Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2019, Article ID 6087509, 25 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6087509

Research Article The Use of Medicinal Plants in the Riverside Community of the Mazagão River in the Brazilian Amazon, Amapá, Brazil: Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies

Rosângela do Socorro Ferreira Rodrigues Sarquis,1,2 Ícaro Rodrigues Sarquis,2 Iann Rodrigues Sarquis,3 Caio Pinho Fernandes ,4 Gabriel Araújo da Silva,5 Raullyan Borja Lima e Silva,6 Mário Augusto Gonçalves Jardim,7 Brenda Lorena Sánchez-Ort-z ,2 and José Carlos Tavares Carvalho 1,2

1 Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Amapa´ (UNIFAP), Brazil 2Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research, Pharmacy Course, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapa´ (UNIFAP), Rodovia Juscelino Kubitscheck, Km 02, 68902-290 Macapa,´ AP, Brazil 3Biochemistry Laboratory, Nursing Course, Department of Health Sciences, Faculdade Estacio´ de Macapa,´ Brazil 4Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Pharmacy Course, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapa´ (UNIFAP), Brazil 5Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Collegiate Degree in Chemistry, State University of Amapa´ (UEAP), Brazil 6Center of Biodiversity, Institute for Scientifc and Technological Research of Amapa(IEPA),Brazil´ 7Paraense Em´ılio Goeldi Museum (MPEG), Coordination of Botany, Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Jos´e Carlos Tavares Carvalho; [email protected]

Received 5 November 2018; Revised 15 February 2019; Accepted 4 March 2019; Published 10 April 2019

Academic Editor: Filippo Fratini

Copyright © 2019 Rosˆangela do Socorro Ferreira Rodrigues Sarquis et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Te inhabitants of the foodplain of the Mazag˜ao River in the State of Amap´a in the Brazilian Amazon have inherited from indigenous African and Cabocla cultures indications for the use and forms of preparation of medicinal plants to cure diseases of the body and spirit. Tis study aimed to perform an ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by the riparian community of the foodplains of the Mazag˜ao River, in the State of Amap´a. In this study, we chose semistructured interviews with socioeconomic, ethnopharmacological, and ethnobotanical aims. Te collection of medicinal plants occurred during guided tours. Te Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Correction Factor (CF), and Fidelity level (FL) were calculated. Tere were 130 species of medicinal plants, distributed in 116 genera and 57 families; Fabaceae (16), Lamiaceae (14), Euphorbiaceae (7), and Arecaceae (6) include 33.33% of the total species sampled. All 95 native species of foodplain forests were previously described, and 35 are exotic species. Te species with the highest UV (≥ 0.5) at the mouth of the Mazag˜ao River were Carapa guianensis (0.91), Pentachlethra macroloba (0.83), Dalbergia subcymosa (0.77), Uncaria tomentosa (0.75), Otacanthus azureus (0.62), Virola surinamensis (0.62), Hura crepitans (0.58), Euterpe oleracea (0.56), and Arrabidaea chica (0.51). Tese species were also the ones that presented the highest ICF among the informants and 100% in FL for a specifc therapeutic use. Te study is comprised of 16 categories of therapeutic use, of which the majority of the plants used are related to diseases such as microbial infections (20.67%, 73 species), gastrointestinal disorders (13.31%), and infammation (11.61%). Te results showed that knowledge about the use of medicinal plants along the rivers and streams that form the mouth of the Mazag˜ao River is evenly distributed. Most of the interviewees present diversifed knowledge about the medicinal resources because they have a close relationship with the foodplain forest. Native species of this forest predominate among the most commonly used medicinal plants as subsidies for future pharmacological studies. 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

1. Introduction slaves, and riparians [16, 17]. In the foodplain forest regions of the Eastern Amazon, medicinal plants represent the main Te foodplain forest is characterized by food-prone areas form of disease treatment for most of the riparian populations infuenced by white water rivers with high nutrient-rich living in this ecosystem, as they live geographically isolated sediment loads of Andean or pre-Andean origin, which from the urban centers, which causes barriers between them occupy approximately 2/3 of the food-prone areas in the and the public services, especially health service and basic Amazon [1]. Tese forests are inhabited by riparian people, sanitation [18, 19]. Tese riverside communities have a very humanpopulationswholiveonthefood-proneriverbanks peculiar way of interacting with the environment where they and who produce their food through vegetable extractivism, live; in most of the houses, septic tanks are still used, and logging, fshing, handicrafs, and shrimp trapping [2, 3]. Te they overfow periodically when the river foods. Tis water foodplain has always played a central role in the development is collected for consumption, several domestic tasks and of the Amazon region, playing diferent roles in the food and even for the preparation of the ac¸a´ıwine(Euterpe oleracea), economic survival of riparian dwellers at each period of their which is the main food consumed in the locality, but it does history [4, 5]. not undergo adequate treatment to be considered potable, Te riverside communities of the tropical foodplains making parasites and stomach diseases a recurring problem coexist with a great diversity of natural resources, and they in the community [18, 20]. develop some exploration techniques for their own survival, Te human populations that settled in foodplain regions aiming for the establishment of their own management started to have a very strong connection with the forest, systems that allows them to achieve their needs with low knowing and exploring it, which allowed a greater contact environmental damage, all of this based on their experiences with the vectors of tropical diseases such as malaria, Chagas disease, and tegumentary leishmaniasis, which are endemic [6–8]. diseases of these regions. To treat and control these diseases, Te use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases they started to use medicinal plants, a knowledge that is related to human evolution itself; its use has been reported is acquired through both experience and verbal cultural in all time periods, in all social strata, and for almost all transmission, which refers to the past knowledge of one of humanity. Te use of medicinal plants for therapeutical generation to another and plays an important historical role purposes in developing countries such as Brazil can be used as it facilitates human survival through these generations as an alternative treatment [9, 10]. Phytotherapy and the use [19]. Terefore, the riverside inhabitants of the foodplain of medicinal plants are traditionally part of popular medicine forest possess important collections of plants that are used for based on the knowledge of diferent populations, users, and therapeutic purposes as they inherited the use and forms of practitioners. It is an efective form of primary health care for preparation of medicinal plants for the cure of their diseases the lower income population. Medicinal plants have strongly of the body and spirit from the indigenous African and contributed to the development of new therapeutic strategies Cabocla cultures [19]. However, this knowledge is usually through the isolation and identifcation of its secondary restricted and little studied. Undoubtedly, many plants native metabolites. Tese are known to act directly or indirectly to foodplains with therapeutic potential remain unknown through several molecular and cellular targets [11]. and will become extinct because logging is reducing forests Te use of medicinal plant-based medicines and the and decharacterizing traditional communities in the region. popular knowledge itself implies the need to implement basic Few ethnobotanical studies have been performed in the research to clarify and confrm information about the actions area; for instance, Silva [20] surveyed plants used in Carvao˜ of the plants, minimizing side, and toxicological efects so that District, Mazagao,˜ AP, where 218 diferent plant species dis- their use is reliable and safe [12]. tributed over 69 families were reported. In the riverside com- Historically, the city of Mazagao˜ was founded in the munities of Mazagao˜ Velho, Maraca,´ and Ajurixi Nascimento 16th century in North Africa, then it was transferred in the [21] it has been reported 73 diferent plant species distributed eighteenth century to Portuguese America. It is located on over 37 families and their medicinal uses. Overall, these the banks of the Mutuaca´ River in the State of Amapa,´ at ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies indicate the Brazilian Amazon rainforest [13]. Te New Village of an excellent target to pharmacological researches in the north Mazagao,˜ lost in the banks of the Amazon rainforest, was of Brazil [19, 22, 23]. a point of overlapping of cultures, dualities, and conficts. Te State of Amapa´ has rich plant biodiversity, in addition Te memory of the city of the Moroccan coast was diluted to a great ethnic and cultural diversity, favoring the accumu- and adapted to the new conditions of Portuguese America, lation of empirical knowledge about medicinal uses of these building a new urbanity [14]. At that time, the African plants. Considering the importance to rescue this knowledge Mazagans had to live with the outbreak of malaria, a tropical from traditional communities and systematize it, this study disease endemic to the region; and in order to survive they aimed to perform an ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacolog- used traditional knowledge of the use of medicinal plants of ical survey of medicinal plants used by riverside communities the riverside and indigenous communities [15]. at the mouth of Mazagao˜ River, in the State of Amapa.´ Tough cultural aspects such as the religious festivals in praise of St. James were preserved and, to this day in July, the 2. Materials and Methods battle waged between the Moors and Christians on the coast of Africa is remembered, new practices also emerged from 2.1. Study Area. Te municipality of Mazagao˜ occupies an 2 the cultural synthesis of the Mazans, with indigenous people, area of 13,131 km , it has a population of 17,032 inhabitants Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

51∘2522 51∘2422 51∘2322 51∘2222 51∘2122 51∘2022 51∘1922 51∘1822 00∘1322

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Figure 1: Location map of the mouth of the Mazag˜ao River, Amap´a State, Brazilian Amazon.

