Mapping Distinct Forest Types Improves Overall Forest Identification Based on Multi-Spectral Landsat Imagery for Myanmar's
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North America Land Cover Characteristics Data Base Version 2.0
North America Land Cover Characteristics Data Base Version 2.0 PLEASE NOTE: This is the Version 2.0 release of the North America land cover characteristics data base. The land cover information has been updated from Version 1.2. Please read section 5.0 for information about the revision process and what changes have been made to the data. Table of Contents 1.0 Data Description ....................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Geometric Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Interrupted Goode Homolosine Projection Parameters .............................................. 2 2.2 Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Projection Parameters ............................................... 3 3.0 Derived Data Sets ..................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 North America Seasonal Land Cover Regions Legend .............................................. 3 3.2 Global Ecosystems Legend ............................................................................................. 9 3.3 IGBP Land Cover Legend .............................................................................................. 12 3.4 USGS Land Use/Land Cover System Legend (Modified Level 2) ........................... 13 3.5 Simple Biosphere Model Legend .................................................................................. 14 3.6 -
Deciduousness in a Seasonal Tropical Forest in Western Thailand: Interannual and Intraspecific Variation in Timing, Duration and Environmental Cues
Oecologia (2008) 155:571–582 DOI 10.1007/s00442-007-0938-1 ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER Deciduousness in a seasonal tropical forest in western Thailand: interannual and intraspecific variation in timing, duration and environmental cues Laura J. Williams Æ Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin Æ Patrick J. Baker Received: 20 February 2007 / Accepted: 3 December 2007 / Published online: 10 January 2008 Ó Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract Seasonal tropical forests exhibit a great diver- the timing of leaf flushing varied among species, most sity of leaf exchange patterns. Within these forests variation (*70%) flushed during the dry season. Leaf flushing was in the timing and intensity of leaf exchange may occur associated with changes in photoperiod in some species and within and among individual trees and species, as well as the timing of rainfall in other species. However, more than a from year to year. Understanding what generates this third of species showed no clear association with either diversity of phenological behaviour requires a mechanistic photoperiod or rainfall, despite the considerable length and model that incorporates rate-limiting physiological condi- depth of the dataset. Further progress in resolving the tions, environmental cues, and their interactions. In this underlying internal and external mechanisms controlling study we examined long-term patterns of leaf flushing for a leaf exchange will require targeting these species for large proportion of the hundreds of tree species that co- detailed physiological and microclimatic studies. occur in a seasonal tropical forest community in western Thailand. We used the data to examine community-wide Keywords Dry season flushing Á Huai Kha Khaeng Á variation in deciduousness and tested competing hypotheses Southeast Asia Á Tropical tree phenology regarding the timing and triggers of leaf flushing in seasonal tropical forests. -
Global Change Effects on Humid Tropical Forests
PUBLICATIONS Reviews of Geophysics REVIEW ARTICLE Global change effects on humid tropical forests: Evidence 10.1002/2015RG000510 for biogeochemical and biodiversity shifts Key Points: at an ecosystem scale • Negative effects of all global change factors were found for humid tropical Daniela F. Cusack1, Jason Karpman2, Daniel Ashdown1, Qian Cao1, Mark Ciochina1, Sarah Halterman1, forest biogeochemical processes 1 1 • All global change factors except Scott Lydon , and Avishesh Neupane carbon dioxide fertilization are likely 1 2 to promote warming and/or Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA, Department of Urban Planning, greenhouse gas emissions University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA • Effects of drying and deforestation are relatively clear; effects of CO2 fertilization and N deposition are Abstract Government and international agencies have highlighted the need to focus global change less certain research efforts on tropical ecosystems. However, no recent comprehensive review exists synthesizing humid tropical forest responses across global change factors, including warming, decreased precipitation, Supporting Information: carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, and land use/land cover changes. This paper assesses • Supporting Information S1 fi • Table S1 research across spatial and temporal scales for the tropics, including modeling, eld, and controlled laboratory studies. The review aims to (1) provide a broad understanding of how a suite of global change Correspondence to: factors are altering humid tropical forest ecosystem properties and biogeochemical processes; (2) assess D. F. Cusack, spatial variability in responses to global change factors among humid tropical regions; (3) synthesize results [email protected] from across humid tropical regions to identify emergent trends in ecosystem responses; (4) identify research and management priorities for the humid tropics in the context of global change. -
