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Zvaigžņotā Debess Indekss 2214 ZVAIGÞÒOT DEBESS ZVAIGÞÒOT 2015 DEBESS RUDENS MEDÛZAS MIGLÂJS DVÎÒU ZVAIGZNÂJ Pa kreisi: Raugoties pret Sauli no Plutona çnas, ir redzama ne tikai tâ atmosfçra, bet arî dûmakas slâòi, kas rodas fotoíîmiskajâs reakcijâs. JHU APL / NASA foto Pa labi: Plutona kompozîtattçls no LORRI fotokameras melnbaltâ attçla 14. JÛLIJS: NASA ZONDE NEW HORIZONS PÂRLIDO PLUTONU kombinâcijâ ar Ralph krâsu datiem. Gaiðie apgabali ir klâti ar sasaluða slâpekïa STARTS no ZEMES ar ATOMBUMBÂM – ledâjiem, tumðie – ar organiskâm vielâm. JHU APL / NASA fotomontâþa SARUNA ar PROJEKTA ORION VADÎTÂJU Sk. Jaunbergs J. Plutona lielâ diena. ASOCIÂCIJAI FOTONIKA-LV 5 GADI Cena 3,00 PILNS MÇNESS APTUMSUMS 28. SEPTEMBRÎ Pielikumâ: ASTRONOMISKAIS KALENDÂRS 2016 CONTENTS “ZVAIGÞÒOT DEBESS” FORTY YEARS AGO E.Mûkins. Gravitation Maneuver in Interplanetary Flights (abridged). E.Mûkins. «Mariner-10» Passing Mercury for the Third Time (abridged). A.Balklavs. Discussing «Missing Mass in the Universe» (abridged). DEVELOPMENTS in SCIENCE K.Schwartz. Structure of Universe: Stars, Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies. D.Docenko. Hawking Radiation. ESO COSMIC GEMS I.Pundure. Beautiful Gorgon Medusa Nebula. SPACE RESEARCH and EXPLO- RATION J.Jaunbergs. A Big Day for Pluto. SPACE TECHNOLOGY in PRACTICE O.Dumbrâjs. Mil- limeter Waves in Fight against Terrorism. CONFERENCES and MEETINGS A.Atvars. Conference Dedicated to Association FOTONIKA-LV 5th Anniversary. FLASHBACK K.Schwartz. Centenary of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. R.Misa. Project Orion – boom, boom, boom in Space. A.Alksnis. Short Trips and Faraway Journeys (2nd continuation). For SCHOOL YOUTH M.Krastiòð. Latvia’s 43rd Open Astronomy Olympiad for Secondary School Students. M.Avotiòa. Solutions of Third Round Prob- lems of 65th Latvian State Mathematical Olympiad. BOOKS J.Balodis. Looking through the Book by Jânis Klçtnieks “Astronomy and Geodesy in Latvia till 20th Century” (continuation). COSMOS as an ART THEME J.Limansky, A.Limansky. Astronomy in Philately after IYA 2009: 2010-2013 (concluded). J.Kauliòð. ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA in the Autumn of 2015. Supplement: Astronomical Calendar 2016 (compiled by J.Kauliòð) ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ (¹ 229, Îñåíü, 2015)  «ZVAIGÞÒOT DEBESS» 40 ËÅÒ ÒÎÌÓ ÍÀÇÀÄ Ãðàâèòàöèîííûé ìàíeâð â ìåæïëàíåòíûõ ïîëeòàõ (ïî ñòàòüå Ý.Ìóêèíñà). «Mariner-10» â òðåòèé ðàç ó Ìåðêóðèÿ (ïî ñòàòüå Ý.