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Feminist Ethics: from Local to Global Book Reviews FEMINIST ETHICS: FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL by Andrea C. Westlund Barbara S. Andrew, Jean Keller, & Lisa H. Schwartzman, eds., FEMINIST INTERVENTIONS IN ETHICS AND POLITICS. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 245p. bibl. index. pap., $34.95, ISBN 978-0742542693. Rebecca Whisnant & Peggy DesAutels, eds., GLOBAL FEMINIST ETHICS. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. 285p. bibl. index. $75.00, ISBN 978-074255903. Virginia Held, THE ETHICS OF CARE: PERSONAL, POLITICAL, AND GLOBAL. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006, 2007. 2p. bibl. index. $75.00, ISBN 978-095325904; pap., $45.00, ISBN 978-09580992. Feminist ethics and social theory ly, the global dimensions and potential that the category of gender cannot be are by now well-established philo- of these concepts for feminist theory taken for granted. In recent years many sophical subfields, characterized by and practice. Feminist Interventions in feminist theorists (some influenced by an impressive variety of approaches Ethics and Politics (henceforth Feminist multicultural and global perspectives, and themes that are united in the Interventions) is primarily theoretical in others by varieties of post-modern and conviction that gender matters. That is, its orientation, while Global Feminist post-structural theory) have questioned gender (however we are to understand Ethics contains more applied ethics. the usefulness of the category, fear- that vexed category) matters to our Virginia Held’s book, as its title sug- ing that any attempt to define women construction of moral problems, our gests, provides a sustained treatment of will be problematically essentialist and understanding of moral agency, our the branch of feminist ethics that has exclusionary. At the same time, many assessment of moral theories and prac- come to be known as the ethics of care, have stressed the reality and urgency of tices, our articulation of central moral tracing out its philosophical lineage as women’s oppression, wondering how concepts, and much more besides. This well as suggesting how it might be ap- feminist theory and practice can be trio of books, the first two of which plied to moral and social problems at coherent and effective without some are recent installments in the Feminist the national and international levels. understanding of what or who women Constructions series edited by Hilde are. Lindemann, Sara Ruddick, and Marga- Feminist Interventions is a good ret Urban Walker, provide an excellent place to start, in part because it has The three chapters grouped in snapshot of the current state of scholar- the earliest publication date, but more Part I of Feminist Interventions are ship in these fields. Anyone wishing to significantly because it begins with among the most careful and con- orient herself within current feminist a set of refreshing new essays on the structive treatments of these issues I ethics and social thought would do concepts of gender and sex themselves. have read in a long time. All seek to well to start with these volumes, which As the editors of this volume note, transcend the current impasse in the have much to offer both newcomers feminist scholars began treating gender debates over gender and its relation to and seasoned participants in the de- as a significant category of analysis sex. Linda Martin Alcoff and Marilyn bates around which they are structured. more than thirty years ago. In doing Frye both argue that it is possible to so they generated important lines of acknowledge some biological under- Though their emphases dif- critique of traditional theories, as well pinnings of gender categories without fer, the three books share overlapping as fresh new approaches to a range of treating members of those categories themes. Among the most prominent moral, political, and social problems. as homogeneous or as biologically de- foci of attention are justice-related con- Indeed, some of those problems were termined to fill particular social roles. cepts such as rights and equality, care- hard even to recognize as problems Interestingly, Frye argues that the es- related concepts such as compassion without the conceptual tools made sentialism debates have been driven by and responsiveness to need, and, final- available by gender analysis. It has a mistaken view about what biological become increasingly clear, however, and social categories are and how they work. While I do not have space to Page 6 Feminist Collections (v.30, no.4, Fall 2009) Book Reviews outline the details of her argument, Kantian starting points in the duty of women’s oppression once that oppres- it is both creative and careful and, in beneficence. (It is interesting to juxta- sion is well recognized, the methods my view, succeeds in shedding new pose Miller’s chapter with Held’s book, of radical feminism are more effective light on a persistent problem. Ann described below, which takes the more in identifying women’s oppression in Ferguson’s contribution rounds out the