Non Native MuM staardss http://www.wildflowers-and- weed/idhlds.com/index.html • Important: Most "weed problems " are really "people problems" from poor land management and a lack of ecological insight. It is easy to reach for a tool like fire, mowing, or herbicides to attack an out-of-control weed, but often those tools do little to ge t t o th e root cause of th e weed infestation, and sometimes make the problems worse.

For exampp,le, careless use of herbicides kills out many desirable native species and simplifies ecosystems, allowing weeds to re-invade later on. San Francisco Recreation and Park DttDepartment • Natural Areas Program Control Methods and Herbicide Usage • The type of control method employed for pests in natural areas is under the discretion of the SFRPD Natural Areas Program (Tables 4-2 and 4-3). The Natural Areas Program’s policy is to use the least-toxic control methods whenever feasible and practical. Recentlyyg, the Natural Areas Program formalized restoration guidelines in Native Habitat Restoration: A guide for citizen involvement in San Francisco Natural Areas (SFRPD NAP 2000). This document covers preferred removal techniques for 15 invasive species and is intended primarily for use by community groups. The Natural Areas Program relies heavily on volunteer and contract labor for weed management. For example, in 2003 over 13,000 volunteer hours were spent restoring natural areas. The majority of these restoration activities involved invasive weed management. In 2001-2002, Natural Areas Program staff spent approximately 2 percent of their weed control time applying herbicide (exclusively Roundup Pro™). The remainder of the time (98 percent) involved manual and mechanical control methods (i.e., hand wweeding,eeding, power tools, etc.). UltUltimately,imately, human resources, site conditions, and level of infestation will determine the type of method used. • Factors that make manual and/or mechanical methods impractical include: • direct threats to human health and safety (e.g., steep, inaccessible, unstable slopes, significant poison oak infestations, etc.); • large infestations requiring ongoing repeated strenuous physical labor, such as picking and lifting, that may cause injury to staff, contract field crews, or volunteers; and • areas where access, human trampling, or soil disturbance may directly or indirectly damage native plant communities or cause soil erosion. – Current management methods employed by the Natural Areas Program include: – physical control methods, which range from hand-pulling weeds to the use of hand and mechanical tools to uproot, girdle, or cut ; – biological control , which involves revegetating clclearedeared areas and introducing native plants in an area to encourage competition with weeds; – chemical control, which involves the use of herbicides to suppress wildland weeds; and – public education and outreach. – Alternative methods such as grazing, burning, and solarization1 are experimental at this time. – Despite the emphasis on hand, mechanical and alternative methods of removal, herbicides are used to control invasive weeds in Natural Areas, especially when other methods are not feasible. Species Non Native • nigra • Brassica rapa • Cakile maritima • CdiCardaria c hlhalepens is • Cardaria draba • Cardaria pubescens • Chorispora tenella • Hirschfeldia incana • Lepidium latifolium • Lobularia maritima • Raphanus sativus • arvensis • Sisymbrium irio Mustard Species •AbilbArabis glabra •Barbarea orthoceras •Cardamine californica Native •Cardamine californica var. californica •Caulanthus heterophyllus •Caulanthus heterophyllus var. pseudosimulans • pinnata •Lepidium lasiocarpum var. lasiocarpum •Descurainia pinnata ssp. halictorum •Lepidium nitidum •Descurainia pinnata ssp. menziesii •Lepidium nitidum var. nitidum •Lepidium virginicum •Lepidiu m v irginicu m v ar. robinsonii •Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum •Rorippa palustris •Thysanocarpus laciniatus •Tropidocarpum gracile Black Mustard Herbaceous Description: GthfAGrowth form: Annual herb Size: to 2 m tall. Stem upright, hairy toward base, with a waxy coating (glaucous).Lower alternate, pinnately divided, stalked, not clasping, to 15 cm long, to 6 cm wide, base lobed, toothed, with a waxy coating (glaucous). Upper leaves alternate, stalked, not clasping, to 6 cm long, to 2 cm wide, lance-shaped to oblong, sometimes toothed, with a Found in Coastal waxy coating (glaucous) on the lower Sage SbScrub, surface. Flowers in branched clusters , yellow , to 1 cm Grassland, wide. Petals four. Stamens six.Fruit a narrow pod, Chaparral, Oak upright or appressed to the stem, 1 - 2 cm long, four- Savannas, and angled, with an 8 mm long beak. Seeds 1.5 - 2 mm disturbed areas long, brownish black, with about twenty per pod. Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, impedes of neighboring plants, can carry fire from grass to oak branches by creating a ‘fuel WHERE DID IT COME FROM: thought to be native to ladder’ grow profusely and reportedly Eurasia, where they have been in cultivation for produce allelopathic chemicals that inhibit thousands of years. Black mustard may have germination of native plants. been introduced to the US as a contaminant of Mowing is reported to be ineffective at cereal grain. Field mustard is the wild ancestor of eradicating mustard. turnip, and its roots are often fed to livestock . The general rule is that if you are looking up or level Mustard greens are highly nutritious, and have to the top of the plant, it is black mustard. If you are been used in traditional medicine for cancer. The looking down to the top of the plant, it is shortpod flowers are edible but may be allergenic to some mustard people. Brassica nigra

