DOCSLIB.ORG

Anatomy, Embryology and Elementary Morphogenesis Bscbo-202

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

BSCBO- 202 B. Sc. II YEAR Anatomy, Embryology and Elementary Morphogenesis DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 BSCBO-202 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni Department of Botany Department of Botany HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus, Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Dr. Prem Prakash 1, 2, 3 & 4 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Govt. PG College Dwarahat 2. Dr. Sushma Tamta 5, 6 & 7 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 3. Dr. Nishesh Sharma 8 & 10 Assistant Prof., Department of Biotechnology, Chinmaya Degree College, BHEL, Haridwar 4. Dr. Ritu V. Singhal 9 Assistant Prof., Department of Botany, Chinmaya Degree College, BHEL, Haridwar Course Editor Prof. Y.P.S Pangtey Retired Professor, Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital Title : Anatomy, Embryology and Elementary Morphogenesis ISBN No. : 978-93-90845-31-6 Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2021 Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 CONTENTS BLOCK-1GENERAL ANATOMY PAGE NO. Unit-1-Tools and Techniques in Plant Anatomy 6-21 Unit-2-Types of Tissues and Anatomy of Root, Shoot and Leaf 22-58 Unit-3-Structure of Vascular tissues 59-82 Unit-4-Normal and Anomalous growth 83-110 BLOCK-2 EMBRYOLOGY PAGE NO. Unit-5- Male Gametophytes 112-135 Unit-6- Female Gametophytes 136-161 Unit-7- Fertilization and Post Fertilization 162-194 BLOCK-3 MORPHOGENESIS PAGE NO. Unit-8- Plant Morphogenesis and Morphogenetic factors 196-220 Unit-9- Plant Growth Regulators 221-241 Unit-10-Physiology of Flowering 242-268 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 BLOCK-1 GENERAL ANATOMY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 UNIT-1 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN PLANT ANATOMY 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Tools in plant anatomy 1.4 Techniques in plant anatomy 1.5 Summary 1.6 Glossary 1.7 Self Assessment Question 1.8 References 1.9 Suggested Readings 1.10 Terminal Questions UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 1.1 OBJECTIVES After reading this unit students will be able - • to familiar with the history of microscopy and different parts of compound microscopes. • to learn different techniques of anatomy like sectioning and staining. • to know Mounting media and mounting techniques. • to explain the common stains for plant cells 1.2 INTRODUCTION As in all experimental sciences, research in plant anatomy depends on the laboratory methods that can be used to study cell structure and function. Many important advances in understanding cells have directly followed the development of new methods that have opened novel avenues of investigation. An appreciation of the experimental tools available to the cell biologist is thus critical to understanding both the current status and future directions of this rapidly moving area of science. The elements of the plant cell are the membrane and the protoplast. The protoplast includes the cytoplasm, the nucleus, the plastids, the mitochondria, and other organelles. In the past, the chief objects of study in plant anatomy were the vegetative organs (stem, root, and leaf); today, attention is also given to the structure of flowers, fruits, and seeds. Within the field of plant anatomy there is: (1) Physiological plant anatomy, which is concerned with the links existing between plant structure and internal processes. (2) Ecological plant anatomy, which is the study of environmental effects on plant structure. (3) Pathological plant anatomy, which is the study of the effect of disease-producing agents of a biological, physical, and chemical character on plant structure, and (4) Comparative or systematic plant anatomy, which introduces the comparative study of representatives of the different systematic groups (taxa) - species, genera, families, and so forth for the clarification of their phylogenetic bonds. The basic method used in plant anatomy, or the study of internal plant structure, is the preparation of thin slices which are studied microscopically. From this the science “derives its name (in Greek, anatome means “dissection”). The emergence of the field of plant anatomy is closely related to the invention and perfection of the microscope. The English physicist R. Hooke observed in 1665 the cellular structure of thin slices of cork, elder pith, and wood from various plants, using a microscope of his own improved design. The real founders of plant anatomy, however, are considered to be the Italian biologist M. Malpighi and the English botanist N. Grew, who published the first (1675–79) and the second (1682) works on this subject; in these works the results of a systematic microscopic study of UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 plant material were presented. Further development came only at the beginning of the 19th century. The German scientist J. Moldenhawer in 1812 and the French researcher R. Dutrochet in 1824 were able to divide plant tissue into its component cells through maceration (soaking). In 1831 the English botanist R. Brown observed the cell nucleus; this achievement, in combination with the studies of the German botanist M. J. Schleiden, played a great role in the founding of cellular theory, whose author was the German biologist T. Schwann (in 1839). Great contributions to the field of plant anatomy were made by the French biologist Edward. van Tieghem and the German biologists Antony de Bary, Carl Von Nageli, K. Sanio, J. Hanstein, and S. Schwendener. 1.3 TOOLS IN PLANT ANATOMY The theoretical knowledge is incomplete without the practical work. Plants are easily available material for the lab studies and their study in the lab adds immense knowledge to the subject. The practical work develops the scientific outlook and makes the rational approach based on facts and figures. For a better observation and defining the anatomical features of the plants in the laboratory we use different tools and techniques. Practical Microscopy: The cells of plants are quite minute and microscopic in size, so cannot be observed by naked eyes. Such objects are visible only under microscopes. Our eye has limited magnification or resolution power so unable to distinguish the objects smaller than 0.1 mm. Moreover the living cells are transparent in ordinary light and cannot be distinguished among various cellular components. The microscopes are the most important tools in the plant anatomy and their magnification power is achieved by lenses of various type. The fascinating world of microorganisms and different anatomical features would have remained unknown had the microscope not been invented. Roger Bacon (1267) described a lens for the first time. However, his observation was not pursued immediately thereafter. In 1590 glass polishers Hans and Zacchrius Jensen constructed a crude type of simple microscope by placing two lenses together, which permitted them to see minute objects. In 1609-1610 Galileo made the first simple microscope with a focusing device and observed the water flea through his microscope. In 1617-1619 the first double lens microscope with a single convex objective and ocular appeared the inventor of which was thought to be the physicist C. Drebbel. This microscope was used to study the cells, plant and animal tissue, and also the minute living organisms. Till then, the name microscope had not been given to this device; the name „microscope‟ was first proposed by Faber in 1625. The credit of developing a compound microscope with multiple lenses goes to Robert Hooke (1665) of England. It was only after 1670 that a cloth merchant of Delft (Holland), Antony van UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 8 ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS BSCBO-202 Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), started his hobby of making microscopes. Considerable progress was made in improving the microscope in nineteenth century. Compound Microscope: A compound microscope is the
Recommended publications
  • 3 Embryology and Development

