DOCSLIB.ORG

Power Factor Correction (PFC) Handbook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Power Factor Correction (PFC) Handbook Power Factor Correction (PFC) Handbook Choosing the Right Power Factor Controller Solution HBD853/D Rev. 5, Apr−2014 © SCILLC, 2014 Previous Edition E 2011 www.onsemi.com All Rights Reserved” ON Semiconductor and are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC owns the rights to a number of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of SCILLC’s product/patent coverage may be accessed at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/Patent−Marking.pdf. SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. SCILLC products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the SCILLC product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use SCILLC products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold SCILLC and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that SCILLC was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. SCILLC is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner. PUBLICATION ORDERING INFORMATION LITERATURE FULFILLMENT: N. American Technical Support: 800−282−9855 Toll Free ON Semiconductor Website: www.onsemi.com Literature Distribution Center for ON Semiconductor USA/Canada P.O. Box 5163, Denver, Colorado 80217 USA Europe, Middle East and Africa Technical Support: Order Literature: http://www.onsemi.com/orderlit Phone: 303−675−2175 or 800−344−3860 Toll Free USA/Canada Phone: 421 33 790 2910 Fax: 303−675−2176 or 800−344−3867 Toll Free USA/Canada Japan Customer Focus Center For additional information, please contact your local Email: [email protected] Phone: 81−3−5817−1050 Sales Representative www.onsemi.com 2 Table of Contents Page Key Contributors ........................................................................... 4 Foreward .................................................................................. 5 Preface ................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: Overview of Power Factor Correction Approaches..................................... 9 Chapter 2: Methodology for Comparison of Active PFC Approaches.............................. 27 Chapter 3: Critical Conduction Mode (CrM) PFC............................................... 31 Chapter 4: Frequency Clamped Critical Conduction Mode (FCCrM) PFC.......................... 45 Chapter 5: Current-Controlled and Valley-Switching Frequency Foldback Modes................... 59 Chapter 6: Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) PFC.......................................... 70 Chapter 7: Interleaved PFC ................................................................. 82 Chapter 8: Bridgeless PFC .................................................................. 96 Chapter 9: Single Stage, Isolated Power Factor Correction..................................... 108 Chapter 10: Detailed Analyses and Comparisons............................................. 118 For additional information on Power Factor Correction, contact the Technical Support Center at 800−282−9855 (from the USA and Canada) or www.onsemi.com/tech-support. www.onsemi.com 3 Key Contributors Joel Turchi is an Applications Consultant Engineer at ON Semiconductor in Toulouse, France, where he works on the definition of novel offline PWM drivers, with a particular focus on power factor controllers. He holds 19 patents on SMPS and power factor correction, and has originated several innovative control schemes. Joel has published numerous papers and application notes on power conversion, and presented tutorials on the subject. He has over 20 years of power supply industry experience. Joel holds an Engineering Degree in Power Electronics from the Institut National Polytechnique of Toulouse (France). Joel is a member of PCIM advisory board. Dhaval Dalal is a power electronics consultant based in Bangalore, India. From 2002 to 2008, he worked at ON Semiconductor, where he was responsible for defining strategy, roadmaps, and technical content of many products for power supply applications. He holds 5 patents on power conversion. Dhaval has published numerous papers on power management, and presented invited talks on the subject. He has over 25 years of power supply industry experience. Dhaval holds a Bachelor of Technology (EE) degree from IIT−Bombay; a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering degree from Virginia Tech; and a Master of Management of Technology from NTU. He also participates in many initiatives of PSMA. Patrick Wang is an Application Engineer at ON Semiconductor in Taipei, Taiwan, where he focuses on developing applications solutions and controllers for ac-dc power supplies. Patrick has 18 years of experience in power supply design and applications. He has written multiple application notes on power factor correction; published technical articles on EDN; and led webinars on power efficiency and thermal management. He holds a Bachelor of Control Engineering degree from National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan. Laurent Jenck is currently Vice President of Marketing and Business Development at Energy Recovery Products. From 1999 to 2012, he worked at ON Semiconductor, where he directed the lighting segment, and previously directed system application engineering, focusing on the development of power supply reference designs. Laurent has 22 years of international experience in product marketing and business/operations management. He holds a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering degree from INSA in Lyon-France, and a Master of Business Administration degree from ASU. www.onsemi.com 4 FOREWORD Designing power supplies in a global energy efficiency context Designing power supplies has always