Black Mustard Brassica rapa Turnip/Field Mustard Herbaceous Description: Brassicaceae. Biennial herb with swollen tuberous white-fleshed taproot, lacking a neck; llihttdihibitltlkdleaves light to medium green, hairy or bristly, stalked, lyrate-pinnatifid, 30–50 cm long, stem-leaves Found in CSS, sometimes glaucous with clasping base; flowers Chaparral, Oak bright yellow, sepals spreading: petals 6–10 mm Savannas, long, those in anthesis close tog ether and commonl y grainfields, overtopping the unopened buds; outer 2 stamens orchards, and curved outwards at base and much shorter than inner disturbed areas stamens; fruit 4–6.5 cm long, with long tapering beak, on divaricate-ascending pedicels 3.2–6.5 cm long; seeds blackish or reddish-brown, 1. 5–2mmin2 mm in WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Cultivated in Europe diameter. Fl. and fr. second spring.. for over 4000 years, probably native to central and southern Europe, now spread throughout world, including most parts of the tropics. A cool climate crop, resis tant t o f rost and mild f reezes. G rown as Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, a spring or fall crop throughout the United States. impedes of neighboring plants, can carry fire Temperatures below 10°C cause bolting. from grass to oak branches by creating a ‘fuel ladder’ Cross , by various Brassica rapa insects, is necessary for good seed production in agricultural Turnip/Field settings, however this means that some cross pollination Mustard with native species may be possible.

Biological controls:Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) and Black rot are the most serious diseases. Other fungggpi attacking turnips include: Albugg,o candids, Alternaria brassicae , A. brassicicola, A. oleracea, A. herculea, A. tenuis, Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora albo-maculans, C. brassicicola, C. brassicae, Choanephora cucurbitarum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Colletotrichum higginsianum, Corticium solani, Cystopus candidus, Curvularia inaequalis, Erysiphe polygone, E. communis, Fusarium oxysporum, F.conglutinans, Gloeosporium concentricum, Leptosphaeria napi, Macrophomina phaseoli, Macrosporium macrosporum, Mycosphaerella brassicicola , Oidium erysiphoides , Peronospora parasitica , P. brassicae, Phoma lingam, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia sp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Septomyxa affine, Stemphylium botryosum, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea. Turnips may be parasitized by Orobanche cernua, or attacked by the following bacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacterium aroideae, Erwinia carotovora, E. aroideae, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pseudomonas maculicola, P. madrasensis, Xanthomonas campestris, and X. vesicatoria campestris, and X. vesicatoria. Viruses isolated from turnips include: Beet mild yellowing, Beet ringspot, Cabbage blackspot, Cauliflower mosaic, Crinkle mosaic, Cucumber mosaic, Kukitachina mosaic, Turnip latent, Turnip mosaic and Curly top. Nematodes attacking turnips include: Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H. pseudorobustus, Heterodera cruciferae, H. schachtii, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. i. acrita, M. javanica, Nacobbus aberrans, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. penetrans, P. projectus, and Trichodorus christiei. Turnip aphid, root maggot and flea beetles are the most injurious insect pests. All are considered pests by USDA to agriculture and may not be used to control the spread of this plant.. Brassica rapa

Field Mustard Cakile maritima Sea Rocket Herbaceous

Found in Beach Dunes, and disturbed areas Description: Brasicaceae. Perennial, prostrate or mound forming to erect. : obovate to spoon- shaped, petioled. Fruit: 1.5-3cm; upper segment conic to cylindric, tip acute to blunt. 2n=18. (Hickman WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Native to the 1993). Europe. Canada: root pounded and mixed with Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, flour by Native people in time of scarcity. impedes of neighboring plants. Seeds predominantly spread by sea water wave and tidal action. Cakile maritima