Tree Community Phenodynamics and Its Relationship with Climatic Conditions in a Lowland Tropical Rainforest
Article Tree Community Phenodynamics and Its Relationship with Climatic Conditions in a Lowland Tropical Rainforest Jakeline P. A. Pires 1, Nicholas A. C. Marino 2, Ary G. Silva 3, Pablo J. F. P. Rodrigues 4 and Leandro Freitas 4,* 1 Departamento de Biologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro CP 68020, RJ, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo 21, Vila Velha 29102-770, ES, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, RJ, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 October 2017; Accepted: 25 February 2018; Published: 2 March 2018 Abstract: The timing, duration, magnitude and synchronicity of plant life cycles are fundamental aspects of community dynamics and ecosystem functioning, and information on phenodynamics is essential for accurate vegetation classification and modeling. Here, we recorded the vegetative and reproductive phenodynamics of 479 individuals belonging to 182 tree species monthly over two years in a lowland Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil, and assessed the relationship between local climatic conditions and the occurrence and intensity of phenophases. We found a constant but low intensity of occurrence of both leaf fall and leaf flush with respect to canopy cover, resulting in an evergreen cover throughout the year. -
Structural Dynamics of a Natural Mixed Deciduous Forest in Western Thailand
Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 777-786, 1999 © IAVS; Opulus Press Uppsala. Printed in Sweden - Structural dynamics of a natural mixed deciduous forest in Thailand - 777 Structural dynamics of a natural mixed deciduous forest in western Thailand Marod, Dokrak1,2*, Kutintara, Utis1, Yarwudhi, Chanchai1, Tanaka, Hiroshi3 & Nakashisuka, Tohru2 1Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, 520-01 Japan; 3Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305 Japan; *Corresponding author; Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, 520-01 Japan; Fax +8177549 8201; E-mail [email protected] Abstract. Structural dynamics of a natural tropical seasonal – Their ecological characteristics, structure and dynamics mixed deciduous – forest were studied over a 4-yr period at may differ largely from those of tropical rain forests Mae Klong Watershed Research Station, Kanchanaburi Prov- (Murphy & Lugo 1986; Mooney et al. 1995; Gerhardt & ince, western Thailand, with particular reference to the role of Hytteborn 1992). In addition, they have a long history of forest fires and undergrowth bamboos. All trees > 5 cm DBH disturbance from frequent fires and human activities in a permanent plot of 200 m × 200 m were censused every two years from 1992 to 1996. The forest was characterized by a (Mueller-Dombois & Goldammer 1990; Murphy & Lugo low stem density and basal area and relatively high species 1986). Despite the large areas covered and uniqueness diversity. Both the bamboo undergrowth and frequent forest of the forest, little attention has been given to this fires could be dominant factors that prevent continuous regen- diverse ecosystem compared to tropical rain forests and eration. -
Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address Them
Final Report Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address them FOREST MONREC M i n n is o t ti ry va of ser Natu l Con ral Re enta sourc ironm es nv & E 2 Final Report Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address them Authors Aung Aung Myint, National Consultant on analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State, ICIMOD-GIZ REDD+ project [email protected]: +95 9420705116. December 2018 i Copyright © 2018 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial, No Derivatives 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) GP Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal Production team Bill Wolfe (Consultant editor) Rachana Chettri (Editor) Dharma R Maharjan (Graphic designer) Asha Kaji Thaku (Editorial assistance) Cover photo: On the way from MongPyin to KyaingTong, eastern Shan State. Most of the photos used in the report were taken by the consultant on the eld survey of the Illicit Crop Monitoring in Myanmar-Opium Survey (ICMP) project (TD/MYA/G43 & TD/MYA/G44) under UNODC in 2014 and 2015. Reproduction This publication may be produced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-prot purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. ICIMOD would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. -
