ohio and two crossing state boundaries; Ohio portions also are shown for Cincinnati and Youngstown-Warren-Boardman. (One-county MAs are part of the county tables.) While Cincinnati is the largest MA shown above at $141.1 billion, its Ohio portion, $116.9 billion, ranks it third in the state after Cleveland-Elyria and Columbus with $134.4 and $129.3 billion, respectively. The three are by far the largest, combining to produce a value equal to 56.3 percent of the state’s 2018 GDP as judged by the Ohio portions alone. Akron, Dayton-Kettering and Toledo clustered between $36 billion and $44 billion, while Canton-Massillon and the Ohio portion of Youngstown were in the $17-$20 billion range. Altogether, the eight produced 79.3 percent of Ohio’s 2018 GDP.

The table above also displays some of the amounts and percentages of GDP derived from manufacturing and government services. (Encompassing private goods producing cluster figures are not disclosed to maintain confidentiality – usually for local agricultural, etc. enterprises. This results in complementary suppression of the private service providing cluster.) Several characteristics are notable in this regard:

• Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus are the three largest sources for manufactured goods, combining for 44.8 percent of Ohio’s total production; • Despite their large absolute outputs, their portions of total GDP derived from manufacturing tend to be relatively low; in Cincinnati’s and Cleveland’s cases, both portions are a little less than the state average; in Columbus’ case, the portion is less than the state and U.S. averages; • Akron and Dayton have manufacturing portions that are between the state and U.S. portions; • Canton, Toledo and Youngstown – three of the smaller MAs – have manufacturing portions greater than Ohio’s portion.

Federal, state and local governments combined contributions to the MAs’ GDPs ranged from 7.8 percent in the Ohio portion of Cincinnati to 17.9 percent in Dayton. The relatively high percentage for Dayton incorporates the importance of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in its economy. However, Columbus contributed 24.7 percent of Ohio’s total government GDP – due in part to its large size, the bulk of state government, a large federal agency, and the Ohio State University.

This page intentionally blank

RECENT CHANGES IN OHIO’S ECONOMY

29 Ohio's Gross Domestic Product, 1998-2018

$700.0 $676.2

$645.8 $650.0 $621.4 $609.7 $593.0 $600.0

$561.0 $540.8 $550.0 $525.4

$495.7 $497.2 $500.0 $491.0 $477.2 $480.3 $465.8 $445.5 $450.0 $451.3 $424.9 $412.0 $433.3 $391.1 $395.6 $407.8 $418.9 $400.0 $391.3 $376.0 $361.6 $375.1 $362.0 $350.0 $348.7 $317.9 $327.4 $333.4 $306.6 $298.4 $323.6 $300.0 $282.2 $271.1 $261.5 $238.7 $248.6 Billions Billions ofCurrent Dollars $228.5 $250.0 $215.2

$200.0

$150.0 $152.7 $141.7 $136.5 $134.9 $133.9 $121.7 $116.9 $114.7 $115.6 $112.3 $114.9 $116.6 $110.0 $97.5 $102.0 $100.0 $104.9 $106.6 $106.3 $108.4 $101.7 $103.4

$50.0 $68.5 $70.8 $72.1 $54.0 $56.1 $58.3 $59.2 $61.9 $62.0 $63.2 $64.2 $65.2 $67.1 $39.9 $41.3 $44.0 $45.3 $47.1 $48.9 $51.0 $52.5 $0.0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018*

Note: * - preliminary; prior years may have been revised. Figures may not sum to total due to Government PS Goods-producing PS Service-providing rounding. Source: U.S. BEA.

30 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT FROM OHIO: 1998-2018

The chart above shows that the total value of goods and services produced in Ohio rose from $361.6 to $495.7 billion in the years 1998 to 2008 but fell to $480.3 billion in 2009 before rising to $676.2 billion in 2018. Figures for goods production (red and white stripes) show more ups and downs (in billions): up from $106.6 in 1998 to $108.4 in 2000, down to $101.7 in 2001, up to $116.9 in 2007, down to $97.5 in 2009, up to $152.7 in 2018. This contrasts with the relatively steady rise in the nominal value of private sector services (yellow) from $215.2 to $451.3; 2009 was the exception. The value of government services (blue) appeared to rise without interruption from $39.9 to $72.1. It is important to note that the chart above makes no adjustment for inflation. Consequently, it cannot be determined from the current-dollar figures how much of the year-to-year changes seen above are due to real economic growth, and how much are due to simple price increases. That issue is addressed beginning in the next section.

The graph also illustrates the reorientation of economic activity in Ohio’s private sector away from goods production and towards services. The net change in the portion of output was a decrease in goods production from 29.5 to 22.6 percent of output, while private sector services rose from 59.5 to 66.7 percent. Government services fluctuated but were marginally less: 11.0 percent in 1998 and 10.7 percent in 2018.

What happened in Ohio was part of the larger but less-pronounced shift for the nation as a whole. The private goods- producing sectors’ share of total U.S. GDP fell from 22.0 to 17.9 percent, while the complementary share of service providers rose from 64.9 to 69.9 percent. Government services also were marginally less: 12.2 percent in 2018 vs. 13.1 percent in 1998 (U.S. BEA, 2019).3

31 Changes in Ohio's Economic Output, 1998-2018 Adjusted for Inflation and Standardized on 2012

Total Private industries Private goods producers Private manufacturing Private services providers Government

$700.0

$601.5 $590.9 $581.6 $600.0 $570.4 $577.3 $543.7 $550.8 $534.4 $541.2 $541.4 $537.2 $538.7 $540.8 $539.4 $528.5 $522.6 $521.1 $520.0 $509.0 $514.8 $509.2 $509.3 $516.4 $499.1 $501.8 $487.9 $488.8 $479.1 $477.4 $477.8 $477.6 $500.0 $469.3 $473.2 $475.5 $457.6 $456.9 $443.5 $450.0 $446.3 $435.3 $437.3 $424.2 $400.0 $386.7 $393.1 $400.0 $376.5 $383.5 $367.9 $356.6 $362.0 $348.5 $342.5 $341.5 $344.2 $338.3 $345.4 $327.7 $331.8

GDP GDP Billions in $321.4 $311.0 $301.0 $306.2 $288.2 $300.0

$200.0

$136.8 $135.4 $138.3 $138.7 $137.7 $137.0 $134.5 $132.9 $132.9 $133.3 $135.4 $139.5 $127.3 $129.7 $131.0 $125.1 $119.0 $115.6 $120.9 $107.9 $111.4

$100.0 $106.8 $107.9 $109.1 $108.4 $102.9 $101.9 $104.1 $95.6 $98.4 $100.1 $100.6 $95.1 $102.9 $98.2 $96.7 $97.6 $101.8 $83.0 $89.0 $91.6 $94.1

$64.4 $64.1 $66.0 $65.0 $65.1 $65.2 $65.2 $64.6 $63.8 $63.5 $64.0 $62.9 $64.1 $63.2 $63.2 $62.1 $61.2 $61.0 $61.7 $62.5 $62.2

$0.0 1998 1999 2000 2001^ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018*

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - a recession year for the nation; * - initial; prior years may be revised. 32 REMOVING THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION

Removing the effects of inflation permits comparisons across the years of the volumes of goods produced and services provided, revealing in the chart above the expansion and contraction in Ohio’s economic output over the course of two decades. (Figures have been standardized on 2012.) Total GDP figures (gray dots) show real growth in the output of goods and services in Ohio from 1998 to 2000, a recession in 2001, the resumption of growth in 2002 continuing through 2005, almost unchanging output in 2006 and 2007, the “Great Recession” in 2008 and 2009, and the current recovery and expansion in 2010 to 2018. (The most current data (U.S. BEA, 2019) indicate real grow continued through the first quarter of 2019 at an average annual rate of 3.5 percent.) The 5.9 percent plunge from $541.4 to $509.2 billion (2007-2009) wiped out 81.3 percent of the net growth from 2001 to 2007. It was not until 2013 that total output in Ohio surpassed the pre-recession peak of 2005. This history almost entirely reflects expansion and contraction in the private sector (orange squares); government services (blue dots) decreased from a peak of $66.0 billion in 2000 to $62.2 billion in 2018, a slight change in context of the total economy.

The chart above further specifies where changes occurred in the private sector. The collective output of goods producers (dark red diamonds) peaked at $138.3 billion in 2000, fell to $127.3 billion (2001), then grew to $138.7 billion (2004) before sliding – gradually at first – to $107.9 billion (2009). Aggregate output has since grown, reaching $139.5 billion in 2018. These changes largely reflect variations in manufacturing output (red triangles), and data derived from Appendix Table A2 show most of the manufacturing volume changes occurred in the durable goods subsector:

`98-`00 `00-`01 `01-`07 `07-`09 `09-`18 All goods production (billions) +$1.5 -$11.0 +$7.2 -$26.6 +$31.6 Manufacturing (billions) +$1.2 -$8.5 +$12.2 -$25.4 +$18.8 Durable goods (billions) +$1.4 -$7.1 +$9.2 -$23.4 +$18.0.

Much of the residual change among goods producers seen in the chart is due to the long-term net decline in construction, which has been more than offset by the phenomenal growth in mining output after 2012.

By contrast, the collective output of private sector service-providers (yellow dots) increased nearly every year, declining 1.7 percent by 2009 from the pre-recession peak in 2007. Expansion resumed by 2010, passed the pre-recession peak in 2011 and has continued. Some sectors showed greater-than-average growth over two decades: information, finance/insurance, professional/scientific/technical services, enterprise management, administrative-support/waste-management, and health care and social assistance; wholesale trade was close to the long-term cluster average of 38.8 percent. Most private sector services declined or merely stalled in the recession of 2008-2009 but resumed growing after 2009; a few have fluctuated or contracted. Analyses of specific sectors and their constituent industries follow. See Table A3

33 Changes in Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2007-2017 (Durable Goods Concentrated in Ohio) $16,000

$14,000

$12,000

$10,000

$8,000

In Millions In Standardized on 2012 on Standardized $6,000

$4,000

$2,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 3361-3: Motor Vehicle Industry $15,142 $11,054 $3,610 $6,676 $9,501 $10,617 $9,814 $11,083 $9,979 $9,770 $9,528 3364-9: Other Trnsprttn. Eqpt. $5,998 $5,477 $5,209 $4,728 $5,113 $4,361 $4,692 $5,156 $5,482 $6,163 $6,394

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 34 MOTOR VEHICLES AND OTHER CONCENTRATED DURABLE GOODS INDUSTRIES

The preceding section pointed to the ups and downs in durable goods manufacturing as accounting for much of the varia- tion in Ohio’s total goods production and – ultimately – a disproportionately large role in expansion and contraction of the state’s economy as a whole. The chart above shows one prominent part of that variability was the striking contraction and recovery in the motor vehicle industry: cars, trucks, RVs, trailers and their parts and accessories (collectively NAICS 3361 -3363, red squares). The changes were the most extreme among all industries in Ohio: plunging $11.53 billion – 76.2 percent – from 2007 to 2009 but rebounding only $7.47 billion by 2014. Despite this 200.7 percent growth, industry output of 2014 was 73.2 percent of that of 2007. Output has since contracted to $9.53 billion. (Amounts and percentages have been adjusted for inflation.) Factors partially explaining why industry output remains less than pre-recession levels include:

• the permanent closures of GM’s Moraine assembly and Mansfield parts plants as well as Ford’s Cleveland engine plant #2 and Walton Hills stamping plant in the recession’s aftermath; • Ford closed its Cleveland engine plant #1 for a year beginning in May 2007 (#2 was still operating); • floods at east Asian parts plants constrained Honda’s assemblies in 2011-2012; • FCA shut its Toledo North assembly plant for about nine months in 2012-2013 for a major model change-over; and • light vehicles assemblies have decreased for two consecutive years since 2015 due in part to more major model changeovers at FCA’s Toledo complex combined with a declining demand for cars as buyers shifted to light trucks (Automotive News, 2016-2019).

The changes seen in Ohio were part of nationwide industry changes: output fell 66.1 percent from 2007 to 2009 and then rose almost without interruption, finally surpassing the 2007 pre-recession peak in 2017. Although 7.4 percent of U.S. motor vehicle output still comes from Ohio, the industry is less concentrated here in 2017 than it was in 2007.

With few exceptions, GDP data provide no information about industry groups within major industries. However, value- added data from the Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and employment figures from its County Business Patterns (CBP) files do, providing more specific insights.4 Both ASM and CBP data indicate that vehicle assembly (3361) and parts production (3363) are particularly concentrated in Ohio, while manufacturing bodies and trailers (3362) is closer to proportional with the nation (see Appendix Tables A19 and A21). Additional data confirm this concentration in assembly and parts production: Ohio was the 4th-ranked state with 10.4 percent of U.S.-made cars, vans, pick- ups and sport-utility vehicles assembled at seven plants in 2017 (Automotive News, 2019) as well as tens of thousands of medium- and heavy-duty trucks assembled at three plants.5 Ohio also had the 2nd largest number of U.S. establishments (regardless of NAICS codes) supplying parts to vehicle assemblers (ELM Analytics, 2018).

35 Changes in Durable Goods Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2007-2017 (Industries Other Than Transportation Equipment and Concentrated in Ohio) $16,000

$14,000

$12,000

$10,000

$8,000 In Millions In

$6,000 Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$4,000

$2,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 327: Nonmetallic Mineral Prdcts. $2,743 $2,825 $2,380 $2,627 $2,868 $3,119 $3,174 $2,990 $2,680 $2,664 $2,699 331: Primary Metals $5,757 $5,974 $3,634 $4,835 $5,526 $5,530 $6,302 $6,338 $8,037 $8,051 $6,957 332: Fabricated Metal Prdcts. $13,109 $13,477 $8,542 $10,099 $11,057 $10,790 $10,399 $10,743 $10,075 $9,356 $10,194 333: Machinery $8,042 $7,964 $5,846 $6,486 $7,691 $7,489 $8,404 $8,164 $7,650 $7,364 $7,846 335: Electrical Eqpt. & Appliances $4,545 $4,948 $3,932 $3,857 $3,770 $3,962 $3,934 $3,841 $4,488 $4,248 $4,241 337: Furniture, etc. $1,693 $1,278 $910 $814 $903 $800 $824 $933 $957 $997 $1,073

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 36 The extreme changes in the motor vehicle industry contrast with the less dramatic contraction and recovery in manufacturing other transportation equipment: aerospace, railroad and water-faring vehicles, equipment and parts, as well as land-based vehicles such as ATVs, motorcycles, bicycles, tanks, golf carts, etc. and their parts (collectively 3364-3369, blue dots). Output from this cluster fell 27.3 percent from 2007 to 2012; recovery and expansion were underway by 2013 and surpassed pre-recession levels in 2016. These changes are similar to those seen nationwide, and this cluster remains as concentrated here now as it was in 2007.

ASM data specify the source of this cluster’s concentration here to aerospace products and parts (3364); 4.6 percent of the U.S. industry’s value-added originated here. On the other hand, CBP data show only 3.4 percent of U.S. industry jobs in Ohio. This divergence may principally reflect the very high value added with large jet engines from GE Aviation’s Even- dale plant. Neither output from, nor employment in, any other transportation equipment group – railroad, water-faring and other land-based vehicles – (3365-3369) is concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b).

The chart above illustrates changes in the inflation-adjusted output from 2007 through 2017 of six more major durable goods industries currently concentrated in Ohio. Output from the primary and fabricated metals industries as well as the furniture industry (NAICS 331, 332 and 337, darker blue shapes and orangish rectangles) each fell more than 30 percent from their 2007 levels to their nadirs, and output from the machinery and electrical equipment/appliances industries (333 and 335, light blue diamonds and black stars) each fell more than 25 percent. The primary metals and machinery industries have recovered to or surpassed their 2007 levels, but 2017 output levels for the three others remain below their 2007 levels. The only industry not severely affected by the Great Recession has been non-metallic mineral products (327, light gray squares), which appears to have fluctuated with no obvious long-term trend.

These patterns of changes in output from Ohio again are part of and frequently similar to national industry changes: primary metals, machinery and electrical equipment/appliances output fell and rebounded past its 2007 peaks (but the latter two have since slipped); fabricated metals and furniture output fell and remain below their pre-recession peak despite some recovery. The exception is output from non-metallic mineral industries, which fell in the recession and has remained below its pre-recession peak.

ASM and CBP data again provide additional insights. All primary metals group activities are concentrated in Ohio: iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production (3311), steel products made from purchased steel (3312), aluminum smelting and subsequent production (3313) as well as producing other common metals (3314, principally copper). Foundry output and employment (3315) also are concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b). Appendix Tables A19 and A21 show the highest concentrations in the four iron and steel, copper and foundry groups. Data from the U.S. Geologic- al Survey (2019) confirm Ohio’s prominent role in steel production: typically, 11 to 14 percent of U.S. raw steel production has come from Ohio in recent years, ranking it 2nd. 37 Output from all nine fabricated metal groups (332) is concentrated in Ohio to various degrees (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b). Output includes shaping metal pieces by forging, heat-treating, coating, stamping, bending, forming, ma- chining, engraving and/or welding purchased materials. (Stampings for motor vehicles are classified as motor vehicle parts – 33637.) Products include cutlery, unpowered hand tools, boilers, containers, hardware, nuts, bolts, screws, rivets, wires, springs, valves and plumbing fixtures, bearings, safes, ladders, washers, tanks, and the output of machine shops. (Washing machines and military weapons are classified elsewhere.) In this case, ASM and CBP data lead to the conclusion that it is the combination of a variety of goods made in large volumes that results in Ohio’s 3rd rank in industry GDP.

Machinery manufacturing output is concentrated to varying degrees in five of the seven industry groups: the more-focused industrial, commercial and service machinery industries (3332 and 3333), and the more widely applicable heating-ventilation-air conditioning (HVAC) and commercial refrigeration equipment (3334), metalworking (3335) and general-purpose machinery (3339) groups. CBP data show employment in the engines-turbines-power transmission equipment group (3336) is concentrated, but ASM data do not (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b).6 Again, it is the combination of a variety of goods made in large volumes that results in Ohio’s overall 4th rank in industry GDP.

Ohio is the top-ranked source in the U.S. for electrical equipment and appliances. ASM and CBP data show this rank is due to the overwhelming concentration in household appliances (3352); 24.8 percent of U.S. value-added for the group comes from Ohio and 22.4 percent of U.S. group jobs are located here – by far the largest percentages among the states. ASM and CBP data suggest milder concentrations or nearly proportional activity and jobs in the three other groups: electric lighting equipment (3351); electrical equipment (3353) such as motors, generators, transformers, switching equipment, relays and industrial controls (turbines for generating electricity are classified elsewhere); and other electrical equipment and components (3359) such as batteries, wires and cables (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b).

Manufacturing non-metallic mineral products (mainly from silicates and calcites, 327) is concentrated in Ohio. ASM and CBP data agree that three of the five groups are concentrated here: clay and refractory products such as china, bricks, earthenware, pottery, porcelain, wall tiles, etc. (3271), glass (3272) and other materials (3279, abrasives, cut-stone products, fiberglass, stucco, etc.) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b). As before, it is the combination of a variety of goods made in large volumes that results in Ohio’s overall 3rd rank in industry GDP. The output of household and institutional furniture and kitchen cabinets (3371) appears mildly concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b).

These seven major durable goods industries concentrated here – nonmetallic minerals, primary and fabricated metals, machinery, electrical equipment and appliances, transportation equipment, and furniture and related products – comprised 90.5 percent of all durable goods production in Ohio during 2017. Bearing that in mind, the estimated real increase of 4.3 percent in 2018 for all durable goods production probably indicates most – if not all – of the seven grew in 2018. The 4.3

38 percent was part of the 5.4 percent real increase in all durable goods production seen nationwide.

See Tables A3, A4, A15-A17, A19, A21

39 Changes in Non-durable Goods Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2007-2017 (Industries Concentrated in Ohio) $18,000

$16,000

$14,000

$12,000

$10,000

$8,000

In Millions In Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$6,000

$4,000

$2,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 311-2: Food & Beverages $11,089 $9,892 $10,239 $9,730 $9,554 $9,529 $10,486 $10,908 $10,412 $9,780 $10,302 322: Paper Prdcts. $2,940 $2,370 $2,244 $2,126 $2,125 $1,879 $1,810 $2,015 $1,949 $1,914 $1,906 323: Printing, etc. $2,295 $2,069 $1,903 $1,806 $1,916 $1,821 $1,797 $1,864 $1,843 $1,877 $1,848 324: Petroleum & Coal Prdcts. $5,307 $4,332 $13,499 $11,405 $10,930 $7,579 $10,902 $16,768 $10,403 $8,434 $8,130 325: Chemicals $13,871 $13,448 $13,066 $13,673 $13,543 $12,765 $10,640 $11,912 $12,974 $14,144 $13,753 326: Plastic & Rubber Prdcts. $6,094 $4,862 $4,939 $5,097 $5,292 $5,451 $5,326 $5,250 $5,492 $5,416 $5,603

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 40 CONCENTRATED NON-DURABLE GOODS MANUFACTURING

The chart above illustrates the changing output levels of six major non-durable goods manufacturing industries currently concentrated in Ohio. Five of the six contrast with most durable goods industries in that their contractions in the Great Recession were less severe and their recoveries less dramatic. (Spiking output from petroleum and coal products (324, brown triangles) is the big exception.) This reflects the relatively steady demand for non-durables, which generally are expected to last less than three years. However, among the five, output from four major industries remains below pre- recession levels: food and beverages (NAICS 311 plus 312, green diamonds), plastic and rubber products (326, black stars), paper products (322, white squares) and printing (323, black-and-white rectangles). Output from the chemicals industry (325) returned to pre-recession levels, but not before showing some volatility when production dipped in 2013.

Sometimes these patterns of changes in Ohio are similar to corresponding national level changes: national food-beverage-and-tobacco production fluctuated at levels below the 2009 peak;7 paper products output and printing and related activities have fluctuated at levels lower than pre-recession levels; and plastic and rubber products output fell in the recession, recovering to pre-recession output only in the latest year. As in Ohio, U.S. output of coal and petroleum products also has fluctuated wildly, peaking in 2009 and 2015, but unlike Ohio was lower in 2017 than in 2007. On the other hand, national chemical production has trended lower over the last decade.

ASM and CBP data specify which groups drive their encompassing major industry concentrations here:

• The plastic and rubber products groups (3261 and 3262, both ranked first nationally); • Processing and preserving fruits and vegetables (3114), Dairy (3115) and other food products (3119 – snacks, coffees, teas, flavorings, seasonings, dressings, etc.); ASM and CBP disagree about bakeries… (3118); • Products made from purchased paper or paperboard (3222) including coated and laminated items; • All chemicals groups except pharmaceuticals (3256) and possibly basic chemicals (3251 – ASM and CBP disagree) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b).

In addition, CBP data show both printing industry sub-groups are concentrated in Ohio – actual printing on materials (32311) and pre-press and post-press activities (32312); products such as asphalt (32412), lubricants, greases, petroleum jelly, coke, etc. (32419) are concentrated here as opposed to refineries (32411), which are sparse.

The combined output of the six major industries constituted 98.9 percent of all non-durable goods production in Ohio in 2017. Given specific 2018 figures are unavailable, the essentially unchanged (from 2017) summary figure for 2018 probably indicates small and mixed changes for most of the six in 2018. See Tables A3, A5, A15-A17, A19, A21

41 Changes in Goods Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2007-2017 (Industries Not Concentrated in Ohio) $3,000

$2,500

$2,000

$1,500 In Millions In

Standardized on 2012 on Standardized $1,000

$500

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 321: Wood Prdcts. $868 $820 $713 $767 $863 $721 $675 $727 $732 $817 $848 334: Cmptr. & Elctrnc. Prdcts. $2,294 $2,840 $1,887 $2,258 $2,150 $2,707 $2,778 $2,806 $2,529 $2,472 $2,530 339: Misc. Prdcts. $1,982 $2,063 $2,005 $2,005 $1,942 $2,026 $1,916 $2,096 $2,067 $2,054 $2,104 313-4: Textile Mills & Prdcts. $465 $430 $325 $380 $342 $318 $386 $380 $353 $298 $311 315-6: Apparel, Leather, etc. $205 $209 $168 $143 $139 $116 $136 $137 $130 $143 $144

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

42 OTHER MAJOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

The chart above illustrates the changing output levels of three durable goods and two non-durable goods industries not concentrated in Ohio. Only one – miscellaneous products (NAICS 339, black-and-white rectangles) – escaped the recession’s impact, and only one – computer and electronic products (334, blue squares) – saw moderate, 10.3 percent net growth over the decade. The third – wood products (321, gold circles) recovered from the recession, but had little net change over the decade. The fourth and fifth – textiles and apparel, etc. (313-316, triangles and diamonds) gradually contracted.

The experiences of four industries here are similar to and part of corresponding national-level changes: miscellaneous products escaped the recession’s impact, but saw slower than average growth; wood products recovered from the recession, but fluctuated thereafter; and textiles and apparel, etc. continued gradually contracting. These contrast with the national experience of computer and electronic products; its 80.2 percent growth was uninterrupted by the recession.8

Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and County Business Patterns (CBP) data show few exceptions to the overall sparse presence of these major industries in Ohio: manufacturing other-leather-and-allied products (3169) like billfolds, shoe components, collars, leashes, harnesses, watchbands, luggage, purses, welders’ jackets, etc. is concentrated here; other miscellaneous manufactures (3399 – jewelry, sporting goods, toys, games, office supplies, signs, etc.) appear at least mildly concentrated here; and navigational-measuring-medical-control instruments (3345) employment is close to proportional, (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018, 2019b).

See Tables A3-A5, A15-A17, A19, A21

43 Changes in Natural Resources Industries Output in Ohio, 2007-2017 (Farming, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting & Mining) $18,000

$16,000

$14,000

$12,000

, $10,000

$8,000

In Millions In Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$6,000

$4,000

$2,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 111-2: Farming $3,060 $3,059 $4,511 $3,780 $4,265 $3,404 $4,521 $4,237 $3,503 $3,657 $3,292 113-5: Frstry.-Fish.-Hunt. $320 $326 $315 $282 $315 $359 $371 $396 $424 $415 $420 211: Oil-Gas Extrctn. $1,163 $1,008 $1,594 $1,042 $1,047 $1,172 $2,190 $5,113 $12,010 $16,669 $17,412 212: Mining, exc. Oil-Gas $1,473 $1,588 $1,773 $1,685 $1,786 $1,494 $1,464 $1,607 $1,795 $1,463 $1,153 213: Mining Support $738 $718 $554 $463 $452 $440 $588 $916 $733 $480 $643 Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 44 NATURAL RESOURCES AND RELATED INDUSTRIES

The chart above illustrates the varied recent histories of major natural resource and related industries in Ohio. The most obvious change has been the 1,397.4 percent increase in oil and gas production (NAICS 211, brown crosses) from 2007 to 2017.9 ODNR (2019) production data confirm the tremendous increases:

• total oil production rose 300.9 percent from 4.99 million barrels in 2007 to 20.02 million in 2017; • total natural gas production rose 2,214.2 percent from 76.5 billion cubic feet in 2007 to 1,769.9 billion in 2017.

These increases are due to the development of the Marcellus and Utica shale deposits in Eastern Ohio beginning in 2011. Oil and natural gas extraction from these two formations comprised 82.6 and 97.5 percent by volume, respectively, of all production for 2017 in Ohio (ODNR, 2019), and vaulted the state to its 4th-rank with 4.8 percent of U.S. industry GDP even as U.S. industry GDP increased 101.9 percent. Despite production growth, County Business Patterns (CBP) data show industry employment (21112-3 and 213111-2) is sparse in Ohio (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

Other mining production in Ohio (212, black stars and – here – principally from coal mines and quarries) fluctuated over the years but declined in the latest two for a 21.7 percent net decline in the decade. Corresponding U.S. industry production has trended lower with output 22.6 percent below that of 2007. Other mining output from Ohio remains sparse at 1.73 percent of U.S. industry GDP. While CBP employment data indicate coal mining (2121) is proportional with the U.S. industry, related support jobs (213113) are sparse; actual coal production from Ohio during 2017 was only 1.23 percent of the U.S. total (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b; U.S. EIA, 2019).

The 2018 sector (21) estimates for Ohio and the U.S. are 4.7 and 1.5 percent increases, respectively, from 2017, meaning production may have become slightly more concentrated here. This is almost certainly driven by production from shale deposits. ODNR (2019) data show 2018 shale gas production up 36.5 percent and shale oil production up 19.7 percent from 2017. (Total figures for 2018 are unavailable at this time; however, shale was the source of 82.6 percent of total oil production and 97.5 percent of total gas production in Ohio in 2017.)

Farm production (NAICS 111-2, green squares) fluctuated from year to year, while output from the much smaller forestry- fishing-hunting cluster (113-5, green triangles) has risen, notably in the last six years. These patterns are the opposite of their national counterparts. CBP data show all eight farm-support and forestry-fishing-hunting-etc. groups (1131-1153) are more or less sparse in Ohio. However, data from the U.S. DA (2019) indicate two exceptions in farming: Ohio was the 6th- and 8th-ranked source for soybean and corn production with 6.4 and 4.3 percent, respectively, of U.S. totals in 2018. Initial sector (11) estimates for 2018 show slight contractions in Ohio and U.S. output. See Tables A1, A3, A6, A15-A17, A21

45 Changes in Infrastructure Sectors' Output in Ohio, 2007-2018 (Construction & Utilities) $25,000

$20,000

$15,000 In Millions In

Standardized on 2012 on Standardized $10,000

$5,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018* 22: Utilities $8,644 $9,098 $8,768 $9,559 $9,732 $9,898 $9,746 $9,316 $9,249 $9,680 $9,414 $9,577 23: Construction $19,316 $17,856 $16,284 $15,137 $16,000 $17,195 $17,637 $17,649 $18,026 $18,543 $19,499 $19,046 Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 46 INFRASTRUCTURE

The chart above illustrates changing output levels from the two parts of the infrastructure cluster: building it (construction, NAICS 23) and supplying what is necessary to keep equipment, homes and other facilities operating (utilities, 22). (No more-specific industry data are available for either sector.) Construction activity in Ohio (gray squares) declined 21.6 percent from 2007 to 2010 but recovered to approximately the 2007 level by 2017. The decline incorporated (but was not limited to) the fall in residential construction and related specialty trades (2361 and 238) due to the financial crisis and the Great Recession. It is consistent with the 49.4 percent drop in building permits issued for residential construction from 2007 through 2010; building permits have since risen 76.7 percent, but still remain 10.6 percent below the 2007 level (U.S. Bureau of the Census, n.d.).10 A similar trend in construction activity was seen for the nation as a whole: GDP falling 27.7 percent from 2007 through 2011 and growing 19.2 percent from 2011 through 2018. However, data in Appendix Table A3 show 2018 activity levels in Ohio are 30.2 percent lower than in 1998, with U.S. levels 11.2 percent less. Simi- larly, the numbers of building permits issued also remain below their peaks of more than a decade earlier. While overall construction activity in Ohio is relatively sparse, County Business Patterns (CBP) data point to non-residential building construction (2362) as close to proportional with the nation (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

The chart above also illustrates relatively small fluctuations in the otherwise steady provision of utility services by private sector organizations (orange diamonds). As judged by CBP employment numbers, these are: principally generating and distributing electric power; secondarily the local distribution of natural gas; and supplying water and treating sewage as tertiary endeavors. (Utility services provided by governments are included in the government sector.) The net change in Ohio was an increase of 10.8 percent from 2007 to 2018. However, data in Appendix Table A3 show 2018 service levels are virtually unchanged from 1998. This 20-year history for Ohio contrasts with the 26.6 percent growth for the nation. This contrast is consistent with the very slow population growth in Ohio and the more rapid U.S. population growth. CBP data point to nearly proportional activity in electric power generation, transmission and distribution (2211) and concentration in local natural gas distribution (2212), while private sector water and sewage services (2213) are relatively sparse in Ohio (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

See Tables A3, A14-A17, A21

47 Changes in Transportation and Warehouse Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 (the More Freight-Oriented Industries) $7,000

$6,000

$5,000

$4,000

In Millions In $3,000 Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$2,000

$1,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 482: by Rail $1,512 $1,512 $1,328 $1,387 $1,383 $1,425 $1,385 $1,436 $1,453 $1,311 $1,320 483: by Water $93 $107 $109 $98 $94 $91 $115 $101 $89 $86 $82 484: by Truck $6,732 $6,242 $5,511 $5,864 $6,107 $6,149 $6,029 $6,240 $6,289 $6,176 $6,409 486: by Pipeline $201 $349 $460 $619 $824 $441 $364 $528 $1,504 $1,940 $1,924 492, 488-7: Couriers, Support, Sights $4,119 $4,235 $3,672 $3,171 $3,087 $2,876 $2,853 $2,878 $3,090 $3,081 $3,131 493: Warehouse/Storage $2,231 $2,272 $2,125 $2,230 $2,315 $2,497 $2,667 $2,703 $2,854 $2,897 $2,897

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

48 TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING – MOVING AND STORING FREIGHT

Private sector transportation and warehousing services move people and goods in large numbers.11 The more-logistical industries in the sector principally move and store raw and intermediate materials as well as finished goods. The chart above shows the plurality of such services in Ohio are provided by the trucking industry (NAICS 484, orange squares), followed by combination of courier, support and sightseeing services (492, 488 and 487, brown squares).12 Railroads (482, charcoal rectangles) were the third-ranked source until 2015, when they were surpassed by pipeline services (486, white dots) – the latter grew in response to the tremendous increases in oil and gas production. Water transportation services provided by freighters and barges (483, blue triangles) had the smallest market share.13

Trucking services clearly show the effects of the recession and subsequent recovery, following the pattern seen in durable goods production. The same may be said, to a lesser extent, of storage and warehouse (493, dark red diamonds) operations and even rail transportation. These contrast with pipeline and water transportation services, which appear to have been unaffected by the recession. The decline in courier and support services, which fell in the recession without any significant recovery, probably is due at least in part to DHL Express terminating a major operation at Wilmington Air Park in 2009 (Wikipedia, 2019).14

These patterns of change here are more or less part of national level changes: (1) the contraction and partial recovery in trucking, (2) the decline and weaker recovery in courier and support services, (3) the relatively steady states of railroad and water transportation, (4) the more or less steady growth in warehousing and storage, and (5) the net growth in pipeline transportation. Ohio’s growth rate was comparatively slower in the fourth item and faster in the fifth.

County Business Patterns (CBP) data specify generalized trucking (4841) as concentrated in Ohio. Generalized trucking moves a wide variety of commodities, often those that can be placed on pallets or in containers. Specialized trucking (4842), which uses tankers, refrigerated trailers or specialized equipment for moving household and specific industrial goods, is proportional. CBP data also point to a moderate concentration in couriers (4921) instead of local messenger and delivery services (4922). Similarly, CBP data specify the overall concentration in warehousing and storage services to general and other warehousing and storage (49311 and 49319) as opposed to refrigerated and farm produce storage (49312-3). To a large extent, this is consistent with the general concentration of manufacturing here. Employment in pipeline transportation is concentrated in moving crude oil and refined petroleum products (4861 and 4869) but not natural gas (4862). Rail and other transportation support (4882 and 4889) also are concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Cen- sus, 2019b).15 See Tables A3, A7, A17-A17, A21

49 Changes in Transportation Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 (the More Passenger-Oriented Industries) $2,500

$2,000

$1,500 In Millions In

Standardized on 2012 on Standardized $1,000

$500

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 481: by Air $2,100 $1,966 $1,761 $1,719 $1,889 $1,716 $1,753 $1,736 $1,848 $1,901 $1,977 485: Pssngr. Grnd./Trnst. $519 $525 $500 $487 $527 $549 $543 $564 $579 $541 $569

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

50 TRANSPORTATION – PASSENGER SERVICES

The chart above illustrates the BEA’s presentation of the more passenger-oriented transportation services in Ohio:

• airlines (NAICS 481, black stars), which move more passengers than freight,16 and • passenger ground transportation services such as taxis, limousines, commuter rail, and local and intercity bus systems (485, blue rectangles).

The chart shows the airline services fell as part of the recession, with sustained recovery first evident in 2013; however, activity in Ohio even in 2017 still remained below the pre-recession peak while service across the nation quickly recovered and expanded at a higher-than-average rate. The smaller passenger ground transportation industry has trended higher since 2010, and changes in Ohio appear to be part of the nationwide expansion.

Neither of these major transportation services is concentrated in Ohio, but County Business Patterns data point to one exception: non-scheduled air transportation (4812) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b). Non-scheduled air transportation is the flexible part of the system that will go anywhere at any time regularly scheduled planes do not.

Initial 2018 summary data for the sector (48-49p) show continuing growth from 2017 in Ohio and for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2019).

See Tables A3, A7, A15-A17, A21

51 Changes in Information Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 $14,000

$12,000

$10,000

$8,000

In Millions In $6,000 Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$4,000

$2,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 511: Publishing (inc. Sftwr. exc. Internet) $4,808 $4,925 $4,771 $5,097 $5,187 $5,143 $5,240 $4,876 $5,000 $5,208 $5,186 512: Motion Pic./Sound Rcrdng. $355 $370 $431 $386 $374 $381 $428 $499 $506 $482 $506 515, 7: Brdcstng./Telecmmnctns. $7,484 $7,936 $9,912 $11,935 $13,418 $12,540 $12,338 $9,597 $9,409 $9,472 $9,898 518, 9: Data Prcssng., etc. (inc. Internet) $1,328 $1,728 $1,754 $2,011 $2,246 $2,114 $2,515 $2,673 $3,034 $3,549 $3,667

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 52 INFORMATION

The chart above illustrates the net growth of all four major industries and clusters in this sector over the decade. The sector’s net expansion of 38.2 percent was driven principally by the 176.2 percent increase in data processing, hosting and other information services – including Internet publishing (NAICS 518 plus 519, green rectangles), and secondarily by the 42.5 percent growth in the much smaller motion picture and sound recording industry (512, yellow dots). The broadcasting and telecommunications cluster (515 plus 517, blue triangles) expanded by 32.3 percent. It must be noted, though, that the striking expansion and contraction from 2007 to 2014 may be more apparent than real. It may be more the outcome of methodological changes by the BEA dealing with the allocation of earned income by state than a measure of where economic activity occurred.17 The publishing industry (511, black and white squares), which includes software (5112) as well as print media (5111), grew 7.9 percent.

Three of the four industries and clusters in this sector grew more rapidly in Ohio than the nation’s overall rate of 15.5 percent. Yet the only one to expand here at a faster rate than its national counterpart was motion picture and sound recording: 42.5 vs. 29.4 percent.

Overall, the four industries and clusters are more or less sparse in Ohio despite their mostly rapid growth. The only exception is the concentrated employment by print media according to County Business Patterns (U.S. Bureau of the Cen- sus, 2019b).

Initial figures for the sector (51) show a slight expansion from 2017 to 2018 here and a higher rate for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2019).

See Tables A3, A8, A15-A17, A21

53 Changes in Financial Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 (Banks, Investments, Insurance, Real Estate & Rental/Leasing) $60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

In Millions In Standardized on 2012 on Standardized $20,000

$10,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 521-2: Banks, Other Lenders, etc. $23,112 $25,772 $25,035 $21,135 $23,013 $20,625 $21,048 $20,923 $21,693 $19,986 $19,519 523: Securities/Investments $2,262 $1,259 $2,965 $2,888 $2,454 $3,082 $3,247 $2,535 $2,470 $2,919 $3,006 524: Insurance Carriers, etc. $17,352 $15,486 $15,666 $16,231 $16,375 $17,243 $15,860 $21,870 $24,163 $25,222 $25,357 525: Funds, Trusts, etc. $379 $315 $171 $275 $291 $315 $326 $552 $300 $156 $153 531: Real Estate $50,098 $50,460 $50,524 $53,048 $55,311 $56,831 $57,258 $56,943 $56,460 $56,320 $56,527 532-3: Rental/Leasing $6,198 $6,596 $5,768 $4,931 $4,258 $4,101 $4,427 $4,755 $5,684 $6,451 $6,566

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

54 FINANCIAL, REAL ESTATE, RENTAL AND LEASING ACTIVITIES

The chart above illustrates the vastly different scales as well as changes over the decade in various financial, real estate and rental and leasing activities in Ohio. GDP numbers for real estate (NAICS 531, white squares), the largest major industry in both the nation and Ohio, are much more indicative of the role mortgages play the economy than of real estate office activities.18 The growth first evident in 2010 may indicate the start of the housing market’s recovery after the Great Recession of 2008 and 2009, and the peak in 2013 may mark the culmination of pent-up demand and a return to normal times. (After falling for years, the number of housing unit building permits also began to rise in 2010 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, n.d.).) Rental and leasing activities (532 plus 533, white dots), a smaller cluster not limited to housing units, fluctuated. The corresponding U.S. industries also began their recoveries about the same times but have sustained growth.

Despite their combined size, both industries are relatively sparse in Ohio. However, County Business Patterns (CBP) data suggest Ohioans’ tendency to lease or rent motor vehicles and other consumer goods (5311, 5321-3) is essentially proportional with the nation (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

The high 2008-2009 numbers for the banking cluster (521 plus 522, green rectangles) may be more indicative of activity in dealing with the Great Recession than would be the case in normal times. The gradual trend toward to lower numbers since then may reflect decreasing activity related to problematic mortgages as the economy recovered in addition to the unusually low interest rates that persist. Credit intermediation activities nationwide have trended higher, although at a rate slower than the overall economy. These flat and slower rates combined with the jump in insurance industry activity (524, blue rectangles) in 2015 led to a switch in relative positions of the two: insurance has become the second largest industry in this supercluster here and nationwide while banking slipped to third.

Security and investment establishments (523, gold diamonds) saw reduced activity in 2007 and 2008 before investors returned to financial markets in 2009. Activity has moderated in recent years here and across the nation. This contrasts with the net decline over the decade of the tiny funds-and-trusts industry (525, purple triangles) here and nationwide.

CBP data point primarily to insurance carriers (5241, companies actually writing the policies and assuming the risks) – and secondarily to depository credit intermediation (5221, banks, savings-and-loans, credit unions, etc.) as the groups driving sector (52) concentration here; the Federal Reserve also plays a small role (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).19

Initial figures for 2018 show growth in real estate, rental and leasing (53) and contraction in the financial sector (52) both here and across the nation (U.S. BEA, 2019). See Tables A3, A9, A15-A17, A21

55 Changes in Professional & Business Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 $25,000

$20,000

$15,000 In Millions In

$10,000 Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$5,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 5411: Legal Srvcs. $5,776 $6,301 $5,634 $5,142 $5,134 $4,877 $4,639 $4,531 $4,494 $4,570 $4,549 5415: Cmptr. Systems Dsgn., etc. $4,754 $5,205 $5,494 $6,026 $6,785 $6,452 $6,715 $6,982 $7,116 $7,607 $8,129 5412-4, 6-9: Other PST Srvcs. $16,247 $17,288 $16,269 $16,568 $17,437 $17,621 $17,837 $18,524 $18,606 $18,753 $18,839 55: Mgt. of Cos./Entrprss. $14,492 $14,980 $13,694 $14,652 $15,359 $18,824 $19,345 $20,760 $19,687 $19,950 $20,838 561: Admnstrtv./Spprt. Srvcs. $14,345 $14,488 $13,068 $13,808 $14,803 $15,668 $16,123 $16,554 $16,345 $15,528 $15,819 562: Wst. Mgt./Rmdtn. Srvcs. $1,431 $1,397 $1,345 $1,622 $1,470 $1,508 $1,760 $1,863 $2,006 $2,018 $2,148

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 56 PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS SERVICES

The chart above illustrates the changing levels of service provided by six industries from three sectors principally serving businesses. At one end, legal services (NAICS 5411, long black and white rectangles) contracted a net 21.2 percent over the decade. This contrasts with the nearly uninterrupted 71.0 percent growth in computer systems design and related services (5415, short blue rectangles). The remaining professional, scientific and technical services (PST) (5412-4 and 5416-9, gold squares) also grew 16.0 percent, with the only notable decline in 2009. These trends were part of similar national trends. County Business Patterns (CBP) data indicate that none of the PST services is concentrated here – with the mild exception of Other PST services (5419) such as marketing research, opinion polling, translating, photographic and veterinary services (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

Enterprise management (55, purple diamonds) consists of almost entirely of headquarters, regional or subsidiary management offices, and lastly of holding companies. These types of establishments are concentrated in Ohio. This is consistent with the 55 Fortune U.S.-1,000 companies headquartered here; seven of the 55 also are on Fortune’s Global 500 list, ranking Ohio 5th in the nation in both cases (Fortune, 2019). The chart above shows services contracting to the recession’s 2009 nadir and subsequently surpassing the pre-recession peak; the same is true for the industry nationwide. CBP data show corporate and subsidiary managing offices and non-bank holding companies (551114-3) are concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).20

Administrative support establishments (561, orange triangles) specialize in providing out-sourced services to businesses. Activities include document preparation, mailing, bookkeeping, collections and repossessions, as well as the functions of call centers, personnel, security, janitorial and clerical staff – among others. The chart above shows that such services moving largely in-step with enterprise management. This growth pattern also mirrors the national trend. While this major industry has a proportional role in Ohio’s economy, CBP data point to other support services (5619) such as reposses- sion, court reporting, stenography, barcoding, inventory, lumber grading, fundraising, etc. as concentrated here (U.S. Bu- reau of the Census, 2019b). Private sector waste management and remediation services (562, green dots) include col- lecting, treating, incinerating or otherwise disposing of waste materials (except sewage, which is classified as a utility service). Also included are operating landfills and recovering recyclables. These services have grown here and across the nation over the decade. This major industry’s concentration here is focused on waste treatment and disposal (5622) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

Initial estimates show at least some expansion of services from 2017 to 2018 in all three sectors here and for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2019). See Tables A3, A10, A15-A17, A21

57 Changes in Health Care & Assistance Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 $25,000

$20,000

$15,000 In Millions In

$10,000 Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$5,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 621: Ambulatory Care $18,408 $19,293 $19,589 $19,553 $20,106 $20,774 $21,355 $21,790 $22,507 $23,122 $24,034 622: Hospitals $15,798 $16,880 $17,352 $17,327 $17,647 $18,013 $18,476 $18,531 $18,790 $18,877 $18,651 623: Nrsng./Rsdntl. Care Fclts. $6,216 $6,323 $6,177 $6,126 $6,111 $6,034 $6,149 $6,120 $5,994 $5,959 $5,919 624: Social Assistance $3,035 $3,156 $3,093 $3,073 $3,008 $3,031 $3,107 $3,148 $3,193 $3,279 $3,396

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

58 HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

The chart above documents the recent history of the major private sector health care and social assistance industries. Health care services at ambulatory establishments (NAICS 621, green rectangles) and hospitals (622, blue diamonds) rose 30.6 and 18.1 percent, respectively, even after adjusting for inflation. These contrast with the 4.8 percent decline in services provided by nursing and residential care facilities (623, light gray squares). None of these three industries was really phased by the recession even as their growth rates were less than corresponding national trends. Hospitals and nursing/residential care facilities are concentrated in Ohio while ambulatory health care is essentially proportional. County Business Patterns (CBP) data point to general hospitals (6221) and nursing homes/hospices (6231), residential mental retardation, mental health and substance abuse (6232) and community care facilities for the elderly (6233 – which lack nursing care) as the service groups at least mildly concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b). Underlying the concentration of nursing homes here are their uses as residences for stabilized mental patients who have nowhere else to go, and as temporary locations for post-surgical rehabilitation. Nursing homes have aggressively pursued the latter because they see Medicare as a generous source of reimbursement, while the concentration of home health care services (6216) may reflect Ohio’s emphasis on their use as an alternative to nursing home care (Sutherly, 2013).

The smaller private sector social assistance industry (624, gold dots) expanded 11.9 percent and, like health care services, was not really phased by the recession. The expansion here was part of an encompassing national trend. Overall, the industry’s role in Ohio’s economy is close to proportional with the nation’s, with a notable concentration in vocational rehabilitation services (6243) such as job counseling, training and/or work experience for those lacking such; sheltered workshops are included (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

Initial figures show continued sector growth from 2017 to 2018 and for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2019).

See Tables A3, A11, A15-A17, A21

59 Changes in Leisure & Hospitality Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 $12,000

$10,000

$8,000

$6,000

In Millions In Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$4,000

$2,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 711-2: Arts, Sports, Museums, etc. $1,822 $1,863 $1,750 $1,746 $1,930 $2,214 $2,055 $2,254 $2,165 $2,404 $2,816 713: Amsmnts., Gmblng., Rcrtn. $2,801 $2,573 $2,893 $3,497 $3,397 $3,682 $4,392 $4,075 $3,858 $3,946 $3,895 721: Accommodation $1,639 $1,639 $1,509 $1,562 $1,591 $1,646 $2,054 $2,177 $2,204 $2,170 $2,103 722: Food Srvcs. & Drinking Places $10,896 $10,299 $9,561 $9,831 $10,321 $10,612 $10,918 $11,255 $11,501 $11,422 $11,590

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised 60 LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY

A careful look at the chart above shows the varying effect of the 2008-2009 recession on three of the four major industries in this cluster. During hard times, people reduce discretionary expenditures such as:

• travel, which means less use of accommodations (NAICS 721, white rectangles); • going out, which means less patronage of food services and drinking places (722, light gray dots); and • participation in arts, sports and museums events (711-2, blue squares).