    3 Embryology and Development

    BIOL 6505 − INTRODUCTION TO FETAL MEDICINE 3. EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT Arlet G. Kurkchubasche, M.D. INTRODUCTION Embryology – the field of study that pertains to the developing organism/human Basic embryology –usually taught in the chronologic sequence of events. These events are the basis for understanding the congenital anomalies that we encounter in the fetus, and help explain the relationships to other organ system concerns. Below is a synopsis of some of the critical steps in embryogenesis from the anatomic rather than molecular basis. These concepts will be more intuitive and evident in conjunction with diagrams and animated sequences. This text is a synopsis of material provided in Langman’s Medical Embryology, 9th ed. First week – ovulation to fertilization to implantation Fertilization restores 1) the diploid number of chromosomes, 2) determines the chromosomal sex and 3) initiates cleavage. Cleavage of the fertilized ovum results in mitotic divisions generating blastomeres that form a 16-cell morula. The dense morula develops a central cavity and now forms the blastocyst, which restructures into 2 components. The inner cell mass forms the embryoblast and outer cell mass the trophoblast. Consequences for fetal management: Variances in cleavage, i.e. splitting of the zygote at various stages/locations - leads to monozygotic twinning with various relationships of the fetal membranes. Cleavage at later weeks will lead to conjoined twinning. Second week: the week of twos – marked by bilaminar germ disc formation. Commences with blastocyst partially embedded in endometrial stroma Trophoblast forms – 1) cytotrophoblast – mitotic cells that coalesce to form 2) syncytiotrophoblast – erodes into maternal tissues, forms lacunae which are critical to development of the uteroplacental circulation.
  • The Gigas Effect: a Reliable Predictor of Ploidy? Case Studies in Oxalis

    The Gigas Effect: a Reliable Predictor of Ploidy? Case Studies in Oxalis

    The gigas effect: A reliable predictor of ploidy? Case studies in Oxalis by Frederik Willem Becker Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Science at Stellenbosch University Supervisors: Prof. Léanne L.Dreyer, Dr. Kenneth C. Oberlander, Dr. Pavel Trávníček March 2021 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2021 …………………………. ………………… F.W. Becker Date Copyright © 2021 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Whole Genome Duplication (WGD), or polyploidy is an important evolutionary process, but literature is divided over its long-term evolutionary potential to generate diversity and lead to lineage divergence. WGD often causes major phenotypic changes in polyploids, of which the most prominent is the Gigas effect. The Gigas effect refers to the enlargement of plant cells due to their increased amount of DNA, causing plant organs to enlarge as well. This enlargement has been associated with fitness advantages in polyploids, enabling them to successfully establish and persist, eventually causing speciation. Using Oxalis as a study system, I examine whether Oxalis polyploids exhibit the Gigas effect using 24 species across the genus from the Oxalis living research collection at the Stellenbosch University Botanical Gardens, Stellenbosch.
  • Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection

    Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection

    Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education
  • Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)

    Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)

    Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XV Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Á Eudicots XV Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit • Volker Bittrich With 85 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universita¨t Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universita¨t Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ISBN 978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961008 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
  • Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor

    Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor

    Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor: Rebecca Bailey 1 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation • Terms - Anatomy: the study of body structure and relationships among structures - Physiology: the study of body function • Levels of Organization - Chemical level 1. atoms and molecules - Cells 1. the basic unit of all living things - Tissues 1. cells join together to perform a particular function - Organs 1. tissues join together to perform a particular function - Organ system 1. organs join together to perform a particular function - Organismal 1. the whole body • Organ Systems • Anatomical Position • Regional Names - Axial region 1. head 2. neck 3. trunk a. thorax b. abdomen c. pelvis d. perineum - Appendicular region 1. limbs • Directional Terms - Superior (above) vs. Inferior (below) - Anterior (toward the front) vs. Posterior (toward the back)(Dorsal vs. Ventral) - Medial (toward the midline) vs. Lateral (away from the midline) - Intermediate (between a more medial and a more lateral structure) - Proximal (closer to the point of origin) vs. Distal (farther from the point of origin) - Superficial (toward the surface) vs. Deep (away from the surface) • Planes and Sections divide the body or organ - Frontal or coronal 1. divides into anterior/posterior 2 - Sagittal 1. divides into right and left halves 2. includes midsagittal and parasagittal - Transverse or cross-sectional 1. divides into superior/inferior • Body Cavities - Dorsal 1. cranial cavity 2. vertebral cavity - Ventral 1. lined with serous membrane 2. viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane 3. thoracic cavity a. two pleural cavities contain the lungs b. pericardial cavity contains heart c. the cavities are defined by serous membrane d.
  • Beyond Plant Blindness: Seeing the Importance of Plants for a Sustainable World

    Beyond Plant Blindness: Seeing the Importance of Plants for a Sustainable World

    Sanders, Dawn, Nyberg, Eva, Snaebjornsdottir, Bryndis, Wilson, Mark, Eriksen, Bente and Brkovic, Irma (2017) Beyond plant blindness: seeing the importance of plants for a sustainable world. In: State of the World’s Plants Symposium, 25-26 May 2017, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, UK. (Unpublished) Downloaded from: http://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/4247/ Usage of any items from the University of Cumbria’s institutional repository ‘Insight’ must conform to the following fair usage guidelines. Any item and its associated metadata held in the University of Cumbria’s institutional repository Insight (unless stated otherwise on the metadata record) may be copied, displayed or performed, and stored in line with the JISC fair dealing guidelines (available here) for educational and not-for-profit activities provided that • the authors, title and full bibliographic details of the item are cited clearly when any part of the work is referred to verbally or in the written form • a hyperlink/URL to the original Insight record of that item is included in any citations of the work • the content is not changed in any way • all files required for usage of the item are kept together with the main item file. You may not • sell any part of an item • refer to any part of an item without citation • amend any item or contextualise it in a way that will impugn the creator’s reputation • remove or alter the copyright statement on an item. The full policy can be found here. Alternatively contact the University of Cumbria Repository Editor by emailing [email protected].
  • Introduction to Plant Embryology Dr

