CRISPR-Cas9 Against HIV Infection
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
How Human H1 Histone Recognizes DNA
molecules Article How Human H1 Histone Recognizes DNA Olesya P. Luzhetskaya, Sergey E. Sedykh and Georgy A. Nevinsky * Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SD of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (O.P.L.); [email protected] (S.E.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-383-363-51-26; Fax: +7-383-363-51-53 Received: 11 August 2020; Accepted: 1 October 2020; Published: 5 October 2020 Abstract: Linker H1 histone is one of the five main histone proteins (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4), which are components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Here we have analyzed the patterns of DNA recognition by free H1 histone using a stepwise increase of the ligand complexity method; the affinity of H1 histone for various single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides (d(pN)n; n = 1–20) was evaluated using their competition with 12-mer [32P]labeled oligonucleotide and protein–oligonucleotide complex delaying on nitrocellulose membrane filters. It was shown that minimal ligands of H1 histone (like other DNA-dependent proteins and enzymes) are different mononucleotides (dNMPs; Kd = (1.30 0.2) 2 ± 10 M). An increase in the length of single-stranded (ss) homo- and hetero-oligonucleotides (d(pA)n, × − d(pT)n, d(pC)n, and d(pN)n with different bases) by one nucleotide link regardless of their bases, leads to a monotonic increase in their affinity by a factor of f = 3.0 0.2. This factor f corresponds ± to the Kd value = 1/f characterizing the affinity of one nucleotide of different ss d(pN)n for H1 at n = 2–6 (which are covered by this protein globule) is approximately 0.33 0.02 M. -
Re-Coding the ‘Corrupt’ Code: CRISPR-Cas9 Interventions in Human Germ Line Editing
Re-coding the ‘corrupt’ code: CRISPR-Cas9 interventions in human germ line editing CRISPR-Cas9, Germline Intervention, Human Cognition, Human Rights, International Regulation Master Thesis Tilburg University- Law and Technology 2018-19 Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT) October 2019 Student: Srishti Tripathy Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Robin Pierce SRN: 2012391 Dr. Emre Bayamlioglu ANR: 659785 Re-coding the ‘corrupt’ code CRISPR-Cas9, Germline Intervention, Human Cognition, Human Rights, International Regulation This page is intentionally left blank 2 Re-coding the ‘corrupt’ code CRISPR-Cas9, Germline Intervention, Human Cognition, Human Rights, International Regulation 3 Re-coding the ‘corrupt’ code CRISPR-Cas9, Germline Intervention, Human Cognition, Human Rights, International Regulation Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Introduction and Review - “I think I’m crazy enough to do it” ......................................................................... 6 1.2 Research Question and Sub Questions .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Thesis structure: ................................................................................................................................................................. -
Are We Standing in Our Own Way on the Path to a Cure for HIV/AIDS
PROFILE Are we standing in our own way on the path to a cure for HIV/AIDS lthough there are many reasons to celebrate the life-extending benefits from antiretroviral Atherapeutics (ART) for HIV/AIDS and the ability to chronically manage patients’ disease for decades, the majority of people around the world living with the virus do not have access to ART and those that do, have over decades developed life-threatening side effects. Our inability to identify a cure to HIV lies not only in the as-of- yet failure of the medical research community to identify and develop appropriate means of ridding the body of the virus but also government and industrial policies that promote public opinion exclusively focused on chronic management scenarios instead of broadly exploring innovation for cure. “An inconvenient truth” (Davis Guggenheim) mates of the magnitude of the global forced government policy for early epidemic. As the majority of Ameri - and expanded access to experimental There are approximately 37 million cans are not rountinely tested for HIV, drugs, the medical community and people living with HIV and 39 million the virus can go years without being society are struggling with the fact have died of AIDS-related diseases diagnosed in an HIV positive person. that we are barely managing the HIV since the start of the epidemic in 1981. With these statistics it is no wonder epidemic and AIDS crisis. For years we As of March 2015, only 15 million that every day an estimated 5,600 have been locked into thinking of people have access to treatments for people globally become newly infected solutions in terms of a chronic disease HIV. -
DNA Damage Alters Nuclear Mechanics Through Chromatin Reorganisation