Consequently, such services fell to their lowest levels at the depths of the recession in 2009 and have risen as part of the overall economic recovery and expansion. The same phenomena are evident nationwide. The exception in Ohio was the growth in amusements, gambling and recreation (713, red diamonds) first seen in 2009. Some forms of gambling (7132) were legalized in Ohio in 2009, with casinos opening in 2012. The growth of unregulated Internet or sweepstakes cafes may have played a role in growth from 2007 to 2012 (Ott, 2013). Ironically, amusements-gambling-recreation industry (713) services declined after 2013 while the other industries’ services expanded and held steady, equally or surpassing 2007 levels.

Despite legalized gambling’s growth in Ohio, County Business Patterns data show it remains sparse here, with only spectator sports (7112), museums (71211), zoos and gardens (71213) and nature parks (71214) concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

Initial estimates for 2018 show slight increases in arts, entertainment and recreation services (71) here and across the nation, but only virtually no changes accommodation and food services (72) (U.S. BEA, 2019).

See Tables A3, A12, A15-A17, A21

61 Changes in Trade, Education and Other Private Services in Ohio, 2007-2018

$45,000

$40,000

$35,000

$30,000

$25,000

$20,000

In Millions In Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$15,000

$10,000

$5,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018* 42: Wholesale Trade $36,603 $36,716 $31,823 $33,362 $33,376 $34,049 $35,038 $36,673 $37,622 $37,530 $38,451 $40,208 44-5: Retail Trade $33,858 $32,443 $31,418 $31,620 $32,123 $31,731 $32,984 $33,650 $34,839 $35,897 $38,115 $38,613 61: Educational Srvcs. $5,330 $5,613 $5,947 $6,029 $6,022 $5,846 $5,609 $5,598 $5,514 $5,526 $5,324 $5,298 81: Other Srvcs. exc. Govt. $12,783 $12,057 $11,203 $10,993 $11,125 $11,371 $11,190 $11,491 $11,554 $11,440 $11,599 $11,689 Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

62 TRADE, EDUCATION AND OTHER PRIVATE SECTOR SERVICES

The chart above illustrates the similarities and differences in the changing activity levels of four sectors. (More specific industry level data are unavailable.) Activity levels in wholesale and retail trade (NAICS 42 and 44-45, green diamonds and gold dots) roughly parallel each other: both fell from their 2007 levels – wholesale by 13.1 percent and retail by 7.2 percent – to their low-points in 2009; both were noticeably expanding by 2013, surpassing their 2007 pre-recession levels in 2015, and continuing to grow into 2018. Other private sector services (81, blue triangles) contracted 14.0 percent from 2007 to 2010 with only gradual expansion since that remains below pre-recession levels. These three patterns in Ohio are quite similar to – and part of – corresponding national sector trends (U.S. BEA, 2019).

These contrast with the slight expansion of private sector educational services (61, red squares) from 2007 to 2010 and the subsequent slight contraction to pre-recession levels. (This is consistent with the idea some people enroll in or return to schools to add or improve skills when jobs are scarce, and choose jobs when jobs are more plentiful.) Corresponding services for the nation as a whole also rose during the recession but have fluctuated with no discernible trend as the economy expanded (U.S. BEA, 2019).

Overall activity in wholesale, retail and other private sector services is largely proportional with the nation. However, County Business Patterns (CBP) data point to interesting wholesale sector variations: wholesalers distributing products of manufacturing industries concentrated in Ohio tend to have employment concentrated here, perhaps as a carry-over effect. Wholesale jobs more or less concentrated here include those dealing in motor vehicles, parts and tires (4231), metals and minerals (except petroleum) (4235), hardware, plumbing and heating equipment (4237), machinery and equipment (4238), farm product raw materials (4245) and chemicals and plastics (4246). The sparse employment among electrical equipment wholesalers (4236) is an exception to this tendency. CBP data also indicate the varying concentrations of some specific retail and other private sector activities in Ohio: lawn and garden equipment and supplies (4442), florists (4531), used merchandise stores (4533), vending machine operators (4542), commercial equipment repair and maintenance (8113 – excluding motor vehicle and electrical equipment repair), funeral homes, cemeteries and crematories (8122), and civic and social organizations (alumni associations, PTAs, scouts, ethnic associations, social clubs, fraternal lodges, veterans’ organizations, etc., 8134) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

While overall private sector educational services here are sparse, CBP data show services by elementary and secondary schools (6111) and junior colleges (6112) are roughly proportional with the U.S. (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019b).

See Tables A3, A14-A17, A21

63 Changes in Government Services in Ohio, 2007-2017 $60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

InMillions Standardized on 2012 on Standardized

$20,000

$10,000

$0 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* 92fc, 491: Fdrl. Cvln. (inc. Pstl. Srvc.) $9,792 $9,776 $9,767 $10,207 $10,033 $9,940 $9,652 $9,856 $10,106 $10,311 $10,459 92811: Federal - Military $3,909 $4,120 $4,283 $4,278 $4,250 $4,250 $4,204 $4,043 $3,916 $3,878 $3,911 92sl: State & Local $49,804 $50,066 $48,872 $49,650 $48,905 $49,015 $48,196 $47,271 $47,018 $47,521 $48,115 Source: U.S. BEA ^ - A recession year for the nation; * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

64 FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Taken together, the services provided by federal, state and local government agencies enterprises are a little sparse in Ohio. However, the graph above illustrates the differences between the three parts of the sector. About 78 percent of all government services in Ohio are provided by state and local agencies (NAICS 92c, white triangles).21 Those services contracted 3.4 percent over the decade from $49.8 to $48.1 billion, with seemingly little effect by the recession. Concen- tration ratios at or very close to 1.00 mean that the state and local government services provided here remained in the middle of the range of services provided by all state and local governments in the U.S.

By contrast, the civilian part of the federal government, including the Postal Service (92fc and 491, blue squares), plays a relatively small and sparse role in the state’s economy. The military’s role (92811, red dots) is even smaller and sparser, despite the presence of facilities such as the Defense Supply Center (Columbus), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (Day- ton), and two Defense Finance and Accounting Service centers (Cleveland and Columbus). The roles of the civilian and military branches of the federal government fluctuated slightly over the decade with no apparent long-term trends. As with state and local spending, the changes seem almost unaffected by the recession. Data from other sources are consistent with the GDP concentration ratios; in 2017:

• 0.16 percent of the labor force (employed and unemployed persons ages 16 years) in Ohio was in the armed forces – less than the national average of 0.62 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019a); • 1.64 percent of all employed civilians ages 16 years and older in Ohio worked for the federal government – less than the national average of 2.39 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2019a; bases for the percentages include self-employed and unpaid family workers); • 1.50 percent of the value of Defense Department procurement contracts went to firms in Ohio (U.S. FPDS, 2019).

The initial 2018 summary figures for government services (92) indicate a 0.4 percent contraction from 2017 here, but virtually no change for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2019).

See Tables A3, A13, A15-A17

65 Percentage Change in Absolute GDP: 2007-2009 (After Adjusting for Inflation)

North Dakota, 10.7% Alaska, 9.2% South Dakota, 4.4% District of Columbia, 3.3% Wyoming, 2.6% Oklahoma, 2.4% Louisiana, 1.7% New York, 1.7% West Virginia, 1.6% New Mexico, 1.3% Maryland, 0.9% Vermont, 0.7% Nebraska, 0.7% Missouri, 0.4% Massachusetts, 0.0% Texas, -0.2% Virginia, -0.3% Mississippi, -0.7% Colorado, -0.8% Pennsylvania, -1.1% Delaware, -1.4% Washington, -1.4% Maine, -1.7% Kansas, -1.8% New Hampshire, -1.9% Tennessee, -2.1% North Carolina, -2.1% Montana, -2.6% Oregon, -2.6% United States, -2.7% Minnesota, -2.7% Idaho, -2.8% Hawaii, -2.9% New Jersey, -3.0% Utah, -3.0% Arkansas, -3.4% Rhode Island, -3.6% California, -3.7% Kentucky, -4.0% Wisconsin, -4.0% Illinois, -4.2% Alabama, -4.2% Iowa, -4.4% South Carolina, -4.7% Connecticut, -5.0% Georgia, -5.9% Ohio, -5.9% Indiana, -7.3% Florida, -9.3% Arizona, -10.5% Nevada, -11.9% Michigan, -13.8% -20.0% -15.0% -10.0% -5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% Source: U.S. BEA 66 SUMMARIZING CHANGES: 2007-2009

The chart above shows that Ohio was hit relatively hard by the 2008-2009 recession; total output fell 5.9 percent from 2007 to 2009. Only five states suffered steeper declines: Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Michigan and Nevada. The table below shows 72.7 percent of Ohio’s $32.2 billion output decline was due to the $23.4 billion-37.8 percent drop in durable goods. Although all such major industries saw reduced production, the data in Appendix Table A4 point to the near col- lapse of the motor vehicle industry in Ohio, a $11.5 billion-76.2 percent plunge in output as the largest contributing factor. As the distress of the financial crisis ricocheted through the economy, consumers (both individuals and organizations) cut way back on postpone-able purchases of big-ticket items in general. (This is one reason why durable goods industries are highly cyclical). Given the concentration of durable goods production in Ohio, it is understandable how and why its economy was hit so hard.22 GDP* Changes* Sector 2007 2009 Numeric Percent

Total $541.1 $509.2 -$32.2 -5.9% Private sector $477.8 $446.3 -$31.6 -6.6% Goods-producing summary $134.6 $107.9 -$26.7 -19.8% Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting $3.4 $4.8 $1.4 41.5% Mining $3.4 $3.9 $0.5 16.0% Construction $19.3 $16.3 -$3.0 -15.7% Durable goods manufacturing $61.9 $38.5 -$23.4 -37.8% Non-durable goods manufacturing $45.1 $45.5 $0.4 1.0% Service-providing summary $344.2 $338.3 -$6.0 -1.7% Utilities $8.6 $8.8 $0.1 1.4% Wholesale trade $36.6 $31.8 -$4.8 -13.1% Retail trade $33.9 $31.4 -$2.4 -7.2% Transportation & warehousing $17.4 $15.4 -$2.0 -11.7% Information $13.9 $16.8 $2.9 21.0% Finance & insurance $43.0 $43.7 $0.8 1.8% Real estate, rental & leasing $56.3 $56.3 -$0.0 -0.0% Professional, scientific & technical $26.6 $27.3 $0.7 2.7% Management of companies & enterprises $14.5 $13.7 -$0.8 -5.5% Administrative support & waste management $15.8 $14.4 -$1.4 -8.7% Education $5.3 $5.9 $0.6 11.6% Health care & social assistance $43.5 $46.2 $2.8 6.3% Arts, entertainment & recreation $4.6 $4.6 $0.0 0.4% Accommodation & food services $12.5 $11.1 -$1.5 -11.6% Other non-governmental services $12.8 $11.2 -$1.6 -12.4% Government $63.5 $62.9 -$0.6 -0.9% Notes: * - in billions standardized on 2012; figures may not sum to totals due to rounding; percentages are based on unrounded numbers.

67 Percentage Change in Absolute GDP: 2009-2018 (After Adjusting for Inflation)

North Dakota, 46.0% Washington, 35.9% California, 32.1% Texas, 31.9% Utah, 30.2% Oregon, 28.2% Colorado, 28.2% Michigan, 23.2% Massachusetts, 22.9% Tennessee, 22.8% Georgia, 22.6% Idaho, 22.4% United States, 22.1% South Carolina, 21.5% Oklahoma, 21.2% Arizona, 21.2% Florida, 20.9% Minnesota, 20.3% Nebraska, 19.3% Ohio, 18.1% Pennsylvania, 17.6% Indiana, 17.5% New York, 17.5% New Hampshire, 17.3% Iowa, 17.3% Hawaii, 16.9% Maryland, 16.8% Wisconsin, 16.6% District of Columbia, 16.6% North Carolina, 16.2% South Dakota, 15.5% Nevada, 14.9% Kansas, 14.2% Montana, 13.9% Arkansas, 13.1% Kentucky, 12.8% Virginia, 11.9% Illinois, 11.9% Vermont, 11.2% Alabama, 10.6% New Jersey, 8.5% Rhode Island, 7.0% Maine, 6.8% Missouri, 6.4% Delaware, 5.7% New Mexico, 5.6% West Virginia, 5.6% Mississippi, 2.2% Connecticut, -2.4% Louisiana, -3.1% Alaska, -6.3% Wyoming, -7.3% -20.0% -10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% Source: U.S. BEA 68 SUMMARIZING CHANGES: 2009-2018

The chart above shows that Ohio’s economic recovery, starting from 2009, has been at an above-average rate that ex- ceeded that of 32 states and the District of Columbia. The table below shows an inflation-adjusted 18.1 percent increase of $92.3 billion in the volume of goods produced and services provided in nine years. All of this growth has come from the private sector, which offset the slight drop in government services. The rapid rise has been partially due to the $18.0 and $14.1 billion added by durable goods manufacturing and mining; data in Appendix Tables A4 and A6 point to the motor vehicle industry and oil and gas extraction as the greatest parts of durable goods’ and mining’s growth.23 However, it has been the steadier collective growth of private sector services that contributed 66.9 percent of the total net growth with a broadly-based net increase of $61.7 billion. The five largest private service sectors’ contributions have been highlighted.

GDP* Changes* Sector 2009 2018 Numeric Percent

Total $509.2 $601.5 $92.3 18.1% Private sector $446.3 $539.4 $93.2 20.9% Goods-producing summary $107.9 $139.5 $31.6 29.3% Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting $4.8 $3.6 -$1.2 -25.5% Mining $3.9 $18.0 $14.1 360.6% Construction $16.3 $19.0 $2.8 17.0% Durable goods manufacturing $38.5 $56.6 $18.0 46.8% Non-durable goods manufacturing $45.5 $45.2 -$0.3 -0.7% Service-providing summary $338.3 $400.0 $61.7 18.2% Utilities $8.8 $9.6 $0.8 9.2% Wholesale trade $31.8 $40.2 $8.4 26.3% Retail trade $31.4 $38.6 $7.2 22.9% Transportation & warehousing $15.4 $18.8 $3.4 22.2% Information $16.8 $19.9 $3.1 18.4% Finance & insurance $43.7 $46.5 $2.8 6.5% Real estate, rental & leasing $56.3 $64.2 $7.9 14.0% Professional, scientific & technical $27.3 $32.6 $5.3 19.5% Management of companies & enterprises $13.7 $21.0 $7.4 53.7% Administrative support & waste management $14.4 $18.5 $4.1 28.1% Education $5.9 $5.3 -$0.6 -10.9% Health care & social assistance $46.2 $53.1 $6.9 14.8% Arts, entertainment & recreation $4.6 $6.8 $2.2 47.5% Accommodation & food services $11.1 $13.6 $2.6 23.2% Other non-governmental services $11.2 $11.7 $0.5 4.3% Government $62.9 $62.2 -$0.7 -1.1% Notes: * - in billions standardized on 2012; figures may not sum to totals due to rounding; percentages are based on unrounded numbers.

69 Aggregate Gross Domestic Products for Multi-county Metropolitan Areas in Ohio, 2007-2018 (in millions of chained dollars standardized on 2012)

Area (Number of Counties) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018*

U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,912,038 $17,403,843 $17,688,890 $18,108,082 $18,638,164 Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $571,912 $580,414 $585,089 $594,315 $605,395

Akron (2) $31,595 $31,541 $29,505 $30,124 $30,348 $30,394 $30,782 $31,633 $32,080 $32,113 $32,375 $32,913 Canton-Massillon (2) $14,872 $14,861 $13,899 $14,361 $15,450 $15,136 $16,263 $17,786 $18,170 $18,021 $18,135 $18,391 Cincinnati (Ohio part, 5)^ $90,890 $91,151 $87,381 $89,860 $93,271 $93,145 $94,120 $95,985 $97,952 $100,139 $102,066 $103,537 Cleveland-Elyria (5) $113,580 $113,956 $106,092 $107,167 $109,438 $109,967 $110,283 $114,110 $115,773 $115,847 $117,136 $119,327 Columbus (10) $94,430 $94,161 $90,978 $93,663 $97,307 $100,403 $102,973 $106,185 $108,503 $109,753 $112,512 $114,675 Dayton-Kettering (3) $37,027 $36,237 $34,166 $34,885 $35,974 $35,872 $36,257 $36,712 $36,977 $37,280 $37,959 $38,697 Toledo (4) $33,080 $31,800 $30,514 $31,342 $32,608 $31,774 $32,885 $35,431 $33,937 $33,689 $34,030 $34,846 Youngstown… (Ohio part, 2)^ $17,432 $17,079 $15,159 $15,691 $16,335 $15,872 $15,895 $16,168 $16,150 $15,836 $15,724 $15,985

Net Changes: `07-`09 Net Changes: `09-`17 Net Changes: `07-`18

Area (Number of Counties) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

U.S. -$417,195 -2.7% $3,429,330 22.5% $3,012,135 19.3% Ohio -$32,195 -5.9% $96,179 18.9% $63,983 11.8%

Akron (2) -$2,090 -6.6% $3,408 11.6% $1,317 4.2% Canton-Massillon (2) -$973 -6.5% $4,493 32.3% $3,519 23.7% Cincinnati (Ohio part, 5)^ -$3,509 -3.9% $16,156 18.5% $12,646 13.9% Cleveland-Elyria (5) -$7,488 -6.6% $13,235 12.5% $5,747 5.1% Columbus (10) -$3,452 -3.7% $23,697 26.0% $20,245 21.4% Dayton-Kettering (3) -$2,861 -7.7% $4,530 13.3% $1,669 4.5% Toledo (4) -$2,567 -7.8% $4,332 14.2% $1,766 5.3% Youngstown… (Ohio part, 2)^ -$2,273 -13.0% $826 5.4% -$1,447 -8.3%

Notes: * - initial; earlier years may be revised; ^ - estimated from sums of Brown, Butler, Clermont, Hamilton and Warren Counties for the part of Cincinnati in Ohio, and Mahoning and Trumbull Counties for the part of Youngstown-Warren-Boardman in Ohio.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614/466-2116 (DL, 1/20).

70 RECESSION AND RECOVERY IN METROPOLITAN AREAS AND COUNTIES

The table above displays changes in economic output for six multi-county metropolitan areas (MAs) wholly in Ohio and two crossing state boundaries, as well as for the state and the nation. Ohio portions of the latter two are also displayed. (One-county MAs – either wholly in Ohio or as part of a cross-state MA – are part of the county tables.) The figures have been adjusted for inflation and standardized on 2012.

The widespread impact of the recession during 2007-2009 is evident with output from all eight contracting at steeper rates than the national average of 2.7 percent; six of the eight contracted at rates steeper than the state average of 5.9 percent. Youngstown-Warren-Boardman was hit the hardest, contracting 11.5 percent overall in two years, with the Ohio portion contracting 13.0 percent. These figures contrast with Cincinnati and Columbus, which contracted 3.9 and 3.7 percent, respectively. One partial explanation may be that Cincinnati and Columbus are relatively less dependent on the highly cyclical steel and motor vehicle industries.

All the multi-county MAs have experienced growth since 2009. Canton-Massillon and Columbus grew at rates greater than the national average of 22.5 percent, while Cincinnati was close to the state average of 18.9 percent. The slower- than-average expansion rates in other MAs may be partially explained by the steel and motor vehicle industries not com- pletely returning to pre-recession output levels due to plant closures, product changes and shifting market preferences. Canton-Massillon is the obvious exception, due in part to the expansion of oil-and-gas extraction in Carroll County.

Changes for all of Ohio’s counties – metropolitan and non-metropolitan – are shown in Appendix Table A22.

See Table A22

71 Inflation-Adjusted Changes in Aggregate and Per Capita GDP, 1998-2018 Ohio and the U.S.: 1998=100 160.0

150.0

140.0

130.0

120.0 Index Index Values

110.0

100.0

90.0 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05 `06 `07 `08 `09 `10 `11 `12 `13 `14 `15 `16 `17 `18* U.S. Absolute GDP 100.0 104.8 109.1 110.2 112.1 115.3 119.7 123.9 127.4 129.8 129.6 126.3 129.6 131.6 134.5 137.0 140.4 144.4 146.7 149.9 154.2 U.S. Per Capita GDP 100.0 103.6 106.6 106.6 107.5 109.6 112.7 115.6 117.8 118.9 117.6 113.6 115.6 116.5 118.2 119.6 121.6 124.2 125.3 127.2 130.0 Ohio Absolute GDP 100.0 102.3 104.3 102.9 105.5 107.1 109.5 111.4 110.9 111.0 110.1 104.4 106.8 110.4 110.8 112.9 116.9 118.3 119.2 121.1 123.3 Ohio Per Capita GDP 100.0 102.1 103.8 102.2 104.6 106.0 108.2 110.0 109.3 109.1 108.2 102.4 104.7 108.2 108.6 110.3 114.0 115.2 115.9 117.4 119.3

Source: U.S. BEA * - Initial; earlier years may be revised

72 PAST CHANGES AND FORECASTS FOR THE FUTURE: THREE PARTS

The chart above shows that, after adjusting for inflation, Ohio’s absolute output (red squares) grew a net 11.0 percent from 1998 through 2007. The corresponding growth of the U.S. absolute output (blue squares) was 29.8 percent. As mentioned earlier, the chart also shows 2008-2009 recession hit Ohio harder than most of the nation: total output of goods and services here fell 5.9 percent as the index value dropped from 111.0 to 104.4, while national output fell 2.7 percent from 129.8 to 126.3. Revised figures suggest that Ohio’s initial recovery rate, from 2009 to 2014, was a bit faster than for the nation as a whole: 12.0 vs. 11.2 percent but has since slowed: 5.5 vs. 9.8 percent. Despite the more-rapid initial growth rate here, absolute output from Ohio remained less than its pre-recession peak until 2013 – two years later than what characterized the nation as a whole.

Absolute numbers do not tell the whole story. A number of factors may explain the seemingly faster recovery of the U.S. economy as compared with Ohio’s. One is population growth. Population figures used by the BEA show the U.S. population growing 18.6 percent from 1998 through 2018, a much faster rate than Ohio’s 3.3 percent; and the chart on page 168 in the Appendix shows states with faster-growing populations tended to have more rapidly growing economies. For this reason, the chart above also illustrates expansions and contractions after adjusting for population growth. Per capita GDP from Ohio (white dots with red borders) was 9.1 percent greater in 2007 than in 1998, modestly less than the 11.0 percent for the state’s absolute output. By comparison, per capita GDP for the nation (white dots with blue borders) rose 18.9 percent during the same time. This is still notably greater than Ohio, but substantially less than the 29.8 percent absolute increase. The population growth adjustment also means the impact of the recession has been deeper than indicated by absolute figures alone. Per capita GDP from Ohio fell 6.2 percent – a fraction more than the 5.9 percent based on absolute output. However, per capita GDP for the nation declined 4.4 percent, notably more than the 2.7 percent for absolute output. Furthermore, the higher national population growth rate means, even with economic expansion evident since 2009, national per capita GDP remained less than its 2007 pre-recession peak until 2013 – the same as Ohio.

The charts on the following two pages put the recession and recovery in a somewhat different light than the corresponding charts on pages 66 and 68. After adjusting for population changes, the chart on page 74 illustrates just how much deeper and more widespread the recession was for all but eight states. Although the contraction was a little deeper in Ohio (6.2 vs. 5.9 percent), the populations of eight states – not just five – were hit harder than Ohio. Conversely, the chart on page 75 shows that Ohio’s recovery rate is slightly diminished after adjusting for its small population increase (from 18.1 to 16.5 percent), but it moves up to become the 6th fastest growing state – and at a rate above the national average.

See Table A23

73 Percentage Change in Per Capita GDP: 2007-2009 (After Adjusting for Inflation)

North Dakota, 8.6% Alaska, 6.3% South Dakota, 2.4% West Virginia, 0.8% New York, 0.8% Vermont, 0.5% District of Columbia, 0.2% Oklahoma, 0.1% Maryland, -0.5% Missouri, -0.9% Louisiana, -0.9% Nebraska, -0.9% New Mexico, -1.0% Massachusetts, -1.3% Mississippi, -1.8% Pennsylvania, -1.9% Maine, -1.9% Wyoming, -2.0% New Hampshire, -2.2% Virginia, -2.5% Rhode Island, -3.3% Kansas, -3.5% Delaware, -3.6% New Jersey, -3.8% Minnesota, -4.1% Texas, -4.1% Tennessee, -4.2% Colorado, -4.2% United States, -4.4% Montana, -4.5% Washington, -4.5% Oregon, -4.8% Illinois, -4.9% Wisconsin, -5.0% Arkansas, -5.0% Hawaii, -5.2% Kentucky, -5.3% Iowa, -5.4% California, -5.5% North Carolina, -5.6% Idaho, -5.8% Connecticut, -5.9% Alabama, -5.9% Ohio, -6.2% Utah, -7.5% South Carolina, -7.7% Indiana, -8.5% Georgia, -8.6% Florida, -10.7% Arizona, -12.9% Michigan, -13.0% Nevada, -14.6% -20.0% -15.0% -10.0% -5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% Source: U.S. BEA 74 Percentage Change in Per Capita GDP: 2009-2018 (After Adjusting for Inflation)

North Dakota, 27.7% California, 23.5% Michigan, 22.1% Washington, 20.3% Oregon, 16.5% Ohio, 16.5% Pennsylvania, 16.3% New York, 16.1% Massachusetts, 16.0% United States, 14.5% Tennessee, 14.4% Oklahoma, 14.3% Texas, 14.0% New Hampshire, 13.8% Wisconsin, 13.7% Indiana, 13.5% Minnesota, 13.2% Iowa, 12.7% Illinois, 12.4% Utah, 12.1% Georgia, 12.1% Nebraska, 12.1% Colorado, 11.9% Kansas, 11.2% Vermont, 10.9% Hawaii, 10.9% Maryland, 10.8% South Carolina, 9.7% Kentucky, 9.0% Arkansas, 8.7% Idaho, 8.5% West Virginia, 8.0% Alabama, 7.7% Arizona, 7.2% Rhode Island, 6.7% New Jersey, 6.7% Maine, 6.1% Florida, 5.9% North Carolina, 5.7% South Dakota, 5.6% Montana, 5.5% Virginia, 4.2% Missouri, 3.5% New Mexico, 2.7% Nevada, 1.7% Mississippi, 1.2% District of Columbia, -1.7% Delaware, -2.5% Connecticut, -2.7% Louisiana, -6.6% Wyoming, -10.2% Alaska, -11.2% -20.0% -10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% Source: U.S. BEA

75 Per Capita Gross Domestic Products for Multi-county Metropolitan Areas in Ohio, 2007-2018 (chained dollars standardized on 2012)

Area (Number of Counties) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018*

U.S. $51,874 $51,315 $49,577 $50,428 $50,840 $51,603 $52,191 $53,118 $54,261 $54,752 $55,692 $56,968 Ohio $47,077 $46,651 $44,169 $45,158 $46,667 $46,831 $47,579 $49,290 $49,959 $50,287 $50,952 $51,790

Akron (2) $44,917 $44,847 $41,949 $42,849 $43,162 $43,292 $43,748 $44,874 $45,539 $45,635 $45,963 $46,695 Canton-Massillon (2) $36,636 $36,591 $34,307 $35,529 $38,309 $37,521 $40,317 $44,058 $45,151 $44,933 $45,403 $46,134 Cincinnati (Ohio part, 5)^ $56,556 $56,503 $53,897 $55,221 $57,240 $57,008 $57,377 $58,239 $59,179 $60,206 $61,041 $61,618 Cleveland-Elyria (5) $54,303 $54,652 $50,980 $51,635 $52,899 $53,260 $53,351 $55,194 $56,084 $56,195 $56,902 $58,010 Columbus (10) $51,278 $50,471 $48,199 $49,132 $50,519 $51,564 $52,162 $53,046 $53,514 $53,487 $54,028 $54,438 Dayton-Kettering (3) $46,177 $45,285 $42,767 $43,625 $44,925 $44,753 $45,245 $45,833 $46,209 $46,497 $47,230 $47,978 Toledo (4) $50,484 $48,659 $46,783 $48,117 $50,159 $48,980 $50,718 $54,742 $52,539 $52,202 $52,804 $54,139 Youngstown… (Ohio part, 2)^ $38,082 $37,638 $33,587 $35,008 $36,613 $35,838 $36,066 $36,883 $37,106 $36,650 $36,540 $37,324

Net Changes: `07-`09 Net Changes: `09-`17 Net Changes: `07-`18

Area (Number of Counties) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

U.S. -$2,297 -4.4% $7,391 14.9% $5,094 9.8% Ohio -$2,909 -6.2% $7,621 17.3% $4,713 10.0%

Akron (2) -$2,968 -6.6% $4,747 11.3% $1,778 4.0% Canton-Massillon (2) -$2,329 -6.4% $11,827 34.5% $9,497 25.9% Cincinnati (Ohio part, 5)^ -$2,659 -4.7% $7,721 14.3% $5,062 9.0% Cleveland-Elyria (5) -$3,323 -6.1% $7,030 13.8% $3,707 6.8% Columbus (10) -$3,079 -6.0% $6,239 12.9% $3,160 6.2% Dayton-Kettering (3) -$3,410 -7.4% $5,211 12.2% $1,801 3.9% Toledo (4) -$3,701 -7.3% $7,355 15.7% $3,655 7.2% Youngstown… (Ohio part, 2)^ -$4,495 -11.8% $3,737 11.1% -$758 -2.0%

Sources: U.S. BEA (2019), U.S. Bureau of the Census (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614/466-2116 (DL, 1/20).

76 The same per capita GDP approach has been applied to the multi-county metropolitan areas (MAs) in Ohio, yielding further insight into their economic fortunes. The table above displays and summarizes the changes in inflation-adjusted per capita GDP from 2007 through 2018. As with the aggregate figures, the recession was – and the recovery and expansion have been – widespread across Ohio; all the net change figures for the eight MAs were negative during 2007-2009, and all have been positive during 2009-2018. However, several changes stand out:

• During 2007-2009: After adjusting for their population growth, the economic contractions in Cincinnati and Colum- bus were steeper than the aggregate figures indicated; at least 4.7 vs. 3.9 percent in Cincinnati, and 6.1 vs. 3.7 percent in Columbus; conversely, the contraction in Youngstown-Warren was not quite as steep as aggregate figures indicated; 11.8 vs. 13.0 percent in the Ohio portion; this was due to population decline. Figures for other MAs were little changed from the aggregate changes because their populations were little changed. • During 2009-2018: After adjusting for their population growth, the expansions in Cincinnati and Columbus were at slower rates than the aggregate figures indicate – less than 14.5 vs. greater than 18.0 percent in Cincinnati, and 12.9 percent vs. 26.0 percent in Columbus; conversely, the growth rates in Youngstown-Warren and Toledo have been greater than aggregate figures would leave one to believe – a 11.1 vs. 5.4 percent (for the Ohio portion) and 15.7 vs. 14.2 percent, respectively, after adjusting for population decreases. • Over the 12 years: Canton-Massillon stands out as the most rapidly growing economy at 25.9 percent, the only one in Ohio above the state and national averages, notably due to the recovery of the iron and steel industry in Stark County as well as the expansion of oil-and-gas extraction in Carroll County – among other factors; this contrasts with Youngstown-Warren, where per capita GDP in 2018 remained 2.0 percent below output from 2007.

Despite the various changes, it should be noted that Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus maintained per capita GDP output levels usually exceeding $50,000 per year – greater than the state average and, for Cincinnati, greater than the national average. These three remained the principal powerhouses of Ohio’s economy even after adjusting for their much larger populations. Among the smaller MAs, only Toledo rivaled the big three on a per capita basis.

77 Comparing Relative Portions of Ohio's Economy with the U.S.* by Concentration (1997) and Inflation-Adjusted Growth Rate (1997-2017)

33.0% Ohio 18.5% Industries Concen- trated in Ohio: Ohio - 51.5% 23.7% U.S. 14.7% U.S. - 38.4%

Concentration

23.2% 25.4% Ohio Industries Not Con- centrated in Ohio: Ohio - 48.6% U.S. - 61.7% U.S. 28.2% 33.5%

Slower-Growth or More Rapidly Growing Contracting Industries: Growth Rate Industries: Ohio - 56.2% Ohio - 43.9% U.S. - 51.9% U.S. - 48.2%

Source: U.S. BEA Note: * - Figures may not sum to 100% due to rounding error 78 A second factor associated with the different economic growth rates of Ohio and the U.S. may be differences in the composition of their economies. Appendix Table A22 shows that various industries grew at rates faster or slower than the national average of 56.7 percent for 1997-2017; some industries even contracted during that time. It also shows the industries concentrated in Ohio in varying degrees as well as those that are relatively sparse. The industries can be grouped by those characteristics, and the portions of the Ohio and U.S. economy may be calculated for each of the four groups:

(1) those growing faster than the overall national growth rate and concentrated-in-Ohio, (2) slower-growing/contracting and concentrated here, (3) faster-growing but sparse in Ohio, and (4) slower-growing/contracting and sparse here.

The chart above illustrates the relative portions of the four groups for the U.S. and Ohio economies in 1997 as represent- ed by the blue and white areas, respectively. Overall, 43.9 percent of Ohio’s economic output in 1997 was in industries characterized by faster-than-average national growth rates for the then-coming 18 years. (See the white areas on the right side; 18.5 + 25.4 = 43.9.) This compares with 48.2 percent for the U.S. (See the blue areas on the right side; 14.7 + 33.5 = 48.2.) Conversely, 56.2 percent of Ohio’s economic output in 1997 was in industries that would be characterized by slower-than-average or negative growth rates, compared with 51.9 percent of the U.S. (These are sums of the white and blue areas on the left side.)

Specific comparisons are even more telling. In 1997, 18.5 percent of Ohio’s output was from rapid-growth industries concentrated here compared with only 14.7 percent of U.S. output, a difference of 3.8 percent favoring more rapid growth in Ohio. However, this was more than offset by the relative scarcity of other rapid-growth industries in Ohio: 25.4 vs. 33.5 percent, a deficit of 8.1 for the state. Furthermore, 33.0 percent Ohio’s output that year came from slow-growth or contracting industries concentrated here vs. only 23.2 percent of total U.S. output, a 9.8 percent difference more than offsetting the state’s advantage in other such industries not concentrated here – 23.2 vs. 28.2, or 5.0 percent. All of these contrasts point to the conclusion that – regardless of different population growth rates – Ohio’s mix of industries in 1997 pre- disposed it toward slower economic growth through 2017.

See Table A24

79 The Association of Percentage Changes in GDP (1997-2017) for the U.S. and Ohio 300.0%

250.0%

200.0%

150.0%

100.0%

50.0%

Percentage Percentage Change ofOhio Sector/Industry 0.0%

-50.0%

-100.0% -100.0% -50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 100.0% 150.0% 200.0% 250.0% 300.0%

Source: U.S. BEA Percentage Change of U.S. Sector/Industry NAICS 211. 213. 334, 486, 518-9 & 525 not shown 80 The differing mix of industries between Ohio and the nation is matter of degree and should not be over-emphasized. The chart above illustrates the association between changes in industry output – both growth and decline – in Ohio with corresponding changes at the national level for 1997-2017. The dots collectively cover at least 94.0 percent of each economy.24 It is evident faster-growing industries in one were, much more often than not, more or less faster-growing industries in the other; the same may be said for slower-growing or contracting industries.25 Consequently, national forecasts for industries and the economy are quite often fairly reliable guides for what to expect in Ohio over the long term.26

The U.S. BLS (2018) predicts national gross duplicated output (i.e., GDP plus the value of intermediate goods and services) will grow at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent during the 2016-2026 decade. (See the table on the following page.) The private sector is expected to grow faster than government services: 2.2 vs. 0.9 percent. Within the private sector, the service providers collectively are expected to grow faster the goods producers: 2.4 vs. 2.0 percent. However, this is not true of every sector within the two super clusters. The fastest growing sectors are forecast to be, in descending order: health care/social assistance, information and mining (tied) and construction. Other sectors predicted to expand faster than average are wholesale and retail trade, finance/insurance, real estate/rental/leasing, professional/scientific/ technical services and administrative-support/waste-management. The prevailing faster-growing service sectors mean that the distribution of economic activity is expected to continue the long-term shift away from goods production.

The concentration or sparsity in Ohio of sectors with different growth rates has mixed implications for the state’s potential growth in this decade. On one hand, the concentration of sectors forecast to grow faster than average – healthcare/ social-assistance, finance/insurance, and now mining – may drive economic growth. Conversely, the sparsity of predicted slower-growth sectors – accommodation/food services, agriculture-forestry-fishing-hunting and education – are an ab- sence of restraint. On the other hand, the concentration of slower-growth sectors – manufacturing and utilities – as well as the sparsity of more-rapid growth sectors – construction, information and professional/scientific/technical services – bode less rapid growth. Remaining sectors are roughly proportional with the nation and may following accordingly, but it is the projected slower population growth rate for Ohio (compare Office of Research of Research, 2018, with U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2014b), due to persistent (if not constant) domestic out-migration, that may be the most significant factor pointing to a slower overall long-term economic growth rate when compared with the nation as a whole (Moody’s, 2018).

Real economic growth is associated with employment growth. Figures in the table on the following page show longer- term U.S. overall economic growth averaging 2.1 percent per year with the corresponding employment growth averaging 0.1 percent. However, there are exceptions. The U.S. BLS (2018) predicts greater volumes of manufactured and agricultural-forestry-fishing-hunting goods will be produced in America in the future, but the number of jobs in these sectors is expected to decrease or remain largely unchanged. (In any case, though, real economic growth above and beyond employment growth is due in part to increased productivity.)27

81 Forecasted U.S. Economic Annual Growth Rates, 2016-26, and Projected Job Changes in Ohio, 2016-2026

Forecast U.S. Annual Projected Job Changes 2 Growth Rates 2016-26 in Ohio 2016-26 Job Rates:

Gross Annual U.S. NAICS Duplicated Growth minus Codes Industry Titles Output1 Jobs1 Rate Total Ohio

11-92 Total 2.1% 0.7% 0.4% 253,330 0.3% 11-81 Private industry employment 2.2% 0.8% 0.4% 234,190 0.4% 11, 21, 23, 31-33 Private goods-producing employment 2.0% 0.1% -0.2% -19,220 0.3% 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting 1.4% 0.0% -0.9% -840 0.9% 21 Mining 2.9% 1.4% 0.6% 660 0.8% 23 Construction 2.7% 1.2% 1.0% 21,470 0.2% 31-33 Manufacturing 1.8% -0.6% -0.6% -40,510 0.0% 32p & 33 Durable goods 1.9% -0.5% -0.5% -23,890 0.0% 31 & 32p Nondurable goods 1.7% -0.7% -0.8% -16,620 0.1% 22, 42-81 Private service-providing employment 2.4% 0.9% 0.6% 253,400 0.3% 22 Utilities 1.4% 0.1% -0.1% -170 0.2% 42 Wholesale trade 2.6% 0.2% 0.0% 830 0.2% 44-45 Retail trade 2.5% 0.3% 0.2% 10,090 0.1% 48-49p Transportation & warehousing3 2.1% 0.7% 0.6% 12,210 0.1% 51 Information 2.9% 0.2% -0.8% -5,320 1.0% 52 Finance & insurance 2.4% 0.6% 0.6% 14,070 0.0% 53 Real estate, rental & leasing 2.4% 0.6% 0.6% 3,770 0.0% 54 Professional, scientific & technical services 2.3% 1.3% 0.4% 9,550 0.9% 55 Management of companies & enterprises 2.2% 0.6% 1.0% 14,080 -0.4% 56 Administrative support & waste management 2.3% 0.9% 0.8% 25,790 0.1% 61 Educational services 1.3% 1.3% 0.6% 24,910 0.7% 62 Health care & social assistance 3.1% 1.9% 1.5% 135,630 0.4% 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation 2.2% 0.9% 0.6% 4,920 0.3% 72 Accommodation & food services 1.6% 0.8% 0.0% -180 0.8% 81 Other services, exc. government 1.4% 0.5% 0.1% 3,220 0.4% n.a. Nonagricultural self-employed, etc.4 1.0% 0.9% 0.7% 19,830 0.2% 92, 491 Government (inc. U.S. Postal Service) 0.9% 0.3% -0.0% -680 0.3%

Notes: 1 - gross duplicated output (GDO) includes all new goods and services produced as intermediate goods for further use in production as well as the GDP (the final demand purchased of new goods and services); forecasted GDO growth rates have been adjusted for inflation; some GDO and jobs figures are derived from the U.S. BLS (2018); 2 - some components may not sum to totals due to rounding; 3 – except the U.S. Postal Service; 4 - nonagricultural self-employed and unpaid family workers may be in any non-agricultural private sector industry, but are not included sector-specific figures above; the exception is agriculture, etc., which includes self-employed and unpaid family workers. Abbreviations: exc. – except; inc. – including; p - part. Sources: ODJFS/LMI (2018) and U.S. BLS (2018).

82 The latest projections by the Ohio Dept. of Job and Family Services Labor Market Information division (ODJFS/LMI, 2018) predict 253,300 jobs may be added in Ohio from 2016 through 2026, an annual average growth rate of about 0.4 percent per year. The 234,190 employees added from the private sector offset the 680 which may be lost from the government sector. In turn, expected growth in private sector self-employed-and-unpaid-family-workers plus private service-providing employees (19,830 + 253,400) offsets the forecast net loss of 19,220 jobs among goods-producing employees. Within the two private-sector super clusters, 12 service-providing sectors are expected to gain jobs – led by health care and social assistance; among goods-producers possible gains in construction may partially offset predicted losses in manufacturing and agriculture.28 However, comparisons with corresponding BLS projections suggest employment growth in Ohio may be equal to or less than the comparable national rate, except for enterprise management.

Long-term projections are made with little or no consideration of business cycles. On the other hand, near-term forecasts try to anticipate continuations of or changes in current economic trends. Moody’s (2018) predicted Ohio’s economy would grow 1.3 percent in 2019 and 0.1 percent in 2020 – forecasts consistent with its “late expansion” characterization of the state’s current business cycle status. Such economic growth would support ODJFS/LMI’s (2019) most recent Ohio Lead- ing Indicators report, which expects employment growth during the next six months at an annualized rate of 1.11 percent. This is based on several indicators using the latest 12 months of data: the rise in housing permit values in Ohio combined with the near steady state of other indicators – its total nonfarm employment, manufacturing hours and initial claims for unemployment insurance plus the steady state of U.S. leading indicators and manufacturing output.29

The “late expansion” description can be interpreted as both continued-but-slower economic growth and a recession are possible in the not-too-distant future. On one hand, a tight labor market and strong consumer spending are expected to maintain the economy (excepting U.S. manufacturing) despite possible negative impacts of national and international decisions and changes on the U.S. economy (Rugaber et al., 2019). In that same vein, a recent survey of economists also found consumer spending remains strong; yet that same survey found about 75 percent of economists expect a recession in 2020 or 2021. This pessimism reflected “growing skepticism among economists and investors that the U.S. economy will be able to withstand a protracted trade war with China without serious harm amid the weakening global outlook” that includes nine other major economies either in recession or on the verge of one (Marte, 2019). What’s different from previous doubts that tariffs alone would be sufficient to cause a recession (see Irwin, 2018) is their expansion to cover household goods from China. Depending on how many items are covered at what rate, costs for the average American household could increase by $1,000 to $1,500 per year – big enough to erase the 2017 income tax cut benefit (Telford, 2019).

The recent trade deal with China may ease only some of those concerns. On one hand, China agreed to open some markets and increase purchases from the U.S. by $200 billion, including farm and energy products, as well as reduce

83 some tariffs it imposed on U.S. goods. This may eventually benefit Ohio farmers and others. (China had fallen from the second largest market for Ohio farm products to fifth and is not currently purchasing Ohio soybeans). On the other hand, the deal does little to address China’s subsidies and support for key industries competing with U.S. businesses – notably steel and solar energy. While the U.S. will ease some tariffs in return, the bulk of the $360 billion remain in place, and there is deep skepticism another trade deal will soon be reached (Swanson and Rappeport, 2020).

Tariffs are intended to protect domestic industries by increasing prices paid by domestic consumers of the similar foreign- sourced goods, thereby insuring domestic demand. However, tariff costs often are passed along to consumers because companies do not want to “eat” the costs (see Torry, 2018). Not only are consumers ultimately paying the tax, prices of products incorporating those goods must rise to cover the added cost. Furthermore, higher prices for American-made goods tend to reduce U.S. exports. (Reduced exports also mean reduced shipping activity by whatever mode would have been used.) In addition to increasing prices paid by businesses and households here, trading partners may retaliate in kind (Dendrinou and Weber, 2018; Nebehay, 2018) or by targeting other products (Bradshaw and Li, 2018) with their own tariffs – such as China did with soybeans, a prominent crop in Ohio (Malone, 2018; Torry, 2018). Telford (2019) notes farmers are received subsidies to offset the impact, but new U.S. tariffs on more Chinese goods are likely to prompt additional retaliation on more goods and services (McDonald, 2019).30

Writers cite additional factors besides the U.S.-China schism pausing or reducing consumer and business spending and leading to a recession: the waning effects of the 2017 income tax cut, occasionally inverted yield curves (an indicator of investors’ doubts about the economy’s strength and often a harbinger of recessions), the economic fallout of geo-political uncertainties in an interconnected world such as how China deals with Hong Kong, Britain’s exit from the European Union, and conflict between India and Pakistan (Choe and Veiga, 2019; Irwin, 2019; Marte, 2019; Rugaber et al., 2019).

Beyond these analytical takes, data are appearing that may concern some analysts. For example:

• the U.S. Industrial Production Index, which measures output from the mining, manufacturing and utilities sectors, essentially has been unchanged since late in 2018 (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2020); • Initial 2019 U.S. light vehicle sales are down 1.2 percent from revised 2018 figures as increasing light truck sales have not offset declining car sales; this is true for both cars and light trucks assembled in and outside of N. America (Automotive News, 2020); • Production follows sales, and 2019 production figures show initial total light vehicle assemblies in Ohio and N. America were 8.1 and 4.1 percent below their respective (and revised) 2018 levels, with increasing light truck production not offsetting declining car production (Automotive News, 2020); • December 2019 year-to-date total housing unit permits issued in Ohio are down 1.75 percent from 2018 but up 3.98 percent for the U.S. (U.S. Bureau of the Census, n.d.).

APPENDICES

85 TERMINOLOGY

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Ohio is the final value of goods produced and services provided by capital and labor located in the state. Put another way, a state’s total GDP is the sum of the value-added – revenue less the costs of goods and services purchased – for all industries therein. It is actually measured using data such as employees’ compen- sation, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, and gross operating surplus. It is nearly the state equivalent of GDP for the nation, differing from the latter by excluding contributions of overseas federal personnel as well as other methodological considerations. Data are gathered from at least 19 different federal agencies. (Platt and Mead, 2017: 2).

Beginning in 1997, statistics on the nation’s industries have been organized under the North American Industrial Classifi- cation System (NAICS). Establishments producing goods or providing services sufficiently alike are classified in the same industry. A six-digit NAICS code is assigned to each industry. Closely related industries formed an industry group. The first four digits of the code indicate the group to which the industries belong. (The first five digits occasionally indicate a sub-group.) Industry groups with common elements and shared characteristics comprise a major industry or sub-sector. The first three digits of the code indicate a major industry, and the first two digits indicate the sector (Office of Manage- ment and Budget, 1998, 2007). The U.S. BEA usually publishes GDP-by-state figures down to the major industry level. However, figures are available only at the sector level in some instances, while in a few others, they are available for industry groups or a combination of industry groups within a major industry.

The NAICS uses guidelines that may be new or different from the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system that it replaced. Occasionally, this has meant that establishments classified in the same industry under the SIC system were classified in different industries – even different groups, major industries, and sectors – under the NAICS. Conse- quently, the change from the SIC system to the NAICS represents an insurmountable discontinuity in charting more or less specific changes in Ohio’s economy before 1997. This report is therefore limited to the years beginning with 1997.