conventional tack of pitting the ethics the first place. Alison Kafer argues that section, arguing that we should not of care squarely against both Kantian- ecofeminists have failed to examine reject the sex–gender distinction “just ism and utilitarianism.) disability oppression and suggests because both ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ ways in which the ecofeminist have been socially and historical- and disability rights movements ly constructed” (p.59). Ferguson might productively interact by defends a “social energy” theory focusing on issues such as green of gender identity and sexual design, environmental health orientation on which one’s sense issues, and health care policy. of self is multiple, layered, and Michele Moody-Adams responds constantly changing. to critics, such as Christina Hoff I have spent some time on Sommers, who claim that femi- the essays in Part I (which are nism has lost sight of the ideal of more directly about metaphysics equality and has become fixated than ethics) because they raise on women’s (alleged) status as and tackle difficult conceptual victims. While Moody-Adams issues that have lurked in the acknowledges that not all such background — and have some- critiques have been fair or ac- times emerged in the foreground curate, she thinks they contain — of the very project of de- a kernel of truth: even multiply veloping a specifically feminist oppressed women are never pure ethics. The remainder of the victims, she argues, and even if chapters in Feminist Interventions women’s preferences are partly (and those in its companion vol- shaped by oppressive conditions, ume, Global Feminist Ethics) are women must nonetheless be a testament to the great variety recognized and treated as agents of approaches that have grown capable of critical reflection and out of this project, and to the social change. sophistication that many of these approaches have achieved. Part III includes new challenges to Part IV turns to global issues in particular forms of feminism, includ- feminist ethics and political theory, Part II of Feminist Interventions ing liberal feminism, ecofeminism, including Bat-Ami Bar On’s reflections focuses on virtues and their costs. Lisa and so-called victim feminism. Liberal on just war theory and Shelly Wilcox’s Tessman examines the psychological feminism has, of course, been chal- illuminating gender analysis of Ameri- burdens associated with virtues — such lenged from multiple directions for can immigration policy. In an essay as intense and unyielding anger — that several decades, but its contemporary that is sure to become widely cited and might be needed for effective resis- defenders (including such prominent widely assigned, Alison Jaggar raises tance to oppression, and challenges feminist philosophers as Martha Nuss- a core question for global feminism: the idea that virtues always benefit or baum, Susan Okin, and others) are far How can feminist philosophers in the lead to the flourishing of their bear- more sophisticated in their arguments global North respond to practices in ers. Laura Cannon offers a critique of and less vulnerable to standard objec- the global South that appear to be op- and response to Martha Nussbaum’s tions than were some of their prede- pressive to women, without adopting a conception of compassion, and Sarah cessors. But Lisa Schwartzman makes colonializing stance? Jaggar argues that Clark Miller defends the refreshingly a compelling case that, even if lib- non-intervention has not been a genu- unorthodox thesis that an ethics of eral feminism has the tools to address care might be best developed from Feminist Collections (v.30, no.4, Fall 2009) Page 7 Book Reviews ine option for a very long time, since domestic workers, and Virginia Held The chapters in Part II address the fates of the global North and South considers how an ethics of care might global problems of hunger and poverty are already intertwined in many ways. contribute to the erosion of the distinc- from a feminist perspective. Mari- Northern feminists must not abdicate tion between men’s and women’s work. lyn Fischer draws a parallel between responsibility for the plight of women I found Nelson’s contribution, “Ex- contemporary ethics of care and Jane elsewhere, but Jaggar suggests that we porting Childbirth,” particularly inter- Addams’s pragmatic approach to mobi- may do the most good by attending esting. The experience of childbirth is lizing women against hunger in Europe to and addressing the ways in which often cited as significant by contempo- after World War I. Victoria Davion Northern economic policies and develops a feminist perspective political principles are implicated on issues of trust, choice, and in injustices to women in the the construction of “knowledge” global South. in the global controversy over the safety of genetically modi- The themes of this final fied foods. Peter Higgins, Audra section of Feminist Interventions King, and April Shaw collaborate are picked up and further devel- to develop a new definition of oped in Global Feminist Ethics.
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