2 and a population density of 1.30 hab/km [24], it is 36 km long Informed Consent, according to Resolution 466/12 of the from the capital Macapa,´ and it is located at the right margin National Health Council. Tis study was approved on of the Vila Nova River, south of the State of Amapaunder´ 04/13/2016 under opinion number 14.94.994. ∘ � �� ∘ � �� the geographic coordinates 00 06 54 Sand-51 17 20 W (Figure 1). Data collection occurred at the eastern boundary 2.3. Area of Study’s Typical Vegetation. Floodplain forests of the municipality of Mazagao˜ in a riparian community 2 have about 25,000 km in the area of the Amazonian estuary; that lives at the mouth of the Mazagao˜ River, which has it represents about 4.85% from the State of Amapaareaand´ the Mutuaca´ Mirim, Espinhel, Grande and Ajudante rivers about 15.46% of the coastal estuarine sector [26]. Tese forests as tributaries. Te community at the mouth lives along the are the fooded ecosystem with the highest biodiversity in Mazagao˜ River, which is situated to the east of the Amazon theworldandhavemorethan1,000diferentspeciesoftrees River and to the west of the Old Mazagao˜ Village, according [27, 28]. Te local vegetation is cataloged as Alluvial Dense to Carim et al. [25], the predominant climate type Ami, based Ombrophilous Forest [29], and the most representative plant on the Koppen¨ classifcation, with a minimum temperature of ∘ ∘ families are Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, and Rubiaceae 23 C and a maximum temperature of 33 C (annual average of ∘ [30]. Tere is a signifcant number of palm trees such as 27 C), with relative humidity above 80%, high rainfall from Astrocaryum murumuru Mart., Manicaria saccifera Gaertn., 2,000 mm/year to 2,500 mm/year, and the Haplic Gleisol soil Mauritia fexuosa L. f., Attalea excelsa (Aubl.) Mart., and withaveryclayeytexture. Euterpe oleracea Mart.; and emerging trees such as Carapa guianensis Alblet, Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb., 2.2. Research Authorization. At the beginning of the study, Mora paraensis (Ducke) Ducke, Calycophyllum spruceanum a meeting was organized with the community to present the (Benth.)Hook.f.exK.Schum.,Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ¨ project and its objectives to obtain community consent for ex A. Juss.) Mull. Arg., Cedrela odorata L., and Pentaclethra the development of the study. Subsequently, according to macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze [30, 31]. ˜ the Resolutions of the National Commission for Research Te soil under estuarine foodplain forests of Mazagao, Ethics involving Humans and the National Health Coun- AP is, shallow and continuously subjected to food. In this cil/Ministry of Health, the project was submitted to the Ethics area, the soil is cataloged as typical Eutrophic Ta Melanic Research Committee of the Faculdade Estacio´ de Macapa.´ Gleysol [32]. To do so, the project was registered in the Brazil Platform at http://aplicacao.saude.gov.br/plataformabrasil/login.jsf, in 2.4. Selection of Informants. In the community, there are which the following was inserted: interview forms (socioe- 128 houses, all of which were visited, but only the families conomic, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological), Com- living in the community for at least 10 years were considered munity Consent Statement, and the terms of Free and in the interviews. In the selected family, the person who 4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine everyone agreed was knowledgeable about home remedies geographical origin of the species was verifed in a specialized (healer) was the one who was always approached because bibliography [35, 37]. he/she cultivates and holds knowledge about local plants that are medicinal. A total of 93 forms were applied, rep- 2.6. Data Analysis. Te medicinal plants listed by the infor- resenting 72.65% of the total families living in the commu- mants were organized according to the scientifc name, pop- nity. ular name, part used, method of preparation, and indications Te study area was investigated to get information from for medicinal use. Te reported diseases and symptoms were local traditional healers having practical knowledge of medic- grouped into 16 categories of therapeutic use according to inal plants; they were interviewed in two villages during April the indicated body systems. Data were analyzed statistically 2016 to May 2018. During the course of the study, six feld and described in percentages using Graphpad Prism sofware trips were carried out in the study, and a total 30 days were (version 6.0). To analyze the relative importance of a species spent with their local traditional healers. Methods of selecting for its ethnomedicinal use, quantitative data (frequency of use informants depended upon the distribution of local people and therapeutic indication) were calculated using the Index having sound knowledge. of Use Value (UV), Loyalty Level (LL), Informant Consensus All participants agreed to sign the terms of Informed Factor (ICF), and Correction Factor (CF), according to the Consent. Te interviews were conducted with semistruc- mathematical formulas below. turedformswithopenandclosedquestionsaboutthe socioeconomic aspects and the identifcation of respondents 2.6.1. Use Value (UV). It is a quantitative index that expresses (age, ethnicity, schooling, sex, length of time living in the the therapeutic importance of each species. It is calculated Ui community, religion, food consumption, family income, and by the following formula: UV = Σ /n [38], where UV is participation in any social project of the government) and equivalent to the Use Value of a species, Ui is the number of information about the medicinal plants used (popular name, therapeutic uses reported for each species of plant, and n is part used, indications, and preparation) were recorded. In the total number of respondents interviewed [39]. Te UV this work, we considered both plants that are used for parameter helps determine which plant is most frequently diseases well known and treatable by traditional medicine used for specifc purposes. UV is high when the plant is and those indicated for cultural diseases such as “panemeira” mentioned by a large number of informants and low when (a condition in which the individual is unlucky or has bad there are few cited uses [40]. luck), bewitching, evil eye, or jinx (the individual is haunted by evil spirits). Other conditions included “ferida brava” (Leishmaniosis ulcer), ringworm (individual with itching in 2.6.2. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Te proposal by Troter and Logan [41] aims to identify the body systems or the body), bubo (infammation in the lymph nodes), “ura”´ categories of diseases that have greater relative importance or “fy eye” (fy larvae that lodges in the dermis and causes infammation in the skin), catarrh in the chest (secretion in inthesiteofthestudy.TeICFiscalculatedbyobtaining the lungs), and “nascida” (a tumor that swells in the skin of the number of citations of uses in each category (Nur)minus any part of the body). the number of species used (Nt), divided by the number of use citations in each category minus 1. Te maximum value a category can achieve is 1, which would indicate that there is 2.5. Collection of Botanical Material. Te collections were a well-defned criterion for selecting medicinal plants in the carried out using the guided tour technique [33], which community and/or that use information is shared among the consisted of exploratory walks conducted by the interviewees people. in the backyard of their residence and in the interior of the forest to identify and collect botanical material from (Nur − Nt) ICF = (1) the medicinal plants mentioned during the interview. Te (Nur −1) referenced species were collected and herborized according to the usual methodology of Fidalgo and Bononi [34]. Te 2.6.3. Fidelity Level (FL). Te FL measures the species most plant material was identifed by comparison to the Embrapa frequently used by informants in the study area for a specifc Eastern Amazon Herbarium; IAN collection; and specialized therapeutic treatment [42]. FL was calculated using the bibliography [35] and when necessary, via consultations with following formula: specialists. Exsiccating of the collected species was included in the IAN of the Embrapa Amazoniaˆ Oriental and Herbario´ NP FL (%) = × 100 (2) Amapaense (HAMAB) of the Institute for Scientifc and N Technological Research of the State of Amapa.´ Te species mentioned only with the vegetative part were identifed, when where Np is the number of citations for therapeutic use possible, through specialized literature and using virtual given by an informant indicating a species for the highest herbarium images for comparison. Te spelling and authors therapeutic use and N is the total number of informants of the scientifc names were verifed in the Missouri Botan- who cited the species for some use. FL = 100% means that ical Garden database at www.tropicos.org, and the families all informants use the species for a therapeutic application, were determined according to the classifcation system pro- while values below this value mean that the species is used posed by the Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group III [36]. Te for diferent purposes [40]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5