DETAILED TABLES

This page intentionally blank

88 Table A1: Ohio's GDP by Sector*, 2018 (in millions of current dollars, except percentages and ratios)

Ohio GDP 2018 U.S. GDP 2018 2012 Ohio as a Ohio::U.S. NAICS Percent Percent Percentage Concentra- Codes Sector Titles (in millions) Distribution (in millions) Distribution of the U.S. tion Ratio

11-92 Total $676,193 100.00% $20,494,079 100.00% 3.30% 1.00 11-81 Private industries $604,053 89.33% $17,989,359 87.78% 3.36% 1.02 11, 21, 23-33 Private goods producers $152,725 22.59% $3,659,905 17.86% 4.17% 1.26 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting $2,676 0.40% $164,188 0.80% 1.63% 0.49 21 Mining $12,887 1.91% $321,119 1.57% 4.01% 1.22 23 Construction $24,925 3.69% $839,994 4.10% 2.97% 0.90 31-33 Manufacturing $112,238 16.60% $2,334,604 11.39% 4.81% 1.46 32p & 33 Durable goods $63,426 9.38% $1,300,598 6.35% 4.88% 1.48 31 & 32p Nondurable goods $48,812 7.22% $1,034,005 5.05% 4.72% 1.43 22, 42-811 Private service providers1 $451,328 66.75% $14,329,454 69.92% 3.15% 0.95 22 Utilities $10,940 1.62% $319,427 1.56% 3.42% 1.04 42 Wholesale trade $43,091 6.37% $1,234,033 6.02% 3.49% 1.06 44-45 Retail trade $39,681 5.87% $1,132,486 5.53% 3.50% 1.06 48-491 Transportation & warehousing1 $22,423 3.32% $648,036 3.16% 3.46% 1.05 51 Information $18,464 2.73% $1,125,876 5.49% 1.64% 0.50 52 Finance & insurance $61,340 9.07% $1,514,181 7.39% 4.05% 1.23 53 Real estate, rental & leasing $74,684 11.04% $2,725,119 13.30% 2.74% 0.83 54 Professional & technical services $34,993 5.17% $1,548,260 7.55% 2.26% 0.68 55 Management of companies & enterprises $21,042 3.11% $387,120 1.89% 5.44% 1.65 56 Administrative & waste services $21,140 3.13% $640,831 3.13% 3.30% 1.00 61 Educational services $6,224 0.92% $254,198 1.24% 2.45% 0.74 62 Health care & social assistance $58,552 8.66% $1,526,062 7.45% 3.84% 1.16 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation $7,904 1.17% $223,496 1.09% 3.54% 1.07 72 Accommodation & food services $16,830 2.49% $615,632 3.00% 2.73% 0.83 81 Other services, exc. government $14,020 2.07% $434,697 2.12% 3.23% 0.98 92 Government2 $72,139 10.67% $2,504,720 12.22% 2.88% 0.87

Notes: * - sector figures are preliminary, and may not sum to totals due to rounding; major industry data are not available; exc. - except; p - part; 1 - excludes the U.S. Postal Service; 2 - includes the U.S. Postal Service.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

89 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Adams Allen^ Ashland Ashtabula Athens Auglaize Belmont^ Brown Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $952.9 $8,221.1 $1,843.4 $3,155.4 $2,166.2 $2,476.0 $6,353.5 $901.2 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $841.4 $7,708.0 $1,645.6 $2,809.8 $1,327.6 $2,300.4 $6,067.0 $740.2 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $217.2 $4,356.6 $492.5 $1,047.9 $143.2 $1,193.2 $4,544.2 $159.8 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $10.4 $63.2 $23.8 $53.2 $9.3 $141.2 $4,299.4 $24.9 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $5.7 $56.8 $21.0 $49.7 $7.5 $140.1 $8.6 $17.6 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $4.7 $6.4 $2.8 $3.5 $1.9 $1.2 $4,290.8 $7.3 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $43.9 $192.4 $93.9 $183.8 $59.9 $82.5 $141.8 $55.0 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $162.9 $4,101.0 $374.8 $810.9 $73.9 $969.5 $103.0 $79.8 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $156.6 $814.3 $196.0 $371.3 $21.1 $591.4 $28.8 $71.3 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $6.3 $3,286.7 $178.8 $439.6 $52.8 $378.1 $74.3 $8.6 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $624.2 $3,351.4 $1,153.1 $1,761.9 $1,184.4 $1,107.2 $1,522.8 $580.4 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $262.5 $211.6 $68.2 $144.7 $33.8 (D) $129.0 $85.4 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $245.8 $18.3 $0.0 $30.9 $10.8 $4.4 $15.7 $49.7 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $16.7 $193.3 $68.2 $113.8 $23.1 (D) $113.3 $35.7 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $85.7 $742.1 $232.9 $320.0 $213.9 $336.8 $340.6 (D) Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $29.3 $348.9 $111.9 $96.0 $48.1 $215.1 $97.9 (D) Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $56.4 $393.2 $121.1 $224.0 $165.8 $121.7 $242.7 $64.2 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $4.2 $115.2 $52.3 $51.6 $60.4 $77.4 $42.8 $6.0 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $132.4 $737.8 $305.6 $556.0 $394.3 $319.2 $490.0 $200.2 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $36.9 $213.9 $74.4 $106.6 $77.6 $78.3 $122.5 $46.8 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $95.5 $523.9 $231.2 $449.4 $316.7 $240.8 $367.5 $153.5 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $59.2 $387.8 $165.9 $190.7 $119.6 (D) $149.9 (D) Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 (D) $119.3 $102.9 $73.6 $50.0 $39.7 $44.6 (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 (D) $60.8 $35.1 $41.3 $45.4 (D) $58.8 (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $12.8 $207.7 $27.9 $75.8 $24.2 (D) $46.4 $23.8 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $39.5 $863.4 $223.6 $318.8 $215.3 $130.1 $226.4 $67.3 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 $1.3 $63.2 (D) $9.4 $4.1 $3.6 $7.3 $5.5 Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 $38.2 $800.2 (D) $309.4 $211.2 $126.6 $219.1 $61.9 Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $18.7 $177.8 $56.5 $108.2 $101.2 $55.3 $89.5 $27.6 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $1.8 $16.4 $7.6 $13.4 $4.7 $8.3 $5.4 $2.0 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $16.9 $161.4 $48.9 $94.8 $96.6 $47.0 $84.1 $25.6 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $22.1 $115.7 $48.0 $71.9 $45.7 $52.1 $54.7 $34.0 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $111.5 $513.2 $197.7 $345.7 $838.6 $175.5 $286.4 $161.0 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $46.4 $0.0 $223.6 $0.0 $0.0 $92.2 $0.0 $71.7 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 90 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Adams Allen^ Ashland Ashtabula Athens Auglaize Belmont^ Brown Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 88.3% 93.8% 89.3% 89.0% 61.3% 92.9% 95.5% 82.1% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 22.8% 53.0% 26.7% 33.2% 6.6% 48.2% 71.5% 17.7% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 1.1% 0.8% 1.3% 1.7% 0.4% 5.7% 67.7% 2.8% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 1.1% 1.6% 0.3% 5.7% 0.1% 2.0% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 67.5% 0.8% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 4.6% 2.3% 5.1% 5.8% 2.8% 3.3% 2.2% 6.1% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 17.1% 49.9% 20.3% 25.7% 3.4% 39.2% 1.6% 8.9% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 16.4% 9.9% 10.6% 11.8% 1.0% 23.9% 0.5% 7.9% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 0.7% 40.0% 9.7% 13.9% 2.4% 15.3% 1.2% 0.9% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 65.5% 40.8% 62.6% 55.8% 54.7% 44.7% 24.0% 64.4% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 27.5% 2.6% 3.7% 4.6% 1.6% (D) 2.0% 9.5% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 25.8% 0.2% 0.0% 1.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 5.5% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 1.8% 2.4% 3.7% 3.6% 1.1% (D) 1.8% 4.0% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 9.0% 9.0% 12.6% 10.1% 9.9% 13.6% 5.4% (D) Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 3.1% 4.2% 6.1% 3.0% 2.2% 8.7% 1.5% (D) Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 5.9% 4.8% 6.6% 7.1% 7.7% 4.9% 3.8% 7.1% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 0.4% 1.4% 2.8% 1.6% 2.8% 3.1% 0.7% 0.7% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 13.9% 9.0% 16.6% 17.6% 18.2% 12.9% 7.7% 22.2% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 3.9% 2.6% 4.0% 3.4% 3.6% 3.2% 1.9% 5.2% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 10.0% 6.4% 12.5% 14.2% 14.6% 9.7% 5.8% 17.0% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 6.2% 4.7% 9.0% 6.0% 5.5% (D) 2.4% (D) Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% (D) 1.5% 5.6% 2.3% 2.3% 1.6% 0.7% (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% (D) 0.7% 1.9% 1.3% 2.1% (D) 0.9% (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 1.3% 2.5% 1.5% 2.4% 1.1% (D) 0.7% 2.6% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 4.1% 10.5% 12.1% 10.1% 9.9% 5.3% 3.6% 7.5% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% 0.1% 0.8% (D) 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.6% Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% 4.0% 9.7% (D) 9.8% 9.7% 5.1% 3.4% 6.9% Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 2.0% 2.2% 3.1% 3.4% 4.7% 2.2% 1.4% 3.1% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 1.8% 2.0% 2.7% 3.0% 4.5% 1.9% 1.3% 2.8% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.3% 1.4% 2.6% 2.3% 2.1% 2.1% 0.9% 3.8% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 11.7% 6.2% 10.7% 11.0% 38.7% 7.1% 4.5% 17.9% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 4.9% 0.0% 12.1% 0.0% 0.0% 3.7% 0.0% 8.0% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 91 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Butler Carroll Champaign Clark^ Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $20,361.2 $2,178.3 $1,196.4 $5,001.5 $8,684.5 $2,179.6 $3,182.5 $1,462.1 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $18,595.5 $2,105.9 $1,051.7 $4,435.9 $8,011.4 $1,991.4 $2,776.3 $1,344.5 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $5,057.8 $1,027.4 $465.1 (D) (D) $496.3 (D) $447.9 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $53.3 $830.4 $44.5 (D) (D) $44.0 (D) $34.9 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $32.2 $24.1 $41.1 (D) (D) $43.8 (D) $13.9 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $21.1 $806.3 $3.5 $27.5 $9.2 $0.2 $167.7 $21.0 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $953.6 $74.1 $42.3 $127.9 $395.1 $57.4 $126.2 $47.4 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $4,050.9 $122.9 $378.3 $755.6 $828.5 $394.8 $605.7 $365.6 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $2,580.8 $85.8 $298.4 $610.2 $468.0 $209.1 $369.3 $132.7 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $1,470.0 $37.1 $79.9 $145.4 $360.4 $185.8 $236.4 $232.9 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $13,537.7 $1,078.5 $586.5 (D) (D) $1,495.1 (D) $896.6 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $966.9 $717.2 (D) (D) (D) $375.4 (D) $347.5 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $252.6 $309.9 (D) (D) (D) $0.8 (D) $302.6 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $714.3 $407.3 $28.9 $401.0 $1,226.0 $374.7 $132.5 $44.9 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $4,086.2 $76.4 (D) (D) $1,056.6 (D) (D) $89.4 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $2,560.8 $26.4 (D) (D) $457.6 (D) (D) $20.8 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $1,525.4 $50.0 $64.4 $328.8 $599.0 $109.9 $270.5 $68.6 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $207.5 $8.3 $10.7 $44.6 (D) $77.2 $36.5 $17.9 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $4,539.1 $138.5 $225.2 $1,188.5 $1,939.4 $331.5 $588.5 $195.1 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $2,608.3 $27.0 $57.2 $463.0 $974.5 $91.6 $121.8 $49.6 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $1,930.9 $111.5 $168.0 $725.5 $964.8 $239.9 $466.7 $145.5 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $1,358.5 $59.0 (D) $382.5 $675.6 $231.6 $188.3 $78.0 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 $504.3 $14.7 (D) $100.3 $352.6 $26.3 $43.6 (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 $267.8 $30.7 (D) $153.1 $100.6 $55.3 $42.5 (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $586.4 $13.7 $18.4 $129.1 $222.5 $150.0 $102.2 $22.8 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $1,332.6 $36.9 $63.4 $551.7 $442.6 (D) $284.0 $109.0 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 $66.7 (D) (D) $52.0 $27.4 (D) $9.3 $4.7 Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 $1,265.9 (D) (D) $499.8 $415.2 (D) $274.6 $104.3 Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $604.4 $19.8 $24.7 $167.9 $293.7 $60.5 $82.3 $25.9 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $91.0 $3.8 $7.0 $18.2 $54.2 $9.6 $12.7 $4.9 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $513.4 $16.0 $17.7 $149.7 $239.5 $50.9 $69.6 $20.9 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $442.6 $22.3 $32.5 $149.6 $219.6 $41.0 $98.3 $33.9 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $1,765.6 $72.4 $144.8 $565.6 $673.1 $188.2 $406.1 $117.6 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $0.0 $36.9 $181.8 $310.2 $925.0 $268.0 $195.8 $55.2 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 92 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Butler Carroll Champaign Clark^ Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 91.3% 96.7% 87.9% 88.7% 92.2% 91.4% 87.2% 92.0% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 24.8% 47.2% 38.9% (D) (D) 22.8% (D) 30.6% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 0.3% 38.1% 3.7% (D) (D) 2.0% (D) 2.4% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 0.2% 1.1% 3.4% (D) (D) 2.0% (D) 1.0% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.1% 37.0% 0.3% 0.6% 0.1% 0.0% 5.3% 1.4% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 4.7% 3.4% 3.5% 2.6% 4.5% 2.6% 4.0% 3.2% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 19.9% 5.6% 31.6% 15.1% 9.5% 18.1% 19.0% 25.0% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 12.7% 3.9% 24.9% 12.2% 5.4% 9.6% 11.6% 9.1% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 7.2% 1.7% 6.7% 2.9% 4.2% 8.5% 7.4% 15.9% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 66.5% 49.5% 49.0% (D) (D) 68.6% (D) 61.3% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 4.7% 32.9% (D) (D) (D) 17.2% (D) 23.8% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 1.2% 14.2% (D) (D) (D) 0.0% (D) 20.7% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 3.5% 18.7% 2.4% 8.0% 14.1% 17.2% 4.2% 3.1% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 20.1% 3.5% (D) (D) 12.2% (D) (D) 6.1% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 12.6% 1.2% (D) (D) 5.3% (D) (D) 1.4% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 7.5% 2.3% 5.4% 6.6% 6.9% 5.0% 8.5% 4.7% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 1.0% 0.4% 0.9% 0.9% (D) 3.5% 1.1% 1.2% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 22.3% 6.4% 18.8% 23.8% 22.3% 15.2% 18.5% 13.3% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 12.8% 1.2% 4.8% 9.3% 11.2% 4.2% 3.8% 3.4% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 9.5% 5.1% 14.0% 14.5% 11.1% 11.0% 14.7% 9.9% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 6.7% 2.7% (D) 7.6% 7.8% 10.6% 5.9% 5.3% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% 2.5% 0.7% (D) 2.0% 4.1% 1.2% 1.4% (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% 1.3% 1.4% (D) 3.1% 1.2% 2.5% 1.3% (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 2.9% 0.6% 1.5% 2.6% 2.6% 6.9% 3.2% 1.6% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 6.5% 1.7% 5.3% 11.0% 5.1% (D) 8.9% 7.5% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% 0.3% (D) (D) 1.0% 0.3% (D) 0.3% 0.3% Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% 6.2% (D) (D) 10.0% 4.8% (D) 8.6% 7.1% Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 3.0% 0.9% 2.1% 3.4% 3.4% 2.8% 2.6% 1.8% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.4% 0.2% 0.6% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.5% 0.7% 1.5% 3.0% 2.8% 2.3% 2.2% 1.4% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.2% 1.0% 2.7% 3.0% 2.5% 1.9% 3.1% 2.3% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 8.7% 3.3% 12.1% 11.3% 7.8% 8.6% 12.8% 8.0% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 15.2% 6.2% 10.7% 12.3% 6.2% 3.8% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 93 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $1,383.2 $100,074.6 $2,017.2 $1,855.5 $10,855.4 $5,489.5 $4,348.0 $2,666.3 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $1,238.1 $90,006.8 $1,846.9 $1,692.1 $10,068.8 $5,036.4 $3,749.5 $2,533.4 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $392.1 $13,008.6 $688.4 $692.2 $1,464.5 (D) $756.0 $1,789.0 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $43.1 $122.3 $75.8 $95.7 $23.3 (D) $6.2 $25.5 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $39.3 $30.8 $75.3 $95.7 $14.7 (D) $5.6 $25.5 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $3.8 $91.5 $0.5 $0.0 $8.6 $23.4 $0.6 $0.0 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $41.5 $2,464.6 $105.9 $40.8 $447.8 $104.7 $282.7 $39.7 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $307.4 $10,421.8 $506.7 $555.7 $993.4 $1,154.9 $467.2 $1,723.8 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $285.6 $7,421.7 $391.9 $529.8 $665.4 $535.6 $349.1 $47.3 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $21.8 $3,000.1 $114.8 $25.9 $328.1 $619.3 $118.1 $1,676.5 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $846.0 $76,998.2 $1,158.6 $999.9 $8,604.3 (D) $2,993.4 $744.4 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 (D) $2,646.5 $142.5 (D) $237.8 (D) $150.2 $87.3 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $3.3 $223.4 $20.1 (D) $19.6 $11.7 $34.6 $0.6 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 (D) $2,423.1 $122.4 $69.0 $218.2 (D) $115.6 $86.7 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $151.9 $11,672.9 $282.4 (D) $1,362.5 $463.6 $569.7 (D) Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $64.9 $7,461.4 $160.3 (D) $547.0 $179.4 $162.7 (D) Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $86.9 $4,211.5 $122.1 $164.8 $815.5 $284.2 $407.1 $143.3 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $7.9 $3,330.3 $24.0 $42.6 $288.3 $57.8 $88.9 $7.5 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $330.7 $26,804.6 $360.6 $283.4 $2,233.6 $642.9 $835.5 $202.6 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $108.3 $14,712.7 $122.9 $112.7 $1,376.8 $187.0 $201.8 $53.8 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $222.4 $12,091.9 $237.7 $170.8 $856.8 $455.9 $633.7 $148.8 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 (D) $14,551.3 $117.7 $105.1 $2,765.8 $163.7 $401.2 (D) Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 (D) $7,712.8 $46.3 $25.0 $985.6 $57.3 $124.8 (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 (D) $3,514.5 $31.9 $33.0 $1,387.3 $47.5 $52.6 (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $21.6 $3,324.0 $39.5 $47.1 $392.8 $58.9 $223.7 $19.4 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $166.7 $12,005.0 $143.2 $155.3 $764.7 $380.1 $563.9 $46.7 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 (D) $1,476.0 $2.7 (D) $99.4 $13.4 $16.0 (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 (D) $10,529.0 $140.5 (D) $665.3 $366.7 $547.9 (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $36.3 $4,082.7 $42.3 $45.1 $671.3 $1,783.1 $221.2 $44.4 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $2.9 $1,706.8 $10.1 $5.2 $207.1 $1,532.3 $20.1 $5.3 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $33.5 $2,375.8 $32.3 $39.9 $464.2 $250.8 $201.2 $39.1 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $32.4 $1,905.1 $45.7 $38.9 $280.4 $73.3 $162.9 $26.5 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $145.1 $10,067.8 $170.3 $163.4 $786.6 $453.1 $598.5 $132.9 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $689.6 $0.0 $0.0 $251.1 $0.0 $177.2 $0.0 $213.4 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 94 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 89.5% 89.9% 91.6% 91.2% 92.8% 91.7% 86.2% 95.0% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 28.3% 13.0% 34.1% 37.3% 13.5% (D) 17.4% 67.1% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 3.1% 0.1% 3.8% 5.2% 0.2% (D) 0.1% 1.0% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 2.8% 0.0% 3.7% 5.2% 0.1% (D) 0.1% 1.0% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 3.0% 2.5% 5.2% 2.2% 4.1% 1.9% 6.5% 1.5% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 22.2% 10.4% 25.1% 29.9% 9.2% 21.0% 10.7% 64.7% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 20.6% 7.4% 19.4% 28.6% 6.1% 9.8% 8.0% 1.8% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 1.6% 3.0% 5.7% 1.4% 3.0% 11.3% 2.7% 62.9% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 61.2% 76.9% 57.4% 53.9% 79.3% (D) 68.8% 27.9% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% (D) 2.6% 7.1% (D) 2.2% (D) 3.5% 3.3% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 0.2% 0.2% 1.0% (D) 0.2% 0.2% 0.8% 0.0% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% (D) 2.4% 6.1% 3.7% 2.0% (D) 2.7% 3.3% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 11.0% 11.7% 14.0% (D) 12.6% 8.4% 13.1% (D) Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 4.7% 7.5% 7.9% (D) 5.0% 3.3% 3.7% (D) Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 6.3% 4.2% 6.1% 8.9% 7.5% 5.2% 9.4% 5.4% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 0.6% 3.3% 1.2% 2.3% 2.7% 1.1% 2.0% 0.3% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 23.9% 26.8% 17.9% 15.3% 20.6% 11.7% 19.2% 7.6% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 7.8% 14.7% 6.1% 6.1% 12.7% 3.4% 4.6% 2.0% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 16.1% 12.1% 11.8% 9.2% 7.9% 8.3% 14.6% 5.6% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% (D) 14.5% 5.8% 5.7% 25.5% 3.0% 9.2% (D) Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% (D) 7.7% 2.3% 1.3% 9.1% 1.0% 2.9% (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% (D) 3.5% 1.6% 1.8% 12.8% 0.9% 1.2% (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 1.6% 3.3% 2.0% 2.5% 3.6% 1.1% 5.1% 0.7% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 12.0% 12.0% 7.1% 8.4% 7.0% 6.9% 13.0% 1.7% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% (D) 1.5% 0.1% (D) 0.9% 0.2% 0.4% (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% (D) 10.5% 7.0% (D) 6.1% 6.7% 12.6% (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 2.6% 4.1% 2.1% 2.4% 6.2% 32.5% 5.1% 1.7% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.2% 1.7% 0.5% 0.3% 1.9% 27.9% 0.5% 0.2% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% 1.6% 2.1% 4.3% 4.6% 4.6% 1.5% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.3% 1.9% 2.3% 2.1% 2.6% 1.3% 3.7% 1.0% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 10.5% 10.1% 8.4% 8.8% 7.2% 8.3% 13.8% 5.0% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 49.9% 0.0% 0.0% 13.5% 0.0% 3.2% 0.0% 8.0% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 95 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $97,774.5 $2,183.6 $2,480.4 $4,236.0 $9,776.5 $2,620.3 $76,097.0 $5,865.8 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $83,367.4 $1,998.6 $2,344.9 $3,919.6 $5,905.3 $2,438.7 $70,541.1 $5,584.6 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $11,565.7 $1,074.1 $136.2 (D) (D) $1,580.6 $13,816.8 $1,759.9 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $54.9 $11.9 $12.9 (D) (D) $1,138.0 $55.4 $60.8 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $2.5 $10.6 $11.7 (D) (D) $19.4 $21.0 $57.0 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $52.4 $1.3 $1.3 $15.5 $24.3 $1,118.6 $34.4 $3.8 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $3,459.5 $116.0 $54.3 $452.9 $223.9 $90.6 $2,538.3 $128.5 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $8,051.4 $946.2 $69.1 $911.8 $609.6 $352.1 $11,223.1 $1,570.6 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $2,823.3 $688.7 $60.4 $394.9 $513.2 $171.2 $5,455.2 $897.7 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $5,228.1 $257.5 $8.7 $516.9 $96.3 $180.9 $5,767.9 $672.9 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $71,801.6 $924.6 $2,208.7 (D) (D) $858.1 $56,724.4 $3,824.7 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $5,082.7 (D) $1,528.7 (D) (D) $76.5 $1,735.3 $1,169.4 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $567.1 $8.6 $1,491.9 $2.4 $10.6 $7.3 $557.2 $14.7 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $4,515.5 (D) $36.9 (D) (D) $69.2 $1,178.2 $1,154.8 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $10,765.3 $253.8 $99.3 $651.9 $806.2 $168.0 $8,667.4 $581.6 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $5,686.1 $145.0 $14.4 $337.6 $191.3 $53.2 $5,706.9 $263.8 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $5,079.2 $108.7 $84.9 $314.3 $614.9 $114.8 $2,960.5 $317.8 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $3,507.1 $44.3 $12.6 $75.9 $238.7 $16.7 $2,453.0 $54.2 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $22,874.7 $253.3 $182.8 $593.0 $1,117.2 $255.6 $19,702.3 $581.0 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $12,573.5 $72.8 $64.8 $232.8 $271.5 $72.0 $11,557.1 $149.0 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $10,301.2 $180.5 $118.0 $360.2 $845.6 $183.6 $8,145.2 $432.0 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $14,703.5 $89.7 (D) $429.3 $1,668.0 $86.1 $11,935.1 $707.9 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 $7,259.2 (D) (D) $180.8 $1,369.9 $38.2 $5,791.0 $152.3 Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 $3,557.6 (D) (D) $52.6 $125.3 $31.1 $3,720.0 $433.0 Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $3,886.6 $21.4 $10.5 $195.9 $172.9 $16.8 $2,424.2 $122.5 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $9,507.3 $125.0 (D) $341.7 $649.4 $164.6 $7,834.9 $488.3 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 $1,118.0 (D) (D) $41.4 $138.9 $1.9 $679.8 $78.4 Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 $8,389.4 (D) (D) $300.3 $510.6 $162.6 $7,155.1 $409.9 Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $3,339.6 (D) $34.6 $159.0 $323.4 $58.8 $3,055.5 $144.6 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $791.2 (D) $1.8 $81.1 $34.7 $2.7 $1,254.6 $12.5 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $2,548.4 (D) $32.8 $77.9 $288.7 $56.2 $1,800.9 $132.1 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $2,021.6 $42.3 $31.2 $148.1 $140.9 $31.7 $1,340.8 $97.6 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $14,407.1 $185.0 $135.4 $316.4 $3,871.2 $181.6 $5,555.8 $281.2 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $0.0 $300.9 $308.9 $138.2 $93.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 96 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 85.3% 91.5% 94.5% 92.5% 60.4% 93.1% 92.7% 95.2% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 11.8% 49.2% 5.5% (D) (D) 60.3% 18.2% 30.0% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 0.1% 0.5% 0.5% (D) (D) 43.4% 0.1% 1.0% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 0.0% 0.5% 0.5% (D) (D) 0.7% 0.0% 1.0% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.2% 42.7% 0.0% 0.1% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 3.5% 5.3% 2.2% 10.7% 2.3% 3.5% 3.3% 2.2% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 8.2% 43.3% 2.8% 21.5% 6.2% 13.4% 14.7% 26.8% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 2.9% 31.5% 2.4% 9.3% 5.2% 6.5% 7.2% 15.3% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 5.3% 11.8% 0.3% 12.2% 1.0% 6.9% 7.6% 11.5% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 73.4% 42.3% 89.0% (D) (D) 32.7% 74.5% 65.2% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 5.2% (D) 61.6% (D) (D) 2.9% 2.3% 19.9% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 0.6% 0.4% 60.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.7% 0.3% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 4.6% (D) 1.5% (D) (D) 2.6% 1.5% 19.7% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 11.0% 11.6% 4.0% 15.4% 8.2% 6.4% 11.4% 9.9% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 5.8% 6.6% 0.6% 8.0% 2.0% 2.0% 7.5% 4.5% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 5.2% 5.0% 3.4% 7.4% 6.3% 4.4% 3.9% 5.4% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 3.6% 2.0% 0.5% 1.8% 2.4% 0.6% 3.2% 0.9% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 23.4% 11.6% 7.4% 14.0% 11.4% 9.8% 25.9% 9.9% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 12.9% 3.3% 2.6% 5.5% 2.8% 2.7% 15.2% 2.5% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 10.5% 8.3% 4.8% 8.5% 8.6% 7.0% 10.7% 7.4% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 15.0% 4.1% (D) 10.1% 17.1% 3.3% 15.7% 12.1% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% 7.4% (D) (D) 4.3% 14.0% 1.5% 7.6% 2.6% Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% 3.6% (D) (D) 1.2% 1.3% 1.2% 4.9% 7.4% Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 4.0% 1.0% 0.4% 4.6% 1.8% 0.6% 3.2% 2.1% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 9.7% 5.7% (D) 8.1% 6.6% 6.3% 10.3% 8.3% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% 1.1% (D) (D) 1.0% 1.4% 0.1% 0.9% 1.3% Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% 8.6% (D) (D) 7.1% 5.2% 6.2% 9.4% 7.0% Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 3.4% (D) 1.4% 3.8% 3.3% 2.2% 4.0% 2.5% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.8% (D) 0.1% 1.9% 0.4% 0.1% 1.6% 0.2% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.6% (D) 1.3% 1.8% 3.0% 2.1% 2.4% 2.3% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 1.9% 1.3% 3.5% 1.4% 1.2% 1.8% 1.7% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 14.7% 8.5% 5.5% 7.5% 39.6% 6.9% 7.3% 4.8% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.8% 12.5% 3.3% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 97 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $1,044.6 $1,504.2 $1,278.0 $1,198.0 $674.3 $2,470.1 $2,427.4 $1,010.5 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $944.5 $1,447.3 $1,130.5 $1,024.4 $546.4 $2,344.4 $2,233.9 $888.1 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $385.8 $1,141.7 $569.1 $270.5 $138.6 $1,373.4 $961.7 $356.2 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $133.7 $1,045.8 $93.8 $33.3 $8.3 $111.2 $18.3 $21.1 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $130.3 $4.9 $93.7 $29.8 $2.3 $105.7 $17.0 $17.4 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $3.4 $1,040.9 $0.1 $3.5 $6.0 $5.5 $1.4 $3.7 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $20.7 $24.7 $73.5 $68.4 $47.6 $341.0 $186.9 $41.0 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $231.3 $71.2 $401.8 $168.7 $82.7 $921.2 $756.5 $294.2 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $128.7 $20.3 $160.3 $137.0 $54.7 $602.7 $224.0 $54.4 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $102.6 $50.9 $241.5 $31.8 $27.9 $318.5 $532.5 $239.9 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $558.7 $305.7 $561.4 $753.9 $407.8 $970.9 $1,272.2 $531.9 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $55.0 $71.5 $52.1 $36.8 (D) $123.5 (D) $31.8 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $18.6 $10.2 $3.4 $6.5 $0.4 $12.6 (D) $5.2 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $36.4 $61.3 $48.7 $30.2 (D) $111.0 $208.8 $26.5 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $96.2 $33.1 $127.4 $129.3 $66.8 $330.1 (D) $105.2 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $44.2 $18.0 $49.0 $26.4 $10.6 $110.0 (D) $22.8 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $52.1 $15.0 $78.4 $102.9 $56.2 $220.2 $137.2 $82.3 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $8.8 (D) $13.1 $18.7 $7.1 $12.0 $32.6 $9.3 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $191.3 $99.5 $192.3 $342.9 $164.2 $225.4 $392.5 $168.5 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $43.4 $18.0 $60.9 $174.5 $40.6 $85.8 $106.9 $42.5 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $147.9 $81.5 $131.4 $168.4 $123.6 $139.6 $285.6 $126.0 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $52.9 $52.5 $56.5 $73.8 (D) $106.4 (D) $83.5 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 $12.5 (D) $13.3 $11.5 (D) $33.3 (D) $12.7 Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 $30.7 (D) $30.6 $35.6 (D) $33.9 (D) $32.5 Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $9.8 $14.4 $12.5 $26.7 $14.8 $39.3 $25.4 $38.3 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $106.8 $22.1 $75.5 $83.8 (D) $53.8 $194.1 $82.2 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 (D) $0.3 $1.6 $1.9 (D) (D) $9.4 (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 (D) $21.9 $73.8 $81.8 (D) (D) $184.6 (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $25.6 $7.1 $17.9 $30.7 $44.9 $57.9 $55.1 $31.5 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $1.6 (D) $1.8 $2.8 $4.1 $4.1 $6.1 $1.2 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $24.0 (D) $16.1 $27.9 $40.8 $53.7 $48.9 $30.2 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $22.1 (D) $26.6 $37.9 $22.3 $61.8 $59.6 $19.9 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $100.1 $56.8 $147.6 $173.7 $127.9 $125.7 $193.5 $122.4 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $106.8 $65.0 $0.0 $0.0 $87.4 $53.8 $167.0 $82.2 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 98 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 90.4% 96.2% 88.5% 85.5% 81.0% 94.9% 92.0% 87.9% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 36.9% 75.9% 44.5% 22.6% 20.6% 55.6% 39.6% 35.3% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 12.8% 69.5% 7.3% 2.8% 1.2% 4.5% 0.8% 2.1% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 12.5% 0.3% 7.3% 2.5% 0.3% 4.3% 0.7% 1.7% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.3% 69.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.9% 0.2% 0.1% 0.4% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 2.0% 1.6% 5.7% 5.7% 7.1% 13.8% 7.7% 4.1% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 22.1% 4.7% 31.4% 14.1% 12.3% 37.3% 31.2% 29.1% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 12.3% 1.3% 12.5% 11.4% 8.1% 24.4% 9.2% 5.4% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 9.8% 3.4% 18.9% 2.7% 4.1% 12.9% 21.9% 23.7% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 53.5% 20.3% 43.9% 62.9% 60.5% 39.3% 52.4% 52.6% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 5.3% 4.8% 4.1% 3.1% (D) 5.0% (D) 3.1% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 1.8% 0.7% 0.3% 0.5% 0.1% 0.5% (D) 0.5% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 3.5% 4.1% 3.8% 2.5% (D) 4.5% 8.6% 2.6% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 9.2% 2.2% 10.0% 10.8% 9.9% 13.4% (D) 10.4% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 4.2% 1.2% 3.8% 2.2% 1.6% 4.5% (D) 2.3% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 5.0% 1.0% 6.1% 8.6% 8.3% 8.9% 5.7% 8.1% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 0.8% (D) 1.0% 1.6% 1.1% 0.5% 1.3% 0.9% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 18.3% 6.6% 15.0% 28.6% 24.4% 9.1% 16.2% 16.7% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 4.2% 1.2% 4.8% 14.6% 6.0% 3.5% 4.4% 4.2% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 14.2% 5.4% 10.3% 14.1% 18.3% 5.7% 11.8% 12.5% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 5.1% 3.5% 4.4% 6.2% (D) 4.3% (D) 8.3% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% 1.2% (D) 1.0% 1.0% (D) 1.3% (D) 1.3% Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% 2.9% (D) 2.4% 3.0% (D) 1.4% (D) 3.2% Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0% 2.2% 2.2% 1.6% 1.0% 3.8% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 10.2% 1.5% 5.9% 7.0% (D) 2.2% 8.0% 8.1% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% (D) 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% (D) (D) 0.4% (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% (D) 1.5% 5.8% 6.8% (D) (D) 7.6% (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 2.5% 0.5% 1.4% 2.6% 6.7% 2.3% 2.3% 3.1% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.2% (D) 0.1% 0.2% 0.6% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.3% (D) 1.3% 2.3% 6.1% 2.2% 2.0% 3.0% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% (D) 2.1% 3.2% 3.3% 2.5% 2.5% 2.0% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 9.6% 3.8% 11.5% 14.5% 19.0% 5.1% 8.0% 12.1% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 10.2% 4.3% 0.0% 0.0% 13.0% 2.2% 6.9% 8.1% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 99 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Jefferson^ Knox Lake Lawrence^ Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $4,590.4 $2,153.4 $11,819.9 $1,865.1 $6,296.2 $2,147.6 $11,251.3 $26,754.7 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $4,344.8 $1,952.8 $10,840.2 $1,647.0 $5,567.3 $1,970.1 $9,844.4 $24,001.6 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $1,730.2 (D) $4,073.6 $187.2 $1,195.0 $814.0 $3,415.2 $7,082.3 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $1,467.4 (D) $185.4 (D) $64.5 $80.1 $107.0 $70.7 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $7.2 (D) $134.5 (D) $58.4 $71.6 $105.5 $29.9 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $1,460.2 $12.7 $51.0 $0.0 $6.2 $8.5 $1.5 $40.8 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $98.5 $188.9 $423.7 $84.9 $316.1 $79.9 $406.6 $891.8 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $164.4 $549.7 $3,464.4 (D) $814.4 $654.0 $2,901.6 $6,119.8 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $128.1 $464.6 $2,029.2 $47.7 $463.1 $513.3 $2,188.3 $2,807.4 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $36.3 $85.0 $1,435.2 (D) $351.3 $140.8 $713.3 $3,312.4 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $2,614.5 (D) $6,766.7 $1,459.8 $4,372.3 $1,156.1 $6,429.2 $16,919.3 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $1,270.6 (D) $988.2 $679.7 $432.0 (D) $344.5 $1,225.0 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $1,084.5 (D) $879.7 $610.1 $27.3 (D) $116.0 $422.7 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $186.0 $55.0 $108.5 $69.6 $404.8 $215.4 $228.5 $802.4 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $247.4 $208.8 $1,496.0 $157.6 $956.7 $187.3 $1,402.6 $3,187.8 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $78.3 $73.4 $697.4 $48.5 $279.2 $77.7 $624.6 $1,336.4 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $169.1 $135.4 $798.6 $109.2 $677.5 $109.6 $778.0 $1,851.4 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $91.7 $31.0 $156.1 $12.7 $70.9 $14.6 $170.9 $488.3 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $433.3 $338.8 $1,699.7 $302.9 $1,394.3 $312.5 $1,822.6 $4,642.7 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $86.0 $81.3 $451.2 $53.1 $654.4 $66.7 $444.2 $1,291.4 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $347.3 $257.5 $1,248.5 $249.8 $739.8 $245.8 $1,378.4 $3,351.3 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 (D) $127.1 $906.1 $85.8 $523.5 (D) $874.6 $2,690.7 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 (D) $35.5 $370.2 $20.0 $268.5 (D) $299.7 $1,143.0 Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 (D) $36.7 $192.9 $36.8 $67.2 (D) $181.4 $725.9 Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $65.8 $54.9 $343.0 $29.0 $187.8 $84.2 $393.6 $821.8 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 (D) $304.3 $843.6 $140.6 $567.7 $122.8 $1,199.6 $3,219.1 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 (D) $110.1 $74.0 $3.0 $101.3 $0.8 $195.0 $191.4 Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 (D) $194.2 $769.6 $137.6 $466.3 $122.0 $1,004.7 $3,027.7 Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $70.4 (D) $388.8 $39.3 $206.1 $56.3 $338.8 $961.2 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $14.6 (D) $69.1 $1.9 $35.7 $13.9 $55.5 $295.8 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $55.8 $52.9 $319.7 $37.4 $170.4 $42.5 $283.3 $665.5 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $57.1 $60.8 $288.2 $41.1 $221.2 $41.9 $275.7 $504.4 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $245.6 $200.6 $979.7 $218.0 $728.9 $177.5 $1,406.9 $2,753.1 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $378.2 $22.9 $0.0 $54.6 $0.0 $121.1 $0.0 $0.0 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 100 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Jefferson^ Knox Lake Lawrence^ Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 94.6% 90.7% 91.7% 88.3% 88.4% 91.7% 87.5% 89.7% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 37.7% (D) 34.5% 10.0% 19.0% 37.9% 30.4% 26.5% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 32.0% (D) 1.6% (D) 1.0% 3.7% 1.0% 0.3% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 0.2% (D) 1.1% (D) 0.9% 3.3% 0.9% 0.1% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 31.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1% 0.4% 0.0% 0.2% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 2.1% 8.8% 3.6% 4.6% 5.0% 3.7% 3.6% 3.3% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 3.6% 25.5% 29.3% (D) 12.9% 30.5% 25.8% 22.9% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 2.8% 21.6% 17.2% 2.6% 7.4% 23.9% 19.4% 10.5% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 0.8% 3.9% 12.1% (D) 5.6% 6.6% 6.3% 12.4% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 57.0% (D) 57.2% 78.3% 69.4% 53.8% 57.1% 63.2% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 27.7% (D) 8.4% 36.4% 6.9% (D) 3.1% 4.6% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 23.6% (D) 7.4% 32.7% 0.4% (D) 1.0% 1.6% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 4.1% 2.6% 0.9% 3.7% 6.4% 10.0% 2.0% 3.0% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 5.4% 9.7% 12.7% 8.5% 15.2% 8.7% 12.5% 11.9% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 1.7% 3.4% 5.9% 2.6% 4.4% 3.6% 5.6% 5.0% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 3.7% 6.3% 6.8% 5.9% 10.8% 5.1% 6.9% 6.9% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 2.0% 1.4% 1.3% 0.7% 1.1% 0.7% 1.5% 1.8% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 9.4% 15.7% 14.4% 16.2% 22.1% 14.5% 16.2% 17.4% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 1.9% 3.8% 3.8% 2.8% 10.4% 3.1% 3.9% 4.8% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 7.6% 12.0% 10.6% 13.4% 11.8% 11.4% 12.3% 12.5% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% (D) 5.9% 7.7% 4.6% 8.3% (D) 7.8% 10.1% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% (D) 1.6% 3.1% 1.1% 4.3% (D) 2.7% 4.3% Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% (D) 1.7% 1.6% 2.0% 1.1% (D) 1.6% 2.7% Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 1.4% 2.5% 2.9% 1.6% 3.0% 3.9% 3.5% 3.1% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% (D) 14.1% 7.1% 7.5% 9.0% 5.7% 10.7% 12.0% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% (D) 5.1% 0.6% 0.2% 1.6% 0.0% 1.7% 0.7% Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% (D) 9.0% 6.5% 7.4% 7.4% 5.7% 8.9% 11.3% Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 1.5% (D) 3.3% 2.1% 3.3% 2.6% 3.0% 3.6% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.3% (D) 0.6% 0.1% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 1.1% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 1.2% 2.5% 2.7% 2.0% 2.7% 2.0% 2.5% 2.5% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 1.2% 2.8% 2.4% 2.2% 3.5% 2.0% 2.5% 1.9% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 5.4% 9.3% 8.3% 11.7% 11.6% 8.3% 12.5% 10.3% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 8.2% 1.1% 0.0% 2.9% 0.0% 5.6% 0.0% 0.0% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 101 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $1,886.7 $9,706.9 $2,953.1 $6,987.8 $411.4 $2,332.8 $4,568.6 $2,797.2 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $1,595.7 $8,499.8 $2,622.7 $6,374.5 $332.4 $2,130.4 $4,158.8 $2,736.0 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $557.4 $1,471.8 $1,020.8 $2,051.8 $60.7 $1,041.1 (D) $2,488.5 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $37.3 $64.2 $111.0 $6.8 (D) $288.9 (D) (D) Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $37.3 $7.3 $109.7 $5.2 (D) $282.8 (D) (D) Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $0.0 $56.9 $1.3 $1.5 $10.6 $6.1 $11.8 $2,397.3 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $87.7 $458.5 $64.0 $574.1 $19.9 $123.9 $188.7 $16.2 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $432.3 $949.1 $845.8 $1,470.9 (D) $628.3 $1,547.2 (D) Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $336.3 $741.3 $523.8 $592.3 $8.2 $373.8 $1,265.7 (D) Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $96.0 $207.8 $322.0 $878.6 (D) $254.5 $281.5 (D) Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $1,038.3 $7,028.0 $1,601.9 $4,322.7 $271.7 $1,089.4 (D) $247.5 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $207.7 $346.1 $105.8 $302.1 $17.8 $139.0 (D) $29.1 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $0.1 $59.5 $15.7 $8.2 $5.4 $0.9 (D) $5.8 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $207.6 $286.6 $90.1 $293.9 $12.5 $138.1 $173.9 $23.3 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $300.8 $1,551.8 $287.7 $1,153.8 $46.4 (D) (D) $29.8 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $89.4 $745.8 $121.0 $583.7 $8.6 (D) (D) $12.0 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $211.3 $806.0 $166.7 $570.1 $37.8 $135.6 $313.3 $17.9 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $11.9 $194.0 $136.5 $80.1 $2.6 $36.3 $17.6 (D) Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $205.8 $2,123.2 $526.4 $1,155.3 $108.8 $382.5 $661.7 $106.0 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $38.0 $773.7 $173.1 $368.7 $22.8 $181.4 $155.9 $43.5 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $167.7 $1,349.6 $353.2 $786.6 $86.0 $201.0 $505.8 $62.4 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $156.8 $870.0 $132.2 $790.4 $44.0 (D) $303.6 $47.9 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 (D) $310.0 $14.2 $256.7 (D) $33.7 $107.4 $4.7 Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 (D) $139.3 $42.4 $314.3 (D) (D) $74.3 $30.7 Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $52.1 $420.7 $75.6 $219.4 $7.6 (D) $121.9 $12.6 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $76.3 $1,294.0 $289.6 $424.6 $26.4 $82.6 $292.8 (D) Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 (D) $37.1 $3.3 $26.7 (D) (D) $12.1 (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 (D) $1,256.9 $286.3 $397.9 (D) (D) $280.8 (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $46.5 $393.1 $70.8 $234.5 $11.5 $38.0 $132.1 $5.9 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $2.2 $68.5 $7.8 $52.5 (D) $3.8 $12.9 $0.4 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $44.4 $324.6 $63.0 $182.0 (D) $34.2 $119.2 $5.5 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $32.5 $255.7 $52.9 $181.9 $14.1 $55.2 $111.2 $10.9 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $291.0 $1,207.1 $330.3 $613.2 $79.1 $202.4 $409.8 $61.3 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $181.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $96.3 $269.0 $404.9 $92.8 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 102 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 84.6% 87.6% 88.8% 91.2% 80.8% 91.3% 91.0% 97.8% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 29.5% 15.2% 34.6% 29.4% 14.7% 44.6% (D) 89.0% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 2.0% 0.7% 3.8% 0.1% (D) 12.4% (D) (D) Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 2.0% 0.1% 3.7% 0.1% (D) 12.1% (D) (D) Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 2.6% 0.3% 0.3% 85.7% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 4.7% 4.7% 2.2% 8.2% 4.8% 5.3% 4.1% 0.6% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 22.9% 9.8% 28.6% 21.1% (D) 26.9% 33.9% (D) Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 17.8% 7.6% 17.7% 8.5% 2.0% 16.0% 27.7% (D) Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 5.1% 2.1% 10.9% 12.6% (D) 10.9% 6.2% (D) Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 55.0% 72.4% 54.2% 61.9% 66.0% 46.7% (D) 8.8% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 11.0% 3.6% 3.6% 4.3% 4.3% 6.0% (D) 1.0% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 0.0% 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% 1.3% 0.0% (D) 0.2% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 11.0% 3.0% 3.1% 4.2% 3.0% 5.9% 3.8% 0.8% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 15.9% 16.0% 9.7% 16.5% 11.3% (D) (D) 1.1% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 4.7% 7.7% 4.1% 8.4% 2.1% (D) (D) 0.4% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 11.2% 8.3% 5.6% 8.2% 9.2% 5.8% 6.9% 0.6% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 0.6% 2.0% 4.6% 1.1% 0.6% 1.6% 0.4% (D) Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 10.9% 21.9% 17.8% 16.5% 26.5% 16.4% 14.5% 3.8% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 2.0% 8.0% 5.9% 5.3% 5.5% 7.8% 3.4% 1.6% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 8.9% 13.9% 12.0% 11.3% 20.9% 8.6% 11.1% 2.2% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 8.3% 9.0% 4.5% 11.3% 10.7% (D) 6.6% 1.7% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% (D) 3.2% 0.5% 3.7% (D) 1.4% 2.4% 0.2% Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% (D) 1.4% 1.4% 4.5% (D) (D) 1.6% 1.1% Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 2.8% 4.3% 2.6% 3.1% 1.8% (D) 2.7% 0.5% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 4.0% 13.3% 9.8% 6.1% 6.4% 3.5% 6.4% (D) Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% (D) 0.4% 0.1% 0.4% (D) (D) 0.3% (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% (D) 12.9% 9.7% 5.7% (D) (D) 6.1% (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 2.5% 4.1% 2.4% 3.4% 2.8% 1.6% 2.9% 0.2% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.1% 0.7% 0.3% 0.8% (D) 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.4% 3.3% 2.1% 2.6% (D) 1.5% 2.6% 0.2% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 1.7% 2.6% 1.8% 2.6% 3.4% 2.4% 2.4% 0.4% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 15.4% 12.4% 11.2% 8.8% 19.2% 8.7% 9.0% 2.2% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 9.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 23.4% 11.5% 8.9% 3.3% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 103 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $28,909.7 $331.6 $627.7 $3,961.7 $939.0 $2,074.2 $614.6 $800.0 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $25,455.6 $283.0 $515.8 $3,575.4 $856.4 $1,869.4 $535.5 $685.7 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $4,512.6 $72.9 $156.2 $946.7 $651.8 $352.5 $216.1 $289.8 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $55.3 $14.7 $21.1 $82.6 $623.1 $38.3 $74.2 $66.3 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $44.9 $6.7 $19.2 $6.9 $9.5 $16.0 $69.9 $6.5 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $10.4 $8.0 $1.8 $75.7 $613.6 $22.3 $4.2 $59.8 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $994.8 $16.2 $52.4 $126.9 $11.0 $74.6 $15.9 $117.8 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $3,462.5 $42.0 $82.8 $737.3 $17.7 $239.5 $126.1 $105.6 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $2,497.1 $41.8 $73.5 $147.0 $5.4 $212.1 $90.1 $104.6 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $965.4 $0.2 $9.3 $590.3 $12.3 $27.4 $36.0 $1.0 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $20,943.0 $210.1 $359.6 $2,628.6 $204.6 $1,516.9 $319.3 $395.9 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $1,051.2 (D) (D) $459.9 $22.5 $666.5 $74.8 $26.5 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $219.1 (D) $5.0 $305.9 $0.6 $611.0 $53.2 $6.0 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $832.1 $4.2 (D) $154.0 $21.9 $55.5 $21.6 $20.5 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $3,184.2 (D) $69.5 $508.0 $30.8 (D) (D) $62.4 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $1,585.9 (D) $21.4 $192.0 $14.0 (D) (D) $20.4 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $1,598.4 $15.6 $48.2 $316.0 $16.8 $96.7 $28.4 $42.0 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $2,033.1 $2.7 (D) $119.9 $2.7 $19.4 $3.3 $4.0 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $5,589.2 $69.9 $136.0 $548.4 $65.1 $320.2 $108.2 $146.6 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $1,912.9 (D) $20.1 $152.5 $22.8 $72.2 $28.7 $32.1 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $3,676.3 (D) $115.9 $395.9 $42.2 $248.0 $79.5 $114.5 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $2,985.8 $40.8 (D) $227.3 $53.6 $91.6 (D) $74.6 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 $1,594.7 $3.1 (D) $95.4 $15.9 $29.3 $7.4 $10.7 Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 $425.3 $30.6 (D) $45.7 (D) $37.7 (D) $39.7 Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $965.8 $7.1 $12.8 $86.2 (D) $24.7 (D) $24.2 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $4,541.0 $22.8 (D) $540.0 $13.3 (D) $13.1 $43.9 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 $503.3 $0.0 (D) $39.7 $0.2 (D) (D) (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 $4,037.8 $22.7 (D) $500.4 $13.2 (D) (D) (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $967.5 $5.6 $15.5 $123.5 $7.5 $155.5 $7.1 $14.3 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $195.5 (D) $5.1 $16.6 (D) $68.1 $1.1 $1.7 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $771.9 (D) $10.4 $106.9 (D) $87.4 $6.0 $12.7 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $591.0 $7.9 (D) $101.7 $9.0 $41.3 $13.7 $23.6 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $3,454.1 $48.6 $111.9 $386.3 $82.6 $204.8 $79.1 $114.3 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $0.0 $116.2 $232.7 $0.0 $45.2 $125.7 $76.4 $43.9 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 104 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 88.1% 85.3% 82.2% 90.2% 91.2% 90.1% 87.1% 85.7% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 15.6% 22.0% 24.9% 23.9% 69.4% 17.0% 35.2% 36.2% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 0.2% 4.4% 3.4% 2.1% 66.4% 1.8% 12.1% 8.3% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 0.2% 2.0% 3.1% 0.2% 1.0% 0.8% 11.4% 0.8% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.0% 2.4% 0.3% 1.9% 65.3% 1.1% 0.7% 7.5% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 3.4% 4.9% 8.3% 3.2% 1.2% 3.6% 2.6% 14.7% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 12.0% 12.7% 13.2% 18.6% 1.9% 11.5% 20.5% 13.2% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 8.6% 12.6% 11.7% 3.7% 0.6% 10.2% 14.7% 13.1% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 3.3% 0.1% 1.5% 14.9% 1.3% 1.3% 5.9% 0.1% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 72.4% 63.4% 57.3% 66.4% 21.8% 73.1% 52.0% 49.5% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 3.6% (D) (D) 11.6% 2.4% 32.1% 12.2% 3.3% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 0.8% (D) 0.8% 7.7% 0.1% 29.5% 8.7% 0.7% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 2.9% 1.3% (D) 3.9% 2.3% 2.7% 3.5% 2.6% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 11.0% (D) 11.1% 12.8% 3.3% (D) (D) 7.8% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 5.5% (D) 3.4% 4.8% 1.5% (D) (D) 2.5% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 5.5% 4.7% 7.7% 8.0% 1.8% 4.7% 4.6% 5.3% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 7.0% 0.8% (D) 3.0% 0.3% 0.9% 0.5% 0.5% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 19.3% 21.1% 21.7% 13.8% 6.9% 15.4% 17.6% 18.3% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 6.6% (D) 3.2% 3.8% 2.4% 3.5% 4.7% 4.0% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 12.7% (D) 18.5% 10.0% 4.5% 12.0% 12.9% 14.3% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 10.3% 12.3% (D) 5.7% 5.7% 4.4% (D) 9.3% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% 5.5% 0.9% (D) 2.4% 1.7% 1.4% 1.2% 1.3% Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% 1.5% 9.2% (D) 1.2% (D) 1.8% (D) 5.0% Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 3.3% 2.1% 2.0% 2.2% (D) 1.2% (D) 3.0% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 15.7% 6.9% (D) 13.6% 1.4% (D) 2.1% 5.5% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% 1.7% 0.0% (D) 1.0% 0.0% (D) (D) (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% 14.0% 6.9% (D) 12.6% 1.4% (D) (D) (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 3.3% 1.7% 2.5% 3.1% 0.8% 7.5% 1.2% 1.8% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.7% (D) 0.8% 0.4% (D) 3.3% 0.2% 0.2% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.7% (D) 1.7% 2.7% (D) 4.2% 1.0% 1.6% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.0% 2.4% (D) 2.6% 1.0% 2.0% 2.2% 2.9% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 11.9% 14.7% 17.8% 9.8% 8.8% 9.9% 12.9% 14.3% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 35.0% 37.1% 0.0% 4.8% 6.1% 12.4% 5.5% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 105 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland^ Ross Sandusky Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $1,895.2 $2,035.7 $6,112.8 $1,257.6 $1,415.8 $4,886.0 $2,921.1 $2,940.8 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $1,535.4 $1,924.1 $4,972.1 $1,126.5 $1,296.5 $4,237.1 $2,272.7 $2,698.5 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $719.6 $1,095.7 (D) $519.1 (D) (D) $577.2 $1,313.1 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $151.0 $15.8 (D) $106.7 (D) (D) $8.4 $19.5 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $147.1 $11.0 (D) $103.8 (D) (D) $5.1 $12.4 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $4.0 $4.9 $69.4 $2.9 $1.9 $1.1 $3.4 $7.1 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $138.5 $55.1 $269.5 $57.3 $86.9 $225.0 $89.5 $90.4 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $430.0 $1,024.8 $1,192.6 $355.1 $453.6 $1,060.4 $479.3 $1,203.3 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $128.4 (D) $569.3 $281.1 $375.5 $876.9 $325.0 $945.7 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $301.6 (D) $623.2 $74.0 $78.1 $183.5 $154.3 $257.6 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $815.8 $828.4 (D) $607.4 (D) (D) $1,695.5 $1,385.4 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 (D) $51.7 (D) $50.8 (D) (D) $139.3 (D) Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 (D) $14.2 $7.7 $2.4 $0.7 $19.5 $48.2 (D) Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $59.3 $37.5 (D) $48.5 (D) (D) $91.1 $78.7 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 (D) (D) $1,025.3 (D) $149.4 $661.2 $325.3 $255.6 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 (D) (D) $637.6 (D) $70.5 $248.5 $78.1 $89.2 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $106.3 $59.2 $387.8 $92.1 $78.8 $412.7 $247.2 $166.4 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $7.7 $5.7 $86.2 $6.5 $12.0 $149.5 $121.7 $43.6 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $275.1 $135.1 $1,005.3 $221.5 $208.3 $837.7 $386.0 $406.0 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $66.2 $32.7 $179.6 $45.8 $74.0 $234.7 $100.0 $80.7 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $208.9 $102.4 $825.7 $175.7 $134.3 $603.0 $286.1 $325.3 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $104.1 $406.8 $415.7 (D) $85.6 $307.4 $133.4 $148.6 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 $24.6 (D) $204.9 (D) $24.2 $89.1 $26.2 $35.2 Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 $38.6 (D) $104.2 (D) $31.1 $39.5 $49.7 $55.8 Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $40.9 $332.5 $106.6 $13.5 $30.3 $178.8 $57.5 $57.6 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $96.5 $93.1 $338.0 $52.8 $63.4 $531.9 $410.5 (D) Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 (D) (D) $37.5 $1.1 $4.6 $23.0 $4.3 (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 (D) (D) $300.5 $51.7 $58.8 $508.9 $406.2 (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $46.4 (D) $225.8 $33.7 $21.7 $163.2 $122.9 $73.0 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $5.2 (D) $34.4 $1.8 $3.4 $23.0 $8.4 $12.6 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $41.2 (D) $191.4 $31.9 $18.3 $140.2 $114.5 $60.5 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $41.9 $22.4 $144.5 $33.4 $30.2 $103.6 $56.5 $50.1 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $359.8 $111.6 $1,140.8 $131.1 $119.3 $649.0 $648.4 $242.3 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $175.1 $1,246.4 $192.1 $103.2 $182.9 $176.8 $0.0 $329.6 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 106 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland^ Ross Sandusky Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 81.0% 94.5% 81.3% 89.6% 91.6% 86.7% 77.8% 91.8% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 38.0% 53.8% (D) 41.3% (D) (D) 19.8% 44.7% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 8.0% 0.8% (D) 8.5% (D) (D) 0.3% 0.7% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 7.8% 0.5% (D) 8.3% (D) (D) 0.2% 0.4% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.2% 0.2% 1.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 7.3% 2.7% 4.4% 4.6% 6.1% 4.6% 3.1% 3.1% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 22.7% 50.3% 19.5% 28.2% 32.0% 21.7% 16.4% 40.9% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 6.8% (D) 9.3% 22.4% 26.5% 17.9% 11.1% 32.2% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 15.9% (D) 10.2% 5.9% 5.5% 3.8% 5.3% 8.8% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 43.0% 40.7% (D) 48.3% (D) (D) 58.0% 47.1% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% (D) 2.5% (D) 4.0% (D) (D) 4.8% (D) Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% (D) 0.7% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.4% 1.6% (D) Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 3.1% 1.8% (D) 3.9% (D) (D) 3.1% 2.7% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% (D) (D) 16.8% (D) 10.6% 13.5% 11.1% 8.7% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% (D) (D) 10.4% (D) 5.0% 5.1% 2.7% 3.0% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 5.6% 2.9% 6.3% 7.3% 5.6% 8.4% 8.5% 5.7% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 0.4% 0.3% 1.4% 0.5% 0.8% 3.1% 4.2% 1.5% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 14.5% 6.6% 16.4% 17.6% 14.7% 17.1% 13.2% 13.8% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 3.5% 1.6% 2.9% 3.6% 5.2% 4.8% 3.4% 2.7% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 11.0% 5.0% 13.5% 14.0% 9.5% 12.3% 9.8% 11.1% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 5.5% 20.0% 6.8% (D) 6.0% 6.3% 4.6% 5.1% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% 1.3% (D) 3.4% (D) 1.7% 1.8% 0.9% 1.2% Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% 2.0% (D) 1.7% (D) 2.2% 0.8% 1.7% 1.9% Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 2.2% 16.3% 1.7% 1.1% 2.1% 3.7% 2.0% 2.0% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 5.1% 4.6% 5.5% 4.2% 4.5% 10.9% 14.1% (D) Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% (D) (D) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3% 0.5% 0.1% (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% (D) (D) 4.9% 4.1% 4.2% 10.4% 13.9% (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 2.4% (D) 3.7% 2.7% 1.5% 3.3% 4.2% 2.5% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.3% (D) 0.6% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.3% 0.4% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.2% (D) 3.1% 2.5% 1.3% 2.9% 3.9% 2.1% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.2% 1.1% 2.4% 2.7% 2.1% 2.1% 1.9% 1.7% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 19.0% 5.5% 18.7% 10.4% 8.4% 13.3% 22.2% 8.2% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 9.2% 61.2% 3.1% 8.2% 12.9% 3.6% 0.0% 11.2% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 107 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $3,046.6 $1,901.0 $3,323.1 $17,168.7 $30,687.3 $8,010.1 $3,829.0 $4,169.9 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $2,635.2 $1,695.6 $3,127.0 $15,616.1 $27,977.8 $7,222.7 $3,434.2 $3,834.2 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $956.3 $587.3 $1,972.6 $4,670.4 $5,526.2 $2,418.0 $1,321.6 $1,686.0 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $10.6 $72.3 $97.7 $170.7 $28.7 $95.7 $191.5 $43.5 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $10.3 $42.8 $97.7 $64.5 $13.9 $60.3 $30.8 $33.4 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $0.2 $29.5 $0.0 $106.2 $14.8 $35.4 $160.7 $10.1 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $58.5 $97.0 $221.9 $777.0 $1,252.7 $349.7 $248.1 $124.5 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $887.2 $418.1 $1,653.1 $3,722.7 $4,244.9 $1,972.7 $882.0 $1,518.1 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $101.8 $303.5 $1,180.5 $2,457.3 $2,589.4 $1,369.3 $486.1 $758.8 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $785.5 $114.6 $472.5 $1,265.4 $1,655.5 $603.4 $396.0 $759.2 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $1,679.0 $1,108.3 $1,154.4 $10,945.8 $22,451.6 $4,804.7 $2,112.6 $2,148.2 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $189.5 $105.0 (D) $489.3 $947.9 $405.2 $161.2 $131.2 Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $45.1 $13.3 $5.4 $83.7 $146.9 $153.5 $15.9 $14.5 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $144.4 $91.7 (D) $405.6 $801.0 $251.6 $145.3 $116.7 Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $219.5 $219.2 $327.6 $2,320.4 $5,077.4 $1,013.6 $501.6 $403.5 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $37.1 $82.0 $197.1 $1,069.4 $2,694.4 $375.3 $209.0 $206.7 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $182.3 $137.2 $130.5 $1,251.0 $2,383.0 $638.3 $292.6 $196.8 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $30.7 $26.1 $27.8 $288.6 $786.2 $140.0 $64.4 $45.0 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $452.7 $359.2 $326.4 $3,403.7 $5,724.7 $1,551.6 $585.6 $314.1 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $96.7 $109.7 $92.2 $1,312.3 $2,316.5 $319.1 $143.5 $91.0 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $356.0 $249.5 $234.3 $2,091.4 $3,408.2 $1,232.5 $442.1 $223.1 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $147.2 $103.2 (D) $1,335.8 $4,657.6 $456.7 $265.9 $1,027.6 Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 $63.3 (D) (D) $625.8 $1,616.3 $121.1 $96.9 (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 $35.3 (D) (D) $154.7 $1,928.8 $101.6 $46.1 (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $48.6 $35.9 $57.5 $555.2 $1,112.5 $234.0 $122.9 $335.7 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $494.3 $192.6 $133.4 $2,023.4 $3,491.5 $678.9 $303.9 $101.8 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 $7.3 $65.7 $5.7 $184.5 $186.3 $30.0 $8.4 $4.6 Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 $487.0 $126.9 $127.7 $1,838.9 $3,305.2 $648.9 $295.4 $97.2 Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $80.9 $55.0 $45.2 $640.8 $1,099.4 $373.4 $125.8 $59.1 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $4.2 $4.5 $3.8 $109.0 $327.7 $29.3 $15.4 $6.5 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $76.7 $50.5 $41.4 $531.8 $771.8 $344.1 $110.4 $52.7 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $64.1 $48.0 $53.1 $443.8 $666.8 $185.5 $104.2 $65.9 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $411.4 $205.4 $196.1 $1,552.6 $2,709.5 $787.4 $394.8 $335.7 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $0.0 $67.3 $178.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $691.9 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 108 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 86.5% 89.2% 94.1% 91.0% 91.2% 90.2% 89.7% 91.9% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 31.4% 30.9% 59.4% 27.2% 18.0% 30.2% 34.5% 40.4% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 0.3% 3.8% 2.9% 1.0% 0.1% 1.2% 5.0% 1.0% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 0.3% 2.3% 2.9% 0.4% 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.0% 1.6% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.4% 4.2% 0.2% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 1.9% 5.1% 6.7% 4.5% 4.1% 4.4% 6.5% 3.0% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 29.1% 22.0% 49.7% 21.7% 13.8% 24.6% 23.0% 36.4% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 3.3% 16.0% 35.5% 14.3% 8.4% 17.1% 12.7% 18.2% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 25.8% 6.0% 14.2% 7.4% 5.4% 7.5% 10.3% 18.2% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 55.1% 58.3% 34.7% 63.8% 73.2% 60.0% 55.2% 51.5% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 6.2% 5.5% (D) 2.8% 3.1% 5.1% 4.2% 3.1% Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 0.7% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 1.9% 0.4% 0.3% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 4.7% 4.8% (D) 2.4% 2.6% 3.1% 3.8% 2.8% Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 7.2% 11.5% 9.9% 13.5% 16.5% 12.7% 13.1% 9.7% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 1.2% 4.3% 5.9% 6.2% 8.8% 4.7% 5.5% 5.0% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 6.0% 7.2% 3.9% 7.3% 7.8% 8.0% 7.6% 4.7% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 1.0% 1.4% 0.8% 1.7% 2.6% 1.7% 1.7% 1.1% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 14.9% 18.9% 9.8% 19.8% 18.7% 19.4% 15.3% 7.5% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 3.2% 5.8% 2.8% 7.6% 7.5% 4.0% 3.7% 2.2% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 11.7% 13.1% 7.0% 12.2% 11.1% 15.4% 11.5% 5.3% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 4.8% 5.4% (D) 7.8% 15.2% 5.7% 6.9% 24.6% Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% 2.1% (D) (D) 3.6% 5.3% 1.5% 2.5% (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% 1.2% (D) (D) 0.9% 6.3% 1.3% 1.2% (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 1.6% 1.9% 1.7% 3.2% 3.6% 2.9% 3.2% 8.1% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 16.2% 10.1% 4.0% 11.8% 11.4% 8.5% 7.9% 2.4% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% 0.2% 3.5% 0.2% 1.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% 16.0% 6.7% 3.8% 10.7% 10.8% 8.1% 7.7% 2.3% Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 2.7% 2.9% 1.4% 3.7% 3.6% 4.7% 3.3% 1.4% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.6% 1.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 2.5% 2.7% 1.2% 3.1% 2.5% 4.3% 2.9% 1.3% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 2.5% 1.6% 2.6% 2.2% 2.3% 2.7% 1.6% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 13.5% 10.8% 5.9% 9.0% 8.8% 9.8% 10.3% 8.1% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.5% 5.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 16.6% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 109 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector (in millions)