Sea Rocket Cakile maritima Cakile edentula Sea Rocket

• Dr. Eugene Kozloff professor at the University of Washington,describes C. maritima, the blades of most leaves are deeply lobed in a pinnate pattern. On both broader sides of the fruit, the tttwo segments are separat tdbed by a suture that is shaped like an inverted V and that may be somewhat wing like. The petals are usually about 8-10 mm long. • In C. edentula, the leaf blades usually have a wavy margin, or are just shallowly lobed near the base. The two segments of the fruit are separated by a simple constriction . The petals are about 6-8 mm long. A single plant can spread to an area 12 feet in diameter in its first year by sending up Cardaria chalepensis shoots via lateral underground stems, called rhizomes . Once established, a patch may Lens-podded continue to spread at 2 to 5 feet per year. Each plant can produce 1,200 to 4,800 seeds. Hoary Cress The seeds are only viable in Herbaceous the soil for about two years. Description: Brassicaceae. (20-40cm tall, as opposed Found in to 20-50 cm for the other species). The fruit is oval to Chaparral, Oak lens-shaped (Mulligan & Findlay, 1974), has a longer Savannas, and style, and does not narrow at the septum (i.e. where disturbed areas, the two chambers of the silicle meet). The fruit particularly after remains inflated when mature and is not grazing. conspicuously veined once dry (Robbins et al ., WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Cardaria species are 1952). Hybrids of C. chalepensis and C. draba may native to southwest Asia, although C. draba’s occur, but the progeny has not been described range extends into southeast Europe (Mulligan & (Mulligan & Frankton, 1962). Each fruit usually Frankton, 1962))p. C. chalepensis was introduced to contains four seeds, while C. draba usually has two North America approximately 20 years after C. seeds per fru it, (Mill er & C allih an, 1991) bu t this draba was, and probably arrived in alfalfa seed characteristic is unreliable. can self-pollinate and from Turkestan (Mulligan & Frankton, 1962). Early produce up to 850 fruits per flowering stem. Each collections were made in the USA in Chino, fruit contains approximately two seeds(Corns & (in 1918) and in Alberta, Canada (in Frankton,,) 1952) 1926) (Mulligan & Findlay, 1974). Today, C. Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, chalepensis is more widespread and persistent in western Canada than it is in the USA (Mulligan & impedes growth of neighboring plants. toxic Frankton, 1962) to livestock Cardaria chalepensis Cardaria draba Herbaceous Description: Brassicaceae. hardy perennial with Heart- stout, erect or procumbent stems that can grow 2-5dm tall. The plant is leafy below and PoddedHoary branching above with grayish stems (Jepson, 1953). Plants are glabrous or nearly so at the top Found in Cress and densely hairy below (Mulligan & Findlay, Chaparral, 1974). In general, they have a gray-green, soft Oak Savannas, hairy appearance (hence the name ‘hoary’). can and disturbed self-pollinate and produce up to 850 fruits per areas flowering stem. Each fruit contains approximately particularly two seeds(Corns & Frankton , 1952) after grazing Controls: The most effective herbicides are 2,4-D Variety of upland and amitrol. Chemicals provide the most control habitats, open when applied at the early bud or flowering stage. grassland and This is presumably when carbohydrates are fie lds an d a long movifing from ab ove tblto below groun ddd and riparian areas. herbicides are more likely to be transported to the roots. No USDA recommended biological control WHERE DID IT COME FROM: C. draba probably agents exist, and potential introductions from the traveled to the USA in ship’s ballast or native ranggpyge are complicated by the large numbers contaminated alfalfa (Mulligan & Findlay, 1974). It of cruciferous crops. Although the mite Acerea was first collected in North America in Yreka, draba is effective in sterilizing plants of Cardaria California in 1876, and Ontario, Canada in 1878 draba, it is also found on commercial crops, as is (Robbins, 1940; Mulligan & Findlay, 1974). Other the aphid, Aphis armoracea (Cook 1987). collections, such as in Napa, California (in 1893), a southwestern alfalfa field (in 1898), and New Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, York City (also in 1898) firmly established its impedes of neighboring plants, can carry fire presence on the continent (Robbins, 1940; from grass to oak branches by creating a ‘fuel Robbins et al., 1952).. ladder’ Cardaria draba