2.6.4. Correction Factor (CF). Te CF determines the difer- genera and 57 families. Fabaceae (16 species), Lamiaceae (14), ence in the number of informants who cited uses for each Euphorbiaceae (7), Arecaceae (6), Asteraceae (4), Rubiaceae species. Te CF is calculated by the following formula: CF = (4), Rutaceae (4), Amaranthaceae (4), and Anacardiaceae N/ICEMC [43], where N is the total number of informants (4) accounted for the greatest number of species, totaling who cited uses for the species and ICEMC is the number 48.83% of the sampled species, and 22.5% of the families were of citations of the most frequent species. To extract the represented by only one species. In total, 95 native species importance values related to the species most cited by the of foodplain forest and 35 exotic or introduced species were interviewees, the following formula was used: Pcusp = LL x mentioned (Table 1). CF [44], where Pcusp is the corrected concordance use index, Inventories in Amazonian foodplain forests have shown NF is the loyalty level of use, and CF is the correction factor that Fabaceae has the greatest diversity of species [1, 5, for each species. 25,49,50].Tisfactisdemonstratedinthisstudyand is corroborated by Guarado Neto and Moraes [51], who 3. Results and Discussion state that when human populations use the native forest for medicinal purposes, the family that has the largest number of 3.1. Sociocultural Characteristics of Informants. Te riverside species used is the most representative family of the forest. community at the mouth of the Mazagao˜ River lives on the AstudyperformedbyVasquez´ et al. [52] at riverside banks of a foodplain forest; the family income is based on communities of Manacapuru, in the state of Amazonas, the extractive management of the ac¸a´ıfruit(Euterpe oleracea) reported that 82.7% of the plants used were cultivated, and and regional shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum)fshery. the family Lamiaceae was the most representative, while in In this study, 93 residents were interviewed, ranging in age our study the most representative plant family regarding the from 18 to 70 years. Te oldest informants with ages ranging frequency of citations was Fabaceae. Of the plants cited, from 51 to 70 years were responsible for 51% of citations 73.07% of them were taken from the forest while 26.93% were for use of the medicinal plants; informants ranging from cultivated, showing that the people from this community 31and50yearsoldfor38.7%ofcitations;andinformants enter the forest to search for the plants. ranging from 18 to 30 years for 10.3%. When comparing the Te “Use” criterion of a species is in the versatility of number of plants cited with the age of the interviewees, it being mentioned for several therapeutic indications in the can be seen that the oldest female subjects between 55 and community[53,54].AccordingtoAlexiades[55],themost 70 years of age presented the highest number of citations for reliable medicinal uses are those already used by informants, medicinal plant use. Other ethnobotanical studies also point relatives or acquaintances. Te species with the highest to the fact of older women knowing more about the medicinal levels of use agreement and frequency were Carapa guia- use of plant species [6, 45]. Te prevalence is likely higher nensis, Pentaclethra macroloba, Dalbergia monetaria, Uncaria in older women due to the household duties of caring for tomentosa, Otacanthus azureus, Virola surinamensis, Hura the children, the house and the yard, and the place around crepitans and Euterpe oleracea. In other studies, carried out the house where “girais” (wood artifact, a type of raised bed in the Brazilian Amazon, the species Carapa guianensis, garden that reaches 3 meters from the ground) are built for Pentaclethra macroloba, Uncaria tomentosa, and Virola suri- the planting of medicinal and food plants. Additionally, the namensis were also the most cited in terms of therapeutic riverside inhabitants live on the edge of the forest, which is use, demonstrating their regional value and the certainty that periodically fooded, and there is a practice of passing on these plants may become targets in pharmacological research traditional knowledge about the use of medicinal plants to in the region [56, 57]. future generations by word of mouth. With regard to schooling, 20.4% of the older people were never literate, and those with elementary school education 3.3. Used Plant Parts. A total of 170 therapeutic preparations until the 5th grade represent 41% of the community; ele- were mentioned, and bark, aerial parts, latex, rhizome, leaf, mentary school through the 8th grade, 20%; high school, seed, root, fower, inforescence, and fruit were the parts of 8.6%; incomplete high school, 9%; and higher education, the plant used in the preparations. Te most used parts were 1%.AccordingtoElisabetsky[46],whatmakestraditional leaf (40%), bark (32.95%), fruits (7.64%), root (4.7%), and knowledge of interest to science is the verbal communication inforescence (4.7%). In the community, parts of the same of the systematic observation of biological phenomena, made plant may be used for distinct indications, such as in Carapa by people who are ofen illiterate but are certainly insightful guianensis, Pentaclethra macroloba, and Virola surinamensis, regarding the observations of the environment where they whose oil extracted from the seed is used topically in the case live. In this study, it is possible to verify that the older of infammatory processes of the skin, as a repellent and for interviewees and those with less education in general are able the healing of wounds, and the leaves and barks are used to recognize a greater number of medicinal plants than are the in oral preparations by decoction for infammation of the younger interviewees. Tis pattern is also observed in other digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. studies, such as those by Hanazaki et al. [47], Pinto [6], and Te leaves are vegetative structures that stand out in Negrelle et al. [48]. the methods of ethnomedicinal preparations by decoction, maceration, and infusion in traditional communities in Brazil 3.2. Diversity of Medicinal Plants. A total of 130 medici- [50, 58, 59] and in other regions of the world [39, 60– nal species were identifed, which were distributed in 116 63]. One of the reasons is the ease of collection [64] and 6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine UV 0,17 0,10 0,01 0,16 0,01 0,01 0,03 0,02 0,20 0,07 0,46 0,09 , , , and and and ,ingest1 ,ingest1 ,ingest1 days form days. days. days. 7days. the wound is dry. minutes for 3 days. Decoction; leaves of Decoction; leaves of Decoction; leaves of Alternanthera brasiliana Alternanthera brasiliana Alternanthera brasiliana cup 4 x a day for 20 days. cup 4 x a day for 20 days. cup 4 x a day for 20 days. Alternanthera dentata Alternanthera dentata Alternanthera dentata inhale 2x steam for 7 days. Preparation method and use Alternanthera fcoidea Alternanthera fcoidea Alternanthera fcoidea Decoction; 1 cup 3x a day for 7 body 2 x in the day for 10 days. Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Dyeing and infusion; bathe the Decoction; 1 spoon 4 x a day for Decoction; 1 scoop 2 x daily and Cataplasm; spend 3 x a day until Decoction; 1 spoon 2 x adays day and for soak 7 hair 1 x a day for 10 a, Brazilian Amazonia, and the use value. cough. Malaria. Healing. antihemintics. Traditional uses throat and fever. strong headache. uterus and ovary. and antihemintics Pain, infammation, Catarrh in the chest liver, stomach pains. Anemia and malaria. Elimination of kidney Elimination of kidney Elimination of kidney stone, infections of the Elimination of lice and of the liver and bladder. Flu, pain in the stomach Cold, infammation of the stone, infammation of the (secretion in the lung) and Irritation of the nerves and stone, antitumor, infections ao River, State of Amap´ Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Diarrhea, uterine cramps. Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves and Bark and root inforescences e v i t a Native Native Native Exsudate and leaves Native Native Root and leaves Native Introduced a u uN ¸´ u, cajuru Native etua do o d’alho Native Leaves and bark Caju Alho Introduced verde mato, Jamb´ mulata Buiuc Babosa Mucaj´ Cibalena Native Cip´ Local name Distribution Plant part used Caatinga de Perp´ Piriquitinho sempre-viva. Carajur´ ∘ Miers L. Spreng. (L.) Kuntze Matt. ex (Moench) (L.) Sm. L. (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Amaranthaceae), (L.) R.K. Jansen ( L. Table 1: Vegetal species used as medicinal plants by residents at the mouth of the Mazag˜ (L.) Burm. ık ex R.E. Fr. (Arecaceae), IAN 195943 ´ Alternanthera dentata Anacardium occidentale Alternanthera fcoidea Aeollanthus suaveolens Allium sativum Alstroemeria brasiliensis Acrocomia aculeata Aloe vera Alternanthera brasiliana Adenocalymna alliaceum Allamanda cathartica Acmella oleracea (Asphodelaceae), IAN 194110 Spreng. (Lamiaceae), IAN 195989 (Amarathaceae), IAN 194099 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (1) (Asteraceae), IAN 195948 (2) Mart. (3) (Bignoniaceae), IAN 196009 (4) (5) (Apocynaceae), IAN 196010 (6) (Liliaceae), HAMAB 8938 (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (Anacardiaceae), IAN 195977 (Alstroemeriaceae), IAN 196011 Stuchl IAN 195934 (Amaranthaceae), IAN 195952 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 UV 0,51 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,91 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,07 0,08 0,04 Carapa form days. days. days. Aubl. oil and pass on for 7 days. day for 7 days. daily for 7 days. the body 1 x a day. the day for 7 days. 3xdailyfor7days. 3xdailyfor7days. 3xdailyfor7days. 3xdailyfor7days. 3xdailyfor7days. Preparation method and use Oil; ingest 1 teaspoon 4 x daily Syrup and decoction; 1 cup 3 x Exudate; pass on the skin 4 x a Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 for 10 days, topical use 2 x daily guianensis Decoction and maceration; 1 cup Decoction and maceration; 1 cup Decoction and maceration; 1 cup Decoction and maceration; 1 cup Decoction and maceration; 1 cup daily for 7 days. Mix with Decoction and infusion; 1 cup 3 x Decoction; pass on the skin 2 x in general. woman. syphilis. skin sore. the uterus. and asthma. Traditional uses and infammation in Irritation of the skin. Diarrhea and skin sore. and swelling of the legs. to put the baby in place. Fever, pain in the uterus Anemia and cholesterol. Itching, infammation in irritation in human eyes. Infammation in general, general and insect stings. Repellent, burn, diarrhea swollen body of pregnant Bleeding, infammation in Dog eye infammation and massage the pregnant belly Anemia, diarrhea, washing Diarrheal, infammation of of wounds, yellow skin and Joint pain, rheumatism