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Van Wert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Total 1 $20,580,223 $675,905 $1,431.6 $327.1 $10,807.1 $3,672.5 $5,626.4 $1,771.9 $7,130.6 $1,108.8 Private industries 2 $18,035,586 $603,476 $1,321.8 $279.0 $9,898.6 $3,444.0 $5,085.7 $1,614.1 $6,249.8 $997.6 Goods-producing Industries 91 $3,673,443 $154,009 $456.5 $79.6 $2,218.9 $1,033.0 $2,437.3 $796.5 $2,313.7 $572.1 Natural Resources & Mining 87 $513,107 $17,292 $184.5 $10.4 $7.3 $115.4 $233.3 $77.5 $89.0 $134.6 Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 $166,464 $3,798 $181.6 $2.6 $2.6 $11.7 $46.6 $73.6 $72.4 $100.9 Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 $346,645 $13,494 $2.9 $7.8 $4.7 $103.7 $186.7 $3.9 $16.7 $33.7 Construction 11 23 $839,143 $25,227 $42.8 $7.5 $555.5 $141.7 $285.2 $50.3 $418.9 $77.8 Manufacturing 12 31-33 $2,321,192 $111,491 $229.2 $61.7 $1,656.1 $775.9 $1,918.8 $668.7 $1,805.8 $359.8 Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 $1,296,405 $62,521 $198.6 $19.1 $1,000.9 $281.9 $942.4 $418.2 $1,293.8 $224.5 Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p $1,024,786 $48,970 $30.6 $42.6 $655.2 $494.0 $976.4 $250.5 $512.0 $135.2 Services-Providing Industries 92 $14,362,142 $449,467 $865.2 $199.4 $7,679.7 $2,411.0 $2,648.4 $817.6 $3,936.1 $425.5 Transportation & Utilities 89 $983,979 $34,116 $111.8 $71.3 $179.1 $834.8 $163.0 (D) $527.5 (D) Utilities 10 22 $325,852 $11,056 $81.9 $52.4 $6.8 $730.3 $16.7 $8.5 $68.8 $2.9 Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 $658,125 $23,059 $29.8 $18.9 $172.3 $104.5 $146.3 (D) $458.7 (D) Trade 88 $2,339,109 $80,571 $118.4 (D) $1,796.4 $303.1 $716.9 $239.2 $906.1 $112.4 Wholesale Trade 34 42 $1,212,229 $41,726 $53.6 (D) $928.2 $119.9 $369.9 $102.8 $515.6 $57.9 Retail Trade 35 44-45 $1,126,879 $38,845 $64.8 $8.1 $868.2 $183.2 $347.0 $136.4 $390.6 $54.5 Information 45 51 $1,067,744 $17,716 $12.7 $0.2 $409.4 $15.8 $72.4 $12.3 $121.5 $7.1 Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 $4,301,603 $135,607 $403.0 $55.7 $1,719.4 $471.3 $811.5 $234.7 $1,063.0 $144.0 Finance & Insurance 51 52 $1,567,321 $61,864 $261.3 (D) $739.6 $170.0 $291.2 $63.0 $248.7 $45.7 Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 $2,734,282 $73,743 $141.7 (D) $979.8 $301.3 $520.3 $171.7 $814.4 $98.3 Professional & Business Services 59 $2,579,417 $77,302 $68.1 $35.3 $1,956.2 $189.5 $245.5 $79.6 $519.1 (D) Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 $1,546,411 $34,922 (D) (D) $580.1 $80.1 $120.7 (D) $203.2 (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 $394,871 $21,452 (D) (D) $970.7 $54.7 $61.7 (D) $176.8 (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 $638,135 $20,928 $22.3 $2.1 $405.4 $54.7 $63.1 $19.8 $139.1 $16.1 Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 $1,792,456 $65,197 $98.3 $15.0 $758.0 $451.4 $381.8 $119.4 $387.8 $26.7 Educational Services 69 61 $255,548 $6,295 $1.4 $0.1 $38.8 $38.6 $90.5 $3.4 $28.0 (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 $1,536,908 $58,902 $96.9 $14.9 $719.2 $412.8 $291.2 $115.9 $359.7 (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 $860,608 $24,825 $23.6 $3.8 $504.3 $78.5 $111.2 (D) $247.6 $14.7 Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 $227,422 $7,721 $3.5 (D) $179.9 $5.0 $14.4 (D) $24.5 $1.0 Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 $633,186 $17,104 $20.0 (D) $324.5 $73.5 $96.7 (D) $223.1 $13.7 Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 $437,228 $14,132 $29.4 (D) $356.8 $66.7 $146.2 $38.9 $163.4 $25.0 Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 $2,544,637 $72,429 $109.9 $48.1 $908.6 $228.5 $540.7 $157.8 $880.8 $111.2 Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* $0 $0 $45.8 $102.8 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $144.7 $0.0 $103.3 Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; $0.0 may also mean less than $500,000. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 110 Table A2: 2018 GDP by County and Sector - Percentage Distribution

Codes Industry Title Line NAICS U.S. Ohio Van Wert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Total 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Private industries 2 87.6% 89.3% 92.3% 85.3% 91.6% 93.8% 90.4% 91.1% 87.6% 90.0% Goods-producing Industries 91 17.8% 22.8% 31.9% 24.3% 20.5% 28.1% 43.3% 45.0% 32.4% 51.6% Natural Resources & Mining 87 2.5% 2.6% 12.9% 3.2% 0.1% 3.1% 4.1% 4.4% 1.2% 12.1% Agriculture-Forestry-Fishing-Hunting 3 11 0.8% 0.6% 12.7% 0.8% 0.0% 0.3% 0.8% 4.2% 1.0% 9.1% Mining-Quarrying-Oil & Gas Extraction 6 21 1.7% 2.0% 0.2% 2.4% 0.0% 2.8% 3.3% 0.2% 0.2% 3.0% Construction 11 23 4.1% 3.7% 3.0% 2.3% 5.1% 3.9% 5.1% 2.8% 5.9% 7.0% Manufacturing 12 31-33 11.3% 16.5% 16.0% 18.9% 15.3% 21.1% 34.1% 37.7% 25.3% 32.4% Durable Goods Mfg. 13 32p-33 6.3% 9.2% 13.9% 5.8% 9.3% 7.7% 16.7% 23.6% 18.1% 20.2% Non-durable Goods Mfg. 25 31-32p 5.0% 7.2% 2.1% 13.0% 6.1% 13.5% 17.4% 14.1% 7.2% 12.2% Services-Providing Industries 92 69.8% 66.5% 60.4% 61.0% 71.1% 65.6% 47.1% 46.1% 55.2% 38.4% Transportation & Utilities 89 4.8% 5.0% 7.8% 21.8% 1.7% 22.7% 2.9% (D) 7.4% (D) Utilities 10 22 1.6% 1.6% 5.7% 16.0% 0.1% 19.9% 0.3% 0.5% 1.0% 0.3% Transportation & Warehousing 36 48-49 3.2% 3.4% 2.1% 5.8% 1.6% 2.8% 2.6% (D) 6.4% (D) Trade 88 11.4% 11.9% 8.3% (D) 16.6% 8.3% 12.7% 13.5% 12.7% 10.1% Wholesale Trade 34 42 5.9% 6.2% 3.7% (D) 8.6% 3.3% 6.6% 5.8% 7.2% 5.2% Retail Trade 35 44-45 5.5% 5.7% 4.5% 2.5% 8.0% 5.0% 6.2% 7.7% 5.5% 4.9% Information 45 51 5.2% 2.6% 0.9% 0.1% 3.8% 0.4% 1.3% 0.7% 1.7% 0.6% Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, etc. 50 20.9% 20.1% 28.1% 17.0% 15.9% 12.8% 14.4% 13.2% 14.9% 13.0% Finance & Insurance 51 52 7.6% 9.2% 18.3% (D) 6.8% 4.6% 5.2% 3.6% 3.5% 4.1% Real Estate-Rental-Leasing 56 53 13.3% 10.9% 9.9% (D) 9.1% 8.2% 9.2% 9.7% 11.4% 8.9% Professional & Business Services 59 12.5% 11.4% 4.8% 10.8% 18.1% 5.2% 4.4% 4.5% 7.3% (D) Professional-Scientific-Technical 60 54 7.5% 5.2% (D) (D) 5.4% 2.2% 2.1% (D) 2.8% (D) Enterprise Management 64 55 1.9% 3.2% (D) (D) 9.0% 1.5% 1.1% (D) 2.5% (D) Administrative Support & Waste Mgt. 65 56 3.1% 3.1% 1.6% 0.6% 3.8% 1.5% 1.1% 1.1% 2.0% 1.5% Education-Health Care-Social Assistance 68 8.7% 9.6% 6.9% 4.6% 7.0% 12.3% 6.8% 6.7% 5.4% 2.4% Educational Services 69 61 1.2% 0.9% 0.1% 0.0% 0.4% 1.1% 1.6% 0.2% 0.4% (D) Health Care & Social Assistance 70 62 7.5% 8.7% 6.8% 4.5% 6.7% 11.2% 5.2% 6.5% 5.0% (D) Leisure & Hospitality 75 4.2% 3.7% 1.6% 1.2% 4.7% 2.1% 2.0% (D) 3.5% 1.3% Arts-Entertainment-Recreation 76 71 1.1% 1.1% 0.2% (D) 1.7% 0.1% 0.3% (D) 0.3% 0.1% Accommodation & Food Services 79 72 3.1% 2.5% 1.4% (D) 3.0% 2.0% 1.7% (D) 3.1% 1.2% Other Services (exc. Government) 82 81 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% (D) 3.3% 1.8% 2.6% 2.2% 2.3% 2.3% Governments & Their Enterprises 83 92 12.4% 10.7% 7.7% 14.7% 8.4% 6.2% 9.6% 8.9% 12.4% 10.0% Not Disclosed by Most-Specific Industry* 0.0% 0.0% 3.2% 31.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 8.2% 0.0% 9.3% Notes and Abbreviations: ^ - A one-county MA in Ohio or the one Ohio county in a cross-state MA; (D) - suppressed to avoid disclosing confidential information; * - using encompassing higher-level summaries may reduce this figure; exc. - except; Mfg. - Manufacturing; Mgt. - Management; NAICS - N. American Industry Classification System; p - part; 0.0% may also mean less than 0.05%. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, table CAGDP2_OH_2001_2018. Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency (DL, 12/19). 111 Table A3: Ohio and U.S. GDP by Sector, 1998-2018 (in billions of chained 2012 dollars)

2012 Percent Change NAICS Codes Industry Titles Area 1998 1999 2000 2001^ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008^ `98-`00 `00-`01 `01-`07

11-92 Total# U.S. $12,038.28 $12,610.49 $13,130.99 $13,262.08 $13,493.06 $13,879.13 $14,406.38 $14,912.51 $15,338.26 $15,626.03 $15,604.69 9.1% 1.0% 17.8% Ohio $487.90 $499.06 $508.99 $501.82 $514.75 $522.65 $534.36 $543.74 $541.18 $541.41 $537.20 4.3% -1.4% 7.9% 11-81 Private sector# U.S. $10,358.43 $10,895.08 $11,384.01 $11,465.14 $11,669.11 $12,005.87 $12,499.29 $12,980.91 $13,402.32 $13,625.24 $13,540.59 9.9% 0.7% 18.8% Ohio $424.18 $435.34 $443.48 $437.26 $449.96 $457.64 $469.26 $479.09 $477.35 $477.84 $473.19 4.6% -1.4% 9.3% 11, 21, 23-33 Goods producers# U.S. $2,556.12 $2,678.71 $2,838.74 $2,760.07 $2,764.06 $2,866.64 $3,035.03 $3,107.27 $3,243.21 $3,290.48 $3,166.17 11.1% -2.8% 19.2% Ohio $136.75 $135.41 $138.32 $127.32 $129.66 $131.01 $138.69 $137.69 $136.98 $134.55 $125.12 1.1% -8.0% 5.7% 11 Agriculture, forestry, U.S. $136.88 $141.02 $161.80 $156.15 $161.62 $174.16 $188.09 $196.13 $199.35 $176.57 $180.29 18.2% -3.5% 13.1% fishing & hunting Ohio $3.21 $2.55 $3.51 $3.09 $3.10 $3.15 $3.83 $3.57 $3.95 $3.40 $3.41 9.6% -11.9% 10.0% 21 Mining U.S. $274.62 $266.35 $236.20 $273.33 $280.55 $248.44 $249.88 $254.06 $293.06 $315.65 $305.55 -14.0% 15.7% 15.5% Ohio $3.84 $3.70 $3.79 $3.50 $4.09 $3.39 $3.30 $3.06 $3.25 $3.37 $3.22 -1.4% -7.6% -3.7% 23 Construction U.S. $723.02 $752.83 $783.31 $767.20 $742.31 $754.40 $781.33 $784.80 $768.40 $744.70 $672.11 8.3% -2.1% -2.9% Ohio $27.30 $27.89 $27.61 $25.81 $24.56 $24.44 $24.66 $22.91 $20.62 $19.32 $17.86 1.1% -6.5% -25.2% 31-33 Manufacturing# U.S. $1,483.74 $1,566.18 $1,678.78 $1,607.45 $1,621.54 $1,711.40 $1,832.21 $1,887.94 $1,995.02 $2,060.95 $2,019.11 13.1% -4.2% 28.2% Ohio $102.93 $101.91 $104.05 $95.58 $98.44 $100.15 $106.84 $107.91 $109.09 $108.40 $100.59 1.1% -8.1% 13.4% 32p & 33 Durable goods U.S. $630.37 $674.38 $753.05 $704.50 $719.38 $772.83 $828.34 $885.61 $953.54 $997.89 $1,003.59 19.5% -6.4% 41.6% Ohio $58.51 $57.25 $59.88 $52.76 $54.01 $55.34 $60.22 $62.70 $63.00 $61.93 $58.79 2.3% -11.9% 17.4% 31 & 32p Nondurable goods U.S. $925.22 $957.70 $966.98 $956.21 $949.39 $978.93 $1,046.44 $1,027.90 $1,060.33 $1,077.49 $1,021.55 4.5% -1.1% 12.7% Ohio $43.19 $43.87 $42.52 $42.54 $44.30 $44.49 $45.72 $43.45 $44.45 $45.08 $40.11 -1.5% 0.0% 6.0% 22, 42-81 Service providers1# U.S. $7,807.39 $8,221.91 $8,550.71 $8,709.60 $8,908.49 $9,143.52 $9,470.44 $9,879.12 $10,165.06 $10,340.69 $10,380.36 9.5% 1.9% 18.7% Ohio $288.24 $300.96 $306.20 $310.98 $321.36 $327.69 $331.83 $342.51 $341.47 $344.24 $348.51 6.2% 1.6% 10.7% 22 Utilities U.S. $220.90 $257.34 $260.76 $215.36 $222.90 $217.93 $231.21 $219.18 $232.84 $237.52 $250.22 18.0% -17.4% 10.3% Ohio $9.66 $11.13 $10.70 $8.70 $8.55 $7.79 $7.76 $7.18 $7.56 $8.64 $9.10 10.8% -18.7% -0.7% 42 Wholesale trade U.S. $745.09 $769.79 $809.11 $824.44 $833.25 $879.26 $916.81 $958.17 $984.88 $1,018.03 $1,016.97 8.6% 1.9% 23.5% Ohio $29.56 $30.09 $30.34 $31.12 $31.30 $32.65 $33.50 $34.69 $35.78 $36.60 $36.72 2.7% 2.6% 17.6% 44-45 Retail trade U.S. $765.67 $793.85 $820.39 $850.11 $887.42 $932.97 $948.99 $979.73 $987.32 $955.14 $920.13 7.1% 3.6% 12.4% Ohio $32.75 $33.22 $33.93 $34.78 $35.81 $37.99 $37.78 $37.45 $35.09 $33.86 $32.44 3.6% 2.5% -2.7% 48-49p Transportation & U.S. $422.32 $425.83 $424.84 $396.30 $382.00 $395.43 $428.35 $448.93 $475.36 $471.66 $467.44 0.6% -6.7% 19.0% warehousing1 Ohio $14.75 $15.10 $15.48 $14.58 $14.27 $14.70 $15.73 $16.90 $17.71 $17.45 $17.13 5.0% -5.8% 19.7% 51 Information U.S. $383.64 $429.95 $421.98 $447.00 $490.24 $505.55 $563.95 $601.73 $622.77 $683.99 $727.86 10.0% 5.9% 53.0% Ohio $10.21 $10.44 $9.95 $10.49 $11.97 $12.35 $12.72 $13.30 $13.02 $13.93 $14.91 -2.5% 5.5% 32.7% 52 Finance & insurance U.S. $764.24 $827.58 $904.73 $973.85 $967.22 $972.80 $971.94 $1,063.00 $1,106.93 $1,079.26 $920.01 18.4% 7.6% 10.8% Ohio $26.56 $30.05 $32.45 $33.46 $37.66 $37.80 $38.17 $43.22 $43.58 $42.95 $42.83 22.2% 3.1% 28.4% 53 Real estate, rental U.S. $1,430.21 $1,502.43 $1,546.22 $1,613.09 $1,641.24 $1,666.74 $1,706.92 $1,799.30 $1,833.10 $1,910.50 $1,954.48 8.1% 4.3% 18.4% & leasing Ohio $48.16 $50.74 $52.03 $54.76 $55.11 $55.06 $54.63 $56.59 $54.00 $56.29 $57.04 8.0% 5.2% 2.8% 54 Professional, scientific U.S. $759.52 $801.89 $845.30 $871.48 $892.60 $904.57 $935.87 $971.10 $1,008.62 $1,046.54 $1,128.38 11.3% 3.1% 20.1% & technical Ohio $22.12 $23.88 $22.96 $23.77 $24.03 $23.87 $24.40 $24.77 $25.70 $26.59 $28.60 3.8% 3.5% 11.8% 55 Mgt. of companies U.S. $262.11 $262.96 $277.33 $288.64 $285.98 $295.51 $278.63 $278.44 $277.30 $270.63 $272.56 5.8% 4.1% -6.2% & enterprises Ohio $12.78 $12.26 $12.26 $13.74 $15.39 $16.14 $15.20 $15.85 $15.76 $14.49 $14.98 -4.1% 12.0% 5.5% 56 Administrative support U.S. $298.89 $314.97 $337.85 $342.57 $341.03 $365.58 $384.42 $418.02 $427.39 $451.55 $452.04 13.0% 1.4% 31.8% & waste mgt. Ohio $12.03 $12.47 $12.64 $12.42 $12.34 $13.39 $13.86 $14.96 $14.85 $15.78 $15.89 5.1% -1.8% 27.1% 61 Education U.S. $140.74 $147.19 $152.61 $156.59 $157.46 $164.99 $174.91 $171.87 $176.19 $178.92 $190.52 8.4% 2.6% 14.3% Ohio $4.29 $4.49 $4.64 $4.70 $4.65 $4.88 $5.18 $5.13 $5.39 $5.33 $5.61 8.0% 1.4% 13.3% 62 Health care & U.S. $781.19 $805.98 $835.78 $855.53 $894.45 $928.27 $970.80 $994.71 $1,037.12 $1,043.62 $1,110.00 7.0% 2.4% 22.0% social assistance Ohio $34.47 $35.25 $36.31 $37.63 $38.85 $40.04 $41.81 $42.48 $44.32 $43.45 $45.65 5.3% 3.6% 15.5% 71 Arts, entertainment U.S. $126.45 $131.19 $137.81 $129.98 $135.79 $140.67 $145.35 $145.26 $149.79 $151.49 $153.42 9.0% -5.7% 16.5% & recreation Ohio $5.50 $5.65 $5.81 $5.31 $5.28 $5.55 $5.36 $4.86 $4.46 $4.63 $4.44 5.8% -8.7% -12.9% 72 Accommodation U.S. $376.99 $399.91 $425.49 $413.81 $422.33 $431.87 $453.00 $454.90 $466.94 $461.70 $446.05 12.9% -2.7% 11.6% & food services Ohio $11.90 $12.38 $12.93 $12.73 $12.75 $12.89 $13.14 $12.83 $12.48 $12.53 $11.94 8.7% -1.5% -1.6% 81 Other services U.S. $419.04 $421.72 $431.46 $388.80 $399.44 $388.19 $393.31 $396.05 $398.00 $388.80 $374.54 3.0% -9.9% 0.0% (exc. Government) Ohio $16.30 $16.17 $16.25 $14.99 $15.19 $14.51 $14.41 $13.54 $13.18 $12.78 $12.06 -0.3% -7.8% -14.7% 92 Government2 U.S. $1,915.23 $1,938.27 $1,977.62 $1,997.76 $2,033.35 $2,057.86 $2,076.46 $2,095.48 $2,107.23 $2,127.70 $2,169.14 3.3% 1.0% 6.5% Ohio $64.38 $64.07 $65.97 $65.01 $65.06 $65.19 $65.17 $64.62 $63.76 $63.49 $63.95 2.5% -1.5% -2.3%

Notes: ^ - a recession year, either partially or entirely, for the nation as a whole; * - preliminary; prior years may be revised; 1 - excludes U.S. Postal Service (NAICS 491); 2 - includes U.S. Postal Service; p - part;

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

112 Table A3: Ohio and U.S. GDP by Sector, 1998-2018 (in billions of chained 2012 dollars)

2012 Percent Change NAICS Codes Industry Titles Area 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018* `07-`09 `09-`18* `98-`18*

11-92 Total# U.S. $15,604.69 $15,208.83 $15,598.75 $15,840.66 $16,197.01 $16,495.37 $16,899.83 $17,386.70 $17,659.19 $18,050.69 $18,566.44 -2.7% 22.1% 54.2% Ohio $537.20 $509.22 $521.09 $538.70 $540.82 $550.80 $570.36 $577.28 $581.59 $590.88 $601.50 -5.9% 18.1% 23.3% 11-81 Private sector# U.S. $13,540.59 $13,128.31 $13,467.32 $13,697.39 $14,037.52 $14,302.27 $14,681.84 $15,140.17 $15,387.51 $15,718.23 $16,188.91 -3.6% 23.3% 56.3% Ohio $473.19 $446.27 $456.93 $475.51 $477.61 $488.77 $509.29 $516.38 $520.02 $528.54 $539.43 -6.6% 20.9% 27.2% 11, 21, 23-33 Goods producers# U.S. $3,166.17 $2,954.51 $2,979.03 $2,983.13 $3,018.85 $3,135.92 $3,201.67 $3,279.89 $3,274.36 $3,327.01 $3,441.18 -10.2% 16.5% 34.6% Ohio $125.12 $107.86 $111.42 $118.97 $115.64 $120.91 $132.94 $132.91 $133.30 $135.41 $139.48 -19.8% 29.3% 2.0% 11 Agriculture, forestry, U.S. $180.29 $199.98 $193.86 $186.40 $179.57 $209.39 $210.51 $224.59 $234.23 $222.99 $213.81 13.3% 6.9% 56.2% fishing & hunting Ohio $3.41 $4.82 $4.06 $4.58 $3.76 $4.89 $4.64 $3.96 $4.09 $3.75 $3.59 41.5% -25.5% 12.0% 21 Mining U.S. $305.55 $350.40 $309.26 $320.76 $358.80 $372.93 $410.00 $444.33 $423.11 $429.31 $435.86 11.0% 24.4% 58.7% Ohio $3.22 $3.91 $3.18 $3.27 $3.11 $4.29 $7.90 $14.12 $16.75 $17.19 $18.00 16.0% 360.6% 369.0% 23 Construction U.S. $672.11 $577.19 $547.49 $538.66 $553.42 $567.17 $574.75 $598.86 $618.94 $623.79 $641.84 -22.5% 11.2% -11.2% Ohio $17.86 $16.28 $15.14 $16.00 $17.19 $17.64 $17.65 $18.03 $18.54 $19.50 $19.05 -15.7% 17.0% -30.2% 31-33 Manufacturing# U.S. $2,019.11 $1,833.42 $1,932.63 $1,939.83 $1,927.06 $1,986.18 $2,005.84 $2,016.72 $1,993.08 $2,041.76 $2,133.56 -11.0% 16.4% 43.8% Ohio $100.59 $82.97 $89.02 $95.12 $91.58 $94.10 $102.92 $98.21 $96.68 $97.62 $101.80 -23.5% 22.7% -1.1% 32p & 33 Durable goods U.S. $1,003.59 $859.21 $967.69 $1,032.94 $1,061.71 $1,087.86 $1,096.69 $1,110.65 $1,105.28 $1,140.11 $1,201.40 -13.9% 39.8% 90.6% Ohio $58.79 $38.52 $45.15 $51.38 $52.12 $52.87 $54.85 $54.25 $53.49 $54.25 $56.56 -37.8% 46.8% -3.3% 31 & 32p Nondurable goods U.S. $1,021.55 $992.76 $972.31 $907.73 $865.35 $898.38 $909.25 $906.00 $887.41 $901.00 $931.44 -7.9% -6.2% 0.7% Ohio $40.11 $45.52 $44.22 $43.79 $39.46 $41.23 $48.18 $43.95 $43.18 $43.33 $45.19 1.0% -0.7% 4.6% 22, 42-81 Service providers1# U.S. $10,380.36 $10,176.63 $10,488.90 $10,714.23 $11,018.67 $11,166.54 $11,480.25 $11,859.29 $12,107.43 $12,383.89 $12,741.33 -1.6% 25.2% 63.2% Ohio $348.51 $338.29 $345.44 $356.57 $361.97 $367.87 $376.45 $383.50 $386.71 $393.13 $399.99 -1.7% 18.2% 38.8% 22 Utilities U.S. $250.22 $237.22 $265.79 $275.96 $279.65 $276.62 $264.98 $263.45 $276.66 $273.82 $279.67 -0.1% 17.9% 26.6% Ohio $9.10 $8.77 $9.56 $9.73 $9.90 $9.75 $9.32 $9.25 $9.68 $9.41 $9.58 1.4% 9.2% -0.9% 42 Wholesale trade U.S. $1,016.97 $894.64 $947.88 $965.38 $997.35 $1,020.22 $1,060.95 $1,103.76 $1,091.28 $1,114.71 $1,151.42 -12.1% 28.7% 54.5% Ohio $36.72 $31.82 $33.36 $33.38 $34.05 $35.04 $36.67 $37.62 $37.53 $38.45 $40.21 -13.1% 26.3% 36.0% 44-45 Retail trade U.S. $920.13 $881.34 $900.18 $901.85 $908.42 $936.68 $950.99 $982.53 $1,020.21 $1,061.00 $1,101.86 -7.7% 25.0% 43.9% Ohio $32.44 $31.42 $31.62 $32.12 $31.73 $32.98 $33.65 $34.84 $35.90 $38.12 $38.61 -7.2% 22.9% 17.9% 48-49p Transportation & U.S. $467.44 $439.45 $460.69 $469.04 $471.97 $478.83 $491.78 $504.26 $510.23 $530.76 $543.55 -6.8% 23.7% 28.7% warehousing1 Ohio $17.13 $15.41 $15.56 $16.21 $15.74 $15.70 $16.19 $17.72 $17.95 $18.33 $18.83 -11.7% 22.2% 27.7% 51 Information U.S. $727.86 $710.08 $750.35 $761.04 $758.95 $827.98 $845.28 $941.02 $1,040.07 $1,114.18 $1,209.11 3.8% 70.3% 215.2% Ohio $14.91 $16.85 $19.42 $21.23 $20.18 $20.52 $17.64 $17.95 $18.72 $19.25 $19.94 21.0% 18.4% 95.3% 52 Finance & insurance U.S. $920.01 $1,091.87 $1,077.71 $1,075.32 $1,162.81 $1,093.77 $1,150.06 $1,182.11 $1,183.13 $1,164.47 $1,128.13 1.2% 3.3% 47.6% Ohio $42.83 $43.73 $40.50 $42.11 $41.27 $40.51 $45.49 $48.19 $47.65 $47.33 $46.55 1.8% 6.5% 75.3% 53 Real estate, rental U.S. $1,954.48 $1,929.63 $1,986.87 $2,051.48 $2,098.16 $2,138.59 $2,178.33 $2,223.80 $2,261.44 $2,284.66 $2,342.36 1.0% 21.4% 63.8% & leasing Ohio $57.04 $56.29 $57.98 $59.57 $60.93 $61.68 $61.69 $62.08 $62.63 $62.94 $64.15 0.0% 14.0% 33.2% 54 Professional, scientific U.S. $1,128.38 $1,067.06 $1,093.02 $1,139.43 $1,188.53 $1,191.80 $1,241.61 $1,288.64 $1,318.50 $1,363.15 $1,438.21 2.0% 34.8% 89.4% & technical Ohio $28.60 $27.30 $27.71 $29.36 $28.95 $29.18 $30.01 $30.18 $30.87 $31.40 $32.62 2.7% 19.5% 47.5% 55 Mgt. of companies U.S. $272.56 $251.91 $269.69 $280.75 $302.20 $317.15 $337.90 $343.51 $346.85 $369.48 $387.14 -6.9% 53.7% 47.7% & enterprises Ohio $14.98 $13.69 $14.65 $15.36 $18.82 $19.35 $20.76 $19.69 $19.95 $20.84 $21.04 -5.5% 53.7% 64.7% 56 Administrative support U.S. $452.04 $416.34 $444.50 $459.26 $473.93 $481.16 $498.80 $509.97 $515.67 $540.52 $560.84 -7.8% 34.7% 87.6% & waste mgt. Ohio $15.89 $14.42 $15.43 $16.27 $17.18 $17.88 $18.42 $18.36 $17.56 $17.98 $18.47 -8.7% 28.1% 53.5% 61 Education U.S. $190.52 $206.03 $212.02 $213.41 $213.88 $210.50 $213.03 $215.14 $217.94 $213.45 $216.37 15.1% 5.0% 53.7% Ohio $5.61 $5.95 $6.03 $6.02 $5.85 $5.61 $5.60 $5.51 $5.53 $5.32 $5.30 11.6% -10.9% 23.4% 62 Health care & U.S. $1,110.00 $1,140.87 $1,149.14 $1,170.97 $1,193.48 $1,215.06 $1,238.39 $1,282.38 $1,316.33 $1,347.14 $1,390.48 9.3% 21.9% 78.0% social assistance Ohio $45.65 $46.21 $46.08 $46.87 $47.85 $49.09 $49.59 $50.47 $51.21 $51.92 $53.06 6.3% 14.8% 53.9% 71 Arts, entertainment U.S. $153.42 $151.45 $159.06 $163.46 $171.23 $174.65 $182.07 $178.42 $182.27 $188.84 $192.78 0.0% 27.3% 52.5% & recreation Ohio $4.44 $4.64 $5.24 $5.33 $5.90 $6.45 $6.33 $6.02 $6.35 $6.72 $6.85 0.4% 47.5% 24.6% 72 Accommodation U.S. $446.05 $413.11 $427.21 $443.39 $450.13 $459.93 $472.99 $490.95 $490.89 $496.76 $500.27 -10.5% 21.1% 32.7% & food services Ohio $11.94 $11.07 $11.39 $11.91 $12.26 $12.97 $13.43 $13.70 $13.59 $13.69 $13.64 -11.6% 23.2% 14.6% 81 Other services U.S. $374.54 $352.64 $345.89 $342.80 $347.99 $345.41 $354.86 $357.65 $355.22 $357.01 $362.43 -9.3% 2.8% -13.5% (exc. Government) Ohio $12.06 $11.20 $10.99 $11.13 $11.37 $11.19 $11.49 $11.55 $11.44 $11.60 $11.69 -12.4% 4.3% -28.3% 92 Government2 U.S. $2,169.14 $2,171.58 $2,182.44 $2,175.62 $2,159.49 $2,144.31 $2,139.02 $2,139.43 $2,161.09 $2,176.83 $2,177.07 2.1% 0.3% 13.7% Ohio $63.95 $62.92 $64.14 $63.19 $63.21 $62.05 $61.16 $61.02 $61.69 $62.47 $62.25 -0.9% -1.1% -3.3%

Notes (continued): # - components may not sum to totals due to rounding and/or different inflators/deflators used for different sectors; n.a. - not available.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

