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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

This glossary of technical terms contains terms used in this document as they relate to our business. As such, these terms and their meanings may not always correspond to the standard industry meaning or usage of these terms.

“” or “ acetate” a manufactured cellulose-based material made from and/or wood pulp and , by acetylation of cellulose into . Completely acetylated cellulose acetate is referred to as , whereas refers to partially acetylated cellulose acetate

“acetate process” the process of acetylation of cellulose (wood pulp or cotton linters) with acetic acid or and sulfuric acid catalyst to make cellulose acetate resin or

“acetate tow” a manufactured bundle of made from cellulose that is extruded through a spinneret and hardened and used to manufacture cigarette filters

“ADt” air dry ton

“alpha-cellulose” one of three forms of cellulose, which has the highest degree of polymerization and is the chief component of paper pulp and dissolving wood pulp

“black liquor” the spent cooking liquor from the kraft process when digesting wood into dissolving wood pulp removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers

“bleaching” any of several processes to remove impurities, including hemicellulose, lignin and others, in dissolving wood pulp to obtain a bright white product

“caliper” thickness of a sheet expressed in thousandth of an inch

“CCE” cold caustic extraction, a special alkaline treatment used to increase pulp purity

“cellophane” a generic term for regenerated cellulose film made from dissolving wood pulp which is transparent or dyed in colors or coated to render it moisture proof or heat-sealable and is primarily used for packaging

“cellulose” a carbohydrate, which is the chief component of the cell walls in wood and in cotton, , , , and all of the base, leaf and stem fibers of plants, and is a basic raw material in the manufacture of , acetate, triacetate and other cellulose derivatives

“cellulose products” dissolving wood pulp and other pulp products

“cellulosic fiber” a fiber composed of, or derived from, cellulose, which includes cotton (cellulose), viscose (regenerated cellulose), acetate (cellulose acetate), and triacetate (cellulose triacetate)

“cN/tex” centi-Newton per tex, a measure of the tenacity of fibers

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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

“cotton fiber” a unicellular, composed of almost pure cellulose extracted from cotton plants, which is in lengths of 3/8 to two inches and is graded and classed by length, strength and color

“cotton linters” the short cotton fibers remaining on the seed after “first ginning” process, which are then cut from the seed and used as a source for cellulose derivatives and viscose rayon materials

“debottlenecking” increasing production capacity of existing production facilities through the modification of existing equipment to remove capacity restrictions

“dissolving wood pulp” highly purified wood pulp consisting primarily of alpha- cellulose that is intended primarily for conversion into chemical derivatives of cellulose and also in the manufacture of viscose staple fibers, spin fiber and filament. Dissolving wood pulp is also known in the industry as specialty cellulose

“dtex” or “decitex” a tenth of a tex, a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers, which is defined as the mass in grams per 10,000 meters

“fiber” a natural or manufactured unit that forms the basic element of fabrics and other structures and is typically characterized as having a length at least 100 times its diameter or width

“filament” a fiber of an indefinite or extreme length such as found naturally in , which can be extruded from manufactured fibers and can be converted into filament yarn, staple or tow

“hectare” or “ha” a metric unit of area, which equals 10,000 square meters or approximately 2.5 acres

“high conservation value forests” or a concept developed to help define forest areas of high “HCVF” environmental and social value

“high wet modulus fiber” cellulosic fibers having improved strength and modulus when wet, which includes modal and polynosic fiber

“ISO” International Organization for Standardization

“ISO 9001” ISO standards for quality management, which are primarily concerned with what an organization does to ensure that its products conform to customer and applicable regulatory requirements and which set requirements for what an organization must do to manage processes influencing product quality

“ISO 14001” ISO standards for environmental management, which are primarily concerned with what an organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities and which set requirements for what an organization must do to manage processes influencing the impact of its activities on the environment

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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

“kraft process” a technology for conversion of wood into dissolving wood pulp consisting of almost pure cellulose fibers, which entails treatment of wood chips with a mixture of and sodium sulfide, known as white liquor, that break the bonds that link lignin to the cellulose

“lignin” the major non-carbohydrate portion of wood, which is an amorphous polymeric substance that cements the fibrous portions together and is the wood residue after extracting the cellulose in the delignification process

“” a manufactured cellulosic fiber made by the lyocell process. Lyocell is classified as a sub-category of rayon by the US Federal Trade Commission

“lyocell process” a process for the manufacture of regenerated by direct dissolution of dissolving wood pulp in an amine oxide solvent, which is suitable for blending with cotton or other manufactured fibers and has the tendency to develop surface fibrils that can be beneficial in the manufacture of non-wovens and in specialty papers due to its molecular structure

“MAI” mean annual increment, the average annual growth of a community of trees to the age in question, which is calculated by dividing yield at that age by the age itself

“man-made fiber” a class of fibers (including filaments) that are chemically produced from fiber-forming substances, including (a) natural man-made fibers produced from natural polymers, such as cellulose, and (b) synthetic man-made fibers produced from polymers synthesized from chemical compounds, such as acrylic, , , , polyurethane and polyvinyl fibers, and minerals, such as glass, and is distinguished from the natural fibers of cotton, , silk and

“MCC” microcrystalline cellulose, a purified, partially depolymerized cellulose, prepared by treating alpha-cellulose with mineral acids

“metric ton” equal to 1,000 kilograms or approximately 2,204.6 pounds. In relation to dissolving wood pulp, metric ton means air-dry metric ton

“modal” a type of cellulosic fiber having improved strength and modulus when wet

“MW” megawatt

“natural fiber” a class of fibers (including filaments) from (a) animal, such as silk and wool, (b) mineral, such as , and (c) plant, such as cotton, flax, jute and

“non-woven” fibers held together by mechanical interlocking in a random web or mat, by fusing of the fibers or by bonding with a cementing medium

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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

“other pulp products” paper pulp of various grades

“polymerization” a chemical reaction in which many smaller molecules are joined together to form larger molecules called polymers

“polypropylene tow” a bundle of filament fiber made from propylene (a synthetic polymer) and used to manufacture cigarette filters

“pulp” the end product of cooking wood chips, cotton linter or some other source of cellulose with chemicals, which is used in manufacturing cellulosic fibers, paper and other cellulose-based products

“rayon” a manufactured fiber and/or filament yarn composed of regenerated cellulose, which is derived from wood, cotton linters or other vegetable matter by one of several processes, such as the cuprammonium process, the acetate process, the lyocell process or the viscose process. Most commercial rayon manufacturing currently utilizes the viscose process and, as such, rayon is becoming synonymous with viscose in the textile industry. By extension, in the textile industry, rayon also refers to yarn and fabric made of rayon

“rayon grades of pulp” a type of high purity pulp which can be mixed with sodium hydroxide, carbon disulfide and other chemicals to regenerate pure cellulose into viscose staple fibers

“regular viscose staple fibers” the most common type of viscose staple fibers that are produced with minimum additives or modifications and having a titer range of between 1.33 dtex and 1.67 dtex and a tenacity range of up to 2.6 cN/tex

“specialty cellulose” dissolving wood pulp and viscose staple fibers

“specialty grades of pulp” dissolving wood pulp other than rayon grades of pulp

“specialty viscose staple fibers” all other types of viscose staple fibers that are not regular viscose staple fibers

“spinneret” a device for making viscose and other fibers, such as acetate, consisting of a plate pierced with holes through which cellulose is forced in the spinning of man-made filaments

“staple fiber” natural fibers or cut lengths from filaments. The staple length of natural fibers varies from less than one inch, as with some cotton fibers, to several feet for some hard fibers. Manufactured staple fibers are cut to a definite length, from eight inches down to about 1.5 inches (occasionally down to one inch), so that they can be processed on cotton, woolen or worsted yarn spinning systems. The term staple (fiber) is used in the textile industry to distinguish natural or cut length manufactured fibers from filament

“tex” a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers, which is defined as the mass in grams per 1,000 meters

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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

“titer” a measurement of the amount or concentration of a substance in a solution

“viscose process” a process for the manufacture of rayon by treating cellulose with caustic soda and with carbon disulfide to form cellulose xanthate, which is then dissolved in a weak caustic solution to form the viscose

“viscose staple fiber” a manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, which is derived from wood, cotton linters or other vegetable matter by the viscose process. Viscose staple fiber is a form of cellulosic fiber

“viscosity” the internal flow resistance of a fluid. The viscosity measurement of pulp provides an indication of the average molecular weight of the pulp polymer system

“white liquor” an alkaline solution used in the first stage of the kraft process in which lignin and hemicellulose are separated from the cellulose fiber in the kraft process for the production of dissolving wood pulp

“yarn” a generic term for a continuous strand of textile fibers, filaments or material in a form suitable for knitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric, which occurs in various forms, including (a) a number of fibers twisted together (spun yarn), (b) a number of filaments laid together without twist (a zero-twist yarn), (c) a number of filaments laid together with a degree of twist, (d) a single filament with or without twist (a monofilament) or (e) a narrow strip of material, such as paper, plastic film or metal foil, with or without twist, intended for use in a textile construction

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