Turkish Immigration Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis

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Turkish Immigration Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis Working Paper Division Global Issues Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Sophia Hoffmann, Sahizer Samuk Turkish Immigration Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis SWP Working Papers are online publications within the purview of the respective Research Division. Unlike SWP Research Papers and SWP Comments they are not reviewed by the Institute. Ludwigkirchplatz 3•4 D-10719 Berlin Telefon +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] Working Paper Research Division Global Issues, 2016/No. 01, March 2016 SWP Berlin Content Executive Summary (Deutsch) ............................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................. 4 Turkish Immigration Politics and the Syrian Crisis .. 6 Background ................................................................................ 6 Syrian Migration to Turkey ................................................... 7 Turkish Policy Making in the Context of the Syrian Refugee Crisis ............................................................................ 9 Syrians in Turkey: Living Conditions and the Legal Framework .................................................................................. 13 Living Conditions .................................................................. 13 The Legal Framework ........................................................... 20 Can Development Aid Help? ............................................... 22 Lessons Learned and Policy Recommendations ........ 28 Lessons Learned...................................................................... 28 Policy Recommendations .................................................... 28 List of Abbreviations .............................................................. 30 About the Authors: Sophia Hoffmann is a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Bremen. She specialises in the interna- tional relations of the Middle East. Sahizer Samuk received her PhD in Institutions, Politics, and Policies from IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy. She specialises in temporary migration policies, integration policies of Canada and the UK, and Turkish immigration policies. This working paper is part of the research project „Forced Displacement and Development Cooperation“, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Develop- ment. möglich“ und „nationalem Steuern soweit wie Executive Summary nötig“ hat bisher insgesamt recht erfolgreich (Deutsch) funktioniert. Die Lebensumstände von Syrern in der Türkei Die türkische Immigrationspolitik befindet sich sind vor allem abhängig von deren Ausgangssi- derzeit im Wandel. Seit 2014 gibt es ein neues tuation. Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen Immigrationsgesetz und eine neue Behörde, hinsichtlich Zugang zu Bildung, Gesundheitsvor- unter deren Dach alle immigrationspolitischen sorge, Wohnrecht, Nothilfe und Freizügigkeit Belange vereint werden sollen. sind gut, aber praktische Hürden wie Armut, die Sprachbarriere, fehlende Informationen und Die syrische Flüchtlingskrise hat die Türkei, die Transportmöglichkeiten verhindern häufig ihre erst seit den 90er Jahren größere Flüchtlingszah- Nutzung. Besonders in der Grenzregion im len verzeichnet, vor nie dagewesene Herausfor- Südosten und in den großen Städten sind derungen gestellt. Während es in den ersten Anzeichen von akuter Verarmung der syrischen Jahren (2011-2014) vor allem um die Organisati- Bevölkerung zu beobachten: Kinderarbeit und on von Nothilfe ging, müssen nun Maßnahmen ausbeuterische, illegale Arbeitsverhältnisse sind zur langfristigen Integration von Syrern ergriffen verbreitet. werden. Insbesondere gilt es, die Beschulung von syrischen Kindern zu verbessern (derzeit bei Bisher erhält die Türkei keine bedeutenden geschätzten 20-25%) und den Zugang von Syrern bilateralen oder multilateralen Gelder aus der zum Arbeitsmarkt zu regeln. Hierfür wurde im Entwicklungszusammenarbeit; tatsächlich ist die Januar 2016 ein Gesetz erlassen, wonach Syrer Türkei ein Geberland. Seit Oktober 2015 gibt es nach sechs Monaten Aufenthalt eine Arbeitser- einen gemeinsamen Aktionsplan der EU und der laubnis erhalten können. Die Auswirkungen Türkei, der finanzielle Hilfe vorsieht, um die dieser wichtigen Neuerung sind noch abzuwar- Türkei bei der Integration der syrischen ten. Gleichzeitig wurde eine Visumspflicht für Flüchtlinge zu unterstützen. Aber dieser explizit Syrer, die über Drittländer einreisen, eingeführt. politische Aktionsplan ist nicht mit einer Die offizielle „open door“ Politik der Türkei Maßnahme der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zu gegenüber Syrern muss auch dahingehend verwechseln (er verfolgt