113 Table A4: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Durable Goods, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Durable Goods in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 32p & Durable goods summary: Ohio $60,168 $56,258 $38,723 $44,359 $50,130 $52,123 $53,575 $57,075 $58,931 $58,494 $60,030 33 U.S. $1,030,624 $999,726 $880,961 $964,324 $1,015,190 $1,061,711 $1,101,963 $1,130,721 $1,182,708 $1,182,021 $1,226,648 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.84% 5.63% 4.40% 4.60% 4.94% 4.91% 4.86% 5.05% 4.98% 4.95% 4.89% -0.94% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.72 1.67 1.32 1.39 1.46 1.47 1.45 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 -0.24 321 Wood products: Ohio $932 $830 $702 $779 $803 $721 $779 $935 $922 $1,052 $1,123 U.S. $29,079 $25,622 $21,216 $23,303 $23,640 $25,751 $30,475 $30,941 $32,327 $34,976 $38,124 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.21% 3.24% 3.31% 3.34% 3.40% 2.80% 2.56% 3.02% 2.85% 3.01% 2.95% -0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.01 1.00 0.84 0.76 0.89 0.85 0.91 0.89 -0.05 327 Nonmetallic mineral products: Ohio $2,778 $2,703 $2,442 $2,605 $2,754 $3,119 $3,314 $3,248 $3,192 $3,367 $3,485 U.S. $50,247 $44,745 $38,866 $38,355 $38,838 $42,571 $47,110 $49,359 $54,032 $57,491 $59,548 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.53% 6.04% 6.28% 6.79% 7.09% 7.33% 7.03% 6.58% 5.91% 5.86% 5.85% 0.32% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.63 1.79 1.89 2.05 2.10 2.19 2.10 1.94 1.77 1.76 1.77 0.14 331 Primary metals: Ohio $7,237 $7,642 $2,979 $4,828 $6,122 $5,530 $5,647 $6,011 $6,588 $5,917 $6,067 U.S. $64,535 $68,818 $41,141 $50,878 $62,455 $65,509 $62,310 $63,806 $60,319 $56,878 $59,835 Ohio as percent of U.S. 11.21% 11.10% 7.24% 9.49% 9.80% 8.44% 9.06% 9.42% 10.92% 10.40% 10.14% -1.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 3.30 3.30 2.18 2.86 2.90 2.53 2.71 2.78 3.26 3.13 3.06 -0.24 332 Fabricated metal products: Ohio $11,097 $11,880 $8,766 $9,646 $10,544 $10,790 $10,765 $11,145 $11,148 $10,620 $11,229 U.S. $134,794 $133,116 $117,352 $119,889 $127,180 $137,623 $141,631 $143,539 $146,151 $144,603 $151,870 Ohio as percent of U.S. 8.23% 8.92% 7.47% 8.05% 8.29% 7.84% 7.60% 7.76% 7.63% 7.34% 7.39% -0.84% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 2.42 2.65 2.25 2.43 2.45 2.35 2.27 2.29 2.28 2.21 2.23 -0.19 333 Machinery: Ohio $7,249 $7,155 $5,867 $6,244 $7,360 $7,489 $8,763 $8,785 $8,738 $8,661 $9,158 U.S. $129,534 $131,637 $118,603 $127,197 $144,476 $152,490 $158,168 $160,473 $153,989 $143,665 $150,424 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.60% 5.44% 4.95% 4.91% 5.09% 4.91% 5.54% 5.47% 5.67% 6.03% 6.09% 0.49% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.65 1.61 1.49 1.48 1.51 1.47 1.66 1.62 1.70 1.81 1.84 0.19 334 Computer & electronic products: Ohio $3,118 $3,366 $2,105 $2,388 $2,198 $2,707 $2,735 $2,716 $2,405 $2,287 $2,349 U.S. $228,324 $232,093 $223,701 $239,821 $237,135 $240,441 $244,044 $250,387 $267,591 $270,726 $281,124 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.37% 1.45% 0.94% 1.00% 0.93% 1.13% 1.12% 1.08% 0.90% 0.84% 0.84% -0.53% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.40 0.43 0.28 0.30 0.27 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.25 0.25 -0.15 335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances: Ohio $4,006 $4,477 $3,895 $3,711 $3,569 $3,962 $3,986 $3,915 $4,703 $4,442 $4,390 U.S. $50,275 $55,474 $50,673 $50,708 $48,194 $51,991 $57,968 $54,183 $62,926 $57,604 $58,527 Ohio as percent of U.S. 7.97% 8.07% 7.69% 7.32% 7.41% 7.62% 6.88% 7.23% 7.47% 7.71% 7.50% -0.47% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 2.35 2.40 2.31 2.21 2.19 2.28 2.06 2.14 2.23 2.32 2.26 -0.08 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts: Ohio $14,823 $10,040 $3,984 $6,803 $8,990 $10,617 $10,013 $11,842 $12,106 $12,126 $11,765 U.S. $124,937 $90,325 $47,801 $88,696 $104,195 $115,313 $122,762 $132,130 $145,599 $153,619 $158,888 Ohio as percent of U.S. 11.86% 11.12% 8.33% 7.67% 8.63% 9.21% 8.16% 8.96% 8.31% 7.89% 7.40% -4.46% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 3.49 3.30 2.51 2.31 2.55 2.76 2.44 2.65 2.48 2.38 2.23 -1.26 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt.: Ohio $5,478 $5,047 $5,048 $4,589 $5,019 $4,361 $4,799 $5,398 $5,905 $6,716 $7,037 U.S. $114,200 $114,519 $117,439 $120,597 $126,822 $126,465 $133,082 $138,603 $148,649 $145,654 $148,065 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.80% 4.41% 4.30% 3.80% 3.96% 3.45% 3.61% 3.89% 3.97% 4.61% 4.75% -0.04% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.41 1.31 1.29 1.15 1.17 1.03 1.08 1.15 1.19 1.39 1.43 0.02 337 Furniture & related products: Ohio $1,523 $1,151 $922 $786 $866 $800 $826 $948 $1,036 $1,106 $1,180 U.S. $32,503 $27,849 $22,820 $21,835 $21,954 $22,386 $24,009 $25,724 $28,975 $30,192 $31,347 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.69% 4.13% 4.04% 3.60% 3.94% 3.57% 3.44% 3.68% 3.58% 3.66% 3.76% -0.92% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.38 1.23 1.21 1.08 1.17 1.07 1.03 1.09 1.07 1.10 1.14 -0.24 339 Miscellaneous mfg.: Ohio $1,927 $1,968 $2,013 $1,980 $1,907 $2,026 $1,947 $2,134 $2,190 $2,203 $2,246 U.S. $72,196 $75,530 $81,350 $83,045 $80,301 $81,171 $80,404 $81,575 $82,149 $86,614 $88,896 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.67% 2.61% 2.47% 2.38% 2.37% 2.50% 2.42% 2.62% 2.67% 2.54% 2.53% -0.14% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.75 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.77 0.76 -0.02

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19). 114 Table A4: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Durable Goods, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Durable Goods in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 32p & Durable goods summary: Ohio $61,926 $58,788 $38,522 $45,149 $51,384 $52,123 $52,871 $54,853 $54,250 $53,487 $54,253 -$7,672 -12.4% 33 U.S. $997,892 $1,003,593 $859,211 $967,686 $1,032,939 $1,061,711 $1,087,861 $1,096,694 $1,110,645 $1,105,284 $1,140,108 $142,216 14.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 6.21% 5.86% 4.48% 4.67% 4.97% 4.91% 4.86% 5.00% 4.88% 4.84% 4.76% -1.45% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.79 1.70 1.34 1.40 1.46 1.47 1.46 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.45 -0.34 321 Wood products: Ohio $868 $820 $713 $767 $863 $721 $675 $727 $732 $817 $848 -$21 -2.4% U.S. $27,088 $25,318 $21,531 $22,921 $25,395 $25,751 $26,407 $24,050 $25,658 $27,170 $28,772 $1,685 6.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.20% 3.24% 3.31% 3.34% 3.40% 2.80% 2.56% 3.02% 2.85% 3.01% 2.95% -0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.92 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.77 0.90 0.86 0.91 0.90 -0.03 327 Nonmetallic mineral products: Ohio $2,743 $2,825 $2,380 $2,627 $2,868 $3,119 $3,174 $2,990 $2,680 $2,664 $2,699 -$45 -1.6% U.S. $49,623 $46,759 $37,882 $38,668 $40,443 $42,571 $45,123 $45,446 $45,358 $45,488 $46,111 -$3,512 -7.1% Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.53% 6.04% 6.28% 6.79% 7.09% 7.33% 7.03% 6.58% 5.91% 5.86% 5.85% 0.32% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.60 1.75 1.88 2.03 2.09 2.19 2.11 1.95 1.78 1.78 1.79 0.19 331 Primary metals: Ohio $5,757 $5,974 $3,634 $4,835 $5,526 $5,530 $6,302 $6,338 $8,037 $8,051 $6,957 $1,200 20.8% U.S. $51,332 $53,799 $50,187 $50,946 $56,382 $65,509 $69,533 $67,282 $73,588 $77,391 $68,606 $17,274 33.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 11.21% 11.10% 7.24% 9.49% 9.80% 8.44% 9.06% 9.42% 10.92% 10.40% 10.14% -1.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 3.24 3.23 2.16 2.84 2.88 2.53 2.71 2.79 3.29 3.16 3.10 -0.14 332 Fabricated metal products: Ohio $13,109 $13,477 $8,542 $10,099 $11,057 $10,790 $10,399 $10,743 $10,075 $9,356 $10,194 -$2,915 -22.2% U.S. $159,227 $151,012 $114,350 $125,516 $133,366 $137,623 $136,812 $138,366 $132,084 $127,402 $137,871 -$21,356 -13.4% Ohio as percent of U.S. 8.23% 8.92% 7.47% 8.05% 8.29% 7.84% 7.60% 7.76% 7.63% 7.34% 7.39% -0.84% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 2.38 2.59 2.23 2.41 2.44 2.35 2.28 2.30 2.30 2.23 2.26 -0.12 333 Machinery: Ohio $8,042 $7,964 $5,846 $6,486 $7,691 $7,489 $8,404 $8,164 $7,650 $7,364 $7,846 -$197 -2.4% U.S. $143,710 $146,517 $118,175 $132,127 $150,968 $152,490 $151,686 $149,143 $134,809 $122,160 $128,863 -$14,847 -10.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.60% 5.44% 4.95% 4.91% 5.09% 4.91% 5.54% 5.47% 5.67% 6.03% 6.09% 0.49% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.62 1.58 1.48 1.47 1.50 1.47 1.66 1.62 1.71 1.83 1.86 0.24 334 Computer & electronic products: Ohio $2,294 $2,840 $1,887 $2,258 $2,150 $2,707 $2,778 $2,806 $2,529 $2,472 $2,530 $236 10.3% U.S. $168,001 $195,779 $200,552 $226,767 $232,050 $240,441 $247,847 $258,681 $281,467 $292,686 $302,725 $134,724 80.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.37% 1.45% 0.94% 1.00% 0.93% 1.13% 1.12% 1.08% 0.90% 0.84% 0.84% -0.53% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.39 0.42 0.28 0.30 0.27 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.26 0.26 -0.14 335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances: Ohio $4,545 $4,948 $3,932 $3,857 $3,770 $3,962 $3,934 $3,841 $4,488 $4,248 $4,241 -$305 -6.7% U.S. $57,051 $61,301 $51,153 $52,703 $50,904 $51,991 $57,222 $53,156 $60,049 $55,088 $56,530 -$521 -0.9% Ohio as percent of U.S. 7.97% 8.07% 7.69% 7.32% 7.41% 7.62% 6.88% 7.23% 7.47% 7.71% 7.50% -0.47% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 2.30 2.34 2.30 2.19 2.18 2.28 2.06 2.14 2.25 2.34 2.29 -0.01 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts: Ohio $15,142 $11,054 $3,610 $6,676 $9,501 $10,617 $9,814 $11,083 $9,979 $9,770 $9,528 -$5,614 -37.1% U.S. $127,625 $99,453 $43,308 $87,042 $110,118 $115,313 $120,314 $123,669 $120,017 $123,765 $128,679 $1,054 0.8% Ohio as percent of U.S. 11.86% 11.12% 8.33% 7.67% 8.63% 9.21% 8.16% 8.96% 8.31% 7.89% 7.40% -4.46% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 3.42 3.23 2.49 2.30 2.54 2.76 2.44 2.66 2.50 2.40 2.26 -1.16 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt.: Ohio $5,998 $5,477 $5,209 $4,728 $5,113 $4,361 $4,692 $5,156 $5,482 $6,163 $6,394 $397 6.6% U.S. $125,023 $124,285 $121,181 $124,257 $129,184 $126,465 $130,114 $132,394 $138,016 $133,667 $134,547 $9,524 7.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.80% 4.41% 4.30% 3.80% 3.96% 3.45% 3.61% 3.89% 3.97% 4.61% 4.75% -0.04% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.38 1.28 1.28 1.14 1.16 1.03 1.08 1.15 1.20 1.40 1.45 0.07 337 Furniture & related products: Ohio $1,693 $1,278 $910 $814 $903 $800 $824 $933 $957 $997 $1,073 -$620 -36.6% U.S. $36,112 $30,913 $22,521 $22,607 $22,905 $22,386 $23,939 $25,317 $26,763 $27,229 $28,492 -$7,620 -21.1% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.69% 4.13% 4.04% 3.60% 3.94% 3.57% 3.44% 3.68% 3.58% 3.66% 3.76% -0.92% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.35 1.20 1.21 1.08 1.16 1.07 1.03 1.09 1.08 1.11 1.15 -0.20 339 Miscellaneous mfg.: Ohio $1,982 $2,063 $2,005 $2,005 $1,942 $2,026 $1,916 $2,096 $2,067 $2,054 $2,104 $122 6.1% U.S. $74,254 $79,176 $81,035 $84,117 $81,803 $81,171 $79,127 $80,122 $77,561 $80,755 $83,266 $9,012 12.1% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.67% 2.61% 2.47% 2.38% 2.37% 2.50% 2.42% 2.62% 2.67% 2.54% 2.53% -0.14% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.70 0.75 0.73 0.78 0.80 0.77 0.77 0.00

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19). 115 Table A5: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Non-durable Goods, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Non-durable Goods in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 31 & Non-durable goods summary: Ohio $32,458 $30,253 $36,662 $37,065 $41,034 $39,457 $40,577 $47,824 $44,523 $42,742 $44,525 32p U.S. $814,121 $801,118 $821,175 $832,686 $852,375 $865,346 $889,941 $916,630 $940,315 $903,143 $952,985 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.99% 3.78% 4.46% 4.45% 4.81% 4.56% 4.56% 5.22% 4.73% 4.73% 4.67% 0.69% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.17 1.12 1.34 1.34 1.42 1.37 1.36 1.54 1.41 1.42 1.41 0.24 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products: Ohio $8,444 $8,153 $9,861 $9,309 $8,828 $9,529 $10,663 $11,655 $11,817 $11,647 $11,919 U.S. $194,067 $199,117 $237,814 $223,168 $209,184 $219,258 $227,880 $239,476 $259,376 $261,281 $269,669 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.35% 4.09% 4.15% 4.17% 4.22% 4.35% 4.68% 4.87% 4.56% 4.46% 4.42% 0.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.28 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.44 1.36 1.34 1.33 0.05 313-4 Textile & textile product mills: Ohio $390 $357 $295 $356 $349 $318 $382 $385 $372 $323 $331 U.S. $19,291 $17,840 $15,126 $15,546 $15,050 $15,937 $16,745 $17,817 $17,833 $17,966 $18,459 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.02% 2.00% 1.95% 2.29% 2.32% 1.99% 2.28% 2.16% 2.09% 1.80% 1.79% -0.23% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.68 0.64 0.62 0.54 0.54 -0.05 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products: Ohio $203 $205 $173 $140 $135 $116 $139 $141 $138 $156 $158 U.S. $11,848 $11,576 $9,874 $10,386 $10,122 $9,996 $10,213 $9,901 $9,653 $9,437 $9,299 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.71% 1.77% 1.75% 1.35% 1.33% 1.16% 1.36% 1.42% 1.43% 1.65% 1.70% -0.02% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.50 0.53 0.53 0.41 0.39 0.35 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.50 0.51 0.01 322 Paper: Ohio $2,532 $2,108 $2,196 $2,147 $2,129 $1,879 $1,911 $2,140 $2,164 $2,130 $2,218 U.S. $55,722 $51,381 $59,274 $56,306 $53,694 $52,980 $56,316 $56,740 $59,207 $57,732 $58,892 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.54% 4.10% 3.70% 3.81% 3.96% 3.55% 3.39% 3.77% 3.65% 3.69% 3.77% -0.78% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.34 1.22 1.11 1.15 1.17 1.06 1.02 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.14 -0.20 323 Printing & related support activities: Ohio $2,519 $2,180 $2,042 $1,897 $1,926 $1,821 $1,793 $1,886 $1,977 $2,034 $1,999 U.S. $47,693 $45,186 $39,657 $39,419 $38,707 $38,345 $38,938 $39,019 $39,959 $39,978 $39,180 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.28% 4.82% 5.15% 4.81% 4.98% 4.75% 4.60% 4.83% 4.95% 5.09% 5.10% -0.18% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.55 1.43 1.55 1.45 1.47 1.42 1.38 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.54 -0.02 324 Petroleum & coal products: Ohio $3,236 $2,464 $5,894 $6,621 $9,888 $7,579 $9,337 $13,724 $7,697 $4,283 $5,505 U.S. $154,505 $154,572 $110,750 $123,448 $158,092 $157,974 $150,553 $157,466 $144,854 $89,565 $120,698 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.09% 1.59% 5.32% 5.36% 6.25% 4.80% 6.20% 8.72% 5.31% 4.78% 4.56% 2.47% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.62 0.47 1.60 1.62 1.85 1.44 1.86 2.58 1.59 1.44 1.38 0.76 325 Chemicals: Ohio $9,959 $10,571 $11,531 $11,941 $12,753 $12,765 $10,890 $12,612 $14,424 $16,251 $16,366 U.S. $267,723 $265,404 $288,270 $302,646 $304,617 $303,364 $320,314 $329,187 $331,856 $346,670 $353,975 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.72% 3.98% 4.00% 3.95% 4.19% 4.21% 3.40% 3.83% 4.35% 4.69% 4.62% 0.90% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.09 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.24 1.26 1.02 1.13 1.30 1.41 1.39 0.30 326 Plastic & rubber products: Ohio $5,176 $4,215 $4,672 $4,655 $5,026 $5,451 $5,464 $5,281 $5,933 $5,920 $6,029 U.S. $63,271 $56,042 $60,410 $61,768 $62,909 $67,493 $68,982 $67,024 $77,576 $80,514 $82,812 Ohio as percent of U.S. 8.18% 7.52% 7.73% 7.54% 7.99% 8.08% 7.92% 7.88% 7.65% 7.35% 7.28% -0.90% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 2.41 2.23 2.33 2.27 2.36 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.29 2.21 2.20 -0.21

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

116 Table A5: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Non-durable Goods, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Non-durable Goods in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 31 & Non-durable goods summary: Ohio $45,084 $40,106 $45,518 $44,223 $43,795 $39,457 $41,231 $48,182 $43,947 $43,178 $43,330 -$1,754 -3.9% 32p U.S. $1,077,494 $1,021,550 $992,760 $972,311 $907,731 $865,346 $898,376 $909,245 $906,000 $887,412 $900,998 -$176,496 -16.4% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.18% 3.93% 4.59% 4.55% 4.82% 4.56% 4.59% 5.30% 4.85% 4.87% 4.81% 0.63% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.21 1.14 1.37 1.36 1.42 1.37 1.37 1.57 1.46 1.48 1.47 0.26 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products: Ohio $11,089 $9,892 $10,239 $9,730 $9,554 $9,529 $10,486 $10,908 $10,412 $9,780 $10,302 -$787 -7.1% U.S. $254,877 $241,594 $246,935 $233,280 $226,388 $219,258 $224,097 $224,126 $228,528 $219,398 $233,082 -$21,795 -8.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.35% 4.09% 4.15% 4.17% 4.22% 4.35% 4.68% 4.87% 4.56% 4.46% 4.42% 0.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.26 1.19 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.30 1.40 1.44 1.37 1.35 1.35 0.09 313-4 Textile & textile product mills: Ohio $465 $430 $325 $380 $342 $318 $386 $380 $353 $298 $311 -$154 -33.1% U.S. $22,978 $21,461 $16,668 $16,615 $14,722 $15,936 $16,909 $17,571 $16,883 $16,587 $17,314 -$5,664 -24.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.02% 2.00% 1.95% 2.29% 2.32% 1.99% 2.28% 2.16% 2.09% 1.80% 1.79% -0.23% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.68 0.68 0.60 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.55 0.55 -0.04 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products: Ohio $205 $209 $168 $143 $139 $116 $136 $137 $130 $143 $144 -$61 -29.8% U.S. $11,962 $11,806 $9,621 $10,590 $10,456 $9,996 $10,014 $9,634 $9,127 $8,700 $8,471 -$3,491 -29.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.71% 1.77% 1.75% 1.35% 1.33% 1.16% 1.36% 1.42% 1.43% 1.65% 1.70% -0.02% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.40 0.39 0.35 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.50 0.52 0.02 322 Paper: Ohio $2,940 $2,370 $2,244 $2,126 $2,125 $1,879 $1,810 $2,015 $1,949 $1,914 $1,906 -$1,034 -35.2% U.S. $64,709 $57,775 $60,557 $55,759 $53,613 $52,980 $53,340 $53,423 $53,330 $51,874 $50,623 -$14,086 -21.8% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.54% 4.10% 3.70% 3.81% 3.96% 3.55% 3.39% 3.77% 3.65% 3.69% 3.77% -0.78% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.31 1.19 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.06 1.02 1.12 1.10 1.12 1.15 -0.16 323 Printing & related support activities: Ohio $2,295 $2,069 $1,903 $1,806 $1,916 $1,821 $1,797 $1,864 $1,843 $1,877 $1,848 -$447 -19.5% U.S. $43,444 $42,892 $36,965 $37,520 $38,507 $38,345 $39,031 $38,562 $37,235 $36,897 $36,211 -$7,233 -16.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.28% 4.82% 5.15% 4.81% 4.98% 4.75% 4.60% 4.83% 4.95% 5.09% 5.10% -0.18% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.52 1.40 1.54 1.44 1.46 1.42 1.38 1.43 1.49 1.54 1.56 0.03 324 Petroleum & coal products: Ohio $5,307 $4,332 $13,499 $11,405 $10,930 $7,579 $10,902 $16,768 $10,403 $8,434 $8,130 $2,823 53.2% U.S. $253,376 $271,750 $253,657 $212,652 $174,741 $157,974 $175,797 $192,393 $195,777 $176,399 $178,236 -$75,140 -29.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.09% 1.59% 5.32% 5.36% 6.25% 4.80% 6.20% 8.72% 5.31% 4.78% 4.56% 2.47% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.60 0.46 1.59 1.61 1.84 1.44 1.86 2.58 1.60 1.45 1.39 0.79 325 Chemicals: Ohio $13,871 $13,448 $13,066 $13,673 $13,543 $12,765 $10,640 $11,912 $12,974 $14,144 $13,753 -$118 -0.9% U.S. $372,892 $337,635 $326,659 $346,536 $323,474 $303,364 $312,975 $310,903 $298,507 $301,717 $297,454 -$75,438 -20.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.72% 3.98% 4.00% 3.95% 4.19% 4.21% 3.40% 3.83% 4.35% 4.69% 4.62% 0.90% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.07 1.16 1.19 1.18 1.23 1.26 1.02 1.14 1.31 1.42 1.41 0.34 326 Plastic & rubber products: Ohio $6,094 $4,862 $4,939 $5,097 $5,292 $5,451 $5,326 $5,250 $5,492 $5,416 $5,603 -$491 -8.1% U.S. $74,500 $64,642 $63,867 $67,635 $66,238 $67,493 $67,248 $66,631 $71,809 $73,659 $76,964 $2,464 3.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 8.18% 7.52% 7.73% 7.54% 7.99% 8.08% 7.92% 7.88% 7.65% 7.35% 7.28% -0.90% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 2.36 2.18 2.31 2.26 2.35 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.30 2.23 2.22 -0.14

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

117 Table A6: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Natural Resources, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Natural Resources in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc.: Ohio $2,742 $2,755 $3,010 $2,973 $4,436 $3,763 $5,029 $4,377 $3,122 $2,791 $2,772 U.S. $144,062 $147,244 $129,968 $146,299 $180,945 $179,573 $215,601 $200,842 $181,220 $164,913 $169,225 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.90% 1.87% 2.32% 2.03% 2.45% 2.10% 2.33% 2.18% 1.72% 1.69% 1.64% -0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.56 0.56 0.70 0.61 0.73 0.63 0.70 0.64 0.51 0.51 0.49 -0.07 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms): Ohio $2,448 $2,462 $2,725 $2,694 $4,123 $3,404 $4,641 $3,945 $2,656 $2,329 $2,299 U.S. $115,665 $119,476 $103,102 $117,629 $152,249 $148,939 $184,621 $167,940 $146,376 $129,458 $132,818 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.12% 2.06% 2.64% 2.29% 2.71% 2.29% 2.51% 2.35% 1.81% 1.80% 1.73% -0.39% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.62 0.61 0.79 0.69 0.80 0.68 0.75 0.69 0.54 0.54 0.52 -0.10 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities: Ohio $294 $293 $285 $279 $313 $359 $388 $432 $466 $462 $473 U.S. $28,397 $27,768 $26,866 $28,670 $28,696 $30,634 $30,980 $32,902 $34,844 $35,455 $36,407 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.03% 1.05% 1.06% 0.97% 1.09% 1.17% 1.25% 1.31% 1.34% 1.30% 1.30% 0.27% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.09 21 Mining: Ohio $2,986 $3,519 $3,163 $3,058 $3,500 $3,106 $4,292 $7,661 $7,374 $7,539 $9,980 U.S. $313,963 $392,175 $275,841 $305,838 $356,316 $358,798 $386,519 $413,005 $257,852 $216,218 $268,619 Ohio as percent of U.S. 0.95% 0.90% 1.15% 1.00% 0.98% 0.87% 1.11% 1.85% 2.86% 3.49% 3.72% 2.76% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.28 0.27 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.33 0.55 0.85 1.05 1.12 0.84 211 Oil & gas extraction: Ohio $1,331 $1,604 $1,196 $1,083 $1,256 $1,172 $2,363 $5,298 $5,149 $5,888 $8,380 U.S. $205,883 $271,527 $172,889 $188,823 $218,094 $223,767 $255,104 $275,220 $151,805 $133,649 $174,755 Ohio as percent of U.S. 0.65% 0.59% 0.69% 0.57% 0.58% 0.52% 0.93% 1.92% 3.39% 4.41% 4.80% 4.15% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.19 0.18 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.28 0.57 1.01 1.33 1.45 1.26 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas: Ohio $994 $1,233 $1,475 $1,554 $1,816 $1,494 $1,331 $1,411 $1,451 $1,163 $941 U.S. $57,968 $61,277 $61,570 $69,497 $76,367 $66,648 $62,141 $58,570 $51,506 $49,753 $54,228 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.71% 2.01% 2.40% 2.24% 2.38% 2.24% 2.14% 2.41% 2.82% 2.34% 1.73% 0.02% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.50 0.60 0.72 0.67 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.71 0.84 0.70 0.52 0.02 213 Support activities for mining: Ohio $661 $682 $492 $421 $428 $440 $598 $952 $774 $488 $659 U.S. $50,112 $59,371 $41,382 $47,519 $61,855 $68,383 $69,274 $79,215 $54,541 $32,816 $39,636 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.32% 1.15% 1.19% 0.88% 0.69% 0.64% 0.86% 1.20% 1.42% 1.49% 1.66% 0.34% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.39 0.34 0.36 0.27 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.36 0.42 0.45 0.50 0.11

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

118 Table A6: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Natural Resources, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Natural Resources in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc.: Ohio $3,404 $3,409 $4,816 $4,062 $4,579 $3,763 $4,890 $4,636 $3,957 $4,089 $3,754 $350 10.3% U.S. $176,569 $180,295 $199,976 $193,856 $186,395 $179,573 $209,388 $210,512 $224,592 $234,231 $222,985 $46,416 26.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.93% 1.89% 2.41% 2.10% 2.46% 2.10% 2.34% 2.20% 1.76% 1.75% 1.68% -0.24% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.56 0.55 0.72 0.63 0.72 0.63 0.70 0.65 0.53 0.53 0.51 -0.04 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms): Ohio $3,060 $3,059 $4,511 $3,780 $4,265 $3,404 $4,521 $4,237 $3,503 $3,657 $3,292 $232 7.6% U.S. $144,582 $148,473 $170,705 $165,055 $157,496 $148,939 $179,819 $180,346 $193,083 $203,271 $190,153 $45,571 31.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.12% 2.06% 2.64% 2.29% 2.71% 2.29% 2.51% 2.35% 1.81% 1.80% 1.73% -0.39% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.61 0.60 0.79 0.69 0.80 0.68 0.75 0.70 0.55 0.55 0.53 -0.08 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities: Ohio $320 $326 $315 $282 $315 $359 $371 $396 $424 $415 $420 $100 31.3% U.S. $30,952 $30,863 $29,689 $29,068 $28,936 $30,634 $29,604 $30,145 $31,675 $31,857 $32,317 $1,365 4.4% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.03% 1.05% 1.06% 0.97% 1.09% 1.17% 1.25% 1.31% 1.34% 1.30% 1.30% 0.27% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.10 21 Mining: Ohio $3,370 $3,223 $3,908 $3,177 $3,269 $3,106 $4,291 $7,901 $14,116 $16,751 $17,187 $13,816 409.9% U.S. $315,653 $305,545 $350,402 $309,259 $320,758 $358,798 $372,928 $409,999 $444,328 $423,113 $429,313 $113,661 36.0% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.07% 1.05% 1.12% 1.03% 1.02% 0.87% 1.15% 1.93% 3.18% 3.96% 4.00% 2.94% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.26 0.34 0.57 0.96 1.20 1.22 0.91 211 Oil & gas extraction: Ohio $1,163 $1,008 $1,594 $1,042 $1,047 $1,172 $2,190 $5,113 $12,010 $16,669 $17,412 $16,249 1397% U.S. $179,826 $170,607 $230,469 $181,654 $181,849 $223,767 $236,352 $265,609 $354,084 $378,354 $363,096 $183,270 101.9% Ohio as percent of U.S. 0.65% 0.59% 0.69% 0.57% 0.58% 0.52% 0.93% 1.92% 3.39% 4.41% 4.80% 4.15% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.28 0.57 1.02 1.34 1.46 1.28 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas: Ohio $1,473 $1,588 $1,773 $1,685 $1,786 $1,494 $1,464 $1,607 $1,795 $1,463 $1,153 -$320 -21.7% U.S. $85,895 $78,892 $74,009 $75,348 $75,094 $66,648 $68,356 $66,731 $63,743 $62,585 $66,485 -$19,410 -22.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.71% 2.01% 2.40% 2.24% 2.38% 2.24% 2.14% 2.41% 2.82% 2.34% 1.73% 0.02% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.49 0.58 0.72 0.67 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.71 0.85 0.71 0.53 0.04 213 Support activities for mining: Ohio $738 $718 $554 $463 $452 $440 $588 $916 $733 $480 $643 -$96 -12.9% U.S. $55,980 $62,507 $46,583 $52,306 $65,356 $68,383 $68,090 $76,183 $51,643 $32,273 $38,634 -$17,346 -31.0% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.32% 1.15% 1.19% 0.88% 0.69% 0.64% 0.86% 1.20% 1.42% 1.49% 1.66% 0.34% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.38 0.33 0.36 0.26 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.36 0.43 0.45 0.51 0.13

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

119 Table A7: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Transportation and Warehousing, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Transportation and Warehousing in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 48-49# Transportation* & warehousing: Ohio $15,469 $15,890 $14,443 $14,707 $15,672 $15,744 $16,009 $17,013 $19,531 $20,049 $20,780 U.S. $413,904 $426,803 $404,626 $433,036 $451,444 $471,965 $491,099 $521,928 $563,375 $577,445 $608,735 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.74% 3.72% 3.57% 3.40% 3.47% 3.34% 3.26% 3.26% 3.47% 3.47% 3.41% -0.32% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.10 1.10 1.07 1.02 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 1.04 1.05 1.03 -0.07 481 Air: Ohio $1,822 $1,679 $1,579 $1,566 $1,729 $1,716 $1,788 $1,876 $2,138 $2,215 $2,296 U.S. $73,200 $68,704 $71,697 $84,177 $84,646 $87,826 $94,081 $102,908 $116,881 $128,711 $135,733 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.49% 2.44% 2.20% 1.86% 2.04% 1.95% 1.90% 1.82% 1.83% 1.72% 1.69% -0.80% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.73 0.73 0.66 0.56 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.55 0.52 0.51 -0.22 482 Rail: Ohio $1,159 $1,303 $1,134 $1,222 $1,310 $1,425 $1,453 $1,559 $1,590 $1,403 $1,441 U.S. $32,372 $37,234 $32,914 $33,708 $36,451 $39,593 $40,803 $43,721 $43,734 $39,568 $40,479 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.58% 3.50% 3.45% 3.62% 3.59% 3.60% 3.56% 3.57% 3.63% 3.55% 3.56% -0.02% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.09 1.06 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.09 1.07 1.07 0.02 483 Water: Ohio $135 $148 $113 $116 $102 $91 $115 $108 $108 $104 $110 U.S. $14,218 $16,426 $15,621 $14,634 $14,067 $13,117 $16,421 $16,152 $15,639 $13,585 $14,026 Ohio as percent of U.S. 0.95% 0.90% 0.72% 0.79% 0.72% 0.70% 0.70% 0.67% 0.69% 0.77% 0.79% -0.16% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.28 0.27 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.24 -0.04 484 Truck: Ohio $6,125 $5,992 $5,260 $5,479 $5,853 $6,149 $6,179 $6,667 $7,114 $7,047 $7,384 U.S. $123,651 $120,443 $109,518 $113,388 $121,708 $128,021 $130,828 $140,882 $148,594 $146,446 $152,754 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.95% 4.97% 4.80% 4.83% 4.81% 4.80% 4.72% 4.73% 4.79% 4.81% 4.83% -0.12% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.46 1.48 1.44 1.46 1.42 1.44 1.41 1.40 1.43 1.45 1.46 0.00 485 Transit & ground passengers: Ohio $402 $426 $452 $461 $520 $549 $564 $588 $632 $612 $649 U.S. $26,272 $28,119 $29,419 $31,357 $34,094 $36,313 $37,887 $40,417 $41,544 $41,675 $44,345 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.53% 1.51% 1.54% 1.47% 1.53% 1.51% 1.49% 1.46% 1.52% 1.47% 1.46% -0.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.44 0.44 -0.01 486 Pipelines: Ohio $156 $286 $380 $574 $805 $441 $393 $580 $1,647 $2,236 $2,266 U.S. $13,012 $16,294 $14,638 $20,206 $21,525 $25,225 $26,918 $30,226 $36,315 $38,698 $40,717 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.20% 1.75% 2.59% 2.84% 3.74% 1.75% 1.46% 1.92% 4.54% 5.78% 5.57% 4.36% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.35 0.52 0.78 0.86 1.11 0.52 0.44 0.57 1.36 1.74 1.68 1.33 487-8, Other modes & support activities: Ohio $3,256 $3,505 $3,100 $2,835 $2,935 $2,876 $2,986 $3,147 $3,592 $3,643 $3,755 492 U.S. $89,912 $94,356 $85,655 $90,433 $93,859 $94,741 $96,919 $99,875 $107,111 $110,537 $117,085 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.62% 3.71% 3.62% 3.13% 3.13% 3.04% 3.08% 3.15% 3.35% 3.30% 3.21% -0.41% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.07 1.10 1.09 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.93 1.00 0.99 0.97 -0.10 493 Warehousing & storage: Ohio $2,415 $2,553 $2,426 $2,455 $2,419 $2,497 $2,531 $2,488 $2,710 $2,789 $2,878 U.S. $41,266 $45,229 $45,164 $45,133 $45,096 $47,129 $47,243 $47,748 $53,558 $58,224 $63,596 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.85% 5.64% 5.37% 5.44% 5.36% 5.30% 5.36% 5.21% 5.06% 4.79% 4.53% -1.33% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.72 1.68 1.62 1.64 1.59 1.59 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.44 1.37 -0.36

Notes: # - excludes the U.S. Postal Service; ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

120 Table A7: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Transportation and Warehousing, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Transportation and Warehousing in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 48-49* Transportation# & warehousing: Ohio $17,447 $17,125 $15,407 $15,562 $16,214 $15,744 $15,699 $16,186 $17,718 $17,946 $18,332 $885 5.1% U.S. $471,658 $467,444 $439,451 $460,690 $469,039 $471,965 $478,832 $491,783 $504,262 $510,232 $530,762 $59,104 12.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.70% 3.66% 3.51% 3.38% 3.46% 3.34% 3.28% 3.29% 3.51% 3.52% 3.45% -0.25% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.01 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.98 1.06 1.07 1.06 -0.01 481 Air: Ohio $2,100 $1,966 $1,761 $1,719 $1,889 $1,716 $1,753 $1,736 $1,848 $1,901 $1,977 -$123 -5.8% U.S. $84,386 $80,472 $79,955 $92,393 $92,491 $87,826 $92,231 $95,208 $101,025 $110,456 $116,884 $32,498 38.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.49% 2.44% 2.20% 1.86% 2.04% 1.95% 1.90% 1.82% 1.83% 1.72% 1.69% -0.80% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.72 0.71 0.66 0.56 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.55 0.52 0.52 -0.20 482 Rail: Ohio $1,512 $1,512 $1,328 $1,387 $1,383 $1,425 $1,385 $1,436 $1,453 $1,311 $1,320 -$193 -12.7% U.S. $42,252 $43,197 $38,543 $38,254 $38,490 $39,593 $38,896 $40,277 $39,979 $36,965 $37,074 -$5,178 -12.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.58% 3.50% 3.45% 3.62% 3.59% 3.60% 3.56% 3.57% 3.63% 3.55% 3.56% -0.02% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.09 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.09 0.05 483 Water: Ohio $93 $107 $109 $98 $94 $91 $115 $101 $89 $86 $82 -$11 -11.7% U.S. $9,809 $11,866 $15,029 $12,354 $12,977 $13,117 $16,515 $15,183 $12,908 $11,166 $10,400 $591 6.0% Ohio as percent of U.S. 0.95% 0.90% 0.72% 0.79% 0.72% 0.70% 0.70% 0.67% 0.69% 0.77% 0.79% -0.16% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.27 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.24 -0.03 484 Truck: Ohio $6,732 $6,242 $5,511 $5,864 $6,107 $6,149 $6,029 $6,240 $6,289 $6,176 $6,409 -$322 -4.8% U.S. $135,893 $125,461 $114,725 $121,363 $126,997 $128,021 $127,664 $131,858 $131,367 $128,346 $132,582 -$3,311 -2.4% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.95% 4.97% 4.80% 4.83% 4.81% 4.80% 4.72% 4.73% 4.79% 4.81% 4.83% -0.12% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.43 1.45 1.43 1.45 1.41 1.44 1.41 1.40 1.44 1.46 1.48 0.05 485 Transit & ground passengers: Ohio $519 $525 $500 $487 $527 $549 $543 $564 $579 $541 $569 $50 9.6% U.S. $33,955 $34,695 $32,562 $33,178 $34,530 $36,313 $36,439 $38,757 $38,074 $36,818 $38,909 $4,955 14.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.53% 1.51% 1.54% 1.47% 1.53% 1.51% 1.49% 1.46% 1.52% 1.47% 1.46% -0.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.01 486 Pipelines: Ohio $201 $349 $460 $619 $824 $441 $364 $528 $1,504 $1,940 $1,924 $1,723 855.8% U.S. $16,758 $19,899 $17,737 $21,785 $22,035 $25,225 $24,926 $27,536 $33,168 $33,579 $34,568 $17,810 106.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.20% 1.75% 2.59% 2.84% 3.74% 1.75% 1.46% 1.92% 4.54% 5.78% 5.57% 4.36% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.35 0.51 0.77 0.85 1.10 0.52 0.44 0.57 1.37 1.75 1.70 1.35 487-8, Other modes & support activities: Ohio $4,119 $4,235 $3,672 $3,171 $3,087 $2,876 $2,853 $2,878 $3,090 $3,081 $3,131 -$988 -24.0% 492 U.S. $113,740 $114,023 $101,466 $101,165 $98,722 $94,741 $92,586 $91,363 $92,134 $93,481 $97,626 -$16,114 -14.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.62% 3.71% 3.62% 3.13% 3.13% 3.04% 3.08% 3.15% 3.35% 3.30% 3.21% -0.41% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.05 1.08 1.08 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.93 1.01 1.00 0.98 -0.07 493 Warehousing & storage: Ohio $2,231 $2,272 $2,125 $2,230 $2,315 $2,497 $2,667 $2,703 $2,854 $2,897 $2,897 $666 29.9% U.S. $38,112 $40,256 $39,559 $41,012 $43,149 $47,129 $49,779 $51,857 $56,389 $60,476 $64,015 $25,903 68.0% Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.85% 5.64% 5.37% 5.44% 5.36% 5.30% 5.36% 5.21% 5.06% 4.79% 4.53% -1.33% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.69 1.64 1.60 1.63 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.54 1.52 1.45 1.38 -0.31

Notes: # - excludes the U.S. Postal Service; ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

121 Table A8: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Information, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Information in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 51 Information: Ohio $14,362 $15,206 $17,226 $19,557 $21,245 $20,177 $20,588 $17,583 $17,460 $17,921 $18,078 U.S. $706,937 $742,961 $721,922 $753,280 $759,819 $758,952 $828,928 $840,642 $915,031 $998,051 $1,050,767 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.03% 2.05% 2.39% 2.60% 2.80% 2.66% 2.48% 2.09% 1.91% 1.80% 1.72% -0.31% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.60 0.61 0.72 0.78 0.83 0.80 0.74 0.62 0.57 0.54 0.52 -0.08 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet): Ohio $4,682 $4,863 $4,760 $5,038 $5,159 $5,143 $5,304 $4,961 $5,098 $5,344 $5,342 U.S. $191,673 $189,046 $178,456 $186,786 $194,582 $201,355 $210,190 $215,364 $224,545 $246,873 $266,860 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.44% 2.57% 2.67% 2.70% 2.65% 2.55% 2.52% 2.30% 2.27% 2.16% 2.00% -0.44% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.68 0.68 0.65 0.60 -0.12 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings: Ohio $378 $389 $422 $381 $366 $381 $421 $486 $486 $477 $498 U.S. $76,466 $79,736 $82,290 $91,100 $84,814 $82,436 $82,793 $82,133 $87,459 $91,126 $91,408 Ohio as percent of U.S. 0.49% 0.49% 0.51% 0.42% 0.43% 0.46% 0.51% 0.59% 0.56% 0.52% 0.55% 0.05% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.02 515, Broadcasting & telecommunications: Ohio $7,965 $8,220 $10,260 $12,112 $13,468 $12,540 $12,376 $9,519 $8,915 $8,692 $8,746 517 U.S. $373,634 $391,412 $374,834 $374,615 $366,183 $370,376 $404,766 $394,590 $414,729 $427,494 $428,939 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.13% 2.10% 2.74% 3.23% 3.68% 3.39% 3.06% 2.41% 2.15% 2.03% 2.04% -0.09% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.63 0.62 0.82 0.97 1.09 1.01 0.91 0.71 0.64 0.61 0.62 -0.01 518, Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet): Ohio $1,336 $1,735 $1,784 $2,026 $2,252 $2,114 $2,488 $2,618 $2,960 $3,407 $3,492 519 U.S. $65,164 $82,767 $86,342 $100,779 $114,240 $104,786 $131,180 $148,555 $188,298 $232,558 $263,559 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.05% 2.10% 2.07% 2.01% 1.97% 2.02% 1.90% 1.76% 1.57% 1.47% 1.32% -0.73% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.58 0.60 0.57 0.52 0.47 0.44 0.40 -0.20

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

122 Table A8: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Information, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Information in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 51 Information: Ohio $13,925 $14,909 $16,848 $19,423 $21,227 $20,177 $20,518 $17,640 $17,949 $18,722 $19,247 $5,322 38.2% U.S. $683,990 $727,858 $710,076 $750,346 $761,039 $758,952 $827,979 $845,283 $941,017 $1,040,068 $1,114,179 $430,189 62.9% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.04% 2.05% 2.37% 2.59% 2.79% 2.66% 2.48% 2.09% 1.91% 1.80% 1.73% -0.31% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.59 0.59 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.80 0.74 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.53 -0.06 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet): Ohio $4,808 $4,925 $4,771 $5,097 $5,187 $5,143 $5,240 $4,876 $5,000 $5,208 $5,186 $378 7.9% U.S. $196,814 $191,456 $178,888 $188,990 $195,647 $201,355 $207,672 $211,681 $220,192 $240,603 $259,063 $62,249 31.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.44% 2.57% 2.67% 2.70% 2.65% 2.55% 2.52% 2.30% 2.27% 2.16% 2.00% -0.44% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.76 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.61 -0.09 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings: Ohio $355 $370 $431 $386 $374 $381 $428 $499 $506 $482 $506 $151 42.5% U.S. $71,787 $75,835 $83,974 $92,282 $86,649 $82,436 $84,339 $84,415 $91,031 $92,063 $92,876 $21,089 29.4% Ohio as percent of U.S. 0.49% 0.49% 0.51% 0.42% 0.43% 0.46% 0.51% 0.59% 0.56% 0.52% 0.55% 0.05% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.02 515, Broadcasting & telecommunications: Ohio $7,484 $7,936 $9,912 $11,935 $13,418 $12,540 $12,338 $9,597 $9,409 $9,472 $9,898 $2,415 32.3% 517 U.S. $351,041 $377,920 $362,127 $369,127 $364,827 $370,375 $403,531 $397,835 $437,731 $465,854 $485,439 $134,398 38.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.13% 2.10% 2.74% 3.23% 3.68% 3.39% 3.06% 2.41% 2.15% 2.03% 2.04% -0.09% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.62 0.61 0.82 0.97 1.08 1.01 0.92 0.71 0.65 0.62 0.62 0.01 518, Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet): Ohio $1,328 $1,728 $1,754 $2,011 $2,246 $2,114 $2,515 $2,673 $3,034 $3,549 $3,667 $2,340 176.2% 519 U.S. $64,741 $82,473 $84,892 $100,015 $113,936 $104,786 $132,573 $151,692 $193,021 $242,199 $276,796 $212,055 327.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.05% 2.10% 2.07% 2.01% 1.97% 2.02% 1.90% 1.76% 1.57% 1.47% 1.32% -0.73% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.57 0.52 0.47 0.44 0.40 -0.19

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

123 Table A9: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Finance-Insurance-Real Estate in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 52 Finance & insurance: Ohio $41,763 $41,472 $39,348 $38,269 $40,317 $41,266 $42,193 $50,033 $54,695 $56,957 $58,662 U.S. $1,030,549 $873,248 $966,604 $1,003,613 $1,026,042 $1,162,805 $1,144,935 $1,281,973 $1,362,723 $1,432,689 $1,465,909 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.05% 4.75% 4.07% 3.81% 3.93% 3.55% 3.69% 3.90% 4.01% 3.98% 4.00% -0.05% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.19 1.41 1.22 1.15 1.16 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.21 0.01 521-2 Federal reserve/credit intermediation: Ohio $23,051 $25,752 $22,038 $19,894 $21,667 $20,625 $22,352 $23,881 $25,914 $26,301 $27,764 U.S. $404,212 $409,436 $398,888 $417,829 $454,988 $511,382 $498,646 $548,095 $574,646 $591,452 $617,032 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.70% 6.29% 5.52% 4.76% 4.76% 4.03% 4.48% 4.36% 4.51% 4.45% 4.50% -1.20% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.68 1.87 1.66 1.44 1.41 1.21 1.34 1.29 1.35 1.34 1.36 -0.32 523 Securities, etc.: Ohio $2,279 $1,219 $2,298 $2,441 $2,315 $3,082 $3,542 $3,147 $3,156 $3,712 $4,042 U.S. $198,205 $92,232 $185,921 $196,443 $173,692 $233,027 $249,456 $228,088 $228,303 $267,692 $291,401 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.15% 1.32% 1.24% 1.24% 1.33% 1.32% 1.42% 1.38% 1.38% 1.39% 1.39% 0.24% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.08 524 Insurance carriers & related activities: Ohio $16,159 $14,242 $14,857 $15,707 $16,132 $17,243 $16,050 $22,638 $25,357 $26,697 $26,648 U.S. $405,712 $349,156 $365,878 $372,810 $384,316 $405,457 $384,274 $485,245 $542,201 $557,548 $540,782 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.98% 4.08% 4.06% 4.21% 4.20% 4.25% 4.18% 4.67% 4.68% 4.79% 4.93% 0.94% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.17 1.21 1.22 1.27 1.24 1.27 1.25 1.38 1.40 1.44 1.49 0.31 525 Funds-trusts-other financial vehicles: Ohio $273 $258 $155 $227 $203 $315 $250 $368 $268 $248 $209 U.S. $22,420 $22,425 $15,917 $16,531 $13,047 $12,938 $12,559 $20,544 $17,575 $15,996 $16,694 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.22% 1.15% 0.98% 1.37% 1.56% 2.44% 1.99% 1.79% 1.52% 1.55% 1.25% 0.03% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.36 0.34 0.29 0.41 0.46 0.73 0.60 0.53 0.46 0.47 0.38 0.02 53 Real estate, rental & leasing: Ohio $53,511 $55,109 $55,452 $56,592 $58,633 $60,932 $62,825 $64,338 $66,824 $69,212 $71,433 U.S. $1,817,723 $1,889,494 $1,901,062 $1,939,357 $2,019,282 $2,098,159 $2,177,856 $2,270,967 $2,391,898 $2,497,156 $2,591,221 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.94% 2.92% 2.92% 2.92% 2.90% 2.90% 2.88% 2.83% 2.79% 2.77% 2.76% -0.19% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 -0.03 531 Real estate: Ohio $47,915 $48,947 $49,804 $51,788 $54,426 $56,831 $58,358 $59,529 $61,191 $62,964 $65,066 U.S. $1,653,624 $1,711,085 $1,737,983 $1,779,449 $1,856,734 $1,925,431 $1,995,476 $2,081,180 $2,181,569 $2,277,657 $2,367,513 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.90% 2.86% 2.87% 2.91% 2.93% 2.95% 2.92% 2.86% 2.80% 2.76% 2.75% -0.15% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 -0.02 532-3 Rental & leasing (inc. intangible assets): Ohio $5,596 $6,162 $5,648 $4,805 $4,207 $4,101 $4,467 $4,809 $5,633 $6,247 $6,368 U.S. $164,099 $178,409 $163,079 $159,908 $162,548 $172,728 $182,380 $189,787 $210,329 $219,499 $223,707 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.41% 3.45% 3.46% 3.00% 2.59% 2.37% 2.45% 2.53% 2.68% 2.85% 2.85% -0.56% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.00 1.03 1.04 0.91 0.77 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.86 -0.15