Burma Project a 080901
Burma / Myanmar Bibliographical Project Siegfried M. Schwertner Bibliographical description AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A.B.F.M.S. AA The Foundation of Agricultural Development and American Baptist Foreign Mission Society Education Wild orchids in Myanmar : last paradise of wild orchids A.D.B. Tanaka, Yoshitaka Asian Development Bank < Manila > AAF A.F.P.F.L. United States / Army Air Forces Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League Aalto , Pentti A.F.R.A.S.E Bibliography of Sino-Tibetan lanuages Association Française pour le Recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est Aanval in Birma / Josep Toutain, ed. – Hilversum: Noo- itgedacht, [19-?]. 64 p. – (Garry ; 26) Ā´´ Gy ū´´ < Pyaw Sa > NL: KITLV(M 1998 A 4873) The tradition of Akha tribe and the history of Akha Baptist in Myanmar … [/ ā´´ Gy ū´´ (Pyaw Sa)]. − [Burma : ākh ā Aaron, J. S. Nhac` khran`´´ Kharac`y ān` A phvai´ khyup`], 2004. 5, 91 Rangoon Baptist Pulpit : the king's favourite ; a sermon de- p., illus. , bibliogr. p. 90-91. − Added title and text in Bur- livered on Sunday morning, the 28th September 1884 in the mese English Baptist Church, Rangoon / by J. S. Aaron. 2nd ed. − Subject(s): Akha : Social life and customs ; Religion Madras: Albinion Pr., 1885. 8 p. Burma : Social life and customs - Akha ; Religion - Akha ; GB: OUL(REG Angus 30.a.34(t)) Baptists - History US: CU(DS528.2.K37 A21 2004) Aarons , Edward Sidney <1916-1975> Assignment, Burma girl : an original gold medal novel / by A.I.D. Edward S. Aarons. – Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Publ., United States / Agency for International Development 1961. -
Mesobrowser Abundance and Effects on Woody Plants in Savannas David J
551 16 Mesobrowser Abundance and Effects on Woody Plants in Savannas David J. Augustine1, Peter Frank Scogings2, and Mahesh Sankaran3,4 1 Rangeland Resources Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA 2 School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu‐Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 3 National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 4 School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 16.1 Introduction Savannas, as defined in Chapter 1, are any formation with a C4 grass understory and a woody canopy layer that has not reached a closed canopy state (Ratnam et al. 2011). Climate, soils, fire, and herbivory are widely recognized as four key drivers of the structure, composition, and functioning of savanna ecosystems. The relative role of these factors, and how they interact at varying spatial and temporal scales, has been the subject of an immense body of ecological literature. Continental‐scale syntheses focused on these drivers show that climate and soils are primary determinants of woody vegetation abundance and species composition in savannas (Sankaran et al. 2008; Lehmann et al. 2014). However, at local spatial scales, fire and herbivory can regulate woody plant abundance below climatically determined maxima and alter plant growth rates, size class distributions, and community composition (e.g. Sankaran et al. 2013; Scholtz et al. 2014). Fire is well known to shape woody vegetation structure and composition in savannas worldwide (Lehmann et al. 2014), while less is known about the role of herbi- vores and the complex suite of factors that can regulate herbivore abundance and plant defenses (Chapter 15). -
Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address Those
Analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State and strategic options to address those Author: Aung Aung Myint, National Consultant on analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State, ICIMOD-GIZ REDD+ project. [email protected]: +95 9420705116. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Acknowledgement 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms 3 List of Figures 5 List of Tables 8 1. Introduction 9 1.1. Description of the assignment 12 1.2. Study area: brief description 12 1.3. Scope of the study 14 1.4. Objectives of the assignment 15 1.5. Expected outputs 15 2 Methodology 16 2.1. Data collection and analysis 16 2.1.1. Secondary data collection 16 2.1.2. Primary data collection 16 2.1.3. Spatial data analysis 17 2.1.4. Socio-economic data collection and analysis 19 2.2. Forest resources and their contributions in Myanmar and Shan State 27 2.3. Forest resources assessment 27 2.3.1. Major Forest Types 27 2.3.2. Forest cover change 29 2.3.3. National LULC categories and definitions 30 2.3.4. The NDVI composite maps for 2005 and 2015 43 2.3.5. Estimated magnitude of carbon emission due to deforestation and forest degradation (2005 to 2015) 47 2.3.6. Global Forest Watch were used to compare with international data 50 A. Identification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation 52 (i) Direct Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 53 (ii) Indirect Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 54 B. Determining co-relations between (i) Direst Drivers and (ii) Indirect Drivers of Deforestation and Forest -