das Ziel, die Zahl der qualifiziert werden, dass Grenzübergänge nach Syrer, die in die EU weiterreisen, zu verringern). Syrien während der zweiten Jahreshälfte 2015 Aufgrund der besonderen Situation der Türkei weitestgehend geschlossen blieben und türkische bedarf es partnerschaftlich ausgehandelter Sicherheitskräfte die meisten Schmuggelrouten Programme, die sowohl finanzielle und techni- zwischen der Türkei und Syrien geschlossen sche Hilfe umfassen, evtl. mit einem Augenmerk haben. auf Erfahrungsaustausch, wie in europäischen Ländern z. B. die Integration von Kindern ohne Etwa 85% der geschätzten zwei Millionen Syrer einheimische Sprachkenntnisse erfolgt. Inter- in der Türkei leben nicht in Lagern, sondern in views mit Entscheidungsträgern in der Türkei selbstständig gemieteten Unterkünften. Der ergaben, dass eine „Lastenteilung“ mit der EU türkische Katastrophenschutz AFAD leitet 26 hinsichtlich der Syrienkrise stark gewünscht Lager; weitere sollen nicht hinzukommen. wird. Mehr noch als Finanzhilfe erwarten Innerhalb der Lager ist die Notversorgung, türkische Entscheidungsträger von Seiten inklusive Schulen, zentral organisiert. Außerhalb Deutschlands und der EU diplomatisches findet die Versorgung dezentral statt, durch Engagement zur Beendigung des Syrienkonflikts staatliche und nicht-staatliche Organisationen sowie die Aufnahme einer größeren Zahl der (türkische und internationale). Insgesamt zurzeit in der Türkei ansässigen Flüchtlinge als entwickelt sich die türkische Flüchtlingspolitik bisher. entlang zweier Achsen: a) durch pragmatisches Improvisieren lokaler Akteure und b) durch zentrales Management nationaler Behörden. Dabei folgen die Letzteren häufig den Fakten, die durch Erstere geschaffen wurden. Diese Balance zwischen „lokaler Autonomie soweit wie SWP-Berlin Turkish Immigration Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis March 2016 3 who loses from the integration of Syrians? And what kind of structures and systems are Introduction necessary to smooth the process? Countries across the EU are struggling with the same The Syrian war created an unprecedented questions, and EU governments may well benefit situation in Turkey. In the space of three short from learning about Turkey’s experiences so far. years, two million Syrian refugees arrived. Vice versa, Turkey can learn from those EU Turkey never before witnessed such a large influx countries with decades-long experience of how to of people. The fact that Syrian immigration has integrate long-term migrants into existing public not led to a moral panic in Turkey, and has in infrastructure and administrative systems. fact not even become a particularly salient issue in domestic politics, is remarkable. This report Turkey’s policy making towards Syrian refugees presents a description and a critical analysis of has been characterized by a mix of unplanned Turkey’s reaction to Syrian immigration. pragmatism on the local and regional level, and calibrated legal and political steering by national policy makers. Much innovation has happened Turkey’s policies are currently in flux and this spontaneously in those areas with a large Syrian report risks being rapidly outdated. In January population; this process was helped by a flexible 2016, two important changes were announced: application of the law, autonomy for municipal first, Turkey introduced a visa requirement for actors, a well-organised, national disaster Syrians arriving from third countries via air or response, and an effective cooperation between sea; and second, a work permit regulation for state organisations and civil society actors. The Syrians, who have lived over six months in ability of Syrians to self-organise and create new Turkey, was announced. According to the civil society organisations in exile, and the fact Turkish government, Syrians crossing directly that they have been given the space to do so, has into Turkey to flee the conflict will still be been an important, constructive factor in the allowed entry without visas. But human rights emergency response. organisations have reported growing restrictions and pushbacks of Syrian asylum seekers arriving Syrians have, overall and so far, benefitted from across the south-eastern border. Turkey’s open door policy and aid provision. Their situation inside Turkey is highly varied, These recent policy changes should be considered reflecting the diversity of class and education as at least connected to – if not as a direct result levels present in Syria before the war. The of – the EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan, which was poorest Syrians in Turkey face harsh poverty and agreed upon between Turkey and the EU in social exclusion. As exile wears on, Syrians need October 2015. In summary, the complex plan to be able to develop opportunities, especially announces a transfer
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