Pictures from The Global Invasive Species Team website Cardaria pubescens Description: Brassicaceae. hardy perennial. fruit and sepals are hairy and the fruit is taller than wide or Gl obe Podded Hoary globose and remains inflated when dry . Like C. chalepensis, the fruit of C. pubescens usually contain Cress four seeds (Miller & Callihan, 1991). The flower pedicels of C. chalepensis are held closely to the stem, giving the inflorescence a cylindrical Herbaceous appearance. (Pedicels of C. draba are not held as closely to the stem.) Finally, C. chalepensis foliage Found in has a purplish cast when flowering and in fruit Chaparral, Oak (Robbins et al., 1952). blooms May-June Savannas, and Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, impedes disturbed areas of neighboring plants, Will form a large dense particularly after spreading colonies if not controlled Thrive under a grazing. Variety of wide variety of soil conditions Bloom and set seed upland habitats, early in the growing season open grassland Seeding: Whitetop can be out-competed by and fields and dense stands of perennial grasses or legumes along riparian like alfalfa. areas. Mechanical Controls: Hand-pulling is only minimally effective because the plants regenerate from the roots. WHERE DID IT COME FROM: C. pubescens The roots must be removed and the site diligently probably arrived in infested alfalfa seed from monitored for plants that may emerge from root Turkestan (Mulligan & Frankton, 1962), and was fragments. Cultivation is impractical in most cases, since first collected on North America in 1919, both in the soil must be re-cultivated within 10 days of weed Albert a, C anad a and Mi chi gan (M ulli gan & emergence throughout the growing season for 2 to 4 Findlay, 1974; Robbins et al., 1952). It is more years. Mowing reduces seed production, but does not kill common in the northwestern USA with a few the plants. However, mowing can enable better targeting occurrences in the mid-west (Mulligan & Franktonof herbicides. 1962). Cardaria pubescens Chemical Controls: Whitetop can be difficult to kill because of its deep and regenerative root system. At least the seeds are short- lived, so a treated site only needs to be monitored for a few years. 2,4-D is effective early in the season, before budding. Chlorsulfuron (Telar 75) or metsulfuron (Escort ) can be applied during the budding or early bloom stages. Picloram (Tordon 22K) has little effect on whitetop. Whitetop often grows in dense stands where less toxic non-selective herbicides might be used, combined with a revegetation program. Chemical controls: Different forms of 2,4-D have been tried with Distinguishing Cardaria from limited success in northern California, although Lepidium Canadian trials have had success with applications at 1 to 2 lbs/acre, repeated for three years to remove the seedbank. Species of Cardaria are often confused with those of Mixes of 2,4-D ester and dicamba have been Lepidium, but they can easily be told apart by both applied by aircraft, and mixes of 0.50 2,4-D leaves and fruit characteristics. The upper leaves of and 0.25 each dicamba and R-11 surfactant Lepidium species clasp the stem to form a complete have worked in roadside applications of one ring of tissue (i.e. they are perfoliate), while those of gallon of the mix in 100 gallons of water. Cardaria do not. The fruit of Lepidium is flattened, Airplane application inevitably affects non- keeled or winged while that of Cardaria is rounded or target plants and carries with it the danger of inflated. Finally, the fruit of Lepidium is dehiscent drift of the herbicide to non-target areas and while the fruit of Cardaria is indehiscent (Mulligan & surface water. Frankton, 1962; Gray, 1970). Chlorsulfuron, which is selective for broadleaf plan ts, h as been use d on Ca liforn ia range lan d at 0.33-1 oz/acre with limited success, but has a half-life of four to six weeks and affects non- target species. Chlorsulfuron at 0.50-2 oz/acre has been successful in roadside applications in central coastal California. Glyphosate at 1 pt/acre produces 80 percent control at the budding or flowering stage, but is also non- selective (Cook 1987, Fryor and Makepeace 1978, Pryor 1959, Robbins et al . 1974). Lepidium lasiocarpum var. lasiocarpum; Hairypod Pepperweed Chorispora tenella Herbaceous Description: Brassicaceae. Winter annual or early spring annual Stem: 1-5dm, about ½–2' tall. Branch e d from near b ase,. L eaves elli pt ic-oblong to Blue Mustard lanceolate or oblanceolate; basal and lower cauline petioled, blades 3-8cm, wavy-dentate to pinnately lobed; upper cauline sessile, ± entire to dentate. Flowers: sepp,als erect, 6-8 mm,,g free but forming a tube; petals narrowly clawed, magenta. Fruit: spreading to ascending, 35-45 mm, lanceolate, often upcurved; beak 7-20mm; pedicel ascending, 2-4 mm, stout; style 0, stigma minute, entire. 2n=14. (Hickman 1993). PROPAGATION/PHENOLOGY:Reproduces by seed. Germination occurs during the cool season, mostly after the first rains. Seedlings exist as basal rosettes until flowering stems are produced in early spring. Viable seed can be produced in as few as 10 days after flowers open. Mustard seed may remain viable for several years. Removal: Small infestations may be hand pulled. Most plants have a shallow taproot and can be removed Found in Chaparral, Oak Savannas, and dry without great difficulty. disturbed areas. Variety of upland habitats, open instructions before application. grassland and fields and along riparian areas. Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Native to Eurasia and impedes of neighboring plants, dairy animals was introduced to the United States in 1929, in grazing blue mustard produce milk with a contaminated grain seed. bitter taste and foul odor Chemical: There are currently no reported cases of herbicide resistance Chorispora tenella in blue mustard. However, chlorsulfuron resistance has been detected in other members of the mustard family. The low labeled rates of 2,4-D amine are generally ineffective against blue mustard and may select for Blue Mustard it b y eliminating competition from other broadleaf weeds . Most herbicide treatments work best when blue mustard is in the rosette stage, and control is decreased after bolting occurs. Table 1 provides the basic herbicide information for chemical control of blue mustard in California. Alwayyppps read the herbicide label for specific application instructions.