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

124 Table A9: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Finance-Insurance-Real Estate in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 52 Finance & insurance: Ohio $42,950 $42,835 $43,727 $40,498 $42,108 $41,266 $40,506 $45,495 $48,189 $47,650 $47,331 $4,381 10.2% U.S. $1,079,258 $920,011 $1,091,874 $1,077,711 $1,075,316 $1,162,805 $1,093,769 $1,150,061 $1,182,108 $1,183,131 $1,164,468 $85,211 7.9% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.98% 4.66% 4.00% 3.76% 3.92% 3.55% 3.70% 3.96% 4.08% 4.03% 4.06% 0.08% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.15 1.35 1.20 1.12 1.15 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.23 1.22 1.24 0.09 521-2 Federal reserve/credit intermediation: Ohio $23,112 $25,772 $25,035 $21,135 $23,013 $20,625 $21,048 $20,923 $21,693 $19,986 $19,519 -$3,593 -15.5% U.S. $405,275 $409,745 $453,125 $443,900 $483,256 $511,382 $469,546 $480,203 $481,047 $449,433 $433,790 $28,515 7.0% Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.70% 6.29% 5.52% 4.76% 4.76% 4.03% 4.48% 4.36% 4.51% 4.45% 4.50% -1.20% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.65 1.83 1.65 1.43 1.40 1.21 1.34 1.29 1.36 1.35 1.37 -0.27 523 Securities, etc.: Ohio $2,262 $1,259 $2,965 $2,888 $2,454 $3,082 $3,247 $2,535 $2,470 $2,919 $3,006 $744 32.9% U.S. $196,668 $95,215 $239,911 $232,379 $184,187 $233,027 $228,674 $183,726 $178,650 $210,510 $216,713 $20,045 10.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.15% 1.32% 1.24% 1.24% 1.33% 1.32% 1.42% 1.38% 1.38% 1.39% 1.39% 0.24% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.33 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.09 524 Insurance carriers & related activities: Ohio $17,352 $15,486 $15,666 $16,231 $16,375 $17,243 $15,860 $21,870 $24,163 $25,222 $25,357 $8,005 46.1% U.S. $435,668 $379,650 $385,800 $385,245 $390,094 $405,457 $379,731 $468,793 $516,658 $526,754 $514,590 $78,922 18.1% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.98% 4.08% 4.06% 4.21% 4.20% 4.25% 4.18% 4.67% 4.68% 4.79% 4.93% 0.94% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.26 1.23 1.27 1.25 1.38 1.41 1.45 1.51 0.36 525 Funds-trusts-other financial vehicles: Ohio $379 $315 $171 $275 $291 $315 $326 $552 $300 $156 $153 -$226 -59.7% U.S. $31,036 $27,339 $17,509 $20,042 $18,643 $12,938 $16,366 $30,857 $19,687 $10,084 $12,177 -$18,859 -60.8% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.22% 1.15% 0.98% 1.37% 1.56% 2.44% 1.99% 1.79% 1.52% 1.55% 1.25% 0.03% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.41 0.46 0.73 0.60 0.53 0.46 0.47 0.38 0.03 53 Real estate, rental & leasing: Ohio $56,292 $57,037 $56,289 $57,981 $59,570 $60,932 $61,684 $61,690 $62,082 $62,631 $62,939 $6,647 11.8% U.S. $1,910,500 $1,954,477 $1,929,635 $1,986,873 $2,051,475 $2,098,159 $2,138,591 $2,178,330 $2,223,797 $2,261,438 $2,284,664 $374,164 19.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.95% 2.92% 2.92% 2.92% 2.90% 2.90% 2.88% 2.83% 2.79% 2.77% 2.75% -0.19% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.85 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 -0.01 531 Real estate: Ohio $50,098 $50,460 $50,524 $53,048 $55,311 $56,831 $57,258 $56,943 $56,460 $56,320 $56,527 $6,428 12.8% U.S. $1,728,979 $1,763,984 $1,763,117 $1,822,748 $1,886,942 $1,925,431 $1,957,855 $1,990,761 $2,012,884 $2,037,318 $2,056,803 $327,824 19.0% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.90% 2.86% 2.87% 2.91% 2.93% 2.95% 2.92% 2.86% 2.80% 2.76% 2.75% -0.15% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.84 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.00 532-3 Rental & leasing (inc. intangible assets): Ohio $6,198 $6,596 $5,768 $4,931 $4,258 $4,101 $4,427 $4,755 $5,684 $6,451 $6,566 $367 5.9% U.S. $181,757 $190,953 $166,537 $164,121 $164,525 $172,728 $180,756 $187,676 $212,233 $226,659 $230,670 $48,914 26.9% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.41% 3.45% 3.46% 3.00% 2.59% 2.37% 2.45% 2.53% 2.68% 2.85% 2.85% -0.56% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.98 1.00 1.03 0.90 0.76 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.81 0.86 0.87 -0.11

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

125 Table A10: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Professional/Business Services, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Professional/Business Services in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 54 Prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $25,184 $27,576 $26,509 $27,036 $29,008 $28,950 $29,572 $30,577 $31,372 $32,246 $33,291 U.S. $984,929 $1,082,135 $1,031,282 $1,063,884 $1,124,558 $1,188,532 $1,208,524 $1,266,967 $1,342,381 $1,381,062 $1,449,993 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.56% 2.55% 2.57% 2.54% 2.58% 2.44% 2.45% 2.41% 2.34% 2.33% 2.30% -0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.69 -0.06 5411 Legal srvcs.: Ohio $4,901 $5,523 $4,960 $4,725 $4,941 $4,877 $4,847 $4,938 $5,087 $5,333 $5,566 U.S. $217,435 $240,611 $212,157 $204,423 $215,462 $216,697 $218,864 $225,873 $232,744 $246,046 $257,791 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.25% 2.30% 2.34% 2.31% 2.29% 2.25% 2.21% 2.19% 2.19% 2.17% 2.16% -0.10% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 -0.01 5415 Computer systems & related srvcs.: Ohio $5,106 $5,597 $5,828 $6,145 $6,890 $6,452 $6,651 $6,830 $6,889 $7,237 $7,584 U.S. $167,080 $181,338 $188,915 $202,793 $224,501 $252,274 $254,897 $265,474 $283,156 $301,557 $323,080 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.06% 3.09% 3.08% 3.03% 3.07% 2.56% 2.61% 2.57% 2.43% 2.40% 2.35% -0.71% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.77 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.71 -0.19 5412-4, Other prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $15,178 $16,456 $15,722 $16,166 $17,177 $17,621 $18,074 $18,810 $19,396 $19,676 $20,141 5416-9 U.S. $600,414 $660,186 $630,210 $656,668 $684,596 $719,561 $734,763 $775,621 $826,480 $833,459 $869,123 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.53% 2.49% 2.49% 2.46% 2.51% 2.45% 2.46% 2.43% 2.35% 2.36% 2.32% -0.21% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.71 0.70 -0.04 55 Enterprise mgt.: Ohio $13,449 $14,093 $13,320 $14,419 $15,207 $18,824 $19,501 $20,471 $19,806 $20,039 $20,832 U.S. $251,157 $256,416 $245,031 $265,388 $277,963 $302,195 $319,700 $333,198 $345,580 $348,387 $369,380 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.35% 5.50% 5.44% 5.43% 5.47% 6.23% 6.10% 6.14% 5.73% 5.75% 5.64% 0.28% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.58 1.63 1.64 1.64 1.62 1.87 1.82 1.82 1.71 1.73 1.70 0.13 56 Administrative & waste mgt. srvcs.: Ohio $15,057 $15,427 $14,284 $15,187 $16,091 $17,176 $18,179 $19,125 $19,634 $19,400 $20,205 U.S. $430,627 $438,553 $412,407 $437,563 $454,138 $473,931 $489,064 $517,775 $545,303 $569,551 $606,974 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.50% 3.52% 3.46% 3.47% 3.54% 3.62% 3.72% 3.69% 3.60% 3.41% 3.33% -0.17% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.03 1.00 -0.02 561 Administrative & support srvcs.: Ohio $13,815 $14,174 $13,021 $13,624 $14,648 $15,668 $16,373 $17,143 $17,435 $17,086 $17,679 U.S. $395,158 $401,644 $373,967 $389,804 $411,693 $431,230 $445,865 $471,510 $493,948 $513,398 $546,226 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.50% 3.53% 3.48% 3.50% 3.56% 3.63% 3.67% 3.64% 3.53% 3.33% 3.24% -0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.00 0.98 -0.05 562 Waste mgt. & remediation srvcs.: Ohio $1,242 $1,252 $1,263 $1,562 $1,443 $1,508 $1,806 $1,982 $2,200 $2,315 $2,527 U.S. $35,469 $36,909 $38,440 $47,759 $42,445 $42,701 $43,199 $46,265 $51,355 $56,153 $60,748 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.50% 3.39% 3.29% 3.27% 3.40% 3.53% 4.18% 4.28% 4.28% 4.12% 4.16% 0.66% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.06 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.24 1.25 0.22

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

126 Table A10: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Professional/Business Services, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Professional/Business Services in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 54 Prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $26,587 $28,596 $27,299 $27,711 $29,358 $28,950 $29,185 $30,014 $30,183 $30,867 $31,398 $4,811 18.1% U.S. $1,046,538 $1,128,380 $1,067,064 $1,093,022 $1,139,434 $1,188,532 $1,191,801 $1,241,612 $1,288,642 $1,318,498 $1,363,151 $316,613 30.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.54% 2.53% 2.56% 2.54% 2.58% 2.44% 2.45% 2.42% 2.34% 2.34% 2.30% -0.24% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 -0.03 5411 Legal srvcs.: Ohio $5,776 $6,301 $5,634 $5,142 $5,134 $4,877 $4,639 $4,531 $4,494 $4,570 $4,549 -$1,226 -21.2% U.S. $256,229 $274,503 $240,987 $222,444 $223,896 $216,697 $209,496 $207,240 $205,580 $210,842 $210,714 -$45,515 -17.8% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.25% 2.30% 2.34% 2.31% 2.29% 2.25% 2.21% 2.19% 2.19% 2.17% 2.16% -0.10% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.01 5415 Computer systems & related srvcs.: Ohio $4,754 $5,205 $5,494 $6,026 $6,785 $6,452 $6,715 $6,982 $7,116 $7,607 $8,129 $3,375 71.0% U.S. $155,567 $168,633 $178,098 $198,870 $221,085 $252,274 $257,325 $271,394 $292,504 $316,972 $346,281 $190,714 122.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.06% 3.09% 3.08% 3.03% 3.07% 2.56% 2.61% 2.57% 2.43% 2.40% 2.35% -0.71% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.77 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.72 -0.16 5412-4, Other prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $16,247 $17,288 $16,269 $16,568 $17,437 $17,621 $17,837 $18,524 $18,606 $18,753 $18,839 $2,592 16.0% 5416-9 U.S. $642,719 $693,571 $652,167 $673,005 $694,959 $719,561 $725,145 $763,821 $792,784 $794,367 $812,946 $170,227 26.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.53% 2.49% 2.49% 2.46% 2.51% 2.45% 2.46% 2.43% 2.35% 2.36% 2.32% -0.21% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.73 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.71 -0.02 55 Enterprise mgt.: Ohio $14,492 $14,980 $13,694 $14,652 $15,359 $18,824 $19,345 $20,760 $19,687 $19,950 $20,838 $6,345 43.8% U.S. $270,634 $272,556 $251,907 $269,688 $280,748 $302,195 $317,148 $337,896 $343,511 $346,847 $369,479 $98,845 36.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.35% 5.50% 5.44% 5.43% 5.47% 6.23% 6.10% 6.14% 5.73% 5.75% 5.64% 0.28% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.55 1.60 1.62 1.63 1.61 1.87 1.83 1.82 1.73 1.75 1.72 0.18 56 Administrative & waste mgt. srvcs.: Ohio $15,781 $15,895 $14,416 $15,426 $16,272 $17,176 $17,884 $18,419 $18,357 $17,555 $17,979 $2,198 13.9% U.S. $451,552 $452,040 $416,344 $444,500 $459,263 $473,931 $481,158 $498,798 $509,969 $515,670 $540,518 $88,966 19.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.49% 3.52% 3.46% 3.47% 3.54% 3.62% 3.72% 3.69% 3.60% 3.40% 3.33% -0.17% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.03 1.02 0.01 561 Administrative & support srvcs.: Ohio $14,345 $14,488 $13,068 $13,808 $14,803 $15,668 $16,123 $16,554 $16,345 $15,528 $15,819 $1,474 10.3% U.S. $410,311 $410,540 $375,304 $395,050 $416,038 $431,230 $439,057 $455,331 $463,072 $466,591 $488,752 $78,441 19.1% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.50% 3.53% 3.48% 3.50% 3.56% 3.63% 3.67% 3.64% 3.53% 3.33% 3.24% -0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.01 0.99 -0.02 562 Waste mgt. & remediation srvcs.: Ohio $1,431 $1,397 $1,345 $1,622 $1,470 $1,508 $1,760 $1,863 $2,006 $2,018 $2,148 $717 50.1% U.S. $40,879 $41,162 $40,937 $49,578 $43,234 $42,701 $42,107 $43,479 $46,840 $48,968 $51,632 $10,753 26.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.50% 3.39% 3.29% 3.27% 3.40% 3.53% 4.18% 4.28% 4.28% 4.12% 4.16% 0.66% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.06 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.25 1.27 0.26

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

127 Table A11: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Health Care and Social Assistance, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Health Care and Social Assistance in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 62 Health care & social assistance#: Ohio $38,928 $41,792 $43,691 $44,556 $45,958 $47,852 $49,694 $50,729 $52,409 $54,452 $56,307 U.S. $936,403 $1,017,031 $1,079,162 $1,111,786 $1,148,665 $1,193,481 $1,229,730 $1,266,361 $1,329,041 $1,395,309 $1,454,718 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.16% 4.11% 4.05% 4.01% 4.00% 4.01% 4.04% 4.01% 3.94% 3.90% 3.87% -0.29% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.17 -0.06 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs.#: Ohio $16,721 $17,787 $18,635 $19,058 $19,822 $20,774 $21,435 $21,993 $22,629 $23,471 $24,572 U.S. $442,347 $480,890 $507,366 $531,630 $554,864 $573,536 $593,523 $611,255 $641,510 $679,310 $708,287 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.78% 3.70% 3.67% 3.58% 3.57% 3.62% 3.61% 3.60% 3.53% 3.46% 3.47% -0.31% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.05 -0.07 622 Hospitals#: Ohio $14,066 $15,398 $16,299 $16,631 $17,185 $18,013 $18,841 $19,182 $20,000 $20,750 $21,078 U.S. $310,766 $339,925 $367,574 $369,827 $382,029 $398,067 $405,705 $416,610 $438,807 $454,485 $473,442 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.53% 4.53% 4.43% 4.50% 4.50% 4.53% 4.64% 4.60% 4.56% 4.57% 4.45% -0.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.33 1.34 1.33 1.36 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.34 0.01 623 Nursing & residential care facilities#: Ohio $5,438 $5,727 $5,856 $5,927 $6,013 $6,034 $6,205 $6,217 $6,270 $6,484 $6,644 U.S. $102,481 $110,551 $116,458 $120,664 $123,177 $125,928 $129,068 $132,519 $136,857 $142,240 $146,281 Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.31% 5.18% 5.03% 4.91% 4.88% 4.79% 4.81% 4.69% 4.58% 4.56% 4.54% -0.76% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.56 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.39 1.37 1.37 1.37 -0.19 624 Social assistance#: Ohio $2,704 $2,880 $2,901 $2,939 $2,939 $3,031 $3,214 $3,336 $3,510 $3,748 $4,012 U.S. $80,810 $85,665 $87,764 $89,666 $88,597 $95,951 $101,434 $105,978 $111,867 $119,275 $126,709 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.35% 3.36% 3.31% 3.28% 3.32% 3.16% 3.17% 3.15% 3.14% 3.14% 3.17% -0.18% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 -0.03

Notes: # - these are private sector services and exclude those supported by tax dollars; ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

128 Table A11: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Health Care and Social Assistance, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Health Care and Social Assistance in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 62 Health care & social assistance#: Ohio $43,452 $45,649 $46,208 $46,078 $46,871 $47,852 $49,086 $49,585 $50,471 $51,208 $51,924 $8,473 19.5% U.S. $1,043,616 $1,109,997 $1,140,872 $1,149,143 $1,170,972 $1,193,481 $1,215,059 $1,238,392 $1,282,383 $1,316,326 $1,347,142 $303,526 29.1% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.16% 4.11% 4.05% 4.01% 4.00% 4.01% 4.04% 4.00% 3.94% 3.89% 3.85% -0.31% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.20 1.19 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.18 -0.02 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs.#: Ohio $18,408 $19,293 $19,589 $19,553 $20,106 $20,774 $21,355 $21,790 $22,507 $23,122 $24,034 $5,626 30.6% U.S. $486,971 $521,607 $533,359 $545,443 $562,816 $573,535 $591,309 $605,607 $638,052 $669,212 $692,756 $205,785 42.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.78% 3.70% 3.67% 3.58% 3.57% 3.62% 3.61% 3.60% 3.53% 3.46% 3.47% -0.31% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.09 1.07 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.06 -0.03 622 Hospitals#: Ohio $15,798 $16,880 $17,352 $17,327 $17,647 $18,013 $18,476 $18,531 $18,790 $18,877 $18,651 $2,853 18.1% U.S. $349,045 $372,635 $391,312 $385,297 $392,291 $398,067 $397,856 $402,458 $412,266 $413,448 $418,930 $69,885 20.0% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.53% 4.53% 4.43% 4.50% 4.50% 4.53% 4.64% 4.60% 4.56% 4.57% 4.45% -0.07% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.31 1.32 1.32 1.35 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.36 1.37 1.39 1.36 0.05 623 Nursing & residential care facilities#: Ohio $6,216 $6,323 $6,177 $6,126 $6,111 $6,034 $6,149 $6,120 $5,994 $5,959 $5,919 -$296 -4.8% U.S. $117,133 $122,051 $122,848 $124,719 $125,194 $125,928 $127,903 $130,436 $130,820 $130,733 $130,317 $13,184 11.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.31% 5.18% 5.03% 4.91% 4.88% 4.79% 4.81% 4.69% 4.58% 4.56% 4.54% -0.76% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.53 1.50 1.50 1.47 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.39 -0.14 624 Social assistance#: Ohio $3,035 $3,156 $3,093 $3,073 $3,008 $3,031 $3,107 $3,148 $3,193 $3,279 $3,396 $361 11.9% U.S. $90,698 $93,864 $93,561 $93,757 $90,676 $95,951 $98,043 $100,009 $101,769 $104,362 $107,231 $16,533 18.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.35% 3.36% 3.31% 3.28% 3.32% 3.16% 3.17% 3.15% 3.14% 3.14% 3.17% -0.18% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.00

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

129 Table A12: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Leisure and Hospitality, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change Leisure and Hospitality in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08% 71 Arts-entertainment-recreation: Ohio $4,189 $4,130 $4,421 $4,975 $5,135 $5,896 $6,546 $6,555 $6,499 $7,077 $7,571 U.S. $137,411 $143,183 $144,637 $152,247 $158,312 $171,234 $177,399 $188,767 $192,761 $203,649 $214,148 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.05% 2.88% 3.06% 3.27% 3.24% 3.44% 3.69% 3.47% 3.37% 3.47% 3.54% 0.49% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.90 0.86 0.92 0.99 0.96 1.03 1.10 1.03 1.01 1.05 1.07 0.17 711-2 Performing arts, museums etc.: Ohio $1,653 $1,750 $1,681 $1,696 $1,886 $2,214 $2,088 $2,342 $2,344 $2,701 $3,237 U.S. $75,572 $81,450 $84,867 $87,731 $92,714 $101,345 $104,262 $112,255 $112,588 $118,650 $125,669 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.19% 2.15% 1.98% 1.93% 2.03% 2.18% 2.00% 2.09% 2.08% 2.28% 2.58% 0.39% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.64 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.69 0.78 0.13 713 Amusements-gambling-recreation: Ohio $2,536 $2,380 $2,741 $3,278 $3,250 $3,682 $4,458 $4,214 $4,155 $4,376 $4,334 U.S. $61,839 $61,733 $59,770 $64,516 $65,598 $69,889 $73,137 $76,512 $80,173 $84,999 $88,479 Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.10% 3.85% 4.59% 5.08% 4.95% 5.27% 6.10% 5.51% 5.18% 5.15% 4.90% 0.80% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.21 1.14 1.38 1.53 1.47 1.58 1.82 1.63 1.55 1.55 1.48 0.27 72 Accommodation & food srvcs.: Ohio $10,539 $10,522 $10,386 $10,765 $11,339 $12,258 $13,374 $14,223 $15,219 $15,747 $16,337 U.S. $396,093 $399,538 $388,644 $403,549 $422,605 $450,127 $473,928 $501,285 $544,579 $567,153 $590,589 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.66% 2.63% 2.67% 2.67% 2.68% 2.72% 2.82% 2.84% 2.79% 2.78% 2.77% 0.11% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.05 721 Accommodation: Ohio $1,541 $1,588 $1,439 $1,474 $1,526 $1,646 $2,110 $2,319 $2,428 $2,468 $2,452 U.S. $124,473 $123,450 $107,432 $112,076 $121,826 $128,605 $136,678 $142,949 $156,072 $158,137 $163,175 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.24% 1.29% 1.34% 1.31% 1.25% 1.28% 1.54% 1.62% 1.56% 1.56% 1.50% 0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.38 0.46 0.48 0.46 0.47 0.45 0.09 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places: Ohio $8,998 $8,934 $8,947 $9,292 $9,814 $10,612 $11,264 $11,904 $12,792 $13,280 $13,885 U.S. $271,620 $276,088 $281,213 $291,473 $300,779 $321,523 $337,250 $358,336 $388,507 $409,016 $427,414 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.31% 3.24% 3.18% 3.19% 3.26% 3.30% 3.34% 3.32% 3.29% 3.25% 3.25% -0.06% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.01

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

130 Table A12: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Leisure and Hospitality, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent Leisure and Hospitality in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19% 71 Arts-entertainment-recreation: Ohio $4,625 $4,440 $4,643 $5,238 $5,327 $5,896 $6,446 $6,329 $6,023 $6,352 $6,719 $2,094 45.3% U.S. $151,492 $153,418 $151,451 $159,057 $163,464 $171,233 $174,651 $182,065 $178,416 $182,269 $188,837 $37,346 24.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.05% 2.89% 3.07% 3.29% 3.26% 3.44% 3.69% 3.48% 3.38% 3.49% 3.56% 0.50% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.88 0.84 0.92 0.99 0.96 1.03 1.11 1.03 1.02 1.06 1.09 0.21 711-2 Performing arts, museums etc.: Ohio $1,822 $1,863 $1,750 $1,746 $1,930 $2,214 $2,055 $2,254 $2,165 $2,404 $2,816 $995 54.6% U.S. $83,266 $86,717 $88,378 $90,321 $94,904 $101,345 $102,601 $108,076 $103,984 $105,631 $109,350 $26,084 31.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.19% 2.15% 1.98% 1.93% 2.03% 2.18% 2.00% 2.09% 2.08% 2.28% 2.58% 0.39% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.69 0.79 0.16 713 Amusements-gambling-recreation: Ohio $2,801 $2,573 $2,893 $3,497 $3,397 $3,682 $4,392 $4,075 $3,858 $3,946 $3,895 $1,094 39.0% U.S. $68,302 $66,755 $63,084 $68,812 $68,580 $69,889 $72,051 $73,988 $74,439 $76,650 $79,502 $11,200 16.4% Ohio as percent of U.S. 4.10% 3.85% 4.59% 5.08% 4.95% 5.27% 6.10% 5.51% 5.18% 5.15% 4.90% 0.80% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.18 1.12 1.37 1.52 1.46 1.58 1.83 1.63 1.56 1.56 1.50 0.31 72 Accommodation & food srvcs.: Ohio $12,525 $11,939 $11,070 $11,394 $11,912 $12,258 $12,972 $13,432 $13,704 $13,592 $13,695 $1,170 9.3% U.S. $461,695 $446,049 $413,113 $427,207 $443,389 $450,127 $459,931 $472,994 $490,945 $490,886 $496,756 $35,061 7.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.71% 2.68% 2.68% 2.67% 2.69% 2.72% 2.82% 2.84% 2.79% 2.77% 2.76% 0.04% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.06 721 Accommodation: Ohio $1,639 $1,639 $1,509 $1,562 $1,591 $1,646 $2,054 $2,177 $2,204 $2,170 $2,103 $464 28.3% U.S. $132,355 $127,422 $112,648 $118,809 $127,054 $128,605 $133,050 $134,180 $141,655 $139,039 $139,924 $7,569 5.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.24% 1.29% 1.34% 1.31% 1.25% 1.28% 1.54% 1.62% 1.56% 1.56% 1.50% 0.26% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.46 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.10 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places: Ohio $10,896 $10,299 $9,561 $9,831 $10,321 $10,612 $10,918 $11,255 $11,501 $11,422 $11,590 $695 6.4% U.S. $328,911 $318,268 $300,495 $308,407 $316,333 $321,522 $326,885 $338,823 $349,298 $351,813 $356,783 $27,872 8.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.31% 3.24% 3.18% 3.19% 3.26% 3.30% 3.34% 3.32% 3.29% 3.25% 3.25% -0.06% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.04

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

131 Table A13: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Government, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Change

Government in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% -0.08%

92, 491# Government, all levels: Ohio $56,132 $58,291 $59,196 $61,868 $61,966 $63,206 $64,242 $65,226 $67,114 $68,542 $70,823 U.S. $1,887,064 $1,981,608 $2,045,053 $2,107,964 $2,137,061 $2,159,489 $2,212,508 $2,271,716 $2,340,490 $2,387,831 $2,453,704 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.97% 2.94% 2.89% 2.93% 2.90% 2.93% 2.90% 2.87% 2.87% 2.87% 2.89% -0.09% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.00 92f, Federal govt. total GDP: Ohio $12,415 $12,886 $13,312 $14,103 $14,179 $14,191 $13,985 $14,363 $14,798 $15,106 $15,567 491# U.S. $601,894 $632,210 $663,326 $697,444 $712,251 $713,885 $703,806 $716,067 $732,322 $744,801 $759,896 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.06% 2.04% 2.01% 2.02% 1.99% 1.99% 1.99% 2.01% 2.02% 2.03% 2.05% -0.01% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.01 92fc & Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service): Ohio $8,873 $9,066 $9,255 $9,938 $9,961 $9,940 $9,742 $10,185 $10,666 $10,977 $11,331 491# U.S. $334,853 $346,665 $362,702 $384,756 $391,390 $391,419 $386,057 $401,507 $421,695 $436,039 $449,253 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.65% 2.62% 2.55% 2.58% 2.54% 2.54% 2.52% 2.54% 2.53% 2.52% 2.52% -0.13% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 -0.02 92811 Federal military: Ohio $3,543 $3,821 $4,058 $4,165 $4,219 $4,250 $4,243 $4,178 $4,133 $4,129 $4,236 U.S. $267,041 $285,545 $300,625 $312,689 $320,861 $322,466 $317,749 $314,560 $310,627 $308,762 $310,643 Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.33% 1.34% 1.35% 1.33% 1.31% 1.32% 1.34% 1.33% 1.33% 1.34% 1.36% 0.04% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.02 92sl State & local: Ohio $43,716 $45,404 $45,884 $47,766 $47,786 $49,015 $50,257 $50,863 $52,316 $53,437 $55,256 U.S. $1,285,170 $1,349,398 $1,381,727 $1,410,520 $1,424,811 $1,445,603 $1,508,702 $1,555,650 $1,608,167 $1,643,029 $1,693,809 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.36% 3.32% 3.39% 3.35% 3.39% 3.33% 3.27% 3.25% 3.25% 3.26% -0.14% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 -0.02

92sl State & local in Ohio as a percentage of all 77.88% 77.89% 77.51% 77.21% 77.12% 77.55% 78.23% 77.98% 77.95% 77.96% 78.02% 0.14% government activity in Ohio (92sl/(92, 491#))

Notes: # - 491 - the U.S. Postal Service; ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

132 Table A13: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Government, 2007-2017

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Numeric Percent

Government in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $49,473 9.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $2,424,664 15.5% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% -0.19%

92, 491# Government, all levels: Ohio $63,495 $63,954 $62,921 $64,135 $63,189 $63,206 $62,053 $61,162 $61,024 $61,695 $62,468 -$1,027 -1.6% U.S. $2,127,701 $2,169,142 $2,171,582 $2,182,444 $2,175,620 $2,159,489 $2,144,308 $2,139,017 $2,139,427 $2,161,087 $2,176,830 $49,129 2.3% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.98% 2.95% 2.90% 2.94% 2.90% 2.93% 2.89% 2.86% 2.85% 2.85% 2.87% -0.11% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.85 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.02 92f, Federal govt. total GDP: Ohio $13,701 $13,896 $14,050 $14,485 $14,283 $14,191 $13,856 $13,899 $14,021 $14,190 $14,369 $668 4.9% 491# U.S. $664,216 $681,735 $700,077 $716,363 $717,448 $713,885 $697,279 $692,920 $693,870 $699,627 $701,428 $37,211 5.6% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.06% 2.04% 2.01% 2.02% 1.99% 1.99% 1.99% 2.01% 2.02% 2.03% 2.05% -0.01% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.03 92fc & Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service): Ohio $9,792 $9,776 $9,767 $10,207 $10,033 $9,940 $9,652 $9,856 $10,106 $10,311 $10,459 $667 6.8% 491# U.S. $369,525 $373,821 $382,797 $395,192 $394,246 $391,419 $382,477 $388,528 $399,553 $409,592 $414,686 $45,161 12.2% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.65% 2.62% 2.55% 2.58% 2.54% 2.54% 2.52% 2.54% 2.53% 2.52% 2.52% -0.13% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.01 92811 Federal military: Ohio $3,909 $4,120 $4,283 $4,278 $4,250 $4,250 $4,204 $4,043 $3,916 $3,878 $3,911 $1 0.0% U.S. $294,691 $307,913 $317,281 $321,171 $323,202 $322,466 $314,802 $304,392 $294,317 $290,035 $286,741 -$7,950 -2.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 1.33% 1.34% 1.35% 1.33% 1.31% 1.32% 1.34% 1.33% 1.33% 1.34% 1.36% 0.04% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.03 92sl State & local: Ohio $49,804 $50,066 $48,872 $49,650 $48,905 $49,015 $48,196 $47,271 $47,018 $47,521 $48,115 -$1,689 -3.4% U.S. $1,464,121 $1,487,930 $1,471,696 $1,466,160 $1,458,180 $1,445,603 $1,446,846 $1,445,805 $1,445,314 $1,461,129 $1,474,905 $10,784 0.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.36% 3.32% 3.39% 3.35% 3.39% 3.33% 3.27% 3.25% 3.25% 3.26% -0.14% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.01 0.99 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.01

Notes: # - 491 - the U.S. Postal Service; ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - initial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

133 Table A14: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Infrastructure, Trade, Education and Other Services, 2007-2018

Dollar figures in millions Nominal 2012 Net NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018* Change

Infrastructure, Trade, Education and Other Services in Current Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $490,965 $495,743 $480,322 $497,208 $525,388 $540,819 $561,046 $593,030 $609,750 $621,363 $645,820 $676,193 U.S. $14,451,860 $14,712,845 $14,448,932 $14,992,052 $15,542,582 $16,197,007 $16,784,851 $17,521,747 $18,219,297 $18,707,189 $19,485,394 $20,494,079 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.40% 3.37% 3.32% 3.32% 3.38% 3.34% 3.34% 3.38% 3.35% 3.32% 3.31% 3.30% -0.10% 22 Utilities: Ohio $8,440 $8,788 $9,544 $10,028 $10,137 $9,898 $10,089 $10,482 $10,498 $10,591 $10,571 $10,940 U.S. $231,907 $241,686 $258,241 $278,837 $287,459 $279,651 $286,340 $298,154 $299,036 $302,715 $307,496 $319,427 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.64% 3.64% 3.70% 3.60% 3.53% 3.54% 3.52% 3.52% 3.51% 3.50% 3.44% 3.42% -0.21% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 -0.03 23 Construction: Ohio $18,554 $17,239 $15,958 $14,519 $15,577 $17,195 $18,271 $19,543 $20,918 $22,334 $24,426 $24,925 U.S. $715,327 $648,879 $565,647 $525,126 $524,431 $553,419 $587,553 $636,442 $694,934 $745,508 $781,413 $839,994 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.59% 2.66% 2.82% 2.76% 2.97% 3.11% 3.11% 3.07% 3.01% 3.00% 3.13% 2.97% 0.37% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.76 0.79 0.85 0.83 0.88 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.94 0.90 0.14 42 Wholesale trade: Ohio $30,843 $31,927 $29,673 $31,286 $32,323 $34,049 $35,719 $37,613 $38,915 $39,088 $40,501 $43,091 U.S. $857,827 $884,319 $834,180 $888,905 $934,907 $997,353 $1,040,067 $1,088,166 $1,141,709 $1,136,576 $1,174,123 $1,234,033 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.60% 3.61% 3.56% 3.52% 3.46% 3.41% 3.43% 3.46% 3.41% 3.44% 3.45% 3.49% -0.10% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.06 0.00 44-45 Retail trade: Ohio $30,812 $29,924 $29,503 $29,910 $31,058 $31,731 $33,433 $34,456 $36,217 $37,014 $39,053 $39,681 U.S. $869,219 $848,675 $827,625 $851,508 $871,932 $908,415 $949,451 $973,759 $1,021,386 $1,051,967 $1,087,107 $1,132,486 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.54% 3.53% 3.56% 3.51% 3.56% 3.49% 3.52% 3.54% 3.55% 3.52% 3.59% 3.50% -0.04% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.06 0.02 61 Educational srvcs.#: Ohio $4,514 $4,943 $5,436 $5,655 $5,814 $5,846 $5,794 $5,944 $6,009 $6,188 $6,124 $6,224 U.S. $151,528 $167,783 $188,331 $198,871 $206,048 $213,883 $217,462 $226,190 $234,453 $244,056 $245,556 $254,198 Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.98% 2.95% 2.89% 2.84% 2.82% 2.73% 2.66% 2.63% 2.56% 2.54% 2.49% 2.45% -0.53% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 -0.13 81 Other srvcs.: Ohio $10,865 $10,632 $10,373 $10,424 $10,810 $11,371 $11,542 $12,184 $12,680 $12,939 $13,518 $14,020 U.S. $330,483 $330,268 $326,535 $327,992 $333,090 $347,991 $356,282 $376,258 $392,522 $401,787 $416,083 $434,697 Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.29% 3.22% 3.18% 3.18% 3.25% 3.27% 3.24% 3.24% 3.23% 3.22% 3.25% 3.23% -0.06% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.01

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - intial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

134 Table A14: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Infrastructure, Trade, Education and Other Services, 2007-2018

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2012 Real Net Change 2012 NAICS Industry Title 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018* Numeric Percent

Infrastructure, Trade, Education and Other Services in Constant Dollars 11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $570,362 $577,277 $581,594 $590,884 $601,496 $60,085 11.1% U.S. $15,626,029 $15,604,687 $15,208,834 $15,598,753 $15,840,664 $16,197,007 $16,495,369 $16,899,831 $17,386,700 $17,659,187 $18,050,693 $18,566,442 $2,940,413 18.8% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.46% 3.44% 3.35% 3.34% 3.40% 3.34% 3.34% 3.37% 3.32% 3.29% 3.27% 3.24% -0.23% 22 Utilities: Ohio $8,644 $9,098 $8,768 $9,559 $9,732 $9,898 $9,746 $9,316 $9,249 $9,680 $9,414 $9,577 $933 10.8% U.S. $237,522 $250,218 $237,222 $265,789 $275,960 $279,651 $276,620 $264,978 $263,448 $276,664 $273,823 $279,665 $42,143 17.7% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.64% 3.64% 3.70% 3.60% 3.53% 3.54% 3.52% 3.52% 3.51% 3.50% 3.44% 3.42% -0.21% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.05 1.06 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.06 0.01 23 Construction: Ohio $19,316 $17,856 $16,284 $15,137 $16,000 $17,195 $17,637 $17,649 $18,026 $18,543 $19,499 $19,046 -$270 -1.4% U.S. $744,697 $672,105 $577,194 $547,486 $538,665 $553,419 $567,172 $574,753 $598,855 $618,938 $623,792 $641,844 -$102,853 -13.8% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.59% 2.66% 2.82% 2.76% 2.97% 3.11% 3.11% 3.07% 3.01% 3.00% 3.13% 2.97% 0.37% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.75 0.77 0.84 0.83 0.87 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.95 0.92 0.17 42 Wholesale trade: Ohio $36,603 $36,716 $31,823 $33,362 $33,376 $34,049 $35,038 $36,673 $37,622 $37,530 $38,451 $40,208 $3,604 9.8% U.S. $1,018,028 $1,016,971 $894,636 $947,884 $965,378 $997,353 $1,020,222 $1,060,954 $1,103,761 $1,091,284 $1,114,712 $1,151,424 $133,396 13.1% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.60% 3.61% 3.56% 3.52% 3.46% 3.41% 3.43% 3.46% 3.41% 3.44% 3.45% 3.49% -0.10% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.08 0.04 44-45 Retail trade: Ohio $33,858 $32,443 $31,418 $31,620 $32,123 $31,731 $32,984 $33,650 $34,839 $35,897 $38,115 $38,613 $4,756 14.0% U.S. $955,144 $920,134 $881,344 $900,185 $901,847 $908,415 $936,685 $950,992 $982,533 $1,020,205 $1,061,001 $1,101,862 $146,718 15.4% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.54% 3.53% 3.56% 3.51% 3.56% 3.49% 3.52% 3.54% 3.55% 3.52% 3.59% 3.50% -0.04% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.10 1.08 0.06 61 Educational srvcs.#: Ohio $5,330 $5,613 $5,947 $6,029 $6,022 $5,846 $5,609 $5,598 $5,514 $5,526 $5,324 $5,298 -$32 -0.6% U.S. $178,924 $190,518 $206,029 $212,024 $213,408 $213,883 $210,504 $213,032 $215,141 $217,940 $213,453 $216,368.0 $37,444 20.9% Ohio as percent of U.S. 2.98% 2.95% 2.89% 2.84% 2.82% 2.73% 2.66% 2.63% 2.56% 2.54% 2.49% 2.45% -0.53% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 -0.10 81 Other srvcs.: Ohio $12,783 $12,057 $11,203 $10,993 $11,125 $11,371 $11,190 $11,491 $11,554 $11,440 $11,599 $11,689 -$1,093 -8.6% U.S. $388,800 $374,539 $352,640 $345,893 $342,799 $347,991 $345,405 $354,857 $357,648 $355,215 $357,007 $362,433 -$26,367 -6.8% Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.29% 3.22% 3.18% 3.18% 3.25% 3.27% 3.24% 3.24% 3.23% 3.22% 3.25% 3.23% -0.06% Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.05

Notes: ^ - a recession year for the nation as a whole; * - intial for specific industries, revised for higher levels; prior years may have been revised.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

135

This page intentionally blank

136 Table A15: Ohio's GDP by Industry - Sorted by 2017 Concentration Ratio

2012 Concentra- Percent 2012 Concentra- Percent NAICS tion Ratio GDP Change NAICS tion Ratio GDP Change Codes Industry Titles 2017 1 2017 1 2007-17 2 Codes Industry Titles 2017 1 2017 1 2007-17 2

11-92 Total 1.00 $645,820 9.14% 56 Administrative & waste srvcs. 1.00 $20,205 13.93% 92sl State & local government 0.98 $55,256 -3.39% 81 Other srvcs., exc. government 0.98 $13,518 -9.26% 331 Primary metals 3.06 $6,067 20.85% 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places 0.98 $13,885 6.38% 335 Electrical eqpt., appliances & components 2.26 $4,390 -6.71% 561 Administrative & support srvcs. 0.98 $17,679 10.27% 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts 2.23 $11,765 -37.08% 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities 0.97 $3,755 -23.99% 332 Fabricated metal products 2.23 $11,229 -22.23% 22, 42-81* Private service providing industries* 0.96 $433,263 14.20% 326 Plastic & rubber products 2.20 $6,029 -8.06% 624 Social assistance 0.96 $4,012 11.88% 336 Transportation eqpt. 1.85 $18,801 -24.68% 23 Construction 0.94 $24,426 0.95% 333 Machinery 1.84 $9,158 -2.44% 321 Wood products 0.89 $1,123 -2.36% 327 Nonmetallic mineral products 1.77 $3,485 -1.63% 92, 491 Government (inc. Postal Service) 0.87 $70,823 -1.62% 55 Management of companies & enterprises 1.70 $20,832 43.78% 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. (inc. intangible assets) 0.86 $6,368 5.93% 486 Pipeline transportation 1.68 $2,266 855.79% 72 Accommodation & food srvcs. 0.83 $16,337 9.34% 323 Printing & related support activities 1.54 $1,999 -19.48% 53 Real estate, rental & leasing 0.83 $71,433 11.81% 524 Insurance carriers & related activities 1.49 $26,648 46.13% 531 Real estate 0.83 $65,066 12.83% 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation 1.48 $4,334 39.04% 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities 0.78 $3,237 54.59% 321, 327-339 Durable goods 1.48 $60,030 -12.39% 339 Miscellaneous mfg. 0.76 $2,246 6.14% 484 Truck transportation 1.46 $7,384 -4.79% 92fc, 491 Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service) 0.76 $11,331 6.81% 31-33 Manufacturing 1.45 $104,555 -9.94% 61 Educational srvcs. 0.75 $6,124 -0.12% 211 Oil & gas extraction 1.45 $8,380 1397.44% 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. 0.71 $7,584 70.99% 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. 1.43 $7,037 6.61% 5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 0.70 $20,141 15.95% 311-6, 322-6 Nondurable goods 1.41 $44,525 -3.89% 54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 0.69 $33,291 18.10% 325 Chemicals 1.39 $16,366 -0.85% 5411 Legal srvcs. 0.65 $5,566 -21.23% 324 Petroleum & coal products 1.38 $5,505 53.20% 92fc, fm, 491 Federal government (inc. Postal Service) 0.62 $15,567 4.88% 623 Nursing & residential care facilities 1.37 $6,644 -4.77% 515-7 Broadcasting & telecommunications 0.62 $8,746 32.26% 493 Warehousing & storage 1.37 $2,878 29.87% 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) 0.60 $5,342 7.86% 521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. 1.36 $27,764 -15.55% 313-4 Textile & textile product mills 0.54 $331 -33.11% 622 Hospitals 1.34 $21,078 18.06% 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas 0.52 $941 -21.70% 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products 1.33 $11,919 -7.10% 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) 0.52 $2,299 7.57% 11, 21, 23 & 33 Private goods producing industries 1.26 $141,734 0.64% 51 Information 0.52 $18,078 38.22% 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. 1.25 $2,527 50.07% 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products 0.51 $158 -29.83% 52 Finance & insurance 1.21 $58,662 10.20% 481 Air transportation 0.51 $2,296 -5.85% 62 Health care & social assistance 1.17 $56,307 19.50% 213 Support activities for mining 0.50 $659 -12.94% 322 Paper 1.14 $2,218 -35.16% 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. 0.49 $2,772 10.28% 337 Furniture & related products 1.14 $1,180 -36.63% 721 Accommodation 0.45 $2,452 28.29% 21 Mining 1.12 $9,980 409.93% 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation 0.44 $649 9.61% 44-45 Retail trade 1.08 $39,053 12.58% 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments 0.42 $4,042 32.90% 482 Rail transportation 1.07 $1,441 -12.74% 92811 (fm) Federal military 0.41 $4,236 0.03% 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation 1.07 $7,571 45.27% 518-9 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) 0.40 $3,492 176.24% 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. 1.05 $24,572 30.56% 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities 0.39 $473 31.28% 42 Wholesale trade 1.04 $40,501 5.05% 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles 0.38 $209 -59.68% 22 Utilities 1.04 $10,571 8.91% 334 Computer & electronic products & components 0.25 $2,349 10.27% 48-49* Transportation & warehousing* 1.03 $20,780 5.07% 483 Water transportation 0.24 $110 -11.75% 11-81* Private industries* 1.02 $574,997 10.61% 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings 0.16 $498 42.53%

Notes: 1 - based on current dollars; 2 - based on chained dollars standardized on 2012; * - excludes U.S. Postal Service (NAICS code 491); italicized - mildly concentrated in Ohio; bold - concentrated in Ohio. Abbreviations used: eqpt. - equipment; exc. - excluding; fc - federal civilian; fm - federal military; inc. - including; info. - information; p - part; prcsng. - processing; sl - state & local; srvcs. - services.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19). 137 Table A16: Ohio's GDP by Industry - Sorted by Percentage Change, 2007-2017

2012 Percent Concentra- 2012 Percent Concentra- NAICS Change GDP tion Ratio NAICS Change GDP tion Ratio Codes Industry Titles 2007-17 2 2017 1 2017 1 Codes Industry Titles 2007-17 2 2017 1 2017 1

11-92 Total 9.14% $645,820 1.00 92fc, 491 Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service) 6.81% $11,331 0.76 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. 6.61% $7,037 1.43 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places 6.38% $13,885 0.98 211 Oil & gas extraction 1397.44% $8,380 1.45 339 Miscellaneous mfg. 6.14% $2,246 0.76 486 Pipeline transportation 855.79% $2,266 1.68 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. (inc. intangible assets) 5.93% $6,368 0.86 21 Mining 409.93% $9,980 1.12 48-49* Transportation & warehousing* 5.07% $20,780 1.03 518-9 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) 176.24% $3,492 0.40 42 Wholesale trade 5.05% $40,501 1.04 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. 70.99% $7,584 0.71 92fc, fm, 491 Federal government (inc. Postal Service) 4.88% $15,567 0.62 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities 54.59% $3,237 0.78 23 Construction 0.95% $24,426 0.94 324 Petroleum & coal products 53.20% $5,505 1.38 11, 21, 23 & 33 Private goods producing industries 0.64% $141,734 1.26 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. 50.07% $2,527 1.25 92811 (fm) Federal military 0.03% $4,236 0.41 524 Insurance carriers & related activities 46.13% $26,648 1.49 61 Educational srvcs. -0.12% $6,124 0.75 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation 45.27% $7,571 1.07 325 Chemicals -0.85% $16,366 1.39 55 Management of companies & enterprises 43.78% $20,832 1.70 92, 491 Government (inc. Postal Service) -1.62% $70,823 0.87 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings 42.53% $498 0.16 327 Nonmetallic mineral products -1.63% $3,485 1.77 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation 39.04% $4,334 1.48 321 Wood products -2.36% $1,123 0.89 51 Information 38.22% $18,078 0.52 333 Machinery -2.44% $9,158 1.84 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments 32.90% $4,042 0.42 92sl State & local government -3.39% $55,256 0.98 515-7 Broadcasting & telecommunications 32.26% $8,746 0.62 311-6, 322-6 Nondurable goods -3.89% $44,525 1.41 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities 31.28% $473 0.39 623 Nursing & residential care facilities -4.77% $6,644 1.37 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. 30.56% $24,572 1.05 484 Truck transportation -4.79% $7,384 1.46 493 Warehousing & storage 29.87% $2,878 1.37 481 Air transportation -5.85% $2,296 0.51 721 Accommodation 28.29% $2,452 0.45 335 Electrical eqpt., appliances & components -6.71% $4,390 2.26 331 Primary metals 20.85% $6,067 3.06 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products -7.10% $11,919 1.33 62 Health care & social assistance 19.50% $56,307 1.17 326 Plastic & rubber products -8.06% $6,029 2.20 54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 18.10% $33,291 0.69 81 Other srvcs., exc. government -9.26% $13,518 0.98 622 Hospitals 18.06% $21,078 1.34 31-33 Manufacturing -9.94% $104,555 1.45 5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 15.95% $20,141 0.70 483 Water transportation -11.75% $110 0.24 22, 42-81* Private service providing industries* 14.20% $433,263 0.96 321, 327-339 Durable goods -12.39% $60,030 1.48 56 Administrative & waste srvcs. 13.93% $20,205 1.00 482 Rail transportation -12.74% $1,441 1.07 531 Real estate 12.83% $65,066 0.83 213 Support activities for mining -12.94% $659 0.50 44-45 Retail trade 12.58% $39,053 1.08 521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. -15.55% $27,764 1.36 624 Social assistance 11.88% $4,012 0.96 323 Printing & related support activities -19.48% $1,999 1.54 53 Real estate, rental & leasing 11.81% $71,433 0.83 5411 Legal srvcs. -21.23% $5,566 0.65 11-81* Private industries* 10.61% $574,997 1.02 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas -21.70% $941 0.52 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. 10.28% $2,772 0.49 332 Fabricated metal products -22.23% $11,229 2.23 561 Administrative & support srvcs. 10.27% $17,679 0.98 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities -23.99% $3,755 0.97 334 Computer & electronic products & components 10.27% $2,349 0.25 336 Transportation eqpt. -24.68% $18,801 1.85 52 Finance & insurance 10.20% $58,662 1.21 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products -29.83% $158 0.51 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation 9.61% $649 0.44 313-4 Textile & textile product mills -33.11% $331 0.54 72 Accommodation & food srvcs. 9.34% $16,337 0.83 322 Paper -35.16% $2,218 1.14 22 Utilities 8.91% $10,571 1.04 337 Furniture & related products -36.63% $1,180 1.14 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) 7.86% $5,342 0.60 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts -37.08% $11,765 2.23 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) 7.57% $2,299 0.52 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles -59.68% $209 0.38