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.10.197517; this version posted July 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. DNA damage alters nuclear mechanics through chromatin reorganisation Ália dos Santos1, Alexander W. Cook1, Rosemarie E Gough1, Martin Schilling2, Nora Aleida Olszok2, Ian Brown3, Lin Wang4, Jesse Aaron5, Marisa L. Martin-Fernandez4, Florian Rehfeldt2,6* and Christopher P. Toseland1* 1Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.2University of Göttingen, 3rd Institute of Physics – Biophysics, Göttingen, 37077, Germany. 3School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK. 4Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, UK. 5Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, USA. 6University of Bayreuth, Experimental Physics 1, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany. *Corresponding Authors: Florian Rehfeldt [email protected] & Christopher P. Toseland [email protected] Key words: Mechanics, DNA damage, DNA organisation, Nucleus ABSTRACT Cisplatin, specifically, creates adducts within the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) drive genomic double helix, which then lead to double-strand instability. For efficient and accurate repair of breaks (DSBs) in the DNA during replication, these DNA lesions, the cell activates DNA through replication-fork collapse3. damage repair pathways. However, it remains DSBs can result in large genomic aberrations and unknown how these processes may affect the are, therefore, the most deleterious to the cell. -
DNA Condensation and Packaging
DNA condensation and packaging October 13, 2009 Professor Wilma K. Olson Viral DNA - chain molecules in confined spaces Viruses come in all shapes and sizes Clockwise: Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV); Aeromonas virus 31, Influenza virus, Orf virus, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Small pox virus Image from U Wisconsin Microbial World website: http://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu DNA packaging pathway of T3 and T7 bacteriophages • In vivo pathway - solid arrows Fang et al. (2008) “Visualization of bacteriophage T3 capsids with DNA incompletely packaged in vivo.” J. Mol. Biol. 384, 1384-1399 Cryo EM images of T3 capsids with 10.6 kbp packaged DNA • Labels mark particles representative of different types of capsids • Arrows point to tails on capsids Fang et al. (2008) “Visualization of bacteriophage T3 capsids with DNA incompletely packaged in vivo.”” J. Mol. Biol. 384, 1384-1399 Cryo EM images of representative particles • (b) 10.6 kbp DNA • (c) 22 kbp DNA • (d) bacteriophage T3 Fang et al. (2008) “Visualization of bacteriophage T3 capsids with DNA incompletely packaged in vivo.” J. Mol. Biol. 384, 1384-1399 3D icosohedral reconstructions of cryo-EM-imaged particles Threefold surface views and central cross sections • (b) 10.6 kbp DNA • (c) 22 kbp DNA • (d) bacteriophage T3 Fang et al. (2008) “Visualization of bacteriophage T3 capsids with DNA incompletely packaged in vivo.” J. Mol. Biol. 384, 1384-1399 Top-down views of λ phage DNA toroids captured in cryo-EM micrographs Note the circumferential winding of DNA found in collapsed toroidal particles produced in the presence of multi-valent cations. Hud & Vilfan (2005) “Toroidal DNA condensates: unraveling the fine structure and the role of nucleation in determining size.” Ann. -
Staining, and in Situ Digestion with Restriction Endonucleases
Heredity66 (1991) 403—409 Received 23 August 1990 Genetical Society of Great Britain An analysis of coho salmon chromatin by means of C-banding, AG- and fluorochrome staining, and in situ digestion with restriction endonucleases R. LOZANO, C. RUIZ REJON* & M. RUIZ REJON* Departamento de Biologia Animal, Ecologia y Genética. E. /ngenierIa T. AgrIcola, Campus Universitario de Almeria, 04120 AlmerIa and *Facu/tad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Universidad de Granada, Spain Thechromosome complement of the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) has been analysed by means of C-banding, silver and fluorochrome staining, and in situ digestion with restriction endo- nucleases. C-banding shows heterochromatic regions in the centromeres of most chromosomes but not in the telomeric areas. The fifteenth metacentric chromosome pair contains a large block of constitutive heterochromatin, which occupies almost all of one chromosome arm. This region is also the site where the ribosomal cistrons are located and it reacts positively to CMA3/DA fluorochrome staining. The NORs are subject to chromosome polymorphism, which might be explicable in terms of an amplification of ribosomal cistrons. The digestion banding patterns produced by four types of restriction endonucleases on the euchromatic and heterochromatic regions are described. Two kinds of highly repetitive DNAs can be distinguished and the role of restriction endonucleases as a valuable tool in chromosome characterization studies, as well as in the analysis of the structure and organization of fish chromatin, are also discussed. Keywords:C-banding,coho salmon, fluorochrome staining, restriction endonuclease banding. (Oncorhynchus kisutch), as well as applying conven- Introduction tional banding techniques, we have analysed the Theuse of restriction endonucleases (REs) is becom- mitotic chromosomes using DNA base-pair-specific ing common not only in molecular biology but also as fluorochromes and in situ digestion with restriction an important tool in molecular cytogenetics. -
Deciphering the Histone Code to Build the Genome Structure