Table 1. Chemical control of blue mustard in California

Herbicide Rate Comments

These herbicides are registered for use in small grains in California including wheat, barley and Chlorsulfuron 0.008-0.015 lb ai/A oats. Refer to herbicide labels for application timing, restrictions, and precautions. Dicamba 0.06-0.12 lb ae/A Bromoxynil 0250.25-038lbai/A0.38 lb ai/A 2,4-D amine 0.5-0.87 lb ae/A MCPA amine 0.25-0.5 lb ae/A Glyphosate and paraquat are nonselective Paraquat 0.4-0.9 lb ai/A treatments for use in fallow and noncrop These rates of 2,4-D and dicamba are for fallow, Glyphosate 0.38-0.5 lb ae/A noncrop, or rangeland treatments for broadleaf weed control 2,4-D amine 1-2 lb ae/A Dicamba 0.25-2.0 lb ae/A Noncrop treatment, with some selectivity in Chlorsulfuron 0.015-0.03 lb ai/A certain grasses Noncrop, roadside treatment, with some Sulfometuron 0.14-0.23 lb ai/A selectivity in certain grasses Chorispora tenella Hirschfeldia incana Herbaceous Summer/Shortpod Mustard Description: Brassicaceae. Winter annual. Stems: branched from base and above , 2-10 dm. Leaves: basal rosetted, flat on ground, pinnately loved, terminal lobe > lateral, ±crenate-dentate; cauline ± sessile, ± simple, not clasping st.Fruiterect, appressed, 1-1.5 cm, glabrous; valves 3-7-veined; pedice l erec t, 3-4 mm, s tou t, cl u b like, bea k 3-6 mm, flat. SEEDS 1row oer chamber, spheric, reddish brown. 2n=14.. (Hickman 1993). The general rule is that if you are looking up or level to the toppp, of the plant, it is black mustard. If you are looking down to the top of the plant, it is shortpod mustard Found in CSS, PROPAGATION/PHENOLOGY: In the first year of Chaparral, Oak growth, the mustard plant produces a rosette; in the Savannas, second year, the plant bolts, flowers, sets seed and grasslands, and dies. The plant blooms May through October and in disturbed areas late fall forms dense stands of brittle woody seed stalks

Removal: Small infestations may be hand pulled. Most plants have a more extensive root than Brassica nigra, however can be removed without too great of difficulty WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Native to especially after a rain. Mediterranean The young plant is eaten with oil and lemon juice in Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, parts of . The leaves of young plants are impedes of neighboring plants, can carry fire eaten raw. from grass to oak branches by creating a ‘fuel Seeds - raw or cooked. They can be ground into ladder’ powder then mixed with water and eaten. Hirschfeldia incana Darmency, H. and Fleury, A. 2000. Mating system in Hirschfeldia incana and hybridization to oilseed rape. Weed Res 40: 231-238. Concerns have been raised about the possibility of sexual transfer of herbicide resistance genes from transgenic crops towards weedy relatives. The average rate of spontaneous hybridization between Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagreze-Fossat and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was 0.6 hybrids per plant over 3 years of field experiments using herbicide- resistant oilseed rape as a pollen donor. Self-incompatibility was shown to be the mating system of most individuals within a population of H. incana, although some plants had some ability to self- fertilize, which could mitigate gene flow. Back-crossing interspecific hybrids to H. incana over five generations showed that introgression was not successful in our experiment.