    Introduction to Plant Embryology Dr

    Introduction to Plant embryology Dr. Pallavi J.N.L. College Khagaul Plant Embryology • Embryology is the study of structure and development of embryo, including the structure and development of male and female reproductive organs, fertilisation and similar other processes. • Father of Indian Plant empryology- Panchanan Maheshwari • Plant embryogenesis is a process that occurs after the fertilization of an ovule to produce a fully developed plant embryo. This is a pertinent stage in the plant life cycle that is followed by dormancy and germination. • The zygote produced after fertilization, must undergo various cellular divisions and differentiations to become a mature embryo. An end stage embryo has five major components including the shoot apical meristem, hypocotyl, root meristem, root cap, and cotyledons. Unlike animal embryogenesis, plant embryogenesis results in an immature form of the plant, lacking most structures like leaves, stems, and reproductive structures. • The Phanerogams (the flowering-plants) are also called spermatophytes (the seed bearing plants). These plants propagate mainly through seeds. The seed is a structure in which the embryo is enclosed. Adjacent to the embryo, foods are stored either inside the endosperm (albuminous) or in cotyledon (exalbuminous) for future use. Life cycle of flowering plants • Alternation between a dominant sporophytic generation and a highly reduced gametophytic generation. Dominant sporophytic generation is diploid and reduced gaThe normal sexual cycle (amphimixing) involves two important processes: • (i) Meiosis and • (ii) Fertilization • In meiosis also known as reduction division, a diploid sporophytic cell spore mother cell) • gets converted into four haploid gametophytic cells. (“2n” number of chromosomes becomes half i.e. “n” number of chromosome) gametophytic generation is haploid.
  • Basic Brain Anatomy

    Basic Brain Anatomy

    Chapter 2 Basic Brain Anatomy Where this icon appears, visit The Brain http://go.jblearning.com/ManascoCWS to view the corresponding video. The average weight of an adult human brain is about 3 pounds. That is about the weight of a single small To understand how a part of the brain is disordered by cantaloupe or six grapefruits. If a human brain was damage or disease, speech-language pathologists must placed on a tray, it would look like a pretty unim- first know a few facts about the anatomy of the brain pressive mass of gray lumpy tissue (Luria, 1973). In in general and how a normal and healthy brain func- fact, for most of history the brain was thought to be tions. Readers can use the anatomy presented here as an utterly useless piece of flesh housed in the skull. a reference, review, and jumping off point to under- The Egyptians believed that the heart was the seat standing the consequences of damage to the structures of human intelligence, and as such, the brain was discussed. This chapter begins with the big picture promptly removed during mummification. In his and works down into the specifics of brain anatomy. essay On Sleep and Sleeplessness, Aristotle argued that the brain is a complex cooling mechanism for our bodies that works primarily to help cool and The Central Nervous condense water vapors rising in our bodies (Aristo- tle, republished 2011). He also established a strong System argument in this same essay for why infants should not drink wine. The basis for this argument was that The nervous system is divided into two major sec- infants already have Central nervous tions: the central nervous system and the peripheral too much moisture system The brain and nervous system.
  • Anatomy of Leaf Apical Hydathodes in Four Monocotyledon Plants of Economic and Academic Relevance Alain Jauneau, Aude Cerutti, Marie-Christine Auriac, Laurent D

    Anatomy of Leaf Apical Hydathodes in Four Monocotyledon Plants of Economic and Academic Relevance Alain Jauneau, Aude Cerutti, Marie-Christine Auriac, Laurent D

    Anatomy of leaf apical hydathodes in four monocotyledon plants of economic and academic relevance Alain Jauneau, Aude Cerutti, Marie-Christine Auriac, Laurent D. Noël To cite this version: Alain Jauneau, Aude Cerutti, Marie-Christine Auriac, Laurent D. Noël. Anatomy of leaf apical hydathodes in four monocotyledon plants of economic and academic relevance. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2020, 15 (9), pp.e0232566. 10.1371/journal.pone.0232566. hal-02972304 HAL Id: hal-02972304 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02972304 Submitted on 20 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE Anatomy of leaf apical hydathodes in four monocotyledon plants of economic and academic relevance 1☯ 2☯ 1,2 2 Alain Jauneau *, Aude Cerutti , Marie-Christine Auriac , Laurent D. NoeÈlID * 1 FeÂdeÂration de Recherche 3450, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, Universite Paul Sabatier, Castanet- Tolosan, France, 2 LIPM, Universite de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Universite Paul Sabatier, Castanet- Tolosan, France ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] (AJ); [email protected] (LN) a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Hydathode is a plant organ responsible for guttation in vascular plants, i.e.
  • Morphological Features of the Anther Development in Tomato Plants with Non-Specific Male Sterility