Ìóêèíñà). Ñîâåùàíèå «Ñêðûòàÿ ìàññà âî Âñåëåííîé» (ïî ñòàòüå À.Áàëêëàâñà). ÏÎÑÒÓÏÜ ÍÀÓÊÈ Ê.Ùâàðö. Ñòðóêòóðà Âñåëåííîé: çâeçäû, ãàëàêòèêè è ñêîïëåíèÿ ãàëàêòèê. Ä.Äîöåíêî. Èçëó÷åíèå Õîêèíãà. ÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÎÊÐÎÂÈÙÀ ESO È.Ïóíäóðå. Ïðåêðàñíàÿ òóìàííîñòü èçóâåðêè Ìåäóçû. ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅ è ÎÑÂÎÅÍÈÅ ÊÎÑÌÎÑÀ ß.ßóíáåðãñ. Âåëèêèé äåíü Ïëóòîíà. ÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ íà ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÅ Î.Äóìáðàéñ. Ìèëëèìåòðîâûå âîëíû â áîðüáå ïðîòèâ òåððîðà. ÊÎÍÔÅÐÅÍÖÈÈ è ÑÎÂÅÙÀÍÈß À.Àòâàðñ. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïîñâÿùeííàÿ 5-îé ãîäîâùèíå aññîöèàöèè FOTONIKA-LV. ÎÃËßÄÛÂÀßÑÜ â ÏÐÎØËÎÅ Ê.Ùâàðö. Ñòîëåòèå Îáùåé òåîðèè îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè Ýéíøòåéíà. Ð.Ìèñà. Ïðîåêò Orion – áóì, áóì, áóì â êîñìîñ. À.Àëêñíèñ. Ïóòè áëèçêèå, ïóòè äàëeêèå (2-îå ïðîäîëæåíèå). Äëÿ ØÊÎËÜÍÎÉ ÌÎËÎÄEÆÈ Ì.Êðàñòèíüø. 43-ÿ Ëàòâèéñêàÿ îòêðûòàÿ îëèìïèàäà ïî àñòðîíîìèè äëÿ øêîëüíèêîâ. Visuma vçsture no Lielâ Sprâdziena lîdz mûsdienâm (13.8 mljrd. gadu laikâ): Visuma struktûras attîstîba no kvarkiem lîdz galaktikâm un melnajiem caurumiem; t – laiks (sekundçs, gados), E – fotonu Ì.Àâîòèíÿ. Ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷ 65-é Ëàòâèéñêîé îëèìïèàäû ïî ìàòåìàòèêe. ÊÍÈÃÈ ß.Áàëîäèñ. enerìija (gigaelektronvoltos GeV = 109 eV = 1.6·10-10 J). particleadventure.org ilustrâcija Ëèñòàÿ êíèãó ßíèñà Êëåòíèýêñà «Àñòðîíîìèÿ è ãåîäåçèÿ â Ëàòâèè äî 20-ãî âåêà» Sk. Ðvarcs K. Visuma struktûra: zvaigznes, galaktikas un galaktiku kopas. (ïðîäîëæåíèå). ÒÅÌÀ ÊÎÑÌÎÑÀ â ÈÑÊÓÑÑÒÂÅ Å.Ëèìàíñêèé, À.Ëèìàíñêèé. Àñòðîíîìèÿ â ôèëàòåëèè ïîñëå ÌÀà 2009: 2010-2013 (îêîí÷àíèå). Þ.Êàóëèíüø. ÍÅÁÅÑÍÛÅ ÑÂÅÒÈËÀ îñåíüþ 2015 ãîäà. Vâku 1. lpp.: 1. att. Ar Eiropas Dienvidobservatorijas ESO Ïoti lielo teleskopu VLT Èîlç uztverts Ïðèëîæåíèå: Àñòðîíîìè÷åñêèé êàëåíäàðü 2016 (ñîñòàâèòåëü Þ.Êàóëèíüø) Medûzas miglâja attçls – detalizçtâkais, kâds jebkad iegûts. Tâ kâ zvaigzne ðî miglâja vidienç gatavojâs pârejai savâ beigu stadijâ, tâ nometusi savus ârçjos slâòus izplatîjumâ, izveidojot ðo krâsaino mâkoni. THE STARRY SKY, No. 229, AUTUMN 2015 ZVAIGÞÒOT DEBESS, 2015. GADA RUDENS Irena Pundure Reì. apl. Nr. 0426 Taèu Medûzas miglâja zvaigþòu kodols nav spoþâ zvaigzne ðî attçla centrâ – tâ ir priekðplâna zvaigzne Compiled by “Mâcîbu grâmata”, Rîga, 2015 Sastâdîjusi Irena Pundure TYC 776-1339-1 (Tycho Catalogue). Medûzas centrâlâ zvaigzne ir blâvâka