and Joint pain, rheumatism and general, washing of wounds t o o Seed Bark Bark Fruit Fruit Fruit Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Table 1: Continued. e R v i t a Native Native Native aN uba Native Exsudate and Bark a Juc´ Pariri Maraj´ Urucum Native Graviola Pirarucu Introduced Andiroba Native Jacare´ Murumuru Native pau mulato Native Local name Distribution Plant part used Brasileirinho Native Escada de jabuti Native Couve manteiga Introduced ∘ Mart. Cambess. (Lam.) Schott Kunth. Aubl. L. L. (Bonpl.) B. Verl. (Mart. ex Til.) L.P. Mart. L. (Fabaceae), IAN 195940 Bryophyllum pinnatum Calycophyllum spruceanum Caladium humboldtii Carapa guianensis Calophyllum brasiliense Arrabidaea chica Bactris maraja Bixa orellana Brassica oleracea Libidibia ferrea Astrocaryum murumuru Bauhinia splendens Annona muricata Oken (Crassulaceae), IAN 195954 (Araceae), IAN 194115 (Clusiaceae), IAN 195937 (Bignoniaceae), IAN 194107 (Arecaceae), IAN 196007 (Fabaceae), IAN 196005 (Bixaceae), IAN 196001 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (13) (Annonaceae), IAN 195945 (14) (15) (16) (Arecaceae), IAN 196006 (17) (18) (19) (Brassicaceae), IAN 195942 (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum. (Rubiaceae), IAN 195980 (25) (Meliaceae), IAN 194102 Queiroz 8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 0,11 UV 0,01 0,10 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,03 0,03 0,08 0,29 0,08 0,07 form days. days. days. days. days. for 7 days. for 7 days. for 10 days. daily for 7 days. daily for 7 days. 4xdailyfor7days. during the day for 7 days. dawn and dusk for 7 days. Preparation method and use Syrup and infusion; 1 cup 3 x Syrup and infusion; 1 cup 2 x Maceration; 1 cup 2 x a day at daily and inhale the steam 2 x Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 teaspoon 4x a day Decoction; 1 teaspoon 4x a day Decoction; 1 teaspoon 4x a day Decoction of the root 1 cup 2 x a Decoction and maceration; 1 cup day for 7 days and fruit water will foot. stones. kidneys. kidneys. the mouth. verminoses. verminoses. the stomach. pain and fever. Traditional uses Rheumatism and Rheumatism and epileptic seizures. and ovary, vaginal Skin irritation and infammation of the infammation of the intestinal infections. High blood pressure, Pain, infammation in Swelling of a pregnant discharge and syphilis. Hydration of child and Infammation in general, woman, infammation in general and rheumatism. and ovary, and diseases of general, and itching of the Verminose, skin irritation, Pulmonary problems, skin Infammation of the uterus Infammation of the uterus Flu, diarrhea, infammation infections, sores and kidney of the uterus and wounds in stroke, anemia, tremors and Bark Bark Fruit Fruit Leaves Leaves Leaves Aerial part Bark and oil Fruit and root Table 1: Continued. Native Native Native Native Native Native a, u. Native Branches and root a uba ao Introduced oria Introduced Leaves and root oco o-puc´ Cˆ ao galego Introduced Cedro Lim˜ Canela Introduced Leaves and bark o-urumuc´ Mastruz Introduced Copaiba Chic´ canarana vermelha Emba´ cip´ Canafche, Local name Distribution Plant part used Mandacar´ Lim˜ Cip´ Laranja da terra Introduced ∘ L. Blume. ´ ecul Tr L. (L.) Nicolson & L. DC. L. L. (Jacq.) Sw. L. (L.) Burm. sp. (Vitaceae), IAN 195983 Cecropia pachystachya Chenopodium ambrosioides Cichorium intybus Citrus limon Cocos nucifera Cereus jamacaru Cedrela odorata Costus spicatus Cissus verticillata Citrus limonum Copaifera Citrus aurantium Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Urticaceae), IAN 195956 (Amaranthaceae), IAN 195978 (Asteraceae), IAN 195979 (Cactaceae), IAN 195976 C.E. Jarvis (Arecaceae), IAN 195990 (Fabaceae), IAN 195991 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (26) (27) (Meliaceae), IAN 195971 (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (Rutaceae), IAN 195988 (35) (Rutaceae), IAN 195989 (36) (37) (38) (Rutaceae), IAN 195960 (Costaceae), IAN 195993 (Lauraceae), IAN 195982 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 UV 0,18 0,18 0,10 0,01 0,01 0,77 0,02 0,05 0,56 0,04 0,09 0,04 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. xdailyfor7days. 1cup3xdailyfor7days. Preparation method and use Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 10 Decoction and maceration ingest Syrup and infusion; ingest 1 cup 3 Flu pain. on the skin. verminoses. rheumatism. infammation. High pressure. Traditional uses Hemorrhagic and infammation and Malaria, fever and Diarrhea, diabetes, intestinal infection. kidneys and bladder. Pain in body and head, Diarrhea and intestinal Eliminate kidney stones, of the kidneys, vomiting. Infammation in general. infammation of the liver, and ovary and abdominal Infammation of the uterus infammation of the uterus. Infammation, diarrhea and Verminoses, wound healing hemorrhoids, infammation Bark Bark Bark Bark Fruit Fruit Leaves Leaves Rhizome Table 1: Continued. Native Leaves and bark Native Native Native Leaves and bark Introduced a, ı azinho ¸a´ onica Native Ac Sacaca Japana Introduced Aerial parts Faveira Maxixe Introduced Cuieiro Marup´ Ver ˆ Eucalipto Introduced Forsangue Native Assacurana Native Local name Distribution Plant part used Marup´ Capim marinho Introduced ∘ Tul. Vahl. (DC.) Stapf L. f. .puberula (Mill.) Urb. Baill. L. var Mart. Benth. (Bignoniaceae), Lour. sp. Dalbergia monetaria Croton cajucara Eleutherine bulbosa Eucalyptus Cucumis anguria Eupatorium triplinerve Erythrina fusca Euterpe oleracea Cymbopogon citratus Dimorphandra gardneriana Crescentia cujete Croton urucurana (Fabaceae), IAN 194108 (Fabaceae), IAN 195995 (Myrtaceae), IAN 196000 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (39) (40) (41) (42) (Cucurbitaceae), IAN 195998 (43) (Poaceae), IAN 195953 (44) (Fabaceae), IAN 195964 (45) (46) (Iridaceae), IAN 195997 (47) (48) (49) (Asteraceae), IAN 195946 (50) (Arecaceae), HAMAB 10919 (Euphorbiaceae), IAN 195994 Bureau & K. Schum. IAN 195959 (Euphorbiaceae), IAN 195996 10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine UV 0,21 0,21 0,17 0,21 0,01 0,58 0,03 0,38 0,03 0,08 0,04 0,04 0,04 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. for 7 days. for 7 days. daily for 10 days. xindayfor7days. 3xdailyfor7days. 2xdailyfor7days. Poultry, decoction and Preparation method and use Infusion; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Dyeing and infusion; 1 cup 2 x maceration,ingest1x2xdaily Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 10 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 10 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 10 Cataplasm; topical use 2 x in day Exudate as poultice, topical use 2 Decoction and maceration; 1 cup for 10 days. Topical use 2 x in day Infusion and poultice; topical use lung. Cancer. scarring. irritation. Brave wound Brave wound of the kidneys. (leishmaniasis). (leishmaniasis). Traditional uses Diarrhea, pain and Fever of infections. Broken and evil eye. chest, fu, stroke and Headache, itchy skin. and pain in the uterus, pains and phlegm in the malaria and rheumatism. Headaches, catarrh in the Pain, depression, nervous infammation in the body. Verminoses, infammation Bleeding and infammation Diarrhea, sores on the skin, Bark Leaves Leaves Headache and joint pain. Leaves Leaves fowers Leaves and inforescences Bark and fruit Bark, leaves and Table 1: Continued. Native Native Native Introduced Leaves and casca arzea Native u ao Introduced uba Native Bark and exsudate ao, erva ao Jo˜ao adav´ ao rocho Introduced Assac´ ao branco Introduced Leaves, seed and bark Anador, Anador, Algod˜ Sucu´ melhoral melhoral Dipirona, Pi˜ de s˜ Desinfama Native Leaves and bark Seringueira Native Exsudate Local name Distribution Plant part used Geniparana Native Pi˜ Trevo rocho Native hiperic˜ Jatob´ ∘ Cass. Huber L. (Spruce ex L. L. A. St. Hil. ex L. (Willd. ex A. Jacq. L. (Apocynaceae), L. L. (Euphorbiaceae), IAN ¨ ull. Arg. Jatropha curcas Hevea brasiliensis Hura crepitans Centratherum punctatum Hypericum perforatum Scutellaria agrestis Justicia pectoralis Hymenaea oblongifolia Gossypium hirsutum Himatanthus sucuuba Gustavia augusta Jatropha gossypiifolia Genipa americana ¨ ull. Arg.) Woodson (Euphorbiaceae), IAN 195981 (Euphorbiaceae), IAN 195949 Juss.) M (Hyperaceae), IAN 194100 196068 (Rubiaceae), IAN 196001 (Lecythidaceae), IAN 196003 (Acanthaceae), IAN 194100 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) M IAN 194107 (56) (57) (58) (59) Benth. (Lamiaceae), IAN 195992 (60) (61) (62) (Asteraceae), IAN 195987 (63) (Euphorbiaceae), IAN 195944 (Malvaceae), IAN 195690 (Fabaceae), IAN 196009 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 UV 0,01 0,01 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,20 0,47 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. 3xdailyfor7days. Preparation method and use Maceration;1x3xdailyand Infusion; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 topical use 2 x daily for 7 days. Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 10 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 20 Maceration; 1 cup 3 x daily for 10 Decoction and maceration; 1 cup chest. Cancer. Healing. infections. in general. verminosis. nervousness. Rheumatism. Traditional uses Flu, abortion and Infammation in the body (furunculosis). Headaches, digestive problems, anxiety and Pain and catarrh in the Diarrhea and bleeding. Diarrhea and intestinal stomach and born in the Diarrhea and infammation Bark Bark Bark Fruit Leaves fowers Leaves and inforescences Bark, leaves and Table 1: Continued. Native Leaves and fowers Native Native Leaves, bark and fruit Native Native Introduced ı Native a a u aou Buss´ Aturi´ anuer´ Manga Introduced Leaves and bark Sapucaia Native Cidreira, cabacinha Anoer´ Muiratinga Native Bark Malaria. Local name Distribution Plant part used Camelitana, erva cidreira Buchinha ou erva-cidreira Faveira-arapar´ Muiratingarana Native ∘ (Benth.) (L.) Ducke Benth. (Poepp. & Gaerth. L. (H. Karst) C.C. L. (L.) Cogn. Cambess. (Verbenaceae), IAN (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex (Moraceae), IAN 196013 Lecythis pisonis Lippiaalba Machaerium lunatum Macrolobium acaciifolium Lufa operculata Licania macrophylla Mangifera indica Maquira calophylla Maquira coriacea Melissa ofcinalis Manicaria saccifera Britton & P. Wilson 194109 Endl.) C.C. Berg (Moraceae), IAN 196012 (Cucurbitaceae), IAN 196013 Berg (Lamiaceae), IAN 195947 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (64) (65) (Chrysobalanaceae), IAN 194104 (66) (67) (68) (69) (70) (Anacardiaceae), IAN 195965 (71) (72) (73) (74) (Lecytidaceae), IAN 196010 (Fabaceae), IAN 195973 Benth. (Fabaceae), IAN 196011 (Arecaceae), IAN 195984 12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine UV 0,17 0,03 0,02 0,03 0,25 0,03 0,08 0,26 0,06 0,04 0,04 0,09 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. daily for 7 days. daily for 7 