Model of the Seasonal and Perennial Carbon Dynamics in Deciduous-Type Forests Controlled by Climatic Variables
Ecological Modelling, 49 (1989) 101-124 101 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands MODEL OF THE SEASONAL AND PERENNIAL CARBON DYNAMICS IN DECIDUOUS-TYPE FORESTS CONTROLLED BY CLIMATIC VARIABLES A. JANECEK, G. BENDEROTH, M.K.B. LUDEKE, J. KINDERMANN and G.H. KOHLMAIER lnstitut pftr Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Unioersitiit Frankfurt, Niederurseler Han~ 6000 Frankfurt 50 (Federal Republic of Germany) (Accepted 24 May 1989) ABSTRACT Janacek, A., Benderoth, G., Liideke, M.K.B., Kindermann, J. and Kohlmaier, G.H., 1989. Model of the seasonal and perennial carbon dynamics in deciduous-type forests controlled by climatic variables. Ecol. Modelling, 49: 101-124. A model of the seasonal and long-term carbon dynamics of temperature deciduous forests and tropical broadleaved evergreen forests in response to variations of the climatic parame- ters light intensity and air temperature, is proposed in order to be able to assess the influence of (future) climatic change on vegetation. The driving variables operate upon carbon assimilation and respiration of a two-compartment model of living biomass. The model allocation of assimilates depends on the developmental stage of the living biomass and on the climatic variables, without prescribing the time course of the phenophases explicitly. Almost all model parameters can be interpreted in terms of measurable physiological/ecological quantities, restricting the parameter values to a limited range. Measured growth dynamics and annual CO 2 fluxes for a non-seasonal tropical forest and two different temperate deciduous forest stands are reproduced satisfactorily. 1. INTRODUCTION Global warming as a consequence of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2 and other trace gases seems almost inevitable. -
Cedaw/C/Mmr/1
United Nations CEDAW/C/MMR/1 Convention on the Elimination of All Distr.: General Forms of Discrimination 25 June 1999 against Women Original: English Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Initial report of States parties Myanmar Contents Page I. Introduction ........................................................................... 3 II. DataaboutMyanmar ................................................................... 3 A. Areaandpopulation............................................................... 3 B. History .......................................................................... 3 C. Economy ......................................................................... 4 D. Employment...................................................................... 5 E. Socialfeatures.................................................................... 5 F. Environment ..................................................................... 6 G. Internationalrelations ............................................................. 6 H. Demographicfactors .............................................................. 7 III. Convention articles ..................................................................... 7 Articles1and2.Legalprovisionsagainstdiscrimination ................................... 7 Article3.Nationalmachineryandprogrammes .................................... -
Losing a Jewel—Rapid Declines in Myanmar's Intact Forests from 2002-2014
RESEARCH ARTICLE Losing a jewelÐRapid declines in Myanmar's intact forests from 2002-2014 Tejas Bhagwat1☯, Andrea Hess2☯, Ned Horning3³, Thiri Khaing4,5, Zaw Min Thein4,5, Kyaw Moe Aung5, Kyaw Htet Aung4,5, Paing Phyo4,5, Ye Lin Tun4,5, Aung Htat Oo4,5, Anthony Neil4, Win Myo Thu4, Melissa Songer1, Katherine LaJeunesse Connette1☯, Asja Bernd4☯, Qiongyu Huang1, Grant Connette1, Peter Leimgruber1³* 1 Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America, 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, 3 American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, 4 EcoDev/ALARM, Kamayut a1111111111 Township, Yangon, Myanmar, 5 GMAP, Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 ³ These authors also contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS New and rapid political and economic changes in Myanmar are increasing the pressures on Citation: Bhagwat T, Hess A, Horning N, Khaing T, the country's forests. Yet, little is known about the past and current condition of these forests Thein ZM, Aung KM, et al. (2017) Losing a jewelÐ and how fast they are declining. We mapped forest cover in Myanmar through a consortium Rapid declines in Myanmar's intact forests from of international organizations and environmental non-governmental groups, using freely- 2002-2014. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0176364. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176364 available public domain data and open source software tools. We used Landsat satellite imagery to assess the condition and spatial distribution of Myanmar's intact and degraded Editor: Krishna Prasad Vadrevu, University of Maryland at College Park, UNITED STATES forests with special focus on changes in intact forest between 2002 and 2014.