zilgana zvaigzne, kas In Latvian © Apgâds “Mâcîbu grâmata”, Rîga, 2015 atrodas tieði ârpus pusmçness aprises centra un ir attçla labajâ pusç. Ðis attçls vçstî par Saules likteni, Redaktore Anita Bula Datorsalicçjs Jânis Kuzmanis kas galu galâ arî taps par ðâda veida objektu. ESO attçls Sk. Pundure I. Briesmones Medûzas skaistais miglâjs. SATURS ZVAIGÞÒOT Pirms 40 gadiem «Zvaigþòotajâ debesî» Gravitâcijas manevrs starpplançtu lidojumos. DEBESS «Mariner-10» treðo reizi pie Merkura. Apspriede «Slçptâ masa Visumâ»...........................2 Zinâtnes ritums LATVIJAS ZINÂTÒU AKADÇMIJAS, Kurts Ðvarcs. Visuma struktûra: zvaigznes, LATVIJAS UNIVERSITÂTES galaktikas un galaktiku kopas.................................3 ASTRONOMIJAS INSTITÛTA Dmitrijs Docenko. Hokinga starojums.....................10 POPULÂRZINÂTNISKS ESO Kosmiskie dârgumi GADALAIKU IZDEVUMS Irena Pundure. Briesmones Medûzas skaistais miglâjs..................................................15 IZNÂK KOPÐ 1958. GADA RUDENS ÈETRAS REIZES GAD Kosmosa pçtniecîba un apgûðana Jânis Jaunbergs. Plutona lielâ diena......................17 Kosmiskâs tehnoloìijas praksç 2015. GADA RUDENS (229) Oïìerts Dumbrâjs. Milimetru elektromagnçtiskie viïòi cîòâ pret terorismu........................................23 Apspriedes un sanâksmes Aigars Atvars. Asociâcijas FOTONIKA-LV piecu gadu jubilejas konference...........................25 Atskatoties pagâtnç Kurts Ðvarcs. Einðteina Vispârîgâs relativitâtes teorijas simtgade.................................................28 Redakcijas kolçìija: Raitis Misa. Projekts Orion – bum, bum, bum LZA kor. loc. Dr. hab. math. A. Andþâns kosmosâ.............................................................29 (atbild. redaktors), LZA Dr. astron. h. c. Andrejs Alksnis. Ceïi tuvi – ceïi tâli (2.turpin.)........37 Dr. phys. A. Alksnis, K. Bçrziòð, Skolu jaunatnei Dr. sc. comp. M. Gills (atb. red. vietn.), Mâris Krastiòð. Latvijas 43. atklâtâ skolçnu Ph. D. J. Jaunbergs, Dr. phil. R. Kûlis, astronomijas olimpiâde........................................40 (atbild. sekretâre), I. Pundure Maruta Avotiòa. Latvijas 65. matemâtikas Dr. paed. I. Vilks olimpiâdes uzdevumu atrisinâjumi.........................45 Tâlrunis 67 034 581 Grâmatas E-pasts: [email protected] Jânis Balodis. Pârðíirstot Jâòa Klçtnieka grâmatu www.astr.lu.lv/zvd “Astronomija un ìeodçzija Latvijâ lîdz 20. www.lu.lv/zvd gadsimtam” (turpinâjums).....................................51 Digitâlais arhîvs: http://ejuz.lv/zvd Kosmosa tçma mâkslâ Jevgenijs