Source: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19). 138 Table A17: Ohio's GDP by Industry - Sorted by Size in 2017

2012 Percent Concentra- 2012 Percent Concentra- NAICS GDP Change tion Ratio NAICS GDP Change tion Ratio Codes Industry Titles 2017 1 2007-17 2 2017 1 Codes Industry Titles 2017 1 2007-17 2 2017 1

11-92 Total $645,820 9.14% 1.00 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $7,584 70.99% 0.71 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation $7,571 45.27% 1.07 484 Truck transportation $7,384 -4.79% 1.46 11-81* Private industries* $574,997 10.61% 1.02 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $7,037 6.61% 1.43 22, 42-81* Private service providing industries* $433,263 14.20% 0.96 623 Nursing & residential care facilities $6,644 -4.77% 1.37 11, 21, 23 & 33 Private goods producing industries $141,734 0.64% 1.26 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. (inc. intangible assets) $6,368 5.93% 0.86 31-33 Manufacturing $104,555 -9.94% 1.45 61 Educational srvcs. $6,124 -0.12% 0.75 53 Real estate, rental & leasing $71,433 11.81% 0.83 331 Primary metals $6,067 20.85% 3.06 92, 491 Government (inc. Postal Service) $70,823 -1.62% 0.87 326 Plastic & rubber products $6,029 -8.06% 2.20 531 Real estate $65,066 12.83% 0.83 5411 Legal srvcs. $5,566 -21.23% 0.65 321, 327-339 Durable goods $60,030 -12.39% 1.48 324 Petroleum & coal products $5,505 53.20% 1.38 52 Finance & insurance $58,662 10.20% 1.21 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $5,342 7.86% 0.60 62 Health care & social assistance $56,307 19.50% 1.17 335 Electrical eqpt., appliances & components $4,390 -6.71% 2.26 92sl State & local government $55,256 -3.39% 0.98 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $4,334 39.04% 1.48 311-6, 322-6 Nondurable goods $44,525 -3.89% 1.41 92811 (fm) Federal military $4,236 0.03% 0.41 42 Wholesale trade $40,501 5.05% 1.04 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $4,042 32.90% 0.42 44-45 Retail trade $39,053 12.58% 1.08 624 Social assistance $4,012 11.88% 0.96 54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $33,291 18.10% 0.69 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $3,755 -23.99% 0.97 521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $27,764 -15.55% 1.36 518-9 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $3,492 176.24% 0.40 524 Insurance carriers & related activities $26,648 46.13% 1.49 327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,485 -1.63% 1.77 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $24,572 30.56% 1.05 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $3,237 54.59% 0.78 23 Construction $24,426 0.95% 0.94 493 Warehousing & storage $2,878 29.87% 1.37 622 Hospitals $21,078 18.06% 1.34 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. $2,772 10.28% 0.49 55 Management of companies & enterprises $20,832 43.78% 1.70 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $2,527 50.07% 1.25 48-49* Transportation & warehousing* $20,780 5.07% 1.03 721 Accommodation $2,452 28.29% 0.45 56 Administrative & waste srvcs. $20,205 13.93% 1.00 334 Computer & electronic products & components $2,349 10.27% 0.25 5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $20,141 15.95% 0.70 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $2,299 7.57% 0.52 336 Transportation eqpt. $18,801 -24.68% 1.85 481 Air transportation $2,296 -5.85% 0.51 51 Information $18,078 38.22% 0.52 486 Pipeline transportation $2,266 855.79% 1.68 561 Administrative & support srvcs. $17,679 10.27% 0.98 339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,246 6.14% 0.76 325 Chemicals $16,366 -0.85% 1.39 322 Paper $2,218 -35.16% 1.14 72 Accommodation & food srvcs. $16,337 9.34% 0.83 323 Printing & related support activities $1,999 -19.48% 1.54 92fc, fm, 491 Federal government (inc. Postal Service) $15,567 4.88% 0.62 482 Rail transportation $1,441 -12.74% 1.07 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $13,885 6.38% 0.98 337 Furniture & related products $1,180 -36.63% 1.14 81 Other srvcs., exc. government $13,518 -9.26% 0.98 321 Wood products $1,123 -2.36% 0.89 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $11,919 -7.10% 1.33 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $941 -21.70% 0.52 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $11,765 -37.08% 2.23 213 Support activities for mining $659 -12.94% 0.50 92fc, 491 Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service) $11,331 6.81% 0.76 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $649 9.61% 0.44 332 Fabricated metal products $11,229 -22.23% 2.23 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $498 42.53% 0.16 22 Utilities $10,571 8.91% 1.04 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $473 31.28% 0.39 21 Mining $9,980 409.93% 1.12 313-4 Textile & textile product mills $331 -33.11% 0.54 333 Machinery $9,158 -2.44% 1.84 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $209 -59.68% 0.38 515-7 Broadcasting & telecommunications $8,746 32.26% 0.62 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $158 -29.83% 0.51 211 Oil & gas extraction $8,380 1397.44% 1.45 483 Water transportation $110 -11.75% 0.24

Source: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19). 139 Comparing U.S. Percentages of Manufacturing Value-Added and GDP from Ohio, 2016 12.0%

10.0%

8.0% Added Ohio in Added

- 6.0% Percent of of Value Percent 4.0%

2.0%

0.0% 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% Percentage of GDP from Ohio Sources: U.S. BEA and U.S. Census Bureau 140 Table A18: Value-Added and GDP in Manufacturing Industries in Ohio and the U.S., 2016

Value Added (millions) GDP (millions)

2012 Ohio as Ohio as NAICS Percent Percent Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Ohio U.S. of U.S.

321 Wood products $1,075 $44,245 2.43% $1,052 $34,976 3.01% 327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,639 $71,428 5.09% $3,367 $57,491 5.86% 331 Primary metals $8,904 $79,866 11.15% $5,917 $56,878 10.40% 332 Fabricated metal products $14,199 $182,988 7.76% $10,620 $144,603 7.34% 333 Machinery $11,360 $171,559 6.62% $8,661 $143,665 6.03% 334 Computer & electronic products $3,453 $170,600 2.02% $2,287 $270,726 0.84% 335 Electrical eqpt., appliances, & components $4,466 $61,489 7.26% $4,442 $57,604 7.71% 336 Transportation eqpt. $21,799 $330,589 6.59% $18,842 $299,273 6.30% 337 Furniture & related products $1,411 $41,094 3.43% $1,106 $30,192 3.66% 339 Miscellaneous $3,136 $97,920 3.20% $2,203 $86,614 2.54% 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $16,678 $388,804 4.29% $11,647 $261,281 4.46% 313-4 Textile & textile product mills $352 $22,542 1.56% $323 $17,966 1.80% 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $126 $7,672 1.64% $156 $9,437 1.65% 322 Paper $2,973 $84,464 3.52% $2,130 $57,732 3.69% 323 Printing & related support activities $2,623 $49,169 5.33% $2,034 $39,978 5.09% 324 Petroleum & coal products $5,553 $85,966 6.46% $4,283 $89,565 4.78% 325 Chemicals $17,723 $400,333 4.43% $16,251 $346,670 4.69% 326 Plastic & rubber products $10,085 $118,271 8.53% $5,920 $80,514 7.35%

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2018), U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

141 Table A19: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry in Ohio and the U.S., 2016

Ohio 2012 Value Added (millions) NAICS Percent Apparent Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Rank^

31-33 All manufacturing $129,554 $2,408,996 5.38% 3rd 32p-33 Durable Goods $73,443 $1,251,776.5 5.87% n.a. 321 Wood products $1,075 $44,245 2.43% 17th 3211 Sawmills & wood preservation $194 $11,663 1.66% 21st 3212 Veneer, plywood, & engineered wood products $174 $9,721 1.79% 21st 3219 Other wood products $707 $22,862 3.09% 13th 327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,639 $71,428 5.09% 4th 3271 Clay & refractory products $605 $4,953 12.21% 2nd 3272 Glass & glass products $1,098 $15,873 6.92% 3rd 3273 Cement & concrete products $869 $31,291 2.78% 9th 3274 Lime & gypsum products $91 $4,065 2.23% 14th 3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products $976 $15,245 6.40% 5th 331 Primary metals $8,904 $79,866 11.15% 2nd 3311 Iron & steel mills & ferroalloys $2,779 $29,077 9.56% 3rd 3312 Steel products from purchased steel $707 $6,839 10.33% 2nd 3313 Alumina & aluminum products & processing $595 $11,671 5.10% 5th 3314 Nonferrous metal (exc. aluminum) products & processing $2,505 $15,543 16.12% 1st 3315 Foundries $2,319 $16,736 13.85% 1st 332 Fabricated metal products $14,199 $182,988 7.76% 2nd 3321 Forging & stamping $1,924 $14,668 13.11% 1st 3322 Cutlery & handtools $655 $6,371 10.27% 3rd 3323 Architectural & structural metals $2,188 $42,837 5.11% 4th 3324 Boilers, tanks, & shipping containers $1,232 $13,211 9.32% 1st 3325 Hardware $371 $4,592 8.09% 4th 3326 Spring & wire products $325 $4,797 6.77% 4th 3327 Machine shops; turned products; & screws, nuts, & bolts $3,243 $39,521 8.21% 3rd

142 Table A19: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry in Ohio and the U.S., 2016

Ohio 2012 Value Added (millions) NAICS Percent Apparent Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Rank^

3328 Coating, engraving, heat treating, & allied activities $1,761 $15,712 11.21% 1st 3329 Other fabricated metal products $2,501 $41,279 6.06% 4th 333 Machinery $11,360 $171,559 6.62% 3rd 3331 Agriculture, construction, & mining machinery $779 $30,767 2.53% 12th 3332 Industrial machinery $1,413 $17,028 8.30% 2nd 3333 Commercial & service industry machinery $908 $15,180 5.98% 4th 3334 Ventilation, heating, air-conditioning, & commercial refrigeration eqpt. $1,117 $21,924 5.10% 6th 3335 Metalworking machinery $2,296 $18,276 12.56% 2nd 3336 Engine, turbine, & power transmission eqpt. $561 $19,123 2.93% 9th 3339 Other general purpose machinery $4,286 $49,261 8.70% 1st 334 Computer & electronic products $3,453 $170,600 2.02% 16th 3341 Computer & peripheral eqpt.* $106 $11,199 0.95% n.a. 3342 Communications eqpt. $213 $19,949 1.07% 16th 3343 Audio & video eqpt.* $15 $1,656 0.92% n.a. 3344 Semiconductors & other electronic components $604 $46,344 1.30% 17th 3345 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, & control instruments $2,480 $90,041 2.75% 12th 3346 Mfg. & reproducing magnetic & optical media $35 $1,411 2.48% 7th 335 Electrical eqpt., appliances, & components $4,466 $61,489 7.26% 2nd 3351 Electric lighting eqpt. $314 $7,437 4.22% 7th 3352 Household appliances $2,625 $10,574 24.83% 1st 3353 Electrical eqpt. $704 $17,321 4.06% 8th 3359 Other electrical eqpt. & components $823 $26,158 3.15% 11th 336 Transportation eqpt. $21,799 $330,589 6.59% 5th 3361 Motor vehicles $5,366 $82,224 6.53% 3rd 3362 Motor vehicle bodies & trailers $570 $14,830 3.85% 5th 3363 Motor vehicle parts $10,140 $84,120 12.05% 2nd

143 Table A19: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry in Ohio and the U.S., 2016

Ohio 2012 Value Added (millions) NAICS Percent Apparent Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Rank^

3364 Aerospace products & parts $5,387 $117,256 4.59% 9th 3365 Railroad rolling stock* $120 $3,988 3.01% n.a. 3366 Ship & boat building $22 $20,520 0.11% 22nd 3369 Other transportation eqpt.* $193 $7,651 2.52% n.a. 337 Furniture & related products $1,411 $41,094 3.43% 10th 3371 Household & institutional furniture & kitchen cabinets $956 $21,488 4.45% 7th 3372 Office furniture (inc. fixtures) $311 $14,519 2.14% 16th 3379 Other furniture related products $144 $5,087 2.84% 13th 339 Miscellaneous $3,136 $97,920 3.20% 10th 3391 Medical eqpt. & supplies $1,564 $60,538 2.58% 17th 3399 Other miscellaneous $1,572 $37,382 4.20% 9th 31-32p Non-durable goods $56,112 $1,157,220 4.85% n.a. 311 Food $14,552 $292,824 4.97% 5th 3111 Animal food $826 $18,384 4.49% 9th 3112 Grain & oilseed milling $1,161 $25,161 4.62% 6th 3113 Sugar & confectionery products * $219 $16,775 1.31% n.a. 3114 Fruit & vegetable preserving & specialty foods $4,320 $33,567 12.87% 2nd 3115 Dairy products $1,672 $34,183 4.89% 6th 3116 Animal slaughtering & processing $1,382 $63,520 2.18% 18th 3117 Seafood products preparation & packaging* $0 $5,364 0.00% n.a. 3118 Bakeries & tortilla $2,054 $41,516 4.95% 7th 3119 Other foods $2,919 $54,353 5.37% 5th 312 Beverage & tobacco products $2,125 $95,980 2.21% 11th 3121 Beverages* $2,125 $61,613 3.45% 4th 3122 Tobacco products* $0 $34,367 0.00% n.a. 313 Textile mills $124 $11,370 1.09% 16th

144 Table A19: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry in Ohio and the U.S., 2016

Ohio 2012 Value Added (millions) NAICS Percent Apparent Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Rank^

3131 Fiber, yarn, & thread mills* $1 $2,339 0.02% n.a. 3132 Fabric mills* $30 $5,945 0.51% n.a. 3133 Textile & fabric finishing & fabric coating mills $93 $3,086 3.01% 7th 314 Textile products mills $228 $11,172 2.04% 11th 3141 Textile furnishings mills $82 $5,823 1.42% 14th 3149 Other textile products mills $146 $5,350 2.73% 10th 315 Apparel $35 $5,682 0.62% 14th 3151 Apparel knitting mills* $0 $544 0.00% n.a. 3152 Cut & sew apparel $26 $4,610 0.57% 14th 3159 Apparel accessories & other apparel* $9 $528 1.70% n.a. 316 Leather & allied products $91 $1,991 4.56% 8th 3161 Leather & hide tanning & finishing* $8 $352 2.33% n.a. 3162 Footwear* $0 $848 0.00% n.a. 3169 Other leather & allied products* $83 $791 10.46% 2nd 322 Paper $2,973 $84,464 3.52% 11th 3221 Pulp, paper, & paperboard mills $584 $41,418 1.41% 20th 3222 Converted paper products $2,388 $43,046 5.55% 5th 323 Printing & related support activities $2,623 $49,169 5.33% 6th 3231 Printing & related support activities $2,623 $49,169 5.33% 6th 324 Petroleum & coal products $5,553 $85,966 6.46% 4th 3241 Petroleum & coal products $5,553 $85,966 6.46% 4th 325 Chemicals $17,723 $400,333 4.43% 6th 3251 Basic chemicals $3,142 $98,500 3.19% 5th 3252 Resin, synthetic rubber, & artificial synthetic fibers & filaments $1,827 $35,818 5.10% 5th 3253 Pesticide, fertilizer, & other agricultural chemicals $794 $16,333 4.86% 5th 3254 Pharmaceuticals & medicines $1,860 $155,009 1.20% 14th

145 Table A19: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry in Ohio and the U.S., 2016

Ohio 2012 Value Added (millions) NAICS Percent Apparent Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Rank^

3255 Paints, coatings, & adhesives $2,620 $20,259 12.93% 1st 3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, & toilet preparations $6,217 $52,588 11.82% 1st 3259 Other chemical products & preparations $1,263 $21,826 5.78% 6th 326 Plastic & rubber products $10,085 $118,271 8.53% 1st 3261 Plastics products $7,782 $97,809 7.96% 1st 3262 Rubber products $2,303 $20,462 11.25% 1st

Notes: ^ - Ranks are apparent because data for some states are supressed to maintain confidentiality; this is more likely to be a problem for industry groups (4-digit NAICS codes) with smaller percentages of the U.S. total; * - Ohio figure indirectly estimated based on employment ratios; exc. - except; inc. - including; n.a. - not available, not applicable; p - part.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2018).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 6/18).

146

This page intentionally blank

147 The Association of GDP and CBP Concentration Ratios in Ohio, 2017 3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

CBP Concentration Ratio CBP 1.00

0.50

0.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, BEA GDP Concentration Ratio 148 Table A20: Ohio::U.S. GDP and County Business Patterns Concentration Ratios (GDP in millions of current dollars, except concentration ratio)

2017 GDP^ 2017 CBP Employment~

(current, in millions) Ohio::U.S. Ohio::U.S. Concentra- Concentra- 2012 NAICS Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio* Ohio U.S. tion Ratio*

11-81 Private industries* $571,257 $16,858,393 1.00 4,815,946 128,591,812 1.00 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $473 $36,407 0.38 1,221 164,046 0.20 211 Oil & gas extraction $8,380 $174,755 1.42 1,524 108,985 0.37 212 Mining, except oil & gas $941 $54,228 0.51 4,944 173,179 0.76 213 Support activities for mining $659 $39,636 0.49 4,153 295,934 0.37 23 Construction $24,426 $781,413 0.92 192,295 6,533,061 0.79 321 Wood products mfg. $1,123 $38,124 0.87 11,937 407,160 0.78 327 Nonmetallic mineral products mfg. $3,485 $59,548 1.73 24,265 392,588 1.65 331 Primary metals mfg. $6,067 $59,835 2.99 38,190 370,534 2.75 332 Fabricated metal products mfg. $11,229 $151,870 2.18 98,549 1,397,764 1.88 333 Machinery mfg. $9,158 $150,424 1.80 74,756 1,030,860 1.94 334 Computer & electronic products mfg. $2,349 $281,124 0.25 22,231 792,108 0.75 335 Electrical equipment & appliances mfg. $4,390 $58,527 2.21 24,552 340,597 1.92 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts mfg. $11,765 $158,888 2.19 99,452 943,797 2.81 3364-9 Other transportation equipment mfg. $7,037 $148,065 1.40 15,199 592,134 0.69 337 Furniture & related products mfg. $1,180 $31,347 1.11 13,761 367,085 1.00 339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,246 $88,896 0.75 22,978 545,724 1.12 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $11,919 $269,669 1.30 62,200 1,764,932 0.94 313-4 Textile & textile product mills mfg. $331 $18,459 0.53 4,348 204,834 0.57 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $158 $9,299 0.50 2,168 119,640 0.48 322 Paper mfg. $2,218 $58,892 1.11 17,776 345,542 1.37 323 Printing & related support activities $1,999 $39,180 1.51 22,740 444,195 1.37 324 Petroleum & coal products mfg. $5,505 $120,698 1.35 5,494 105,730 1.39 325 Chemical mfg. $16,366 $353,975 1.36 39,928 784,725 1.36 326 Plastics & rubber products mfg. $6,029 $82,812 2.15 66,362 771,836 2.30 22 Utilities $10,571 $307,496 1.01 23,380 644,703 0.97 42 Wholesale trade $40,501 $1,174,123 1.02 233,719 6,115,476 1.02 44-45 Retail trade $39,053 $1,087,107 1.06 562,851 15,705,808 0.96 481 Air transportation $2,296 $135,733 0.50 11,038 470,353 0.63 483 Water transportation $110 $14,026 0.23 539 61,762 0.23 484 Truck transportation $7,384 $152,754 1.43 63,481 1,465,040 1.16 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $649 $44,345 0.43 11,486 514,655 0.60 486 Pipeline transportation $2,266 $40,717 1.64 2,015 51,448 1.05 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $3,755 $117,085 0.95 47,846 1,389,465 0.92 493 Warehousing & storage $2,878 $63,596 1.34 51,531 913,559 1.51 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $5,342 $266,860 0.59 33,403 1,009,323 0.88 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $498 $91,408 0.16 5,080 338,250 0.40 515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $8,746 $428,939 0.60 38,892 1,332,888 0.78

149 Table A20: Ohio::U.S. GDP and County Business Patterns Concentration Ratios (GDP in millions of current dollars, except concentration ratio)

2017 GDP^ 2017 CBP Employment~

(current, in millions) Ohio::U.S. Ohio::U.S. Concentra- Concentra- 2012 NAICS Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio* Ohio U.S. tion Ratio*

518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $3,492 $263,559 0.39 21,811 827,505 0.70 521-2 Federal Reserve, credit intermediation, & related srvcs. $27,764 $617,032 1.33 121,859 2,903,824 1.12 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $4,042 $291,401 0.41 17,702 904,303 0.52 524 Insurance carriers & related activities $26,648 $540,782 1.45 118,032 2,596,059 1.21 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $209 $16,694 0.37 16 3,982 0.11 531 Real estate $65,066 $2,367,513 0.81 45,198 1,606,886 0.75 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs., leasing intangible assets $6,368 $223,707 0.84 17,551 541,120 0.87 5411 Legal srvcs. $5,566 $257,791 0.64 32,196 1,153,049 0.75 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $7,584 $323,080 0.69 44,534 1,826,292 0.65 5412-4, 6-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $20,141 $869,123 0.68 178,148 5,926,208 0.80 55 Management of companies & enterprises $20,832 $369,380 1.66 157,150 3,462,498 1.21 561 Administrative & support srvcs. $17,679 $546,226 0.96 374,035 11,489,562 0.87 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $2,527 $60,748 1.23 15,992 407,494 1.05 61 Educational srvcs. $6,124 $245,556 0.74 116,737 3,688,541 0.85 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $24,572 $708,287 1.02 287,865 7,406,773 1.04 622 Hospitals $21,078 $473,442 1.31 266,371 6,001,339 1.19 623 Nursing & residential care facilities $6,644 $146,281 1.34 166,355 3,514,416 1.26 624 Social assistance $4,012 $126,709 0.93 124,841 3,318,910 1.00 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $3,237 $125,669 0.76 23,725 662,687 0.96 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $4,334 $88,479 1.45 52,856 1,706,241 0.83 721 Accommodation $2,452 $163,175 0.44 34,162 2,111,433 0.43 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $13,885 $427,414 0.96 442,413 11,976,778 0.99 81 Other srvcs., except government $13,518 $416,083 0.96 199,968 5,534,978 0.96

Notes: ^ - includes the self-employed with no employees; industry figures sum to within rounding error of the totals; * - figures exclude farms, rail transportation and government services; ~ all County Business Patterns (CBP) figures should be regarded as estimates of the number of employees; 443 in Ohio were not classified by industry, while 23,176 were unclassified across the U.S.; only with this two additions will CBP industry figures sum to totals.

Abbreviations used: mfg. - manufacturing; n.a. - not available; srvcs. - services.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2019b), U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 1/20).

150 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

------Total (exc. farms, railroads & the U.S. Postal Service) 4,815,946 128,591,812 1.00

Goods producing groups (exc. farms) 1131 Timber tract operations 17 3,883 0.12 1132 Forest nurseries & gathering forest products 19 1,133 0.45 1133 Logging 289 49,081 0.16 1141 Fishing 17 5,467 0.08 1142 Hunting & trapping 30 1,733 0.46 1151 Crop production support activities 326 69,681 0.12 1152 Animal production support activities 497 20,623 0.64 1153 Forestry support activities 26 12,445 0.06

21112 Crude petroleum 993 85,169 0.31 21113 Natual gas 531 23,816 0.60 2121 Coal mining 2,023 50,317 1.07 2122 Metal ore mining 0 36,761 0.00 2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining & quarrying 2,921 86,101 0.91 213111 Drilling oil & gas wells 962 68,818 0.37 213112 Supporting oil & gas operations 3,016 216,801 0.37 213113 Supporting coal mining 89 3,996 0.59 213114 Supporting metal mining 2 4,066 0.01 213115 Supporting non-metallic minerals 84 2,253 1.00

2361 Residential building construction 16,672 680,513 0.65 2362 Nonresidential building construction 23,375 647,333 0.96 2371 Utility system construction 14,620 574,096 0.68 2372 Land subdivision 393 20,894 0.50

151 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

2373 Highway, street & bridge construction 7,695 290,882 0.71 2379 Other heavy & civil engineering 1,294 68,012 0.51 2381 Foundation, structure, & building exterior contractors 26,369 853,090 0.83 2382 Building eqpt. contractors 63,652 1,981,901 0.86 2383 Building finishing contractors 20,703 791,600 0.70 2389 Other specialty trade contractors 17,522 624,740 0.75

31-33 Manufacturing 32p & 33 Durable goods 3211 Sawmills & wood preservation 1,586 87,815 0.48 3212 Veneer, plywood & engineered wood product mfg. 1,808 80,503 0.60 3219 Other wood product mfg. 8,543 238,842 0.96 3271 Clay product & refractory mfg. 4,559 34,136 3.57 3272 Glass & glass product mfg. 8,692 92,881 2.50 3273 Cement & concrete product mfg. 5,052 172,360 0.78 3274 Lime & gypsum product mfg. 548 13,843 1.06 3279 Other nonmetallic mineral product mfg. 5,414 79,368 1.82 3311 Iron & steel mills & ferroalloy mfg. 10,931 93,552 3.12 3312 Steel product mfg. from purchased steel 6,318 46,206 3.65 3313 Alumina & aluminum production & processing 3,479 57,762 1.61 3314 Nonferrous (exc. aluminum) production & processing 3,735 57,076 1.75 3315 Foundries 13,727 115,938 3.16 3321 Forging & stamping 10,980 105,365 2.78 3322 Cutlery & handtool mfg. 3,577 34,319 2.78 3323 Architectural & structural metals mfg. 15,812 358,134 1.18 3324 Boiler, tank & shipping container mfg. 6,602 83,742 2.11 3325 Hardware mfg. 1,773 28,626 1.65

152 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

3326 Spring & wire product mfg. 2,333 38,504 1.62 3327 Machine shops, turn products, screw, nut & bolt mfg. 28,823 369,562 2.08 3328 Coating, engrave, heat treating & other activity 11,756 127,461 2.46 3329 Other fabricated metal product mfg. 16,893 252,051 1.79 3331 Agricultural, construction & mining machinery mfg. 5,536 183,112 0.81 3332 Industrial machinery mfg. 7,955 107,166 1.98 3333 Commercial & service industry machinery mfg. 3,006 70,583 1.14 3334 HVAC & commercial refrigeration eqpt. mfg. 7,997 128,185 1.67 3335 Metalworking machinery mfg. 17,172 147,682 3.10 3336 Engine, turbine & power transmission eqpt. mfg. 5,679 98,705 1.54 3339 Other general purpose machinery mfg. 27,411 295,427 2.48 3341 Computer & peripheral eqpt. mfg. 342 38,727 0.24 3342 Communications eqpt. mfg. 956 86,010 0.30 3343 Audio & video eqpt. mfg. 240 8,902 0.72 3344 Semiconductor & other electronic component mfg. 6,439 258,577 0.66 3345 Navigation, measuring, medical, control instruments mfg. 14,013 391,975 0.95 3346 Mfg. & reproducing magnetic & optical media 241 7,917 0.81 3351 Electric lighting eqpt. mfg. 1,820 43,369 1.12 3352 Household appliance mfg. 11,560 51,501 5.99 3353 Electrical eqpt. mfg. 5,030 113,505 1.18 3359 Other electrical eqpt. & component mfg. 6,142 132,222 1.24 3361 Motor vehicle mfg. 20,105 208,364 2.58 3362 Motor vehicle body & trailer mfg. 5,880 151,209 1.04 3363 Motor vehicle parts mfg. 73,467 584,224 3.36 3364 Aerospace product & parts mfg. 13,466 392,415 0.92 3365 Railroad rolling stock mfg. 576 29,532 0.52

153 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

3366 Ship & boat building 155 137,300 0.03 3369 Other transportation eqpt. mfg. 1,002 32,887 0.81 3371 Household & institutional furniture & kitchen cabinet mfg. 9,690 220,531 1.17 3372 Office furniture (including fixtures) mfg. 3,158 114,070 0.74 3379 Other furniture related product mfg. 913 32,484 0.75 3391 Medical eqpt. & supplies mfg. 10,223 278,247 0.98 3399 Other miscellaneous mfg. 12,755 267,477 1.27 31 & 32p Nondurable goods 3111 Animal food mfg. 2,151 50,259 1.14 3112 Grain & oilseed milling 1,982 56,475 0.94 3113 Sugar & confectionery product mfg. 2,205 81,235 0.72 3114 Fruit & vegetable preserving & specialty food mfg. 9,804 160,182 1.63 3115 Dairy product mfg. 6,275 148,751 1.13 3116 Animal slaughtering & processing 11,840 515,163 0.61 3117 Seafood product preparation & packaging 0 31,801 0.00 3118 Bakeries & tortilla mfg. 11,382 291,024 1.04 3119 Other food mfg. 9,613 209,475 1.23 3121 Beverage mfg. 6,943 206,717 0.90 3122 Tobacco mfg. 5 13,850 0.01 3131 Fiber, yarn & thread mills 8 22,933 0.01 3132 Fabric mills 496 46,358 0.29 3133 Textile, fabric finishing, fabric coating mills 558 27,538 0.54 3141 Textile furnishings mills 1,561 51,608 0.81 3149 Other textile product mills 1,725 56,397 0.82 3151 Apparel knitting mills 17 11,240 0.04 3152 Cut & sew apparel mfg. 636 72,905 0.23 3159 Apparel accessories & other apparel mfg. 232 8,219 0.75

154 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

3161 Leather & hide tanning & finishing 112 3,585 0.83 3162 Footwear mfg. 2 12,222 0.00 3169 Other leather & allied product mfg. 1,169 11,469 2.72 3221 Pulp, paper & paperboard mills 2,178 101,082 0.58 3222 Converted paper product mfg. 15,598 244,460 1.70 32311 Printing 21,476 419,694 1.37 32312 Support activities for printing 1,264 24,501 1.38 32411 Petroleum refineries 2,017 63,594 0.85 32412 Asphalt paving mfg., roof shingles, etc. 1,946 26,653 1.95 32419 Other petroleum & coal products 1,531 15,483 2.64 3251 Basic chemical mfg. 8,452 156,370 1.44 3252 Resin, synthetic rubber, artificial & synthetic fibers, filling mfg. 5,969 99,879 1.60 3253 Pesticide, fertilizer & other agricultural chemical mfg. 1,227 30,856 1.06 3254 Pharmaceutical & medicine mfg. 3,346 249,938 0.36 3255 Paint, coating & adhesive mfg. 8,012 63,370 3.38 3256 Soap, cleaners & toilet preparation mfg. 7,324 100,921 1.94 3259 Other chemical product & preparation mfg. 5,598 83,391 1.79 3261 Plastics product mfg. 51,864 639,380 2.17 3262 Rubber product mfg. 14,498 132,456 2.92

Service-providing groups 2211 Electric power generation, transmission & distribution 17,245 510,932 0.90 2212 Natural gas distribution 5,038 89,029 1.51 2213 Water, sewage & other systems 1,097 44,742 0.65

4231 Motor vehicles, parts & supply merchant whlsl. 19,456 407,015 1.28 4232 Furniture & home furnishing merchant whlsl. 6,259 170,403 0.98

155 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

4233 Lumber & other construction materials merchant whlsl. 8,273 248,071 0.89 4234 Professional & commercial eqpt. & supplies merchant whlsl. 24,930 639,846 1.04 4235 Metal & mineral (exc. petroleum) merchant whlsl. 9,393 150,642 1.66 4236 Appliances, electrical & electronic goods merchant whlsl. 15,347 516,980 0.79 4237 Hardware, plumb & heating eqpt. & supplies merchant whlsl. 10,997 247,600 1.19 4238 Machinery, eqpt. & supplies merchant whlsl. 39,002 758,885 1.37 4239 Miscellaneous durable goods merchant whlsl. 12,896 321,026 1.07 4241 Paper & paper product merchant whlsl. 5,825 148,057 1.05 4242 Drugs & druggists' sundries merchant whlsl. 6,978 304,606 0.61 4243 Apparel, piece goods & notions merchant whlsl. 4,383 200,943 0.58 4244 Grocery & related product merchant whlsl. 25,264 833,793 0.81 4245 Farm product raw material merchant whlsl. 4,382 64,873 1.80 4246 Chemical & allied products merchant whlsl. 9,333 159,311 1.56 4247 Petroleum & petroleum products merchant whlsl. 3,430 99,819 0.92 4248 Beer, wine, distilled alcoholic beverage merchant whlsl. 5,864 205,108 0.76 4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant whlsl. 11,200 347,040 0.86 42511 Business to business electronic markets 74 2,388 0.83 42512 Wholesale trade agents & brokers 10,433 289,070 0.96

4411 Automobile dealers 52,274 1,332,120 1.05 4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 4,943 150,775 0.88 4413 Automotive parts, accessories & tire stores 20,475 533,118 1.03 4421 Furniture stores 7,926 208,946 1.01 4422 Home furnishings stores 7,342 251,554 0.78 443141 Household appliance stores 2,390 60,994 1.05 443142 Electronics stores 8,542 259,962 0.88

156 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

4441 Building material & supplies dealers 43,212 1,147,422 1.01 4442 Lawn & garden eqpt. & supplies stores 6,765 157,669 1.15 4451 Grocery stores 102,451 2,798,138 0.98 4452 Specialty food stores 5,041 161,361 0.83 4453 Beer, wine & liquor stores 3,373 170,474 0.53 44611 Pharmacies & drug stores 20,970 663,796 0.84 44612 Cosmetics, beauty supplies & perfume stores 5,406 166,109 0.87 44613 Optical goods stores 2,479 82,806 0.80 44619 Other health & personal care stores 3,998 101,495 1.05 44711 Gasoline stations with convenience stores 30,343 794,401 1.02 44719 Other gasoline stores 5,522 149,516 0.99 4481 Clothing stores 37,443 1,392,563 0.72 4482 Shoe stores 7,166 243,456 0.79 4483 Jewelry, luggage & leather goods stores 4,149 121,824 0.91 4511 Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument stores 16,094 452,499 0.95 4512 Book, periodical & music stores 2,498 82,637 0.81 4522 Department stores 18,426 476,826 1.03 4523 General merchandise stores, inc. warehouse clubs & supercenters 83,918 2,225,762 1.01 4531 Florists 2,750 56,637 1.30 4532 Office supplies, stationery & gift stores 6,808 216,946 0.84 4533 Used merchandise stores 8,831 199,693 1.18 4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 10,518 284,338 0.99 4541 Electronic shopping & mail-order houses 20,296 534,134 1.01 4542 Vending machine operators 6,105 41,322 3.94 4543 Direct selling establishments 4,397 186,515 0.63

4811 Scheduled air transportation 4,759 430,367 0.30 4812 Nonscheduled air transportation 6,279 39,986 4.19 157 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

4831 Deep sea, coastal & Great Lakes water transportation 494 41,450 0.32 4832 Inland water transportation 45 20,312 0.06 4841 General freight trucking 44,762 973,872 1.23 4842 Specialized freight trucking 18,719 491,168 1.02 4851 Urban transit systems 750 59,053 0.34 4852 Interurban & rural bus transportation 527 20,635 0.68 4853 Taxi & limousine service 1,636 80,954 0.54 4854 School & employee bus transportation 3,967 224,335 0.47 4855 Charter bus industry 569 32,067 0.47 4859 Other transit & ground passenger transportation 4,037 97,611 1.10 4861 Pipeline transportation of crude oil 918 13,412 1.83 4862 Pipeline transportation of natural gas 702 29,504 0.64 4869 Other pipeline transportation 395 8,532 1.24 4871 Scenic & sightseeing transportation, land 173 11,458 0.40 4872 Scenic & sightseeing transportation, water 23 14,542 0.04 4879 Scenic & sightseeing transportation, other 24 3,611 0.18 4881 Air transportation support activities 3,940 199,977 0.53 4882 Rail transportation support activities 2,441 40,907 1.59 4883 Water transportation support activities 725 90,775 0.21 4884 Road transportation support activities 3,636 104,542 0.93 4885 Freight transportation arrangement 9,910 265,192 1.00 4889 Other transportation support activities 1,197 16,889 1.89 4921 Couriers 24,341 588,408 1.10 4922 Local messengers & local delivery 1,436 53,164 0.72 49311 General warehousing & storage 46,179 793,154 1.55 49312 Refrigerated warehousing & storage 1,449 53,452 0.72 49313 Farm products 163 6,272 0.69 49319 Other warehousing & storage 3,740 60,681 1.65 158 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

5111 Newspaper, periodical, book, database publishers 22,977 365,529 1.68 5112 Software publishers 10,426 643,794 0.43 5121 Motion picture & video industries 4,939 315,648 0.42 5122 Sound recording industries 141 22,602 0.17 5151 Radio & television broadcasting (exc. internet) 6,458 210,407 0.82 5152 Cable & other subscription programming (exc. internet) 150 50,888 0.08 5173 Wired & wireless telecommunications carriers (exc. satellite) 30,269 982,146 0.82 5174 Satellite communications 37 8,963 0.11 5179 Other telecommunications 1,978 80,484 0.66 5182 Data processing, hosting & related services^ 13,599 525,528 0.69 51911 News syndicates 229 6,673 0.92 51912 Libraries & archives 253 26,205 0.26 51913 Internet publishing, broadcasting & web search portals 7,700 259,970 0.79 51919 All other information services 30 9,129 0.09

5211 Monetary authorities - central bank^ 1,019 19,738 1.38 5221 Depository credit intermediation 91,365 1,968,421 1.24 5222 Nondepository credit intermediation 17,437 602,614 0.77 5223 Activities related to credit intermediation 12,038 313,051 1.03 5231 Security & commodity contracts intermediation & brokerage 7,574 361,355 0.56 5232 Securities & commodity exchanges 0 6,067 0.00 5239 Other financial investment activities 10,128 536,881 0.50 5241 Insurance carriers 83,638 1,544,229 1.45 5242 Agencies & other insurance related activities 34,394 1,051,830 0.87 52591 Open end investment funds 5 838 0.16 52599 Other financial vehicles 11 3,144 0.09

159 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

5311 Lessors of real estate 17,774 587,381 0.81 5312 Offices of real estate agents & brokers 7,096 324,110 0.58 5313 Activities related to real estate 20,328 695,395 0.78 5321 Automotive eqpt. rental & leasing 6,000 160,811 1.00 5322 Consumer goods rental 5,100 135,226 1.01 5323 General rental centers 810 20,474 1.06 5324 Commercial, industrial eqpt. rental & leasing 4,495 186,041 0.65 5331 Lessors of other nonfinancial intangible asset^ 1,146 38,568 0.79

5411 Legal services 32,196 1,153,049 0.75 5412 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, payroll services 37,008 1,147,539 0.86 5413 Architectural, engineering & related services 46,307 1,506,602 0.82 5414 Specialized design services 3,903 119,307 0.87 5415 Computer systems design & related services 44,534 1,826,292 0.65 5416 Management, scientific & technical consulting services 32,498 1,266,881 0.68 5417 Scientific research & development services 19,163 751,209 0.68 5418 Advertising & related services 12,741 485,291 0.70 5419 Other professional, scientific, technical service 26,528 649,379 1.09

551111 Bank holding companies 123 8,671 0.38 551112 Other holding companies 5,483 113,687 1.29 551114 Corporate & subsidiary managing offices 151,544 3,340,140 1.21

5611 Office administrative services 14,584 488,042 0.80 5612 Facilities support services 8,990 281,222 0.85 5613 Employment services 214,684 6,505,412 0.88 5614 Business support services 31,462 811,249 1.04

160 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

5615 Travel arrangement & reservation services 4,317 213,385 0.54 5616 Investigation & security services 23,440 954,661 0.66 5617 Services to buildings & dwellings 63,557 1,947,915 0.87 5619 Other support services 13,001 287,676 1.21 5621 Waste collection 7,410 215,820 0.92 5622 Waste treatment & disposal 3,186 57,867 1.47 5629 Remediation & other waste management services 5,396 133,807 1.08

6111 Elementary & secondary schools 36,145 1,049,228 0.92 6112 Junior colleges 2,265 61,685 0.98 6113 Colleges, universities & professional schools 59,217 1,867,444 0.85 6114 Business schools & computer & management training 1,129 66,760 0.45 6115 Technical & trade schools 3,589 108,359 0.88 6116 Other schools & instruction 12,491 438,891 0.76 6117 Educational support services 1,901 96,174 0.53

6211 Offices of physicians 95,908 2,456,769 1.04 6212 Offices of dentists 33,431 945,933 0.94 6213 Offices of other health practitioners 32,602 876,531 0.99 6214 Outpatient care centers 40,237 1,111,220 0.97 6215 Medical & diagnostic laboratories 7,379 292,367 0.67 6216 Home health care services 66,595 1,394,817 1.27 6219 Other ambulatory health care services 11,713 329,136 0.95 6221 General medical & surgical hospitals 250,622 5,529,637 1.21 6222 Psychiatric & substance abuse hospitals 6,492 228,816 0.76 6223 Other specialty hospitals 9,257 242,886 1.02

161 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

6231 Nursing care facilities 88,700 1,653,939 1.43 6232 Residential mental retardation, health facilities 33,114 795,968 1.11 6233 Community care facilities for the elderly 41,475 942,666 1.17 6239 Other residential care facilities 3,066 121,843 0.67 6241 Individual & family services 63,231 1,854,536 0.91 6242 Community, emergency & other relief services 7,652 204,981 1.00 6243 Vocational rehabilitation services 18,407 287,853 1.71 6244 Child day care services 35,551 971,540 0.98

7111 Performing arts companies 3,251 125,033 0.69 7112 Spectator sports 7,745 127,267 1.62 7113 Promoters of entertainment events 4,440 184,205 0.64 7114 Agents, managers for artists & other public figures 696 21,578 0.86 7115 Independent artists, writers & performers 737 50,228 0.39 71211 Museums 4,058 97,351 1.11 71212 Historical sites 328 9,540 0.92 71213 Zoos & gardens 1,991 39,062 1.36 71219 Nature parks, etc. 479 8,423 1.52 7131 Amusement parks & arcades 4,459 213,160 0.56 7132 Gambling industries 5,275 141,633 0.99 7139 Other amusement & recreation industries 43,122 1,351,448 0.85

7211 Traveler accommodation 33,044 2,054,307 0.43 7212 RV parks & recreational camps 835 46,632 0.48 7213 Rooming & boarding houses 283 10,494 0.72 7223 Special food services 23,370 828,384 0.75 7224 Drinking places (alcoholic beverages) 12,030 369,505 0.87 7225 Restaurants & other eating places 407,013 10,778,889 1.01 162 Table A21: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2017 CBP Employment*

2017 Ohio::U.S. NAICS Concentra- Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

8111 Automotive repair & maintenance 29,575 909,940 0.87 8112 Electronic & precision eqpt. repair & maintenance 3,311 99,475 0.89 8113 Commercial eqpt. (exc. auto & electric) repair & maintenance 9,063 200,268 1.21 8114 Personal & household goods repair & maintenance 1,954 74,428 0.70 8121 Personal care services 27,450 706,954 1.04 8122 Death care services 7,611 143,216 1.42 8123 Drycleaning & laundry services 9,678 288,463 0.90 8129 Other personal services 10,450 325,967 0.86 8131 Religious organizations 63,731 1,690,378 1.01 8132 Grantmaking & giving services 5,784 193,764 0.80 8133 Social advocacy organizations 3,745 178,939 0.56 8134 Civic & social organizations 11,261 235,414 1.28 8139 Business, labor, political, like organizations 16,355 487,772 0.90

Notes: * - all County Business Patterns (CBP) figures should be regarded as estimates, and may not sum to totals for that reason; ^ - no further details are available. Abbreviations used: eqpt. - equipment; exc. - except; mfg. - manufacturing; mgt. - management; whlsl. - wholesale.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2019b).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 1/20).