Lefol, E., Fleury, A. and Darmency, H. 1996. Gene dispersal from transgenic crops .2. Hybridization between oilseed rape and the wild heavy mustard. Sex Plant Reprod 9: 189-196. The risk of release of genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus) was investigated in relation to interspecific gene flow with hoary mustard (Hirschfeldia incana). Microscopic studies showed polymorphism within the population of hoary mustard for pollen germination on oilseed rape flowers. The transgenic herbicide-resistant and a commercial cultivar of oilseed rape were not different for pollen behaviour and ovule fertilization. Pollen tube growth was slow and erratic in interspecific crosses. Fertilization efficiencyypypp of oilseed rape and hoary mustard pollen in interspecific crosses was 15% and 1.3%, respectively, of that in intraspecific crosses. This unequal efficiency in reciprocal crosses was confirmed by hybrid seed set in pods. There was no post-zygotic barrier to the development of hybrid embryos in hoary mustard pods. Up to 26 spontaneous hybrids per male sterile oilseed rape plant, and one per hoary mustard plant, were obtained in field experiments. Hybrids were identified by isozyme electrophoresis, morphology and cytology . All hybrids were triploid with 26 chromosomes, and had low fertility. They produced 0.5 seeds per plant after spontaneous backcrossing with hoary mustard. Some of these descendants were produced from unreduced gametes. Our results suggest that gene flow is likely to occur, but its actual frequency under crop growing conditions remains to be estimated Hirschfeldia incana Description: Brassicaceae. Perennial herb. Roots: Lepidium latifolium deep and spreading. Stems: 1 to many above-ground stems 3-8 ft (1-2.7 m) tall. Stems and leaves glabrous, with gray waxy coating, appearing dull Pere nnia l Pepperw eed gray-green, sometimes with small reddi s h spo ts. Leaves: young plants have petioled leaves 1-2 in Herbaceous (2.5-5 cm) wide and 4-12 in (10-30 cm) long, arising PROPAGATION/PHENOLOGY: reproduces from seed, as well near base of stem; older stems have alternate, as vegetatively from intact root systems or from pieces of rootstock. sessile leaves, reduced in size uppgward. Leaf margins Removal: Small infestations may be hand pulled. Repeated smooth or with rounded shallow teeth. Inflorescence: visits must be regimented as may resprout from root segment a panicle, 5-6 in (25-27.5 cm) wide. Flowers: white, less than 1 inch in size. 0.1 in (3 mm) wide; 4 sepals, white, oval, <1 mm Biological control: Insects and fungi: Development of a long; 4 petals, white, spatulate, 0.06 in (1.5 mm) biologgpgyical control program seems unlikely because of risks to long; 6 stamens. Fruit: a silicle, round-ovate, about 2 many important crop plants that are members of the mustard family mm long, with 2 flattened ellipsoid seeds (Robbins Chemical control: Attempts have been made to control 1951). perennial pepperweed with chemical herbicides in California, Found in invades Oregon, Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah. The most effective brackish to saline hbiidherbicides appear tbto be c hlorsu lfuron (as Tl®)Telar®), me tsu lfuron or alkaline methyl (as Escort®), and imazapyr (as Arsenal®) based on field wetlands trials of one to four years (Cox 1997). Neither Escort® nor Arsenal® is registered for use in California at this time. throughout California, open WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Perenn ia l Pepperwee d is na tive fields and non to Eurasia, In its native range it grows in a wide variety of wetlands, uplands habitats, including fresh, brackish, and saltwater wetlands, and disturbed in and around agricultural fields, in waste places, and even areas on stony slopes, from sea level to above 10,000 feet (3,049 Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, m) elevation (May, 1995state that it may have been introduced to California as a contaminant of sugar beet impedes of neighboring plants, can carry seed, first published record of perennial pepperweed in fire from grass to oak branches by creating California is from 1936, when it was collected on a ranch a ‘fuel ladder’ threatens enangered north of Oakdale in Stanislaus County (Bellue 1936). estuarine habitat for birsds and mammals. Lepidium latifolium Lobularia maritima Description: Brassicaceae. Perennial, woody near Sw eet Alyssum base or not,,g gra yish. STEMS: often prostrate or decumbent, branched from base, 1-4 dm. LEAVES:1- Herbaceous 5 cm. 1-4 mm wide, linear to linear-lanceolate; tip acute . Flowers: fragrant; sepals 1.5-2 mm; petals 3-4 mm, widely obovate, white; glands at base of short stamens ± 1 mm. FRUIT: 2- 3. 5 cm, widely )ob) ovate to round, greenish to brown or purplish; valve hairs gen few; pedical spreading to ± ascending, 5- Found in CSS, 10 mm, slender. SEEDS 1 per chamber; wing 0; style Chaparral, Oak ± 0.3-0.5 mm. 2n=24 (Hickman 1993). Savannas, Controls: Best handpulled after rains. Intense Grassland, Coastal root system breaks away in hard soils leaving communities, fragments that may resprout. Heavy seed wetlands and production and vegetative growth. Chemical: distu rbed areas test ed extensi vel y in nursery and hhtiorticult ure for resistance to many herbicides. Most show WHERE DID IT COME FROM: native to the only damage or distress in flower quality. Mediterranean region and Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Azores))yp. commonly used in as an Biological: none. No USDA recommended antiscorbutic and diuretic[240]. It is also highly biol ogi cal contro l agen ts exiitst, and poten tia l esteemed there as an astringent in the treatment of introductions from the native range are gonorrhoea. Commonly used landscape plant, and complicated by the large numbers of now used in agriculture to control aphids and other cruciferous crops. arthopods(although studies are inconclusive) also as Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, an alternative weed control planting( also impedes of neighboring plants, creates dense inconclusive). Many California companies promote stands and large area mats preventing native the use of this plant for erosion control along open re-growth. May have allelopathic properties. space areas. May alter chemical composition of soils. Lobularia maritima Raphanus sativus Raphanus sativus Description: Brassicaceae. Annual or biennial. Plant: Hair sparse, rarely 0; Stems:1,4-12dm. Leaves: basal Wild Radi sh 10-20cm. Flowers: petals 15-25 mm Fruit: 3-6 cm (incl. beak), 5-10mm wide; pedicel spreading to Herbaceous ascending, 10-25 mm. 2n=18 Found in Chapp,arral, Oak Savannas, Impacts: Displaces native vegetation, grasslands, impedes of neighboring plants, R. roadsides and raphanistrum seeds in large quantities may be disturbed areas poisonous to livestock. Wild radishes and sometimes reproduce only by seed. wetlands.