days. daily for 7 days. daily for 7 days. 3xdailyfor7days. Preparation method and use Syrup and infusion; 1 cup 3 x Syrup and infusion; 1 cup 3 x Syrup and infusion; 1 cup 3 x Syrup and infusion; 1 cup 3 x Infusion; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 daily and inhale the steam 2 x daily and inhale the steam 2 x daily and inhale the steam 2 x daily and inhale the steam 2 x Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction and maceration; 1 cup Poultry, topical use 2 x daily for 8 fever. chest. chest. the skin. infections. the kidney. Verminoses. Intestinal gas, infammation. blood pressure. Traditional uses Verminoses and infammation in the Healing and general infammations of the Hemorrhage and high Diarrhea and intestinal chest, headache and fu. Flu and infammation of kidney, bladder and liver. Cough and catarrh in the Cough and catarrh in the the body and irritation of Diarrhea, infammation of stomach, vomiting, fu and Eliminate phlegm from the Bark Bark Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Flu, fever and intestinal gas. Leaves and Leaves and inforescences inforescences Table 1: Continued. Native Native Native Native ao Introduced u uba anzinho Introduced an grande Introduced Vick Introduced Acap´ branca o-Sucuriju Native Bark Aninga alfavava Pracu´ Alfavac˜ Esturaque Native Bananeira Native Local name Distribution Plant part used Alfavaquinha Introduced Cip´ Hortelˆ cheirosa de anis Hortelˆ ∘ Mill. Aubl. (Arruda) Willd. L. L. L. Colla. L. Ducke Benth. piperita × Ocimum campechianum Montrichardia linifera Ocimum selloi Mentha pulegium Minquartia guianensis Mentha arvensis Mikania hirsutissima DC. Musa balbisiana Ocimum basilicum Ocimum micranthum Mentha Mora paraensis (Musaceae), IAN 194111 (Lamiaceae), IAN 196016 Schott (Araceae), IAN 194103 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (75) (76) (77) (78) (Asteraceae), IAN 195691 (79) (80) (81) (Fabaceae), IAN 195702 (82) (83) (84) (Lamiaceae), IAN 195974 (85) (86) (Lamiaceae), IAN 196017 (Lamiaceae), IAN 196015 (Lamiaceae), IAN 196014 (Olacaceae), HAMAB 6910 (Lamiaceae), IAN 195969 (Lamiaceae), IAN 195957 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13 UV 0,01 0,01 0,83 0,02 0,02 0,62 0,03 0,24 0,07 0,36 0,04 0,04 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. 7days. Cataplasm, decoction and Decoction and maceration; Preparation method and use Exudate; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Infusion; 1 cup 3 x daily for 8 topical use 2 x daily for 7 days. Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 10 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 10 days. Topical use 2 x in day for 7 maceration; 1 cup 2 x daily for 10 Oil; ingest 1 teaspoon 3x a day for stomach. Infections. Brave wound Brave wound from the skin. infammation. and itchy skin. of the stomach. (leishmaniasis), Traditional uses and verminoses. and verminoses. and muscle pain. Rheumatism and Soothing, nervous (leishmaniasis) and infammation in the phlegm, fu and fever. Elimination of kidney Infammation in the body Infammation in the body Malaria, pain and phlegm Infammation in the body Skin wounds and bleeding stones, cough, sore throats elimination from the chest. Pains in the body, eliminate irritation and infammation infammation and soothing. Bark Bark Bark Leaves Leaves and bark Exsudate Bark and Leaves and inforescences inforescences Leaves, inforescences Table 1: Continued. Native Leaves and bark Native Native Leaves and bark Native Introduced Introduced a Native a ao Native ado mato angola grande Pracaxi melhoral Maracuj´ Coromina, Mucuracaa Native Leavesandroot Local name Distribution Plant part used Barbatim˜ Copaibinha Native Comadre de azeite- visgo Majerona da Maracuj´ Erva de jaboti Native Leite do amap´ louro-mamorim Native ∘ Poit. (Willd.) (Huber) (St. Hill.) Sacco (L.) Kunth (Linden) Ronse L. L. Kunth Sims (Willd.) Benth. ex (Fabaceae), IAN 196010 Ouratea hexasperma Passifora tholozanii Pentachletra macroloba Petiveria alliaceae Origanum vulgare Otacanthus azureus Parkia pendula Peperomia pellucida Ocotea cymbarum Passifora edulis Pedilanthus tithymaloides Parahancornia amapa Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (87) (88) (Lamiaceae), IAN195970 (89) (90) Benth. (Ochnaceae), IAN 194112 (91) Ducke (Apocynaceae), IAN 196019 (92) (93) (94) (Passiforaceae), IAN 196004 (95) (96) (97) (98) (Phytolaccaceae), IAN 196022 (Plantaginaceae), IAN 195972 (Passiforaceae), IAN 195936 (Lauraceae), IAN 196018 (Euphorbiaceae), IAN 196021 (Piperaceae), IAN 195961 Kuntze (Fabaceae), IAN 195962 Walp. 14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine UV 0,21 0,01 0,01 0,03 0,23 0,39 0,24 0,26 0,07 0,04 0,04 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. for 7 days. for 7 days. in day for 7 days. topic 2 x on day for 7 days. Preparation method and use 1cup3xdailyfor7daysUse Syrup and infusion; 1 cup 2 x Infusion; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Infusion; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction ingest 1 cup 2 x daily Decoction ingest 1 cup 2 x daily daily for 10 days. Topical use 2 x Decoction and maceration ingest aria. Malaria. the skin. stomach. Brave wound infammation. Flu, acidity and tract infection). (leishmaniasis). Traditional uses renal infections. and skin irritations. infammation of the the chest and cough. Anemia and mal´ Elimination of kidney Diarrhea, intestinal and Earpain(earinfection), stones, cough and urinary Flu, phlegm elimination in infection) and verminoses. infammation in the uterus Pain in urine (urinary tract Urinary tract pain (Urinary Verminoses and wounds on Bark Bark Bark Root Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves and Aerial parts inforescences Table 1: Continued. Native Native u Native uba Native Oriza Introduced Quina Goiaba Arruda Introduced Camap´ Macaca´ Local name Distribution Plant part used Maparajuba Native Quebra pedra Native Embaubarana Native Amor crescico Introduced Boldo, boldinho Introduced & . ∘ . Benth. Aubl. Codd Schumach Harms L. (Mart.) T.D. L. L. L. L. Physalis angulata Portulaca pilosa Pouteria procera Ruta graveolens Quassia amara Psidium guajava Plectranthus ornatus Pourouma guianensis Pogostemon heyneanus Platymiscium ulei Phyllanthus amarus (Lamiaceae), IAN 196024 onn. (Phyllanthaceae), IAN 195955 (Lamiaceae), IAN 194114 (Urticaceae), IAN 196025 Penn. (Sapotaceae), IAN 196026 (Myrtaceae), IAN 195950 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (99) (100) (101) (102) (103) (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) (Simaroubaceae), IAN 195951 (109) (Rutaceae), IAN 194106 (Fabaceae), IAN 196023 (Portulacaceae), IAN 194098 (Solanaceae), IAN 195985 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15 0,11 UV 0,18 0,01 0,05 0,05 0,02 0,07 0,06 0,04 0,06 0,44 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. adayfor7days. 3xdailyfor7days. 2xdailyfor7days. Preparation method and use Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 days. Topical use 2 x a day for 7 xdailyfor7days.Topicaluse2x Decoction and maceration; 1 cup Decoction and maceration; 1 cup Cataplasm and decoction; 1 cup 2 Malaria. Malaria. massages. Infections). muscle aches. Traditional uses and verminoses. and rheumatism. and throat and local Anemia and malaria. stones, headache and Elimination of kidney Elimination of liver stone Cleaning of body wounds Healing and infammation. Infammation of the mouth Urinary Tract Pain (Kidney k r a b d n a s Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Leaves e v a e Table 1: Continued. eL v i t a Native Native Native Leaves and seed ao Native uN uba. a, barajo. Native Anani Cacau Capiti´ Ameixa Introduced Bark Diarrhea and bleeding. Tapereba Native Cajurana, Sabugueiro Native Leaves and bark Measles and chicken pox. Castanhola Introduced Local name Distribution Plant part used Barbatim˜ Marupa´ Aroiera branca Native Pacape´ ∘ L. f Raddi Aubl. L. Cham. & A. Juss. L. L. (L.) Skeels (Willd.) H.S. Teobroma cacau Sambucus australis Siparuna guianensis Stryphnodendron adstringens Terminalia catappa Senna reticulata Syzygium cumini Simaba multifora Spondias mombin Symphonia globulifera Schinus terebinthifolia (Clusiaceae), IAN 194101 (Anacardiaceae), IAN 194105 (Siparunaceae), IAN 195941 (Myrtaceae), IAN 194097 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (110) (111) (112) (113) (114) (115) (Anacardiaceae), IAN 195999 (116) Mart. (Fabaceae), IAN 194113 (117) (118) (119) (120) Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae), IAN 196027 (Simaroubaceae), IAN 196028 (Malvaceae), IAN 195967 Schltdl. (Adoxaceae), IAN 195958 (Combretaceae), IAN 195975 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine UV 0,01 0,01 0,75 0,05 0,03 0,62 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 form days. days. days. days. days. days. days. days. 7days. for 10 days. Decoction and exudate as Preparation method and use Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 3 x daily for 7 Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 7 Syrup; 1 teaspoon 3 times a day Decoction; 1 cup 2 x daily for 10 poultice; topical use 2 x a day for man. cancer. cancer. pressure. irritation. hemorrhage. Brave wound Rheumatism. Traditional uses Born in the body Rheumatism and of the throat) and (furunculosis) and Cough and phlegm intestinal infections. (leishmaniasis) and skin High and fortifying body Sore throat (infammation Diarrhea, hemorrhage and Diarrhea, hemorrhage and infammation in the joints. elimination from the chest. Bark Bark Bark Leaves Rhizome Bark and fruit Bark and fruit Table 1: Continued. Native Leaves and bark Native Native Introduced arzea. u Native a aNativeLeavesandbark arzea Native ¸´ ıdav´ Virola angola grande Jupind´ Jupind´ Cupuac Gengibre Introduced vermelho Alecrim de Local name Distribution Plant part used Lacre da folha angola, Pau de Envira-sangue Native Tach´ Fava de bolacha Native Bark and seed Irritation of the skin. ∘ (Willd. Cham. Diels Kunth (Rol.) Warb. Aubl. (Aubl.) J.F. (Willd.) DC. L. Roscoe . (Rubiaceae), IAN 196011 Vatairea guianensis Uncaria tomentosa Vitex agnus-castus Zingiber ofcinale Triplaris surinamensis Virola surinamensis Vismia macrophylla Uncaria guianensis Unonopsis foribunda Teobroma grandiforum (Fabaceae), IAN 196002 Gmel. (Clusiaceae), IAN 195986 Scientifc Name (Family) Voucher n (121) ex Spreng.) K. Schum (Malvaceae), IAN 195966 (122) (123) (124) (125) (126) (127) (Myristicaceae), IAN 195963 (128) (129) (130) (Zingiberaceae), HAMAB 10286 (Rubiaceae), IAN 195935 (Annonaceae) IAN 195938 (Polygonaceae), IAN 195939 (Lamiaceae), IAN 195968 Species Introduced: a species that is established beyond its natural range, afer being transported and introduced intentionally or accidentally by Native Species: plant that is natural, own of the region of forest of low v´ Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17