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/217190; this version posted November 20, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Deciphering the histone code to build the genome structure Kirti Prakasha,b,c,* and David Fournierd,* aPhysico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 168, 75005 Paris, France; bOxford Nanoimaging Ltd, OX1 1JD, Oxford, UK; cMicron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; dFaculty of Biology and Center for Computational Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; *Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected] Histones are punctuated with small chemical modifications that alter their interaction with DNA. One attractive hypothesis stipulates that certain combinations of these histone modifications may function, alone or together, as a part of a predictive histone code to provide ground rules for chromatin folding. We consider four features that relate histone modifications to chromatin folding: charge neutrali- sation, molecular specificity, robustness and evolvability. Next, we present evidence for the association among different histone modi- fications at various levels of chromatin organisation and show how these relationships relate to function such as transcription, replica- tion and cell division. Finally, we propose a model where the histone code can set critical checkpoints for chromatin to fold reversibly be- tween different orders of the organisation in response to a biological stimulus. DNA | nucleosomes | histone modifications | chromatin domains | chro- mosomes | histone code | chromatin folding | genome structure Introduction The genetic information within chromosomes of eukaryotes is packaged into chromatin, a long and folded polymer of double-stranded DNA, histones and other structural and non- structural proteins. -
Chromatin Assembly
Chromatin Assembly (version A2) Catalog No. 53500 Active Motif North America 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150 Carlsbad, California 92008, USA Toll free: 877 222 9543 Telephone: 760 431 1263 Fax: 760 431 1351 Active Motif Europe Avenue Reine Astrid, 92 B-1310 La Hulpe, Belgium UK Free Phone: 0800 169 31 47 France Free Phone: 0800 90 99 79 Germany Free Phone: 0800 181 99 10 Telephone: +32 (0)2 653 0001 Fax: +32 (0)2 653 0050 Active Motif Japan Azuma Bldg, 7th Floor 2-21 Ageba-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku Tokyo, 162-0824, Japan Telephone: +81 3 5225 3638 Fax: +81 3 5261 8733 Active Motif China 787 Kangqiao Road Building 10, Suite 202, Pudong District Shanghai, 201315, China Telephone: (86)-21-20926090 Hotline: 400-018-8123 Copyright 2018 Active Motif, Inc. www.activemotif.com Information in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not constitute a commit- ment on the part of Active Motif, Inc. It is supplied on an “as is” basis without any warranty of any kind, either explicit or implied. Information may be changed or updated in this manual at any time. This documentation may not be copied, transferred, reproduced, disclosed, or duplicated, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of Active Motif, Inc. This documentation is proprietary information and protected by the copyright laws of the United States and interna- tional treaties. The manufacturer of this documentation is Active Motif, Inc. © 2018 Active Motif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150; Carlsbad, CA 92008. All rights reserved. -
HIV/AIDS and Cancer Cure: Is It the Same Battle?
HIV/AIDS and Cancer cure: Is it the same battle? Monsef Benkirane Molecular Virology Laboratory [email protected] IAS HIV Cure & Cancer Forum Paris, France www.iasociety.org Dynamic of imatinib-treated Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Mature cancer cells Highly divinding Cancer Stem cells www.iasociety.org Persistence and resistance are theBarriers to Cure HIV/AIDS Cancer Latent provirus Quiescent / slow-cycling Quiescent/ slow-cycling Long-lived Long-lived Indefinite proliferative potential Non sensitive to ART Enhanced repair capacity Not visible to the immune system highly resistant to DNA HIV-specific CD8 T cell response damage/Tolerance decreases with cART Enhanced checkpoint kinase expression drug efflux transporter Renewed by dedifferentiation of proliferating cancer HIV/AIDS and cancer are Residual diseases Although their molecular bases are different, similar cure strategies are being developed www.iasociety.org which cure and how to achieve it? Two main strategies are being pursued Eradication, which will require a complete elimination of infected cells, for which the Berlin patient represents a proof of concept. Considering the Boston patients, eradication will require elimination of HIV infected cells and replacement with HIV resistant cells. Remission: HIV controllers and the VISCONTI patients suggest that remission is achievable. This strategy should include monitoring of inflammatory and procoagulant indices. – Find and diminish size of the reservoir (LRAs, bNAbs, CAR-T cell) – Reduce seeding of latent pool with early/more ART – Reverse latency (LRAs, TLR7) – Increase HIV-specific immune function (vaccines or anti PD-L1) – Reduce immune activation – Gene therapy targeting the virus and the host – Allogeneic stem cell transplantation Combination therapy may be necessary While proof-of-concepts are there, we still have to gain important knowledge to achieve HIV eradication or remission Strategies to eradicate latent reservoirs. -