    Morphological Features of the Anther Development in Tomato Plants with Non-Specific Male Sterility

    biology Article Morphological Features of the Anther Development in Tomato Plants with Non-Specific Male Sterility Inna A. Chaban 1, Neonila V. Kononenko 1 , Alexander A. Gulevich 1, Liliya R. Bogoutdinova 1, Marat R. Khaliluev 1,2,* and Ekaterina N. Baranova 1,* 1 All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (I.A.C.); [email protected] (N.V.K.); [email protected] (A.A.G.); [email protected] (L.R.B.) 2 Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Agronomy and Biotechnology Faculty, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.R.K.); [email protected] (E.N.B.) Received: 3 January 2020; Accepted: 12 February 2020; Published: 17 February 2020 Abstract: The study was devoted to morphological and cytoembryological analysis of disorders in the anther and pollen development of transgenic tomato plants with a normal and abnormal phenotype, which is characterized by the impaired development of generative organs. Various abnormalities in the structural organization of anthers and microspores were revealed. Such abnormalities in microspores lead to the blocking of asymmetric cell division and, accordingly, the male gametophyte formation. Some of the non-degenerated microspores accumulate a large number of storage inclusions, forming sterile mononuclear pseudo-pollen, which is similar in size and appearance to fertile pollen grain (looks like pollen grain). It was discussed that the growth of tapetal cells in abnormal anthers by increasing the size and ploidy level of nuclei contributes to this process. It has been shown that in transgenic plants with a normal phenotype, individual disturbances are also observed in the development of both male and female gametophytes.
  • Week 1 Topic: Plant Anatomy Reading: Chapter 42, Sections 1-3 I Have A

    Week 1 Topic: Plant Anatomy Reading: Chapter 42, Sections 1-3 I Have A

    Biology 103, Spring 2008 Dr. Karen Bledsoe Notes http://www.wou.edu/~bledsoek/ Week 1 Reading: Chapter 42, sections 1-3 Topic: Plant anatomy I have a friend who’s an artist, and he sometimes takes a view which I don’t agree with. He’ll hold up a flower and say, “Look how beautiful it is,” and I’ll agree. But then he’ll say, “I, as an artist, can see who beautiful a flower is. But you, as a scientist, take it all apart and it becomes quite dull.” I think he’s kind of nutty... There are all kinds of interesting questions that come from a knowledge of science, which only adds to the excitement and mystery of a flower. It only adds. Richard Feynman, What Do You Care What Other People Think? (1989, p. 11) Main concepts: • The cell is the basic unit of all living things. Tissues are made up of one or more types of cells, organs are made up of tissues, and systems are made up of organs. Most groups of multicellular organisms, including plants, are made up of multiple organ systems. • The organs and organ systems of a plant include roots (root system), stems, leaves, and flowers (shoot system) • Plants are divided into two broad groups, the monocots (single cotyledon in the seed) and dicots (two cotyledons in the seed). A number of structural differences make these two groups fairly easy to tell apart: • monocots: 3 petals and 3 sepals (though the sepals may look like the petals), parallel veins in the leaves, fibrous root system.
  • Nymphaea Folia Naturae Bihariae Xli

    Nymphaea Folia Naturae Bihariae Xli

    https://biblioteca-digitala.ro MUZEUL ŢĂRII CRIŞURILOR NYMPHAEA FOLIA NATURAE BIHARIAE XLI Editura Muzeului Ţării Crişurilor Oradea 2014 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 2 Orice corespondenţă se va adresa: Toute correspondence sera envoyée à l’adresse: Please send any mail to the Richten Sie bitte jedwelche following adress: Korrespondenz an die Addresse: MUZEUL ŢĂRII CRIŞURILOR RO-410464 Oradea, B-dul Dacia nr. 1-3 ROMÂNIA Redactor şef al publicațiilor M.T.C. Editor-in-chief of M.T.C. publications Prof. Univ. Dr. AUREL CHIRIAC Colegiu de redacţie Editorial board ADRIAN GAGIU ERIKA POSMOŞANU Dr. MÁRTON VENCZEL, redactor responsabil Comisia de referenţi Advisory board Prof. Dr. J. E. McPHERSON, Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale, USA Prof. Dr. VLAD CODREA, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca Prof. Dr. MASSIMO OLMI, Universita degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy Dr. MIKLÓS SZEKERES Institute of Plant Biology, Szeged Lector Dr. IOAN SÎRBU Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”,Sibiu Prof. Dr. VASILE ŞOLDEA, Universitatea Oradea Prof. Univ. Dr. DAN COGÂLNICEANU, Universitatea Ovidius, Constanţa Lector Univ. Dr. IOAN GHIRA, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca Prof. Univ. Dr. IOAN MĂHĂRA, Universitatea Oradea GABRIELA ANDREI, Muzeul Naţional de Ist. Naturală “Grigora Antipa”, Bucureşti Fondator Founded by Dr. SEVER DUMITRAŞCU, 1973 ISSN 0253-4649 https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 3 CUPRINS CONTENT Botanică Botany VASILE MAXIM DANCIU & DORINA GOLBAN: The Theodor Schreiber Herbarium in the Botanical Collection of the Ţării Crişurilor Museum in