Table 2: Ethnopharmacological indications of medicinal plants cited by the residents of the river mouth of the Mazag˜ao River.

Category of therapeutic use Number of plants used Cited uses ICF Microbial Infections 73 532 0,86 Gastrointestinal disorders 47 412 0,89 Infammatory disorders 41 321 0,88 Pain, fever, cold 25 167 0,86 Malaria 25 90 0,73 Cardiovascular disorders 24 79 0,71 Parasites 23 66 0,66 Respiratory Infections 23 111 0,86 Rheumatism 23 49 0,54 Disorders of the Nervous System 11 45 0,77 Renal, hepatic and biliary disorders 9 30 0,72 Healing 8 41 0,83 Leishmaniasis 8 74 0,9 Cancer 5 58 0,93 Gynecological disorders 5 12 0,64 Metabolic Diseases 3 16 0,87 the production of secondary metabolites present mainly in alcohol, are indicated for infammation, diarrhea and other the leaves [65]. Phytochemical studies with leaves contained intestinal disorders, and are consumed by mouth. In the favonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids [66, community, the latex that fows from the trunk of medicinal 67]. According to Matos and Matos [68], favonoids have tree species is applied to wounds, and in this study, it is direct action on capillaries and potentiate ascorbic acid, also collected in medicinal bottles for oral use. According whose hemorrhagic action and anti-infammatory action are to Viega and Scudeller [73], the use of bark, root, and similar to cortisone. Tannins are used in the treatment of latex in the preparation of home remedies is known as burns, in the recomposition of exposed tissue proteins and medicinal bottle, and it is a preparation that is widely in the formation of slightly antiseptic coating [66]. Steroids disseminated throughout the Amazon and other areas of the have important therapeutic properties (cardiotonic, anabolic, world. contraceptive, and anti-infammatory) [69]. According to Robbers et al. [70], the triterpenoids have antimicrobial and 3.5. Terapeutic Indications. Te riverside residents reported antitumor action, but some are very toxic to the human body. 2103 phytotherapeutic uses for medicinal plants, which were grouped into 16 categories of therapeutic use. For this, the 3.4. Forms of Ethnomedicinal Preparations. Te preparation type of body system involved was related to the disease forms were classifed as decoction, infusion, syrup, mac- and symptoms, as well as the medicinal species used in the eration, oil, hydration water, latex, tincture, and poultice community. It was observed that most of the plants used (Table 1). Decoction was the most used form of prepara- are related to diseases such as microbial infections (20.67%, tion (59.4%), followed by maceration (11.5%) and infusion 73 species), gastrointestinal disorders (13.31%, 47 species) (9.7%), and the other six forms of preparation combined and infammations (11.61%, 41 species), emphasizing that 1 corresponded to 19.4%. According to Amorozo and Gely´ specie can be cited for several diseases (Table 2). Studies [71] and Lisboa [72], decoction is the most common way of carried out in traditional communities in Brazil ofen point administration home remedies in Amazonian communities. to several plant species for problems of the gastrointestinal Decoction is performed so that the home remedy is stored system, including parasitic diseases and infections caused by in a refrigerator and has more use lifetime. Teas obtained by microbialagents[57,74,75].Teseresultscorroboratestudies decoction or infusion are consumed orally and can be used carried out in communities that do not have basic sanitation in baths for various types of diseases, including the cultural in developing countries alongside Latin America [38, 57, 76– diseases reported in this work such as “nascida”, “panemeira”, 79], and this ranking may therefore be related to economic bewitching,evileye,“ura”,´ and bubo. conditions and regional habits as the riparian region studied In the community, women collect the fruits of Carapa does not present basic sanitation, and the community uses guianensis (andiroba) and Pentaclethra macroloba (pracaxi), septic tanks and collects water directly from the river for their which are dispersed in the water, for the production of medic- essential needs. inal oil, a common management practice to commercialized Leao˜ et al. [80] performed an ethnobotanical survey in them in the city of Macapa.´ Santa Barbara, state of Para.´ Similarly to this study, the Maceration is a preparation that uses barks, leaves, authors observed that the major diseases and symptoms branches and roots that are immersed in water and/or treated by the community were gastrointestinal disorders, 18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