been a challenging task. But just as many of the traditional problems have been solved, emerging regulatory standards governing efficiency levels are about to start the cycle over again. The first phase of this cycle is already well underway and has focused on improving standby power consumption levels (passive mode). The next phase is tackling the tougher problem of improving active mode efficiency levels. Government agencies around the world, driven by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its ENERGY STAR® program and by the China National Institute of Standardization (CNIS), are announcing new performance standards for active mode efficiency for power supplies. The standards are aggressive and it will take the joint efforts of manufacturers and their suppliers (including semiconductor suppliers) to provide solutions that meet the new challenges. Amidst these trends, power factor correction (PFC) or harmonic reduction requirements as mandated by IEC 61000−3−2 stands out as the biggest inflection point in power supply architectures in recent years. With increasing power levels for all equipment and widening applicability of the harmonic reduction standards, more and more power supply designs are incorporating PFC capability. Designers are faced with the difficult tasks of incorporating the appropriate PFC stage while meeting the other regulatory requirements such as standby power reduction, active mode efficiency and EMI limits. ON Semiconductor is committed to providing optimal solutions for any given power supply requirement. Our commitment is reflected in providing design guidance in choosing between many options for topology and components. In this handbook we have attempted to provide a detailed comparison between various options for PFC implementation while keeping it in the context of total system requirements. As new technologies and components are developed, the balance of choice may shift from one approach to the other, but the methodology used in this handbook will remain applicable and provide a means for the power supply designer to arrive at the best choice for a given application. We at ON Semiconductor sincerely hope this book will help you to design efficient, economical PFC circuits for your products. Please see our Web site, www.onsemi.com, for up-to-date information on this subject. www.onsemi.com 5 http://onsemi.com 6 Preface Choices for the power factor correction solutions range from passive circuits to a variety of active circuits. Depending on the power level and other
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Power Quality Evaluation for Electrical Installation of Hospital Building
    (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 12, 2019 Power Quality Evaluation for Electrical Installation of Hospital Building Agus Jamal1, Sekarlita Gusfat Putri2, Anna Nur Nazilah Chamim3, Ramadoni Syahputra4 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Yogyakarta, Indonesia Abstract—This paper presents improvements to the quality of Considering how vital electrical energy services are to power in hospital building installations using power capacitors. consumers, good quality electricity is needed [11]. There are Power quality in the distribution network is an important issue several methods to correct the voltage drop in a system, that must be considered in the electric power system. One namely by increasing the cross-section wire, changing the important variable that must be found in the quality of the power feeder section from one phase to a three-phase system, distribution system is the power factor. The power factor plays sending the load through a new feeder. The three methods an essential role in determining the efficiency of a distribution above show ineffectiveness both in terms of infrastructure and network. A good power factor will make the distribution system in terms of cost. Another technique that allows for more very efficient in using electricity. Hospital building installation is productive work is by using a Bank Capacitor [12]. one component in the distribution network that is very important to analyze. Nowadays, hospitals have a lot of computer-based The addition of capacitor banks can improve the power medical equipment. This medical equipment contains many factor, supply reactive power so that it can maximize the use electronic components that significantly affect the power factor of complex power, reduce voltage drops, avoid overloaded of the system.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Flow on AC Transmission Lines
    Basics of Electricity Power Flow on AC Transmission Lines PJM State & Member Training Dept. PJM©2014 7/11/2013 Objectives • Describe the basic make-up and theory of an AC transmission line • Given the formula for real power and information, calculate real power flow on an AC transmission facility • Given the formula for reactive power and information, calculate reactive power flow on an AC transmission facility • Given voltage magnitudes and phase angle information between 2 busses, determine how real and reactive power will flow PJM©2014 7/11/2013 Introduction • Transmission lines are used to connect electric power sources to electric power loads. In general, transmission lines connect the system’s generators to it’s distribution substations. Transmission lines are also used to interconnect neighboring power systems. Since transmission power losses are proportional to the square of the load current, high voltages, from 115kV to 765kV, are used to minimize losses PJM©2014 7/11/2013 AC Power Flow Overview PJM©2014 7/11/2013 AC Power Flow Overview R XL VS VR 1/2X 1/2XC C • Different lines have different values for R, XL, and XC, depending on: • Length • Conductor spacing • Conductor cross-sectional area • XC is equally distributed along the line PJM©2014 7/11/2013 Resistance in AC Circuits • Resistance (R) is the property of a material that opposes current flow causing real power or watt losses due to I2R heating • Line resistance is dependent on: • Conductor material • Conductor cross-sectional area • Conductor length • In a purely resistive