Limanskis, Andrejs Limanskis. Astronomija filatçlijâ pçc SAG 2009: 2010-2013 (nobeigums)......................................55 Juris Kauliòð. Debess spîdekïi 2015. gada rudenî...58 Mâcîbu grâmata Pielikumâ: Astronomiskais kalendârs 2016 Rîga, 2015 (Sastâdîtâjs Juris Kauliòð) 1 PIRMS 40 GADIEM ZVAIGÞÒOTAJ DEBESÎ GRAVITÂCIJAS MANEVRS STARPPLANÇTU LIDOJUMOS Pçdçjos gados gan teorçtiskos pçtîjumos par starpplançtu lidojumiem, gan ziòojumos par jau notiekoðiem vai paredzamiem kosmisko aparâtu lidojumiem aizvien bieþâk tiek pieminçts gravitâcijas manevrs – trajektorijas izmainîðana vçlamajâ veidâ ar pârlidojamâs plançtas pievilkðanas spçka palîdzîbu, bez dzinçju lietoðanas. Ðâds manevrs kïûst par vienu no iedarbîgâkajiem lîdzekïiem starpplançtu lidojumu efektivitâtes palielinâðanai un to izmaksas samazinâðanai. Gravitâcijas manevra idejas realizâciju var atrast dabâ: astronomiem jau kopð 18. gs. zinâmi gadîjumi, kad komçtas pçc cieðas tuvoðanâs Jupiteram mainîjuðas savas orbîtas: daþreiz orbîta no eliptiskas kïuvusi par hiperbolisku un komçta uz visiem laikiem atstâjusi Saules sistçmu, citreiz elipses lielâ pusass stipri samazinâjusies un komçta no ilgperiodiskas kïuvusi par îsperiodisku. Cilvçka darinâtam kosmiskajam aparâtam, kustoties pa atbilstoði izvçlçtu trajektoriju, atliek tikai vajadzîbas gadîjumâ to pirms pârlidojuma pielabot ar korekcijas dzinçja palîdzîbu, lai plançtas gravitâcijas lauks ðo trajektoriju vçlamajâ veidâ pârmainîtu. Ðâdu gravitâcijas manevru, kad dzinçjs tikai palîdz kosmisko aparâtu precîzi notçmçt un pârçjo veic plançtas pievilkðanas spçks, sauc par pasîvu. Ja dzinçju lieto arî âtruma bûtiskai izmaiòai pericentra sasniegðanas brîdî, tad gravitâcijas manevru dçvç par aktîvu. (Saîsinâti pçc E. Mûkina raksta 5.-10. lpp.) MARINER-10 TREÐO REIZI PIE MERKURA 1975. g. 16. martâ (17. – pçc Maskavas laika) amerikâòu kosmiskais aparâts Mariner-10 treðo reizi tuvojâs Merkuram un pârlidoja to tikai 300 km augstumâ, kas ïâva iegût lîdz ðim visdetalizçtâkos Merkura virsmas attçlus un jaunu vçrtîgu informâciju par plançtas vâjo magnçtisko lauku. Mariner-10 darbojâs gandrîz pusotru gadu paredzçtâ pusgada vietâ, pârlidojot Merkuru katru reizi pa citâdu trajektoriju, palielinot iegûtâs informâcijas daudzpusîbu. Mariner-10 deva negaidîtu rezultâtu: izrâdîjâs, ka Merkuru aptver vâjð magnçtiskais lauks. Magnçtiskâ lauka mçrîjumi nepârprotami parâdîja, ka to rada elektrodinamiski procesi Merkura ðíidrajâ kodolâ, kas acîmredzot
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