150

100

50 % Relative importance % Relative

0

Hura crepitans uterpe oleracea acanthus azureus E Carapa guianensis Uncaria tomentosa Dalbergia monetaria Virola surinamensis Ot

Pentaclethra macroloba Species Microbial Infections Gastrointestinal disorders Inflammatory disorders Leishmaniasis Cancer

Figure 2: Relative importance of the most cited species in relation to main categories of therapeutic use in the community.

microbial infections, and infammations. Tis was also fruit were reported to be efective against snake venom reported in other study by Amorozo [58]. [91]. Also, the essential oil of O. azureus has bactericidal, In this study, the species Carapa guianensis (100%), antioxidant [92], antifungal [93], and leishmanicidal activity Pentaclethra macroloba (90-92%), Dalbergia monetaria (78- [94]. However, the species D. monetaria, V. surinamensis, O. 85%), Uncaria tomentosa (80-82%), Virola surinamensis (43- azureus, H. crepitans, and E. oleracea still need further in vitro 68%), Otacanthus azureus (66%), Hura crepitans (41-64%), and in vivo pharmacological research to corroborate their use and Euterpe oleracea (41-56%) (Figure 2) are widely used in folk medicine. by the riverside community to treat microbial infections, Of the informants, 100% believe in the efcacy of medic- gastrointestinal disorders, infammatory conditions, leish- inal plants in common diseases such as fever, diarrhea, and maniasis, and cancer, as seen by the use agreement index infections and prefer to use them because they understand (Table 3). According to Vendruscolo and Mentz [53], this that there are no side efects and because it is a therapeutic index indicates the most promising species to perform resource free of cost and easily obtainable in the community; pharmacological researches according to their use. however, when serious complications result from malaria and Ethnopharmacological studies performed with the heart disease, they prefer drugs from the pharmacy because species C. guianensis, P. macroloba, D. monetaria, and U. they works faster. tomentosa show that species are popularly used to treat abscesses, asthma, skin diseases, infectious diseases, deep wounds,gastritis,infammations,gastriculcer[16,23,44,80]. 3.6. Comparison of the Diferent Indices. In this study, UVs Currently, this is being confrmed experimentally in studies between 0.91 and 0.56 were from native medicinal plants that with the oil from the seeds of C. guianensis that show its anti- are frequently used as an ethnomedicinal resource by the infammatory activity [35, 80], antiallergic activity [81–83], riparians: Carapa guianensis (0.91), Pentachletra macroloba and wound-healing activity [84, 85]. Also, phytochemical (0.83), Dalbergia monetaria (0.77), Uncaria tomentosa (0.75), studies attribute anti-infammatory and antiallergic activity Otacanthus azureus (0.62), Virola surinamensis (0.62), Hura to the tetranortriterpenoids, main molecules of C. guianensis crepitans (0.58), and Euterpe oleracea (0.56). Tese species oil [86]. Te same occurs with U. tomentosa,whoseextract were the most versatile in the therapeutic preparations and is reported to have antimicrobial, anti-infammatory and obtained a use index ranging from 100% to 56%; they also anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo [87]; this is due were the most frequent in the study area, with a loyalty to the presence of alkaloids, triterpenic heterosides, and index of 100% for a specifc therapeutic use (Table 1). Te polyphenols, mainly tannins [88–90]. most important species for a community are those that have Te species P. macroloba has some medicinal application the highest Use Value, and they should be prioritized for against snakebites. Triterpenic saponins isolated from its conservation [95]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19

Table 3: Category of therapeutic use and use agreement index (Pcusp) of the medicinal plants cited by the residents of the river mouth of the Mazag˜ao river.

Category of therapeutic use Scientifc Name NF FC Pcusp Carapa guianensis 100 1 100 Hura crepitans 100 0,64 64 Otacanthus azureus 96,7 0,68 66 Microbial Infections Uncaria tomentosa 97,2 0,82 80 Pentaclethra macroloba 100 0,92 92 Copaifera sp. 100 1 100 Dalbergia monetaria 92,3 0,85 78 Euterpe oleracea 89,8 0,62 56 Carapa guianensis 100 1 100 Uncaria tomentosa 100 0,82 82 Gastrointestinal disorders Spondias mombin 100 0,48 48 Dalbergia monetaria 100 0,85 85 Virola surinamensis 100 0,68 68 Carapa guianensis Aubl. 100 1 100 Uncaria tomentosa 92,1 0,82 76 Pentachletra macroloba 97,5 0,92 90 Infammatories disorders Dalbergia monetaria 100 0,85 85 Virola surinamensis 79,3 0,54 43 Copaifera sp. 100 1 100 Plectranthus ornatus 92,1 0,82 76 Eleutherine bulbosa 97,5 0,92 90 Pain, Fever, Cold Origanum vulgare 100 0,85 85 Petiveria alliacea 79,3 0,54 43 Jatropha curcas 92,1 0,82 76 Symphonia globulifera 100 0,85 85 Parkia pendula 97,5 0,92 90 Petiveria alliacea 100 0,68 68 Malaria Maquira coriacea 92,1 0,82 76 Arrabidaea chica 100 0,85 85 Quassia amara 100 0,68 68 Sambucus australis 92,1 0,82 76 Minquartia guianensis 92,1 0,82 76 Licania macrophylla 97,5 0,92 90 Cardiovascular disorders Croton urucurana 100 0,85 85 Arrabidaea chica 79,3 0,54 43 Jatropha curcas 92,1 0,82 76 Portulaca pilosa 92,1 0,82 76 Symphonia globulifera 97,5 0,92 90 Parasites Cedrela odorata 100 0,85 85 Eleutherine bulbosa 79,3 0,54 43 Arrabidaea chica 77,1 0,44 34 Gossypium hirsutum 92,1 0,82 76 Adenocalymna alliaceum 97,5 0,92 90 Mentha pulegium 100 0,85 85 Respiratory Infections Eupatorium triplinerve 79,3 0,54 43 Citrus limonum 96,4 0,32 31 Ocimum campechianum 92,3 0,28 26 Chenopodium ambrosioides 78,6 0,13 10 20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table 3: Continued. Category of therapeutic use Scientifc Name NF FC Pcusp Justicia pectoralis 60 0,14 8 Carapa guianensis 100 1 100 Siparuna guianensis 92,1 0,82 76 Rheumatism Ocotea cymbarum 97,5 0,92 90 Petiveria alliacea 100 0,85 85 Copaifera sp. 100 1 100 Aeollanthus suaveolens 92,1 0,82 76 Genipa americana 97,5 0,92 90 Hypericum perforatum 100 0,85 85 Disorders of the Nervous System C´ıtrus aurantium 79,3 0,54 43 Passifora tholozanii 100 0,02 2 Passifora edulis 95,8 0,27 26 Eleutherine bulbosa 70,6 0,14 10 Alternanthera brasiliana 92,1 0,82 76 Senna reticulata 97,5 0,92 90 Renal, hepatic and biliary disorders Arrabidaea chica 100 0,85 85 Phyllanthus amarus 79,3 0,54 43 Croton cajucara 33,3 0,01 0 Portulaca pilosa 92,1 0,82 76 Montrichardia linifera 97,5 0,92 90 Healing Macrolobium acaciifolium 100 0,85 85 Eleutherine bulbosa 79,3 0,54 43 Jatropha curcas 16,7 0,07 1 Hura crepitans 79,6 0,51 41 Otacanthus azureus 96,7 0,68 66 Pourouma guianensis 92,1 0,82 76 Leishmaniasis Gustavia augusta 97,5 0,92 90 Vismia macrophylla 100 0,85 85 Passifora tholozanii 79,3 0,54 43 Eleutherine bulbosa 70,6 0,14 10 Alternanthera brasiliana 52,6 0,12 6 Hura crepitans 94,7 0,64 61 Uncaria tomentosa 97,1 0,8 78 Cancer Uncaria guianensis 92,1 0,82 76 Maquira coriacea 97,5 0,92 90 Passifora tholozanii 100 0,85 85 Hura crepitans 79,3 0,54 43 Copaifera sp. 100 1 100 Uncaria tomentosa 97,1 0,8 78 Gynecological disorders Uncaria guianensis 50 0,01 1 Carapa guianensis 100 1 100 Pentachletra macroloba 97,5 0,92 90 Dalbergia monetaria 100 0,85 85 Euterpe oleracea 81,1 0,51 41 Metabolic Diseases Arrabidaea chica 100 0,85 85 Croton cajucara 79,3 0,54 43 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21