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Power Factor POWER QUALITY
    Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation Guide to Power Factor POWER QUALITY A unity power factor of 1.0 (100%), can be considered ideal. However, for most users of electricity, power factor is usually less than 100%, which means the electrical power is not eff ectively utilized. This ineffi ciency can increase the cost of Understanding Power Factor the user’s electricity, as the energy or electric utility company There are many objectives to be pursued in planning an transfers its own excess operational costs on to the user. Bill- electrical system. In addition to safety and reliability, it is very ing of electricity is computed by various methods, which may important to ensure that electricity is properly used. Each also aff ect costs. circuit, each piece of equipment, must be designed so as to From the electric utility’s view, raising the average operating guarantee the maximum global effi ciency in transforming the power factor of the network from .70 to .90 means: source of energy into work. Among the measures that enable electricity use to be optimized, improving the power factor of reducing costs due to losses in the network electrical systems is undoubtedly one of the most important. increasing the potential of generation production and distribution of network operations To quantify this aspect from the utility company’s point, it is This means saving hundreds of thousands of tons of fuel (and a well-known fact that electricity users relying on alternating emissions), hundreds of transformers becoming available, and current – with the exception of heating elements – to absorb not having to build power plants and their support systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Generation of Electric Power
    SECTION 8 GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER Hesham E. Shaalan Assistant Professor Georgia Southern University Major Parameter Decisions . 8.1 Optimum Electric-Power Generating Unit . 8.7 Annual Capacity Factor . 8.11 Annual Fixed-Charge Rate . 8.12 Fuel Costs . 8.13 Average Net Heat Rates . 8.13 Construction of Screening Curve . 8.14 Noncoincident and Coincident Maximum Predicted Annual Loads . 8.18 Required Planning Reserve Margin . 8.19 Ratings of Commercially Available Systems . 8.21 Hydropower Generating Stations . 8.23 Largest Units and Plant Ratings Used in Generating-System Expansion Plans . 8.24 Alternative Generating-System Expansion Plans . 8.24 Generator Ratings for Installed Units . 8.29 Optimum Plant Design . 8.29 Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs vs. Installed Capital Costs . 8.30 Thermal Efficiency vs. Installed Capital and/or Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs . 8.31 Replacement Fuel Cost . 8.35 Capability Penalty . 8.37 Bibliography . 8.38 MAJOR PARAMETER DECISIONS The major parameter decisions that must be made for any new electric power-generating plant or unit include the choices of energy source (fuel), type of generation system, unit and plant rating, and plant site. These decisions must be based upon a number of techni- cal, economic, and environmental factors that are to a large extent interrelated (see Table 8.1). Evaluate the parameters for a new power-generating plant or unit. 8.1 8.2 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRIC POWER CALCULATIONS Calculation Procedure 1. Consider the Energy Source and Generating System As indicated in Table 8.2, a single energy source or fuel (e.g., oil) is often capable of being used in a number of different types of generating systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Efficiency with Power Factor Correction COMAR Condensatori S.P.A
    Save Your Energy. Energy Efficiency with Power Factor Correction COMAR Condensatori S.p.A. The company was founded over fifty years ago as a manufacturer of single-phase capacitors. Over the years it has acquired the experience and know-how that lead it to be a leader in the sector for the production of single-phase and three-phase capacitors, as well as an international point of reference for power factor correction systems, in LV. and M.T. Since 2000, the firm has focused on power quality solutions, so as to optimize the efficiency of electrical utilities, both through the reactive energy compensation and the reduction of harmonic content. Valsamoggia (Bologna) - ITALY 1968 COMAR Vision and Mission We believe in a future where companies and individuals use their energy at their best, avoiding useless waste. A greener, cleaner and more sustainable world that we will leave to our children. Our part, in this ambitious but necessary challenge, is to design and build the best PFC capacitors and equipment in the world, which increase the efficiency of power supply, while reducing the energy consumption and delivering cost savings on electricity. Benefits of PFC Power factor correction means not only eliminating penalties, but also optimizing the efficiency of electrical systems, as well as photovoltaic, wind, cogeneration, ... Energy efficiency professionals, as well as electrical installers and maintenance technicians, must make the most of the opportunities deriving from power factor correction, explaining the advantages to their customers,
    [Show full text]
  • POWER QUALITY Energy Effi Ciency Guide