Condensed DNA: Condensing the Concepts
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 105 (2011) 208e222 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pbiomolbio Review Condensed DNA: Condensing the concepts Vladimir B. Teif a,b,*, Klemen Bohinc c,d a BioQuant and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany b Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Kuprevich 5/2, 220141, Minsk, Belarus c Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia d Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia article info abstract Article history: DNA is stored in vivo in a highly compact, so-called condensed phase, where gene regulatory processes Available online 16 July 2010 are governed by the intricate interplay between different states of DNA compaction. These systems often have surprising properties, which one would not predict from classical concepts of dilute solutions. The Keywords: mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning, as revealed by the recent devel- DNA condensation opments coming from biochemistry, electrostatics, statistical mechanics, and molecular and cell biology. Ligand binding Different aspects of condensed DNA behavior are linked to each other, but the links are often hidden in Counterion correlations the bulk of experimental and theoretical details. Here we try to condense some of these concepts and Macromolecular crowding fi Chromatin provide interconnections between the different elds. After a brief description of main experimental Gene regulation features of DNA condensation inside viruses, bacteria, eukaryotes and the test tube, main theoretical approaches for the description of these systems are presented. -
Chromatin Structure
Chromatin Structure Dr. Carol S. Newlon [email protected] ICPH E250P DNA Packaging Is a Formidable Challenge • Single DNA molecule in human chromosome ca. 5 cm long • Diploid genome contains ca. 2 meters of DNA • Nucleus of human cell ca. 5 µm in diameter • Human metaphase chromosome ca. 2.5 µm in length • 10,000 to 20,000 packaging ratio required Overview of DNA Packaging Packaging in Interphase Nucleus Chromatin Composition • Complex of DNA and histones in 1:1 mass ratio • Histones are small basic proteins – highly conserved during evolution – abundance of positively charged aa’s (lysine and arginine) bind negatively charged DNA • Four core histones: H2A, H2B, H3, H4 in 1:1:1:1 ratio • Linker histone: H1 in variable ratio Chromatin Fibers 11-nm fiber 30-nm fiber • beads = nucleosomes • physiological ionic • compaction = 2.5X strength (0.15 M KCl) • low ionic strength buffer • compaction = 42X • H1 not required • H1 required Micrococcal Nuclease Digestion of Chromatin Stochiometry of Histones and DNA • 146 bp DNA ca. 100 kDa • 8 histones ca 108 kDa • mass ratio of DNA:protein 1:1 Structure of Core Nucleosome 1.65 left handed turns of DNA around histone octamer Histone Structure Assembly of a Histone Octamer Nucleosomes Are Dynamic Chromatin Remodeling Large complexes of ≥ 10 proteins Use energy of ATP hydrolysis to partially disrupt histone-DNA contacts Catalyze nucleosome sliding or nucleosome removal 30-nm Chromatin Fiber Structure ?? Models for H1 and Core Histone Tails in Formation of 30-nm Fiber Histone Tails Covalent Modifications -
Chromatin That Guides Dosage Compensation Is Modulated by the Sirna Pathway in Drosophila Melanogaster
HIGHLIGHTED ARTICLE | INVESTIGATION Chromatin That Guides Dosage Compensation Is Modulated by the siRNA Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster Nikita Deshpande and Victoria H. Meller1 Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 ABSTRACT Many heterogametic organisms adjust sex chromosome expression to accommodate differences in gene dosage. This requires selective recruitment of regulatory factors to the modulated chromosome. How these factors are localized to a chromosome with requisite accuracy is poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster males increase expression from their single X chromosome. Identification of this chromosome involves cooperation between different classes of X-identity elements. The chromatin entry sites (CES) recruit a chromatin-modifying complex that spreads into nearby genes and increases expression. In addition, a family of satellite repeats that is enriched on the X chromosome, the 1.688X repeats, promotes recruitment of the complex to nearby genes. The 1.688X repeats and CES are dissimilar, and appear to operate through different mechanisms. Interestingly, the siRNA pathway and siRNA from a 1.688X repeat also promote X recognition. We postulate that siRNA-dependent modification of 1.688X chromatin contributes to recognition of nearby genes. In accord with this, we found enrichment of the siRNA effector Argonaute2 (Ago2) at some 1.688X repeats. Mutations in several proteins that physically interact with Ago2, including the histone methyltransferase Su(var)3-9, enhance the lethality of males with defective X recognition. Su(var)3-9 deposits H3K9me2 on some 1.688X repeats, and this mark is disrupted upon ectopic expression of 1.688X siRNA. Furthermore, integration of 1.688X DNA on an autosome induces local H3K9me2 de- position, but enhances expression of nearby genes in a siRNA-dependent manner.