Plants with •Pull individual plants by hand or with a Weed Wrench seeds bag and before seed pods develop. Best after rain due to remove, without extensive tap root. Follow up 3o days Can be •Cut plants below the root crown with a pick or shovel composted on before seed pods develop. site. •Mow or brush cut wild radish if it covers a large area however w ill resprou t) WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Native to the •Foliar spray. Some weed workers spray a 1percent Mediterranean, southern Europe Although both solution of glyphosate on the leaves before the plant species grow wild and both are commonly called flowers. However, wild radishes are reportedly developing wild radish , Raphanus sativus is the (escaped) resistance to several herbicides. Glyphosate a pplication cultivated plant, while R. raphanistrum is its wild might best be reserved for follow-up spot treatment. relative. (Sativus means "cultivated” in Latin.) Sinapis arvensis Description: Brassicaceae. annual. Stems: 2-6)-10dm); Sinapis arvensis hairs at least below, awl-bristle-like. LEAVES coarsely toothed; lower 5-15 cm, obovate, irregularly Charlock Mustard dissec te d or love d; upper s imp le. FLOWER: pe ta ls ± 10 mm, ± yellow. FRUIT: 20-35 mm, often narrowed between seeds, 5-12-seeded. SEED: reddisg brown. Herbaceous 2n=16(Hickman 1993). Found in CSS, Chaparral, Oak Savannas orchards, Chemical: tested extensively in nursery and horticulture for resistance to many herbicides. Most show only Grassland, grainfields damage or distress in flower quality or minimum leaf adjacent landscaping, and blight. disturbed areas Biological: none. No USDA recommended biological con tro l agents exi st, an d poten ti al in tr oductio ns fro m t he Seed longevity in dry storage is native range are complicated by the large numbers of 12 years and in soil is 35 years. cruciferous crops. Charlock seeds buried in Charlock is a host of the turnip fly, turnip-gall weevil, uncultivated soil will remain turnip flea beetle, cabbage root fly, diamond back moth and leather jackets. It can harbour a number of viable for 60 years and can nematode species that also affect important crops. It is germinate when brought to the also susceptible to club root disease surface by deep ploughing. Hand pulling must be followed up several times during Allowing charlock to seed every the year. Charlock seed is susceptible to soil 11 years is sufficient to maintain solarization. Heating seeds in a loamy soil for 30 the soil seedbank population. minutes at 50°C significantly reduced seedling emergence.Exposure to an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal inoculum has been shown to cause a 60% WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Native to the reduction in charlock biomass. Europe, The plant is possibly Impacts: Disppglaces native vegetation, poithddhisonous once the seedpods have impedes of neighboring plants, can carry fire formed from grass to oak branches by creating a ‘fuel Edible Parts: Flowers; Leaves; Seed. ladder’ reported to be poisonous to Edible Uses: Condiment; Oil livestock Sisymbrium irio Description: Annual Stem 15–50 cm, branched from near base; hairs 0 or Sisymbrium irio above, few, ± short, thin Leaves: basal not clustered, petioled, pinnately lobed, Loodondon Rococeket tillb>ltlfthttterminal lobe > lateral, often hastate; upper cau line pinnately lobed to ± entire Herbaceous Flower: petals 2.5–4 mm, barely > sepals, narrowly oblong, pale yellow, claws long Found in Fruit ggyppggyenerally overtopping flowers, generally 3–4 cm, ± Chaparral, Oak mm wide; pedicel ascending, 5–11 mm, width < fruit Savannas, and width; style ± 0.5 mm disturbed areas Seed < 1 mm, oblong, ± papillate; embryonic root obliquely at back of 1 cotyledon Chromosomes: 2n=14 Ecology: Disturbed areas, orchards, roadsides Elevation: < 800 m. Bioregional distribution: Great Central Valley, Southwestern California, White and Inyo Mountains, ItImpacts: Displ aces nati ve vege ta tion, Desert impedes of neighboring plants, can carry fire Distribution outside California: to Texas, Baja California; from grass to oak branches by creating a ‘fuel native to Europe ladder’ Flowering time: Jan–Apr (Hickman 1993) . WHERE DID IT COME FROM: Immature leaves - raw or cooked[177, 257]. Used as greens[257]. A famine food, it is only eaten when better foods are in short supply[257]. Seed - raw or cooked[257]. The seed can be eaten as piñole[257]. It can also be dried, ground into a powder then mixed with water and used as a gruel[257]. The seed can be mixed with water to make a drink[257]. Flowers - rawhe seeds of the London Rocket are also used to make a sweet Iranian drink and in that detoxifies the liver. The seeds are expectorant, restorative and stimulant[240]. They are used in the treatment of asthma[240]. Externally, they are used as a stimulating poultice[240]. The seeds have been placed under the lids of sore eyes in order to cause weeping and thereby wash foreign matter out of the eye[257]. An infusion of the leaves is used in treating affections of the throat and chest Botanic TeTerms Glossary • Appressed: pressed against the leaf surface, as in hairs • Awn: in Poaceae, a long projection from the tips of the lemmas • Calyx: collectively, the sepals • Cauline: borne along the stem, as in leaves • Corolla: collectively, the petals • Decumbent: flat on the ground but with a raised tip • Decurrent: extendinggg downward onto stem, as in leaf margins • Exserted: protruding past the petals, as in stamens • Floret: in Poaceae, a single flower and its immediately subtending bracts • Glaucous: a waxy coati ng, oft en w hitish -blu is h • Glume: in Poaceae, the leaf-like structures below all the florets • Lanceolate: narrow and linear, as in leaves • Lemma: in Poaceae , lower of two leaf-like structures surrounding the floret • Inflorescence: entire cluster of flowers and associated structures • Involucre: in thistles, egg-shaped structure beneath flower Glossary Cont. • Palea: in Poaceae, upper of two leaf-like structures surrounding the floret • Palmate: a common leaf shape, radiating outward from a central point • : the stalk, arising from the stem, that supports the leaf • Phyllary: in Asteraceae, leaf -like structure on the underside of a flower head • Pinnate: arrated down a common stem, as in a compound leaf • Sepal: the leaf-like (usually) structure that lies to the outside of the petals. Protects the developing bud and, in some flowers, resembles the petals to better attract pollinators • Serrate{ having toothed margins pointing toward the apex • Spikelet: a grouping of florets, with glumes at the bottom • Stamen: the pollen-producing sacs in a flower • Strigose: with stiff, straight, sharp and appressed hairs • Syncomium: fleshy, pear-shaped receptacle with flowers inside and a small opening at the distal end •Tepp,ppals: in Liliaceae, petals and sepals are often indistinct and in two whorls termed tepals • Tomentose: covered with short, dense hairs • Umbel: an inflorescence where the flower stalks arise from a common point, characteristic of Apiaceae

Alternative seeding Native Mustards Arabis glabra

Tower Mustard Barbarea orthoceras

Wintercress Cardamine californica

Milkmaids Cardamine californica var. californica

Milkmaids Caulanthus heterophyllus

Slender Jewel Flower Caulanthus heterophyllus var . pseudosimulans

San Diego Wild Cabbage Descurainia pinnata

Yellow Mustard Descurainia pinnata ssp . halictorum

Tansy Mustard Descurainia pinnata ssp . menziesii

Menzie’s Tansy Mustard Lepidium nitidum

Common Peppergrass Lepidium nitidum var. nitidum

Shiny Peppergrass Lepidium virginicum

Poor M an’ s Peppergrass Lepidium virginicum var. robinsonii

Robinson’s Peppergrass Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum

White Water Cress Rorippa palustris

Marsh Yellow Cress Thysanocarpus laciniatus

Fringepod / Lacepod Tropidocarpum gracile

Slender Keel Fruit