    POWER QUALITY Energy Effi ciency Guide VOLTAGE SAG 200V 125V 105V Voltage 0V 20.0v/div vertical 2 sec/div horizontal LINE-NEUT VOLTAGE SAG Time CURRENT SWELL 100A AMPS Current 30.0A 0A 10.0A/div vertical 2 sec/div horizontal LINE AMPS CURRENT SURGE Time DISCLAIMER: BC Hydro, CEA Technologies Inc., TABLE OF CONTENTS Consolidated Edison, Hydro One, Hydro-Quebec, Manitoba Hydro, Natural Resources Canada, Ontario Power Authority, Sask Power, Southern Company, Energy @ Work or any Page Section other person acting on their behalf will not assume any liabil- ity arising from the use of, or damages resulting from the use 10 Acknowledgements of any information, equipment, product, method or process disclosed in this guide. 11 Foreword 11 Power Quality Guide Format 14 1.0 The Scope of Power Quality 14 1.1 Defi nition of Power Quality 15 1.2 Voltage 15 1.2.1 Voltage Limits 18 1.3 Why Knowledge of Power Quality is Important 19 1.4 Major Factors Contributing to It is recommended to use certifi ed practitioners for the Power Quality Issues applications of the directives and recommendations contained herein. 20 1.5 Supply vs. End Use Issues Technical Editing and Power Quality Subject Expert: 21 1.6 Countering the Top 5 PQ Myths Brad Gibson P.Eng., Cohos Evamy Partners, Calgary, AB 21 1) Old Guidelines are NOT the Mr. Scott Rouse, P.Eng., MBA, CEM, Energy @ Work, Best Guidelines www.energy-effi ciency.com 21 2) Power Factor Correction DOES NOT Portions of this Guide have been reproduced with the Solve all Power Quality Problems permission of Ontario Power Generation Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Multitrack Power Factor Correction Architecture Minjie Chen, Member, IEEE, Sombuddha Chakraborty, Member, IEEE, and David J
    Multitrack Power Factor Correction Architecture Minjie Chen, Member, IEEE, Sombuddha Chakraborty, Member, IEEE, and David J. Perreault, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—Single-phase universal-input ac-dc converters are Rectifier Boost PFC Magnetic needed in a wide range of applications. This paper presents V BUS Isolation VOUT-DC a novel power factor correction (PFC) architecture that can VIN-AC achieve high power density and high efficiency for grid-interface power electronics. The proposed Multitrack PFC architecture is C a new development of the Multitrack concept. It reduces the BUF internal device voltage stress of the power converter subsystems, allowing PFC circuits to maintain zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) at high frequency (1 MHz–4 MHz) across universal input voltage Output voltage regulation range (85 VAC–265 VAC). The high performance of the power converter is enabled by delivering power in multiple stacked Input current modulation (power factor correction) voltage domains and reconfiguring the power processing paths depending on the input voltage. This Multitrack concept can Fig. 1. A classic two-stage PFC architecture with a boost PFC and an be used together with many other design techniques for PFC isolation stage (e.g., a LLC converter). systems to create mutual advantages in many function blocks. A prototype 150 W, universal ac input, 12 VDC output, isolated Multiple Power Paths Multiple Voltage Domains Multitrack PFC system with a power density of 50 W/in3 and a peak end-to-end efficiency of 92% has been built and tested to Switched Switched Magnetic verify the effectiveness of the Multitrack PFC architecture. Inductor Capacitor Isolation VOUT-DC VIN-DC Index Terms—AC-DC power conversion, Power factor correc- tion, Multitrack architecture, Grid-tied power electronics.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Factor Improvement in Electric Distribution System by Using Shunt Capacitor Case Study on Samara University, Ethiopia
    ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An UGC Approved Journal) Website: www.ijareeie.com Vol. 6, Issue 8, August 2017 Power Factor Improvement in Electric Distribution System by Using Shunt Capacitor Case Study on Samara University, Ethiopia Asefa Sisay1, Ankamma Rao J2, Aschalew Mekete Gera3 Lecturer, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Samara University, Ethiopia1 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Samara University, Ethiopia2 Assistant lecturer, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Samara University, Ethiopia3 ABSTRACT: Improving energy efficiency by power factor correction is all about saving your money. Conservation of resources is a fundamental objective, and increasing energy efficiency a core aim of any country. The aim of paper is to find a good solution or to improve the power factor for high energy consumption by samara university loads, through a sustainable development that corrects low power factor. Power factor correction (PFC) is a technique of counteracting the undesirable effects of electric loads that create a power factor that is less than one. Power factor correction may be applied either by an electrical power transmission utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the transmission network or correction may be installed by individual electrical customers to reduce the costs charged to them by their electricity supplier. Many control methods for the power Factor Correction (PFC) have been proposed. This work describes the design and development of a power factor corrector using shunt capacitor. Measuring of power factor from load is achieved by capacitor connected in parallel to determine and trigger sufficient switching of capacitors in order to compensate demand of excessive reactive power locally, thus bringing power factor near to unity.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery Energy Storage for Grid Support Applications