163 Table A22: Changes in GDP for Ohio and Counties, 2007-2018 (in millions, standardized on 2012)

Percentage Changes

FIPS Area name 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 `07-`09 `09-`18 `07-`18 39000 Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $571,912 $580,414 $585,089 $594,315 $605,395 -5.9% 18.9% 11.8% 39001 Adams $1,440 $1,363 $1,534 $1,494 $1,598 $1,473 $1,495 $1,348 $1,369 $1,529 $1,286 $835 6.5% -45.5% -42.0% 39003 Allen $6,076 $5,942 $6,865 $7,161 $7,420 $7,179 $6,993 $7,582 $7,018 $7,138 $7,249 $7,559 13.0% 10.1% 24.4% 39005 Ashland $1,611 $1,590 $1,485 $1,508 $1,550 $1,540 $1,565 $1,595 $1,610 $1,598 $1,596 $1,627 -7.9% 9.6% 1.0% 39007 Ashtabula $2,938 $2,883 $2,663 $2,813 $2,895 $2,804 $2,712 $2,731 $2,784 $2,683 $2,719 $2,781 -9.4% 4.4% -5.3% 39009 Athens $1,757 $1,736 $1,750 $1,804 $1,830 $1,816 $1,816 $1,846 $1,893 $1,899 $1,962 $1,899 -0.3% 8.5% 8.1% 39011 Auglaize $1,854 $1,836 $1,620 $1,741 $1,886 $1,991 $2,035 $2,053 $2,010 $2,004 $2,075 $2,235 -12.6% 37.9% 20.5% 39013 Belmont $2,257 $2,291 $2,227 $2,247 $2,261 $2,195 $2,364 $3,124 $4,356 $5,176 $6,449 $6,153 -1.3% 176.3% 172.7% 39015 Brown $773 $764 $750 $802 $823 $785 $779 $769 $780 $770 $787 $786 -3.0% 4.7% 1.6% 39017 Butler $14,935 $14,940 $14,277 $14,821 $15,052 $14,909 $15,315 $16,392 $16,809 $17,223 $17,760 $18,353 -4.4% 28.6% 22.9% 39019 Carroll $646 $582 $567 $675 $1,159 $748 $1,408 $2,379 $3,102 $3,618 $3,232 $3,157 -12.3% 456.8% 388.5% 39021 Champaign $1,091 $1,025 $925 $950 $981 $1,016 $1,100 $1,077 $1,025 $992 $1,090 $1,059 -15.1% 14.4% -2.9% 39023 Clark $4,343 $4,270 $4,031 $4,074 $4,201 $4,164 $4,182 $4,250 $4,295 $4,284 $4,352 $4,414 -7.2% 9.5% 1.6% 39025 Clermont $6,414 $6,148 $5,914 $6,287 $6,536 $6,375 $6,594 $6,811 $7,419 $7,196 $7,471 $7,621 -7.8% 28.9% 18.8% 39027 Clinton $2,680 $2,603 $2,241 $1,851 $1,840 $1,782 $1,717 $1,672 $1,764 $1,788 $1,827 $1,933 -16.4% -13.7% -27.9% 39029 Columbiana $2,825 $2,684 $2,530 $2,602 $2,719 $2,698 $2,810 $3,042 $3,103 $2,960 $2,965 $2,971 -10.5% 17.4% 5.2% 39031 Coshocton $1,618 $1,540 $1,443 $1,472 $1,533 $1,417 $1,522 $1,657 $1,552 $1,384 $1,330 $1,332 -10.8% -7.7% -17.7% 39033 Crawford $1,425 $1,365 $1,238 $1,250 $1,309 $1,302 $1,287 $1,251 $1,267 $1,243 $1,250 $1,235 -13.2% -0.2% -13.3% 39035 Cuyahoga $83,761 $84,339 $78,432 $78,310 $79,584 $80,704 $81,380 $84,184 $85,764 $85,879 $86,988 $88,718 -6.4% 13.1% 5.9% 39037 Darke $1,582 $1,746 $1,587 $1,644 $1,650 $1,651 $1,687 $1,807 $1,719 $2,012 $1,903 $1,841 0.4% 16.0% 16.4% 39039 Defiance $1,608 $1,612 $1,388 $1,444 $1,508 $1,550 $1,672 $1,697 $1,692 $1,735 $1,654 $1,710 -13.7% 23.2% 6.4% 39041 Delaware $6,900 $7,023 $7,024 $7,475 $7,965 $8,319 $8,649 $8,819 $8,975 $9,272 $9,766 $9,853 1.8% 40.3% 42.8% 39043 Erie $4,444 $4,335 $4,588 $4,981 $5,192 $5,169 $5,345 $5,446 $4,867 $4,973 $4,908 $4,997 3.2% 8.9% 12.4% 39045 Fairfield $3,260 $3,274 $3,164 $3,276 $3,406 $3,442 $3,558 $3,564 $3,580 $3,636 $3,832 $3,795 -2.9% 19.9% 16.4% 39047 Fayette $1,048 $994 $990 $945 $991 $1,010 $1,310 $1,646 $2,049 $2,287 $2,209 $2,311 -5.6% 133.6% 120.6% 39049 Franklin $71,259 $71,172 $68,707 $70,422 $73,035 $75,944 $77,889 $80,619 $82,445 $83,160 $84,688 $86,497 -3.6% 25.9% 21.4% 39051 Fulton $1,907 $1,731 $1,452 $1,527 $1,655 $1,657 $1,786 $1,869 $2,005 $1,977 $1,964 $1,984 -23.9% 36.7% 4.1% 39053 Gallia $2,060 $2,204 $2,219 $2,275 $2,315 $2,265 $2,043 $2,033 $1,920 $2,045 $2,181 $2,159 7.8% -2.7% 4.8% 39055 Geauga $3,512 $3,394 $3,236 $3,374 $3,511 $3,539 $3,562 $3,688 $3,658 $3,595 $3,659 $3,733 -7.9% 15.4% 6.3% 39057 Greene $7,146 $7,075 $7,228 $7,471 $7,872 $7,764 $7,739 $7,867 $8,179 $8,336 $8,560 $8,797 1.1% 21.7% 23.1% 39059 Guernsey $1,312 $1,274 $1,240 $1,242 $1,277 $1,296 $1,405 $1,641 $2,340 $2,234 $2,320 $2,607 -5.5% 110.3% 98.7% 39061 Hamilton $61,209 $61,769 $59,244 $60,427 $63,125 $63,288 $63,334 $63,514 $64,157 $65,652 $66,604 $66,978 -3.2% 13.1% 9.4% 39063 Hancock $3,956 $3,817 $3,627 $3,726 $3,916 $4,205 $4,372 $4,871 $5,536 $5,394 $5,227 $5,243 -8.3% 44.6% 32.5% 39065 Hardin $886 $915 $905 $909 $939 $899 $896 $960 $839 $847 $824 $952 2.1% 5.3% 7.4% 39067 Harrison $408 $424 $437 $454 $481 $466 $788 $1,227 $2,355 $2,747 $2,481 $1,996 7.1% 356.6% 389.2% 39069 Henry $1,216 $1,136 $1,106 $1,092 $1,141 $1,158 $1,183 $1,135 $1,051 $1,101 $1,085 $1,143 -9.1% 3.4% -6.0% 39071 Highland $1,092 $1,038 $1,041 $1,032 $1,053 $1,051 $1,042 $1,022 $988 $981 $1,027 $1,026 -4.7% -1.4% -6.1% 39073 Hocking $608 $595 $568 $583 $597 $595 $593 $597 $584 $589 $592 $586 -6.6% 3.2% -3.6% 39075 Holmes $1,541 $1,476 $1,476 $1,548 $1,665 $1,638 $1,709 $1,916 $2,062 $2,018 $2,203 $2,212 -4.2% 49.8% 43.5% 39077 Huron $2,371 $2,200 $2,123 $2,089 $2,100 $2,058 $2,114 $2,121 $2,121 $2,067 $2,169 $2,164 -10.5% 1.9% -8.8% 39079 Jackson $1,025 $987 $904 $915 $937 $927 $944 $942 $925 $890 $892 $899 -11.8% -0.5% -12.3%

164 Table A22: Changes in GDP for Ohio and Counties, 2007-2018 (in millions, standardized on 2012)

Percentage Changes

FIPS Area name 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 `07-`09 `09-`18 `07-`18 39000 Ohio $541,411 $537,200 $509,216 $521,095 $538,703 $540,819 $550,800 $571,912 $580,414 $585,089 $594,315 $605,395 -5.9% 18.9% 11.8% 39081 Jefferson $3,289 $3,431 $3,014 $3,152 $3,019 $2,974 $3,302 $3,257 $2,963 $3,143 $3,456 $3,837 -8.4% 27.3% 16.7% 39083 Knox $1,792 $1,798 $1,704 $1,798 $1,885 $1,866 $1,873 $1,924 $1,864 $1,824 $1,868 $1,893 -4.9% 11.1% 5.6% 39085 Lake $10,990 $11,100 $10,171 $10,690 $10,893 $10,426 $9,791 $10,154 $10,275 $10,313 $10,343 $10,482 -7.5% 3.1% -4.6% 39087 Lawrence $1,085 $1,094 $1,128 $1,219 $1,389 $1,553 $1,421 $1,502 $1,621 $1,684 $1,563 $1,627 4.0% 44.2% 49.9% 39089 Licking $4,672 $4,770 $4,622 $4,660 $4,853 $4,841 $4,805 $4,988 $5,161 $5,180 $5,317 $5,577 -1.1% 20.7% 19.4% 39091 Logan $2,103 $1,924 $1,582 $1,771 $1,941 $2,081 $1,976 $2,028 $1,799 $1,817 $1,840 $1,922 -24.8% 21.5% -8.6% 39093 Lorain $9,441 $9,316 $8,485 $8,909 $9,395 $9,589 $9,567 $9,724 $9,956 $9,879 $9,892 $10,028 -10.1% 18.2% 6.2% 39095 Lucas $23,318 $22,225 $22,103 $22,723 $23,541 $22,625 $23,573 $26,011 $24,102 $23,856 $24,074 $24,727 -5.2% 11.9% 6.0% 39097 Madison $1,377 $1,330 $1,197 $1,280 $1,403 $1,471 $1,546 $1,605 $1,589 $1,645 $1,747 $1,689 -13.1% 41.2% 22.7% 39099 Mahoning $9,104 $9,179 $8,517 $8,539 $8,695 $8,558 $8,582 $8,592 $8,643 $8,512 $8,595 $8,660 -6.4% 1.7% -4.9% 39101 Marion $2,564 $2,549 $2,424 $2,359 $2,451 $2,408 $2,418 $2,390 $2,435 $2,471 $2,582 $2,689 -5.5% 10.9% 4.9% 39103 Medina $5,852 $5,775 $5,764 $5,883 $6,056 $5,709 $5,986 $6,366 $6,115 $6,179 $6,251 $6,363 -1.5% 10.4% 8.7% 39105 Meigs $369 $347 $380 $400 $392 $363 $358 $362 $370 $358 $356 $364 3.2% -4.2% -1.2% 39107 Mercer $1,604 $1,756 $1,577 $1,660 $1,738 $1,745 $1,856 $2,007 $1,972 $1,840 $1,887 $2,158 -1.7% 36.9% 34.5% 39109 Miami $3,866 $3,820 $3,445 $3,602 $3,804 $3,936 $3,952 $3,919 $3,842 $3,945 $3,988 $4,057 -10.9% 17.7% 4.9% 39111 Monroe $496 $541 $548 $543 $634 $625 $724 $1,083 $1,716 $2,469 $2,644 $3,349 10.5% 510.9% 574.9% 39113 Montgomery $26,019 $25,346 $23,494 $23,812 $24,297 $24,171 $24,566 $24,926 $24,958 $25,000 $25,414 $25,847 -9.7% 10.0% -0.7% 39115 Morgan $273 $270 $272 $273 $284 $282 $280 $291 $297 $290 $301 $306 -0.3% 12.5% 12.2% 39117 Morrow $606 $561 $533 $560 $589 $591 $571 $563 $601 $585 $535 $561 -12.0% 5.2% -7.5% 39119 Muskingum $3,060 $2,957 $2,947 $2,885 $3,020 $2,967 $3,326 $3,710 $3,642 $3,552 $3,561 $3,651 -3.7% 23.9% 19.3% 39121 Noble $342 $325 $316 $315 $329 $335 $469 $869 $1,438 $1,439 $1,365 $1,222 -7.6% 287.2% 257.8% 39123 Ottawa $1,711 $1,684 $1,686 $1,620 $1,733 $1,820 $1,833 $1,685 $1,862 $1,785 $1,861 $1,827 -1.5% 8.3% 6.7% 39125 Paulding $494 $540 $512 $513 $541 $551 $533 $568 $553 $545 $536 $583 3.7% 13.9% 18.1% 39127 Perry $609 $615 $608 $636 $697 $645 $674 $665 $635 $636 $684 $716 -0.3% 17.8% 17.5% 39129 Pickaway $1,591 $1,698 $1,733 $1,779 $1,673 $1,529 $1,587 $1,555 $1,555 $1,587 $1,717 $1,703 8.9% -1.7% 7.0% 39131 Pike $1,004 $925 $963 $914 $872 $1,038 $1,226 $1,534 $1,562 $1,688 $1,617 $1,722 -4.0% 78.7% 71.5% 39133 Portage $5,222 $5,141 $4,876 $5,020 $5,181 $5,231 $5,263 $5,297 $5,417 $5,296 $5,365 $5,444 -6.6% 11.6% 4.2% 39135 Preble $1,070 $1,038 $963 $975 $996 $979 $1,075 $1,082 $992 $1,061 $1,067 $1,130 -10.0% 17.3% 5.6% 39137 Putnam $1,242 $1,339 $1,191 $1,215 $1,237 $1,213 $1,209 $1,224 $1,244 $1,144 $1,142 $1,288 -4.1% 8.2% 3.8% 39139 Richland $4,670 $4,550 $3,936 $4,099 $4,247 $4,258 $4,277 $4,380 $4,288 $4,275 $4,325 $4,395 -15.7% 11.7% -5.9% 39141 Ross $2,490 $2,398 $2,278 $2,294 $2,441 $2,457 $2,446 $2,501 $2,503 $2,455 $2,517 $2,585 -8.5% 13.5% 3.8% 39143 Sandusky $2,399 $2,301 $2,128 $2,183 $2,277 $2,488 $2,551 $2,501 $2,660 $2,562 $2,639 $2,646 -11.3% 24.3% 10.3% 39145 Scioto $2,135 $2,178 $2,189 $2,172 $2,180 $2,318 $2,695 $2,989 $2,858 $2,811 $2,914 $2,880 2.5% 31.6% 34.9% 39147 Seneca $1,826 $1,728 $1,593 $1,600 $1,678 $1,608 $1,613 $1,610 $1,742 $1,732 $1,634 $1,691 -12.7% 6.1% -7.4% 39149 Shelby $3,034 $2,809 $2,330 $2,466 $2,697 $2,795 $2,883 $2,949 $2,809 $2,796 $2,858 $2,946 -23.2% 26.4% -2.9% 39151 Stark $14,233 $14,289 $13,340 $13,693 $14,284 $14,388 $14,852 $15,400 $15,175 $14,768 $15,082 $15,368 -6.3% 15.2% 8.0% 39153 Summit $26,373 $26,400 $24,629 $25,104 $25,168 $25,163 $25,519 $26,337 $26,664 $26,818 $27,010 $27,470 -6.6% 11.5% 4.2% 39155 Trumbull $8,328 $7,899 $6,642 $7,152 $7,640 $7,314 $7,312 $7,577 $7,507 $7,324 $7,129 $7,325 -20.2% 10.3% -12.1% 39157 Tuscarawas $3,153 $3,121 $2,963 $3,089 $3,210 $3,143 $3,208 $3,422 $3,505 $3,384 $3,541 $3,428 -6.0% 15.7% 8.7% 39159 Union $3,571 $3,135 $2,830 $2,998 $3,090 $3,026 $3,102 $3,210 $3,375 $3,462 $3,639 $3,700 -20.8% 30.7% 3.6%

165 Table A22: Changes in GDP for Ohio and Counties, 2007-2018 (in millions, standardized on 2012)

Percentage Changes

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 12/19).

166

This page intentionally blank

167 Population Growth Rate and Aggregate GDP Growth Rate, 1998-2018

120.0%

110.0%

100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

U.S. 50.0%

40.0% Percentage Percentage GDP Growth

30.0%

Ohio 20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

-10.0% -10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% Percentage Population Growth Source: U.S. BEA

168 Table A23: GDP and Population in Ohio and the U.S., 1998-2018

Variable Area 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GDP (in billions, U.S. $12,038.3 $12,610.5 $13,131.0 $13,262.1 $13,493.1 $13,879.1 $14,406.4 $14,912.5 $15,338.3 $15,626.0 $15,604.7 $15,208.8 $15,598.8 standardized on 2012) Ohio $487.9 $499.1 $509.0 $501.8 $514.8 $522.6 $534.4 $543.7 $541.2 $541.4 $537.2 $509.2 $521.1

Per Capita GDP U.S. $43,640 $45,192 $46,537 $46,539 $46,912 $47,841 $49,201 $50,463 $51,405 $51,874 $51,315 $49,577 $50,428 (standardized on 2012) Ohio $43,133 $44,026 $44,792 $44,068 $45,122 $45,707 $46,660 $47,433 $47,136 $47,077 $46,651 $44,169 $45,158

Absolute GDP - Indexed U.S. 100.0 104.8 109.1 110.2 112.1 115.3 119.7 123.9 127.4 129.8 129.6 126.3 129.6 Per Capita GDP - Indexed U.S. 100.0 103.6 106.6 106.6 107.5 109.6 112.7 115.6 117.8 118.9 117.6 113.6 115.6 Absolute GDP - Indexed Ohio 100.0 102.3 104.3 102.9 105.5 107.1 109.5 111.4 110.9 111.0 110.1 104.4 106.8 Per Capita GDP - Indexed Ohio 100.0 102.1 103.8 102.2 104.6 106.0 108.2 110.0 109.3 109.1 108.2 102.4 104.7

Variable Area 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018*

GDP (in billions, U.S. $15,840.7 $16,197.0 $16,495.4 $16,899.8 $17,386.7 $17,659.2 $18,050.7 $18,566.4 standardized on 2012) Ohio $538.7 $540.8 $550.8 $570.4 $577.3 $581.6 $590.9 $601.5

Per Capita GDP U.S. $50,840 $51,603 $52,191 $53,080 $54,208 $54,660 $55,515 $56,749 (standardized on 2012) Ohio $46,667 $46,831 $47,579 $49,157 $49,689 $49,987 $50,658 $51,456

Absolute GDP - Indexed U.S. 131.6 134.5 137.0 140.4 144.4 146.7 149.9 154.2 Per Capita GDP - Indexed U.S. 116.5 118.2 119.6 121.6 124.2 125.3 127.2 130.0 Absolute GDP - Indexed Ohio 110.4 110.8 112.9 116.9 118.3 119.2 121.1 123.3 Per Capita GDP - Indexed Ohio 108.2 108.6 110.3 114.0 115.2 115.9 117.4 119.3

Net Change: `98-`07 Net Change: `07-`09 Net Change: `09-`18* Net Change: `98-`18*

Variable Area Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

GDP (in billions, U.S. $3,587.7 29.6% -$417.2 0.0% $3,357.6 19.0% $6,528.2 54.2% standardized on 2009) Ohio $53.5 10.1% -$32.2 -3.0% $92.3 15.4% $113.6 23.3%

Per Capita GDP U.S. $8,234.0 17.6% -$2,297.0 -1.7% $7,172.0 12.5% $13,109.0 30.0% (standardized on 2009) Ohio $3,944.0 8.2% -$2,908.0 -3.2% $7,287.0 13.9% $8,323.0 19.3%

Absolute GDP - Indexed U.S. 29.8 -3.5 27.9 54.2 Per Capita GDP - Indexed U.S. 18.9 -5.3 16.4 30.0 Absolute GDP - Indexed Ohio 11.0 -6.6 18.9 23.3 Per Capita GDP - Indexed Ohio 9.1 -6.7 16.9 19.3

Note: * - initial, earlier years may be revised. Source: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

169 Table A24: Growth and Industry Concentration in Ohio's Economy, 1997-2017

Ohio U.S. 1997 Ohio::U.S. 1997 Per- Real 1997 Per- Real Concen- 2012 NAICS 1997 Value cent of the Growth 1997 Value cent of the Growth tration Codes Major Industry Titles (in millions)1 Economy1 to 20172 (in millions)1 Economy1 to 20172 Ratio1

11-92 Total $343,467 100.00% 25.2% $8,577,552 100.00% 56.7% 1.00

Slower-Growing/Declining Industries2 Not Concentrated in Ohio in 1997 $79,570 23.17% -5.7% $2,417,640 28.19% 8.7% 0.82 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $745 0.22% -46.7% $26,501 0.31% -13.7% 0.70 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $244 0.07% -37.4% $25,165 0.29% -64.3% 0.24 23 Construction $13,149 3.83% -27.2% $339,552 3.96% -9.8% 0.97 81 Other srvcs., exc. government $8,991 2.62% -26.1% $230,311 2.69% -11.3% 0.97 313-4 Textile & textile product mills $377 0.11% -21.5% $27,396 0.32% -39.9% 0.34 5411 Legal srvcs. $2,654 0.77% -17.0% $103,987 1.21% -1.9% 0.64 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $2,122 0.62% -14.7% $55,862 0.65% 1.0% 0.95 92sl State & local government $29,733 8.66% -3.9% $754,836 8.80% 16.1% 0.98 321 Wood products $920 0.27% -1.4% $26,791 0.31% 15.0% 0.86 92811 Military $2,463 0.72% -0.3% $169,679 1.98% 6.1% 0.36 92fc, 491 Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service) $6,421 1.87% 2.3% $221,048 2.58% 17.8% 0.73 721 Accommodation $1,176 0.34% 16.3% $70,738 0.82% 28.7% 0.42 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $5,755 1.68% 19.7% $150,903 1.76% 40.6% 0.95 61 Educational srvcs. $2,371 0.69% 21.5% $77,078 0.90% 49.9% 0.77 481 Air transportation $765 0.22% 41.8% $54,657 0.64% 17.4% 0.35 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $231 0.07% 42.2% $15,123 0.18% 48.6% 0.38 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $250 0.07% 52.3% $20,501 0.24% 42.9% 0.30 324 Petroleum & coal products $1,204 0.35% 79.4% $47,512 0.55% -0.3% 0.63

Slower-Growing/Declining Industries2 Concentrated in Ohio in 1997 $113,226 32.97% 4.3% $2,030,698 23.67% 23.5% 1.39 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $486 0.14% -85.3% $7,150 0.08% -20.1% 1.70 322 Paper $2,636 0.77% -48.1% $55,369 0.65% -34.3% 1.19 327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,549 1.03% -38.1% $39,766 0.46% -5.6% 2.23 337 Furniture & related products $1,272 0.37% -35.4% $27,921 0.33% -21.8% 1.14 331 Primary metals $8,245 2.40% -24.4% $48,074 0.56% 27.9% 4.28 332 Fabricated metal products $9,584 2.79% -20.9% $110,023 1.28% -6.8% 2.18 335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances $4,292 1.25% -17.9% $46,856 0.55% 0.3% 2.29 326 Plastics & rubber products $5,651 1.65% -12.7% $57,607 0.67% 17.6% 2.45 22 Utilities $7,713 2.25% -9.5% $171,479 2.00% 18.4% 1.12 482 Rail transportation $820 0.24% -9.3% $19,966 0.23% 4.7% 1.03 339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,172 0.63% -7.4% $52,255 0.61% 52.4% 1.04 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $6,506 1.89% -5.5% $135,203 1.58% 2.9% 1.20 333 Machinery $6,881 2.00% -5.2% $102,233 1.19% 4.8% 1.68 170 Table A24: Growth and Industry Concentration in Ohio's Economy, 1997-2017

Slower-Growing/Declining Industries2 Concentrated in Ohio in 1997 (continued) 323 Printing & related support activities $1,964 0.57% -1.9% $37,438 0.44% 0.9% 1.31 623 Nursing & residential care facilities $3,318 0.97% -1.6% $57,907 0.68% 24.1% 1.43 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $2,596 0.76% 2.9% $42,985 0.50% 26.9% 1.51 484 Truck transportation $4,107 1.20% 5.1% $77,138 0.90% 15.8% 1.33 325 Chemical $7,956 2.32% 9.5% $173,408 2.02% 8.6% 1.15 44-45 Retail trade $24,662 7.18% 28.3% $579,918 6.76% 51.9% 1.06 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $2,667 0.78% 57.5% $62,539 0.73% 41.4% 1.06 55 Management of companies & enterprises $6,154 1.79% 65.9% $125,467 1.46% 44.3% 1.22

Faster-Growing Industries2 Not Concentrated in Ohio in 1997 $87,268 25.41% 71.7% $2,872,451 33.49% 98.3% 0.76 483 Water transportation $209 0.06% -58.2% $6,564 0.08% 69.4% 0.80 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $2,538 0.74% -3.2% $88,136 1.03% 61.0% 0.72 5412-4, 6-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $9,912 2.89% 25.3% $320,207 3.73% 67.4% 0.77 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets $3,762 1.10% 30.4% $105,961 1.24% 62.7% 0.89 531 Real estate $31,417 9.15% 31.1% $929,207 10.83% 61.3% 0.84 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $1,046 0.30% 59.1% $37,156 0.43% 73.8% 0.70 624 Social assistance $1,264 0.37% 60.1% $39,483 0.46% 61.9% 0.80 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $2,718 0.79% 64.0% $97,171 1.13% 129.2% 0.70 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $357 0.10% 65.4% $40,289 0.47% 168.9% 0.22 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $9,998 2.91% 74.0% $250,899 2.93% 99.9% 1.00 515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $7,063 2.06% 85.5% $226,340 2.64% 183.9% 0.78 521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $8,705 2.53% 95.8% $233,146 2.72% 62.5% 0.93 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $1,412 0.41% 104.4% $121,296 1.41% 71.6% 0.29 518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $997 0.29% 259.1% $30,275 0.35% 792.2% 0.82 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $2,360 0.69% 356.4% $75,488 0.88% 507.8% 0.78 334 Computer & electronic products $2,969 0.86% 477.3% $195,321 2.28% 949.9% 0.38 213 Support activities for mining $93 0.03% 505.6% $13,500 0.16% 150.2% 0.17 486 Pipeline transportation $113 0.03% 1078.9% $6,953 0.08% 243.7% 0.41 211 Oil & gas extraction $334 0.10% 1309.9% $55,060 0.64% 78.6% 0.15

171 Table A24: Growth and Industry Concentration in Ohio's Economy, 1997-2017

Faster-Growing Industries2 Concentrated in Ohio in 1997 $63,403 18.46% 49.2% $1,256,766 14.65% 73.2% 1.26 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $15,074 4.39% -13.3% $112,015 1.31% 57.5% 3.36 42 Wholesale trade $21,408 6.23% 39.7% $527,539 6.15% 64.3% 1.01 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $961 0.28% 48.9% $21,859 0.25% 57.4% 1.10 622 Hospitals $7,947 2.31% 49.0% $165,219 1.93% 61.0% 1.20 561 Administrative & support srvcs. $7,905 2.30% 51.9% $193,546 2.26% 91.7% 1.02 524 Insurance carriers & related activities $9,254 2.69% 114.8% $215,595 2.51% 87.1% 1.07 493 Warehousing & storage $854 0.25% 212.3% $20,992 0.24% 180.7% 1.02

Notes: 1 - in or based on current dollars, but components may not sum to totals due to rounding; 2 - based on national industry change figures after adjusting for inflation, then grouped on slower or faster than the national average of 56.7 percent.

Abbreviations used: eqpt. - equipment; exc. - except; inc. - including; info. - information; mfg. - manufacturing; prcsng. - processing; srvcs. - services.

Source: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/19).

172 Table A25: Percentage Changes in Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry, 1997-2017 (chained 2012 dollars)

U.S. Ohio

2012 Real GDP (millions) Percent Real GDP (millions) Percent NAICS Change Change Codes Industry Titles 1997 2017 1997-2017 1997 2017 1997-2017

11-92 Total $11,521,938 $18,050,693 56.7% $471,886 $590,884 25.2%

111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $118,101 $190,153 61.0% $3,401 $3,292 -3.2% 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $22,609 $32,317 42.9% $276 $420 52.3% 211 Oil & gas extraction $203,348 $363,096 78.6% $1,235 $17,412 1309.9% 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $76,998 $66,485 -13.7% $2,166 $1,153 -46.7% 213 Support activities for mining $15,440 $38,634 150.2% $106 $643 505.6% 23 Construction $691,353 $623,792 -9.8% $26,773 $19,499 -27.2% 321 Wood products $25,026 $28,772 15.0% $859 $848 -1.4% 327 Nonmetallic mineral products $48,846 $46,111 -5.6% $4,359 $2,699 -38.1% 331 Primary metals $53,657 $68,606 27.9% $9,202 $6,957 -24.4% 332 Fabricated metal products $147,996 $137,871 -6.8% $12,891 $10,194 -20.9% 333 Machinery $123,009 $128,863 4.8% $8,279 $7,846 -5.2% 334 Computer & electronic products $28,834 $302,725 949.9% $438 $2,530 477.3% 335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances $56,375 $56,530 0.3% $5,164 $4,241 -17.9% 3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $81,714 $128,679 57.5% $10,996 $9,528 -13.3% 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $95,186 $134,547 41.4% $4,059 $6,394 57.5% 337 Furniture & related products $36,433 $28,492 -21.8% $1,660 $1,073 -35.4% 339 Miscellaneous mfg. $54,633 $83,266 52.4% $2,271 $2,104 -7.4% 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $226,583 $233,082 2.9% $10,904 $10,302 -5.5% 313-4 Textile & textile product mills $28,794 $17,314 -39.9% $396 $311 -21.5% 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $23,734 $8,471 -64.3% $230 $144 -37.4% 322 Paper $77,087 $50,623 -34.3% $3,670 $1,906 -48.1% 323 Printing & related support activities $35,904 $36,211 0.9% $1,883 $1,848 -1.9% 324 Petroleum & coal products $178,860 $178,236 -0.3% $4,531 $8,130 79.4% 325 Chemical $273,856 $297,454 8.6% $12,564 $13,753 9.5% 326 Plastics & rubber products $65,447 $76,964 17.6% $6,419 $5,603 -12.7% 22 Utilities $231,227 $273,823 18.4% $10,400 $9,414 -9.5% 42 Wholesale trade $678,429 $1,114,712 64.3% $27,532 $38,451 39.7% 44-45 Retail trade $698,544 $1,061,001 51.9% $29,706 $38,115 28.3% 481 Air transportation $99,573 $116,884 17.4% $1,394 $1,977 41.8%

173 Table A25: Percentage Changes in Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry, 1997-2017 (chained 2012 dollars)

U.S. Ohio

2012 Real GDP (millions) Percent Real GDP (millions) Percent NAICS Change Change Codes Industry Titles 1997 2017 1997-2017 1997 2017 1997-2017

482 Rail transportation $35,411 $37,074 4.7% $1,455 $1,320 -9.3% 483 Water transportation $6,139 $10,400 69.4% $196 $82 -58.2% 484 Truck transportation $114,511 $132,582 15.8% $6,096 $6,409 5.1% 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $26,184 $38,909 48.6% $400 $569 42.2% 486 Pipeline transportation $10,059 $34,568 243.7% $163 $1,924 1078.9% 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $96,663 $97,626 1.0% $3,672 $3,131 -14.7% 493 Warehousing & storage $22,802 $64,015 180.7% $928 $2,897 212.3% 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $113,029 $259,063 129.2% $3,162 $5,186 64.0% 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $34,539 $92,876 168.9% $306 $506 65.4% 515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $170,961 $485,439 183.9% $5,335 $9,898 85.5% 518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $31,023 $276,796 792.2% $1,021 $3,667 259.1% 521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $266,926 $433,790 62.5% $9,966 $19,519 95.8% 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $126,324 $216,713 71.6% $1,471 $3,006 104.4% 524 Insurance carriers & related activities $275,038 $514,590 87.1% $11,805 $25,357 114.8% 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $15,244 $12,177 -20.1% $1,036 $153 -85.3% 531 Real estate $1,275,367 $2,056,803 61.3% $43,122 $56,527 31.1% 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets $141,792 $230,670 62.7% $5,034 $6,566 30.4% 5411 Legal srvcs. $214,823 $210,714 -1.9% $5,483 $4,549 -17.0% 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $56,969 $346,281 507.8% $1,781 $8,129 356.4% 5412-4, 6-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $485,553 $812,946 67.4% $15,030 $18,839 25.3% 55 Management of companies & enterprises $256,083 $369,479 44.3% $12,560 $20,838 65.9% 561 Administrative & support srvcs. $254,891 $488,752 91.7% $10,411 $15,819 51.9% 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $32,804 $51,632 57.4% $1,443 $2,148 48.9% 61 Educational srvcs. $142,403 $213,453 49.9% $4,380 $5,324 21.5% 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $346,610 $692,756 99.9% $13,813 $24,034 74.0% 622 Hospitals $260,181 $418,930 61.0% $12,515 $18,651 49.0% 623 Nursing & residential care facilities $104,977 $130,317 24.1% $6,015 $5,919 -1.6% 624 Social assistance $66,252 $107,231 61.9% $2,121 $3,396 60.1% 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $62,906 $109,350 73.8% $1,770 $2,816 59.1% 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $62,674 $79,502 26.9% $3,785 $3,895 2.9% 721 Accommodation $108,732 $139,924 28.7% $1,807 $2,103 16.3%

174 Table A25: Percentage Changes in Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry, 1997-2017 (chained 2012 dollars)

U.S. Ohio

2012 Real GDP (millions) Percent Real GDP (millions) Percent NAICS Change Change Codes Industry Titles 1997 2017 1997-2017 1997 2017 1997-2017

722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $253,845 $356,783 40.6% $9,681 $11,590 19.7% 81 Other srvcs., exc. government $402,281 $357,007 -11.3% $15,704 $11,599 -26.1% 92fc, 491 Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service) $352,000 $414,686 17.8% $10,225 $10,459 2.3% 92811 Military $270,200 $286,741 6.1% $3,922 $3,911 -0.3% 92sl State & local government $1,270,743 $1,474,905 16.1% $50,054 $48,115 -3.9%

Notes: * - exc. - except; inc. - including; info. - information; mfg. - manufacturing; prcsng. - processing; srvcs. - services; figures do not sum to totals due to rounding and/or different inflators or deflators used for different industries.

Sources: U.S. BEA (2019).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 5/19).

175 NOTES

1 The ranks of Vietnam and Algeria reflect their much larger populations – 97,040,000 and 41,657,000, respectively – as well as their economic development levels. It also is worth noting the GDP for the 28-nation European Union, “an internal single market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor” as well as standard customs for imports, was $20,850 billion, making it the second largest economy in the world and the U.S. third. However, its population is 517,111,000 compared with America’s 329,256,000 (U.S. CIA, 2019). All international GDP figures are based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):

"A nation's GDP at [PPP] exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States… This is the measure most economists pre- fer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living conditions or use of resources a- cross countries. The measure is difficult to compute, as a US dollar value has to be assigned to all goods and services in the country regardless of whether these goods and services have a direct equivalent in the United States (for example, the value of an oxcart or non-US military equipment); as a result, PPP estimates for some countries are based on a small and sometimes different set of goods and services. In addition, many countries do not formally participate in the World Bank's PPP project that calculates these measures, so the resulting GDP estimates for these countries may lack precision. For many developing countries, PPP-based GDP measures are multiples of the official exchange rate (OER) measure. The differences between the OER- and PPP-denominated GDP values for most of the wealthy industrialized countries are generally much smaller" (U.S. CIA, 2019).

Another reason PPPs are preferred over OERs is because the latter are subject to international and domestic financial forces not capturing the value of domestic output. University of Pennsylvania Professors Summers and Heston and their colleagues pioneered research in PPP figures. The CIA and OECD websites may have more details.

2 County ranks for sectors may be apparent because figures are not always published for all 88 counties.

3 The choice of start and end points for a period can affect how changes during that time are viewed. What looks like a trend with one set of points for one time-period may appear as a random fluctuation with another set of points for another, overlapping time-period. This is particularly true when the time periods are short. Furthermore, initial figures usually are revised when additional information becomes available later, and interpretations of figures may change as a consequence. (Appelbaum, 2011, has a more detailed discussion.) Caution is warranted.

176 4 Table A17 and the related graph on page 102 illustrate the very strong association between the percentages of GDP and value-added (VA – essentially the value of shipments minus the costs of labor and materials) coming from Ohio for the 19 major manufacturing industries and clusters used by the BEA. The association is so strong because GDP calculations start with the Census Bureau’s VA estimates; they differ a bit because the BEA sub- tracts additional costs such as purchased services, which may vary by industry. The strength of this association means that the VA percentages calculated for manufacturing industry groups, shown in Appendix Table A18, are very good proxies for percentages of GDP. Similarly, and more widely applicable, Appendix Table A19 and the related graph on page 110 show the association between concentration ratios based on the private sector GDP and corresponding County Business Patterns (CBP) employment figures (farms and railroads are excluded from both). The strength of this association means CBP concentration ratios for industry groups shown in Appendix Table A20 generally are good proxies for GDP data. VA and CBP data specify our understanding of sectors and major industries concentrated in Ohio, and may point to groups that are exceptions in sectors and major industries not concentrated here. More specific (i.e., 5- and 6-digit) industry data are available from CBP and the quinquen- nial Census of Manufactures, but space limitations, data suppression and timeliness issues usually preclude their use herein.

5 Honda’s large Marysville plant and adjacent, much smaller Performance Manufacturing Center are counted separately. The remaining five light vehicle plants were in Avon Lake, E. Liberty, Lordstown and Toledo. The same Avon Lake plant also assembles medium-duty trucks. Heavy-duty trucks were assembled in Chillicothe, while buses and medium- and heavy-duty trucks were assembled in Springfield.

6 The engines-turbines-power transmission group includes all diesel engines (333618) – even those for motor vehicles – but otherwise excludes motor vehicle parts. It also excludes equipment for transmitting electricity.

7 Comparing food-beverage-tobacco product output in Ohio with the nation is subject to the caveat that the Census Bureau finds no or a vanishingly small level of tobacco product manufacturing in Ohio, depending on the source. This difference should not be exaggerated, though, because tobacco product (3122) value-added and employment figures were 8.8 and 0.8 percent, respectively, of the encompassing U.S. food-beverage-tobacco product (311-2) cluster figures in 2016 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2018, 2018b).

8 46.9 percent of the industry’s national growth took place in California and 11.8 percent occurred in Texas, which already were the leading states in 2007. (The industry also contracted in 6 states over the decade.) It is possible industry growth figures incorporate quantitative and qualitative improvements beyond greater output volumes.

177 9 Examples of support activities include fee or contract-based exploring, drilling, coring, testing and/or making geological observations independently from the companies extracting the material.

10 The rise in construction activity from 1997 through 1999 also is consistent with the rising number of building permits during the same years (U.S. BEA, 2018; U.S. Bureau of the Census, n.d.).

11 The U.S. BEA (2019) groups the U.S. Postal Service (491), which may be seen as a specialized transportation service, with the civilian side of the federal government (92c) in its industry statistics.

12 Sightseeing establishments (487) serve tourists, and therefore are not part of the logistical cluster. However, those services are a tiny fraction of this cluster as judged by employment; the vast majority of employees work either for courier and delivery services (492), which use any transportation mode (but depend heavily on trucks), or support establishments (488). The last include arranging freight transportation, airport operations, air traffic control, crating- packing and cargo-handling, port operations, towing, and navigational, courier and railroad car services, etc. (Office of Management and Budget, 2007).

13 Rail and water transportation services carry some passengers, but the Association of American Railroads (2019) emphasizes moving freight, and CBP data for water transportation show most are employed in moving cargo (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b). Commuter rail and ship-based sightseeing services are classified in 485 and 487 (Office of Management and Budget, 2007).

14 The slight uptick in 2015 through 2017 may be due in part to Amazon’s use of the facilities for those years. Ama- zon shifted its operations to Cincinnati International (CVG) in northern Kentucky in 2017 (Wikipedia, 2019), but has not abandoned work at Wilmington Air Park (Livingston, 2019).

15 Rail services include maintaining and repairing equipment as well as terminal operations. Other transportation support activities include packing and crating, arranging van and carpools, operating independent pipeline terminal facilities, stockyards, etc. (Office of Management and Budget, 2007).

16 CBP data show most people employed in air transportation work in the passenger side of the industry rather than in air freight (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b).

17 Lenze (2016: 4) notes improved geo-coding and editing of source data from IRS Form 1065 (partnership returns) and Form 1040 Schedule C (sole proprietor returns). (Thanks to Lam Cao of the BEA for this reference.) This

178 explains why the pattern differs from the corresponding national pattern of expansion from 2007 to 2008, a trough from 2009 through 2011, followed by expansion to 2017. Employment trends may bolster the argument this is an accounting anomaly. BEA Ohio employment data show jobs in broadcasting and telecommunications (NAICS 515 and 517) decreasing over the decade almost without interruption from 9,888 to 7,730 and from 36,545 to 28,726, respectively (U.S. BEA, 2019).

18 The BEA imputes the rental value of owner-occupied housing, treating homeowners as businesses paying rent to themselves. Therefore, homeowners contribute to the real estate industry’s GDP even if not employed by the industry. In addition, like businesses, homeowners’ property taxes paid to state and local governments are included as part of taxes on production and imports for the real estate industry (U.S. BEA, 2019).

19 The presence of Federal Reserve Bank (5211) offices in Cleveland and Cincinnati guarantees the concentration of monetary authority and central banking here, although the small employment numbers – when compared to credit intermediation (522) – suggest a minor role in sector concentration (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2018b).

20 Managing offices differ from holding companies. The latter hold an equity interest to control or influence company management, but do not manage specific company establishments (Office of Management and Budget, 2007).

21 Full-time equivalent (FTE) employment with Ohio state and local governments was estimated to be 587,547 in 2012 according to the latest Census of Governments. Of that number, 42.3 percent worked for independent local school districts, 23.1 percent worked for the state, 14.4 percent worked for counties, 13.8 percent worked for muni- cipalities, 3.6 percent worked in special districts, and 2.8 percent worked for townships. If the 71,276 FTE state- level education employees are added to the 248,486 FTE independent school district employees, then an estimated 54.4 percent of all state and local government employment in Ohio is part of education. (Some county and municipality data are missing, but the problem is not large enough to substantially change the conclusion.) Most of the remaining FTE employees worked in hospitals and other health establishments, law and public safety (correc- tions, judicial, legal, police and firefighters), public welfare/social insurance, transportation-related services, various utilities, and general administration (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2014a). Private sector provision of the same or similar services are classified in NAICS codes 22 (utilities), 48 (transportation), 56 (administrative support/waste management and remediation), 61 (education) and 62 (health care and social assistance).

22 The motor vehicle industry also is concentrated in Indiana and Michigan. However, Arizona, Florida and Nevada are more dependent on the tourism-related leisure and hospitality sectors; they also were hit hard when the housing bubble burst and local construction activity fell (U.S. BEA, 2019).

179 23 On the other hand, recall data in Appendix Table A3 show Ohio’s motor vehicle industry (NAICS 3361-3363) grew to a post-recession peak in 2014, but gradually contracted through 2017. This is partially due to light vehicle assemblies (33611) falling 27.1 percent in Ohio from 2015 to 2017, with declines in car and light truck output in approximately the same proportions. The reasons behind these changes are quite different: car assemblies declined as national preferences shifted from cars to light vehicles; light truck assemblies (of sport-utility vehicles and vans) declined mostly because Fiat-Chrysler moved Cherokee production out of state, temporarily closing its Toledo North plant for retooling. Its adjacent Supplier Park plant (fka Toledo South or Stickney) was temporarily shut down in 2018 as Wrangler assemblies shifted to a now re-opened Toledo North, and preparations were made for new pickup assemblies at Supplier Park. The net effect of these and other changes at other plants is 2018 light vehicle assemblies in Ohio declined 0.8 percent from 2017 (Automotive News, 2016-2019).

24 The chart covers at least 94 percent of each economy at the most detailed levels available from the BEA. The exceptions not shown are outliers where growth was extreme and/or differences in magnitude were striking:

In Ohio In the U.S. 211: Oil and gas extraction 1,309.9% 78.6% 213: Support activities for mining 505.6% 150.2% 334: Computer and electronic products manufacturing 477.3% 949.9% 486: Pipeline transportation 1,078.9% 243.7% 518-9: Data processing, hosting and other information services 259.1% 792.2%

These contrasts are remarkable and indicate the largest structural changes in the respective economies, but the collective contribution of the eight was at most six percent of each economy (U.S. BEA, 2019).

25 Moody’s (2018) also notes the high degree of similarity between economic changes in Ohio and the U.S.

26 Economic forecasts, though, are often imprecise due to any number of factors. Among them are the impacts of technological advances and unforeseeable events, limited data, an incomplete understanding of the economy, and assumptions about the economy that may not be entirely justified. This imprecision also means that recessions are difficult to predict.

27 Other factors to consider are variations in capacity utilization rates – particularly important in goods-producing sectors – and the number of hours worked. Both affect output even if the number of employees does not change.

28 Projections and forecasts are based on explicit and implicit assumptions that may or may not be justified. Further-

180 more, variations in expansion and contraction cycles and unforeseen developments can impact growth rates – and the last may vary in their impact between the national and local levels. Consequently, it is advisable to think of projections and forecasts as contingent possibilities extrapolated from the recent past and not as precise certainties.

29 The number of building permit issued in Ohio also grew from 2017 to 2018, but at a slower rate than in previous years coming out of the recession (U.S. Bureau of the Census, n.d.) Perhaps in recognition of Ohio’s similarity with the national economy, ODJFS/LMI also incorporates the latest Conference Board (2019) prediction: continued expansion of the American economy at an inflation-adjusted 2.0 percent annual rate into 2020, generally lower than rates of recent quarters. In the context of absolute numbers and Ohio’s slower population growth rate, Moody’s (2018) predictions do not seem unreasonable.

30 The use of tariffs assumes unchanging values of currencies relative to one another. This is often unjustified. The recent weakening of the yuan relative to the dollar, which counters the effect of tariffs on the prices of Chinese goods in the U.S. market, led to a demand that the Federal Reserve lower interest rates to make the dollar less appealing in currency exchanges and therefore less valuable. However, there are two problems with that reason- ing: 1) lowering the interest rate could boost the U.S. economy, which would support the dollar’s value, and 2) es- calating trade tensions have supported the dollar’s value as investors seek the safest assets – U.S. Treasury bills (drawn from Greifeld and Bull, 2019; and Worrachate, 2019).

181 SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED

Appelbaum, Binyamin, 2011 “On Economy, Raw Data Gets a Grain of Salt,” New York Times, August 16. Found at http://www.nytimes.com/.

Association of American Railroads, 2017 See https://www.aar.org/.

Automotive News, 2016-2020 Various reports found at http://www.autonews.com/datacenter.

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2020 See https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/current/ for current and earlier industrial production index values.

Bradshaw, Keith, and Cao Li, 2018 “China threatens new tariffs on $60 billion of U.S. goods,” August 3, New York Times.

Choe, Stan, and Alex Veiga, 2019 “Tumult on Wall Street expected to continue,” Columbus Dispatch, August 17, pp. C1 & C5.

Conference Board, 2019 See https://www.conference-board.org/data/bcicountry.cfm?cid=1 for the latest leading indicators report.

Dendrinou, Viktoria, and Alexander Weber, 2018 “EU Prepares to Retaliate Over Car Tariffs Before Trump Talks,” July 19, Bloomberg, found at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-19/eu-is-said-to-prepare-car-tariff-retaliation-before-trump-talks.

ELM Analytics, Inc., 2018 Data found at http://www.elmanalytics.com/.

Fortune, 2019 Start with http://www.fortune.com/. Look for the Fortune U.S.-1,000 and Global-500 lists.

182 Greifeld, Katherine, and Alister Bull, 2019 “Trump lobbies for a weaker dollar,” Columbus Dispatch, August 9, p. B10.

Irwin, Neil, 2018 “The Three Most Likely Recession Starters,” New York Times, August 5, p. BU4.

______, 2019 “Trade war not alone in causing turbulence,” Columbus Dispatch, August 15, pp. B9 & B12.

Lenze, David G., 2016 “Regional Quarterly Report: State Personal Income and More…,” found at http://0716_state_personal_income.pdf.

Livingston, Doug, 2019 “Amazon adding 2,500 more jobs in Ohio,” Columbus Dispatch, July 23, pp. B9 & B12.

Malone, J.D., 2018 “Growing concern: Farmers’ confidence slumps on trade worries, low commodity prices,” Columbus Dispatch, August 8, pp. B9 & B12.

Marte, Jonnelle, 2019 “Most economists expect recession by 2021,” Columbus Dispatch, August 20, pp. B9 & B12.

McDonald, Joe, 2019 “Chinese retaliation to more tariffs likely,” Columbus Dispatch, August 16, p. B12.

Moody’s, 2018 Moody’s Analytics / Précis U.S. State / Midwest / June. Found at http://www.economy.com/.

Nebehay, Stephanie, 2018 “U.S. tariff study raises concerns from 40 countries at WTO meeting,” July 5, Automotive News, article found at http://www.autonews.com/article/20180705/COPY01/307059957/u.s.-tariff-study-raises-concerns-from-40- countries-at-wto-meeting.

183 ODJFS/LMI (Ohio Dept. of Job and Family Services/Labor Market Information), 2018 See http://ohiolmi.com/, and check “Data” and then “Employment Projections by Occupation and Industry.”

______, 2019 See http://ohiolmi.com/proj/Indicators/LI.pdf for the latest monthly issue on leading indicators.

ODNR (Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources), 2019 Start with http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/, look under industry for well production, then combined production.

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2019 Start with http://www.oecd.org/ and search on “PPP” for a discussion of purchasing power parities.

Office of Management and Budget, 1998 and 2007 North American Industry Classification System: United States, 1997 and 2007. Lanham, Md.: Bernan Press. Also see http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ for the 2012 NAICS.

Office of Research, 2018 See https://www.development.ohio.gov/reports/reports_pop_proj_map.htm.

Ott, Thomas, 2013 “Ohio wraps up first year of casino gambling; payoff still taking shape,” the Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 12. Article found at http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2013/05/ohio_wraps_up_first_year_of_ca.html.

Platt, Joel D., and Ian Mead, 2017 Gross Domestic Product by State Estimation Methodology. Paper found at https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/methodologies/0417_GDP_by_State_Methodology.pdf

Rugaber, Christopher et al., 2019 “Slowing, not stopping,” Columbus Dispatch, August 16, pp. B9 & B12.

Sutherly, Ben, 2013 “Average nursing-home patient getting younger,” the Columbus Dispatch, August 2, pp. A1 & A9.

184 Swanson, Ana, and Alan Rappeport, 2020 “US, China ink trade deal,” the Columbus Dispatch, January 16, pp. A1 & A4.

Telford, Taylor, 2019 “Tariffs on China to cost US families $1,000,” Columbus Dispatch, August 21, p. B10.

Torry, Jack, 2018 “Trump tariffs aren’t likely to help steel,” the Columbus Dispatch, July 4, pp. A1 & A6-A7.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2014a 2012 Census of Governments found at http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html.

______, 2014b The original website was http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2014/summarytables.html for national population projections.

______, 2018 2016 Annual Survey of Manufactures [machine-readable data file] / prepared by the Bureau. Washington, D.C.: the Bureau [producer and distributor].

______, 2019a 2017 American Community Survey data from tables C23001 and C24080 originally found at http://factfinder.census.gov/.

______, 2019b Cbp17st.txt and cbp17us.txt [machine-readable state and national County Business Patterns data files for 2017] / prepared by the Bureau. Washington, D.C.: the Bureau [producer and distributor].

______, n.d. Building permit data disseminated in various formats over the years.

U.S. BEA (Bureau of Economic Analysis), 2019 See http://www.bea.gov/ and look for state GDP, employment and population figures first under “topic” and then “interactive data.”

185 U.S. BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics), 2018 See http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_207.htm.

U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 2019 See https://www.cia.gov/ and start with the “World Factbook.”

U.S. DA (Dept. of Agriculture), 2019 Search for the Crop Production 2017 Summary at http://www.nass.usda.gov/.

U.S. EIA (Energy Information Administration), 2019 Start at http://www.eia.gov/ search for the coal production and reserve statistics.

U.S. FPDS (Federal Procurement Data System), 2019 See https://www.fpds.gov/; code=9700 for the Dept. of Defense contracts. New user must establish an account before extracting data.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2019 See http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel/index.html#mc5.

Wikipedia, 2019 “Wilmington Air Park,” found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Air_Park.

Worrachate, Anchalee, 2019 “Trump keeps accidentally igniting dollar with his trade war,” Columbus Dispatch, August 9, p. P4.

186