Te species Carapa guianensis and Uncaria tomentosa becausetheylivefarfromurbancenters,havesmallboatsas have been among the most phytochemically studied species transportation means, which are called “rabetas”, and do not in recent years. Studies show that C. guianensis (andiroba) oil have public health units for simple clinical care for diarrhea, has anti-infammatory [35, 95], antiparasitic [96], antispas- headaches and infections. According to Lima et al. [106], the modic [97], repellent, antiallergic, antirheumatic and healing rich traditional knowledge of communities living in isolation properties [98]. Pharmacological tests performed in vitro in the Amazon arises from the need to have an alternative and in vivo with U. tomentosa (jupinda)´ showed antioxidant therapeutic treatment, caused by the limited access to the [99], anticancer [100], anti-infammatory [101], antimicrobial public health network and the great cultural infuence of these [102], antiherpetic [103] and antidiabetic [104] activities. In peoples. turn, Pentaclethra macroloba, Virola surinamensis, Dalbergia In the study, the foodland forest native species with monetaria, Otacanthus azureus, Virola surinamensis, Hura the highest values of relative importance, for the treat- crepitans, and Euterpe oleracea are little known pharmacolog- mentofthemostfrequentdiseasesinthecommunity, ically. are as follows (Table 3): Carapa guianensis, Hura crepitans, Eight foodland forest native species are mentioned for Otacanthus azureus Uncaria tomentosa, Uncaria guianensis, the frst time in an ethnobotanical study in the region, Pentaclethra macroloba, Copaifera sp., Dalbergia monetaria, and no pharmacological studies have been found for Alla- Spondias mombin, Virola surinamensis, Symphonia globulif- manda cathartica (0.01), which is used for the treatment of era, Parkia pendula, Maquira coriacea, Croton urucurana, intestinal parasites; Astrocaryum murumuru (0.01), used for Quassia amara, Genipa americana, Vismia macrophylla, Gus- the treatment of eye infections of dogs and skin irritations tavia augusta, and Passifora tholozanii. Tey are the most of other animals; Calophyllum brasiliense (0.01), used for versatile because they can be used in various therapeutic joint infammations and skin ulcers; Passifora tholozanii treatments. (0.02), used for leishmaniasis ulcers, cancer, depression and soothing; Manicaria saccifera (0.04), used for gastritis; Pourouma guianensis (0.04), used for leishmaniasis joint 4. Conclusion infammation and ulcers; Triplaris surinamensis (0.04), used for the treatment of joint infammation; and Unonopsis Tisisapioneerstudyoftheripariancommunityin foribunda (0.04), used for joint and stomach infammation. fooded areas of Mazagao,˜ and it shows that knowledge about Although many species are reported for the treatment of the plants and their medicinal uses is diverse and widespread diseases mentioned, these species deserve attention because in the community, likely because of the high incidence of the region is going through a rural exodus, and people tropical diseases such as malaria and leishmaniasis as well with this knowledge are decreasing in number and have no as the difculty in accessing medicines distributed by the successors of that knowledge, which is traditionally passed by government and easy access to local plants. Te riparians word of mouth. listed 130 ethnospecies, of which 95 are mostly native trees Te Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) was calculated for of lowland forest. In the study, the residents showed that 16 categories of therapeutic uses (Table 2). Leishmaniasis is they use conservation practices such as not annealing the endemic in the riverside area and recorded an ICF value of individuals when collecting bark/bast; in addition, afer 0.9, followed by cancer (0.93), gastrointestinal disorders such extracting medicinal oil from the copaiba trunk, they always as diarrhea, vomiting, and gastritis (0.89), infammation in allow one year for the plant to recover, and if needed, the uterus and burns (0.88), diabetes and albumin (0.87), they search for another trunk so as to not to exhaust the and microbial, respiratory infections and pain, fever and resource. Tey also collect Carapa guianensis (andiroba) and cold symptoms (0.86); these include diseases such as itching, Pentachletra macroloba (pracaxi) fruits, which are dispersed uterine infections, body aches, insect bites, fu, catarrh in in the water, for extraction of the medicinal oil, which is the chest and cough. Nervous system disorders such as marketed in urban areas. Residents report that they have epilepsy, convulsions and depression had ICF values of 0.77; a potential consumer market for these medicinal oils and malaria, 0.73; renal and bile calculi, 0.72; infarction, bleeding, that organization is lacking to make the production of this and high blood pressure, 0.71; followed by verminoses, oil proftable. Terefore, native medicinal species should 0.66; gynecological problems afer childbirth, 0.64; and joint be prioritized for conservation, as riparians depend on the infammation, 0.54. High ICF values clearly showed that the community collection of these plants as the main drugs for the region’s uses medicinal plants for their health problems and that endemic and cultural diseases; furthermore, these plants therearewell-defnedchoicecriteria,whicharesharedorally may be used for future pharmacological studies. Studies [48, 105]. A total of 73 medicinal plants were used for of this nature reinforce the importance of the relation- microbial infections, followed by 47 that are referred for ship between the community and biodiversity, valuing, and the gastrointestinal system and 41 for general infammation bringing visibility to the ethnobotanical and ethnopharma- in the body. According to the interviewees, the therapeutic cological knowledge they possess. Te systematization of use of plants in the community is the frst alternative for knowledge about these resources rescues popular knowledge, the treatment of health problems, and in many cases, it contributing not only to the conservation of diversity but constitutes the only immediate resource for this purpose, also to the preservation of a rich and important cultural as there are difculties in accessing allopathic medicines heritage. 22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Data Availability Revista Cienciasˆ Farmaceuticasˆ Basica´ Aplicada,vol.35,no.2, pp. 305–311, 2011. All data generated and analyzed to support this study [11] J. B. Calixto, “Twenty-fve years of research on medicinal plants are included in this published article. Te project was in Latin America: a personal view,” Journal of Ethnopharmacol- submitted to the Ethics Research Committee of the Fac- ogy,vol.100,no.1-2,pp.131–134,2005. uldade Estacio´ de Macapa´ (http://aplicacao.saude.gov.br/ [12] W. D. C. Firmo, V. A. M. Menezes, C. E. D. C. Passos et al., plataformabrasil/login.jsf, under the opinion no. 14.94.994). “Contexto hist´orico, uso popular e concepc¸˜ao cient´ıfca sobre And the complete information of the individual interviews plantas medicinais,” Caderno de Pesquisa,vol.18,no.especial, could be requested from the corresponding authors. pp.90–95,2011. [13] B. V´eronique, “Passado Portuguˆes, presente negro e indizibili- dade amer´ındia: o caso de Mazag˜aoVelho, Amap´a,” Religiao˜ & Conflicts of Interest Sociedade,vol.28,no.2,pp.11–29,2008. Te authors declare that there are no conficts of interest [14] P. de Assunc¸˜ao, “Mazag˜ao: cidades em dois continentes,” in Revista eletronicaˆ de Arquitetura e Urbanismo,vol.1,pp.22–55, regarding the publication of this paper. Universidade S˜ao Judas Tadeu, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil, 2009. [15] A. C. D. Silva, E. S. Cust´odio, and E. D. L. S. Foster, “Intangible Acknowledgments cultural heritage and religiosity: Celebrations in the Mazag˜ao Velho, in the state of Amap´a,” Estudos Teologicos´ , vol. 55, no. 2, Te authors would like to thank CAPES (no. 3292/2013 pp. 388–403, 2015. AUXPE)andCNPqProc.407768/2013-0(RAPBioFar)forthe [16] V. Laurent, Mazagao˜ a cidade que atravessou o Atlantico:ˆ do fnancial support. Marrocos aAmaz` onia,ˆ (1769-1783), Martins Fontes, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil, 2008. [17] D. A. C. 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