    Battery Energy Storage for Grid Support Applications Vince Scaini1 — Peter J. Lex2 — Thomas W. Rhea3 — Nancy H. Clark4 INTRODUCTION Recent demonstration projects have validated the use of energy storage for grid support, as well as peak power shaving, with the use of a mobile Advanced Battery Energy Storage System (ABESS). The ABESS team, which consisted of Satcon, ZBB, Detroit Edison, and Sandia, designed the entire system to be housed on a 40-by-8- foot trailer, making it possible for one battery system to be used in multiple applications and locations. The ABESS zinc bromine flow battery has advantages for utility energy storage applications in that it provides two to three times the energy storage capacity compared to lead-acid batteries. Other battery advantages are low cost materials, plus deep discharge and rapid recharge capabilities. When connected to an electric power circuit known to have daily, seasonal, customer peak demands, ABESS reduces peaks in the electrical load by supplementing energy on the circuit at predetermined conditions or times. When the peak use period passes, the system is recharged using energy from the power grid during low-cost energy periods. In the first demonstration test (Akron site), the power conversion system (PCS) controlled the charge and discharge of the battery to provide voltage stability at the end of a soft utility line during periods of heavy line loading. VAR and real power was injected into the line for line voltage regulation. The PCS adjusted the reactive power on the line per the line voltage requirement or kVA demand signal, through a communication link with the utility as an option.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Power Flow for an HVDC Feeder Solution for AC Railways
    Optimal Power Flow for an HVDC Feeder Solution for AC Railways Applied on a Low Frequency AC Railway Power System JOHN LAURY Masters' Degree Project Stockholm, Sweden 2012 TRITA: XR-EE-E2C 2012:012 Optimal Power Flow for an HVDC Feeder Solution for AC Railways Applied on a Low Frequency AC Railway Power System JOHN LAURY Master’s Thesis at Electrical Machines and Power Electronics Supervisor: Lars Abrahamsson Examiner: Stefan Östlund TRITA: XR-EE-E2C 2012:012 Abstract With today’s increasing railway traffic, the demand for electrical power has increased. However, several railway systems are weak and are not being controlled optimally. Thus, transmission losses are high and the voltage can be significantly lower than the nominal level. One proposal, instead of using an extra HVAC power supply system, is to implement a HVDC sup- ply system. A HVDC supply line would be installed in parallel to the current railway catenary system and power can be exchanged between the HVDC grid and the catenary through converters. This thesis investigates different properties and behaviours of a proposed HVDC feeder solution. An AC/DC unified Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model is developed and presented. Decision variables are utilized to obtain proper control of the converters. The used power flow equations and converter loss function, which are non linear, and the use of bi- nary variables for the unit commitment leads to an optimization problem, that requires Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programing (MINLP) for solving. The optimization problem is formulated in the software GAMS, and is solved by BONMIN. In each case in- vestigated, the objective is to minimize the total ac- tive power losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Into An
    AC 2009-293: INTRODUCING HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT-CURRENT TRANSMISSION INTO AN UNDERGRADUATE POWER-SYSTEMS COURSE Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania Kala Meah received his B.Sc. from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 1998, M.Sc. from South Dakota State University in 2003, and Ph.D. from the University of Wyoming in 2007, all in Electrical Engineering. Between 1998 and 2000 he worked for several power industries in Bangladesh. Dr. Meah is with the Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Physical Science at York College of Pennsylvania where he is currently an Assistant Professor. His research interest includes electrical power, HVDC transmission, renewable energy, power engineering education, and energy conversion. Wayne Blanding, York College of Pennsylvania Wayne Blanding received his B.S. degree in Systems Engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1982, Ocean Engineer degree from the MIT/Woods Hole Joint Program in Ocean Engineering in 1990, and PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 2007. From 1982 to 2002 was an officer in the U.S. Navy’s submarine force. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at York College of Pennsylvania. His research interests include target tracking, detection, estimation, and engineering education. Page 14.805.1 Page © American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 1 Introducing High Voltage DirectT Current Transmission into an Undergraduate Power Systems Course Kala Meah ,,,, and Wayne Blanding Electrical and Computer Engineering York College of Pennsylvania, York, PA, USA Abstract High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems have shown steady growth in capacity addition for the past three to four decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Storage and Reactive Power Compensator in a Large Wind Farm
    October 2003 • NREL/CP-500-34701 Energy Storage and Reactive Power Compensator in a Large Wind Farm Preprint E. Muljadi and C.P. Butterfield National Renewable Energy Laboratory R. Yinger Southern California Edison H. Romanowitz Oak Creek Energy Systems, Inc. To be presented at the 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit Reno, Nevada January 5–8, 2004 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]