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Ukrainian Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Governmental Interventions

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Ukrainian Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Governmental Interventions Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie 2020; 18 (1): 80–87 www.ejournals.eu/Zdrowie-Publiczne-i-Zarzadzanie, doi:10.4467/20842627OZ.20.008.12662 Ukrainian response to the COVID-19 pandemic: governmental interventions Valentyn Bakhnivskyi1, 2 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-9456 Olena Ignashchuk3 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-5429 1 Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Scanmed St. Rafael Hospital, Cracow, Poland 2 Cracow University of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Finance and Law, Cracow, Poland 3 Public Health Department, Vinnitsa National Medical University named after M.I.Pirogov, Vinnytsia, Ukraine Address for correspondence: MD Valentyn Bakhnivskyi, Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Scanmed St. Rafael Hospital, str. Adama Bochenka 12, 30-693, Cracow, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]; Olena Ignashchuk, e-mail: [email protected] Conflict of interest: none Authors declare no source of financial support and that the manuscript has not been published or accepted by others journals for publications. Key words: coronavirus, COVID-19, public health, Ukraine, epidemiology Abstract In this article, the governmental response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine is described, starting from the first detected cases, up until the sum- mer of 2020. Pandemic caught Ukraine’s health care system in the midst of a reform. At the time of COVID-19 outbreak, the first steps of primary health care reform were already being implemented while the reform at the secondary health care level were about to started. However, changes of the political environment (due to the elections 2019), two changes of the Minister of Health (since the beginning of the pandemic), the absence of the general plan of action followed by the inconsistent political decisions, and the uncertainty in financing mechanisms of the secondary health care facilities, made the COVID-19 pandemic challenging for Ukraine. The Ukrainian government had difficulties in devoting additional recourses to med- ical facilities to protect medical professionals and provide treatment for patients. Instead, as a main intervention to combat COVID-19, the govern- ment implemented lockdown from 12 of March to 12th of May that only postponed the raise of infections, preserved lives. While the pandemic still had a highly negative impact on the economy, initial analysis indicate that lockdown could be considered effective from the economics point of view. Introduction the reform and general policy direction [4]. Two Health Ministers and Prime Minister were replaced during the Health system in Ukraine is in a midst of a challenging early months of the pandemic in Ukraine. This situa- transition. The health care reform, which started in 2018 tion affected the response to the COVID-19 pandemic [1,2], aims to transform the old system into a new one in 2020. The medical society, policy makers, and health that will provide universal health coverage with a guaran- care providers faced circumstances, which overwhelmed teed health benefit package. The creation of the National the already unstable position of the health care system in Health Service – a governmental body – was a result of transition. that initiative [3]. However, recent changes in the gov- The Center for Public Health of the Ministry of ernment, the absence of consistent political will and Health of Ukraine, established in 2016, plays the main a lack of good governance did not ensure confidence in role in preserving and strengthening the population’s 80 Zeszyty Naukowe Ochrony Zdrowia Raport 7: UKRAINA health, monitoring diseases, epidemiological surveillance and biological safety, disease prevention on individual and population levels, epidemic control, and strategic Conrmed cases of covid-19 in management in the field of public health [5]. At the time Ukraine by age groups, 30ts of June, 2020 of 2020 pandemic, the Center for Public Health took over 0–17 18–29 30–49 50–69 70+ all the above-mentioned functions to monitor and prevent the spread of the coronavirus in Ukraine through regional centers established in each region. At the same time, the 9% 7% main task of the Ministry of Health was to establish pol- icy to combat the spread of the disease. 12% Pandemic situation The first COVID-19 patient in Ukraine was diagnosed on 3 March 2020 – a man who had returned with his wife 37% from Italy to Chernivtsi, Ukraine. The city of Chernivtsi was the site of the first epidemiological outbreak, and at the end of May more than 3,000 patients had been re- ported there. The Bukovina region became the largest 35% epicenter of the epidemic in Ukraine. As of 30 June, Ukraine reported a total of 44,998 confirmed COVID-19 cases: 1039 cases per 1 million inhabitants; by age groups, the main number of patients (72%) were aged – 30–69 (fig. 1). The number of con- firmed cases includes: 19,548 recoveries, 24,277 active cases (92 being serious or critical), and 1173 deaths as- sociated with the disease (32 deaths per 1 million inhabit- Figure 1. Confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Ukraine by age ants). According to the government’s daily coronavirus group as of 30 June, 2020 report, 4,848 people were hospitalized, and 97 of them Source: analyses of the data from the Public Health Centre were on artificial lung ventilation. A total of 12,013 peo- of Ukraine website: https://phc.org.ua/kontrol-zakhvoryuvan/ ple needed hospitalization during the pandemic, and 396 inshi-infekciynizakhvory uvannya/koronaviru sna-infekciya- -covid-19, accessed date: 01 July, 2020. needed to be on artificial lung ventilation. The disease Daily New Cases of COVID-19 in Ukraine by 30th of June, 2020 1200 900 600 300 0 3/4/2020 3/16/2020 3/28/2020 4/8/2020 4/20/2020 5/2/2020 5/14/2020 5/26/2020 6/7/2020 6/19/2020 7/1/2020 Figure 2. Daily New Cases of COVID-19 in Ukraine by 30 June, 2020 Source: analyses of the data from the website: https://phc.org.ua/kontrol-zakhvoryuvan/inshi-infekciynizakhvory uvannya/korona- virusna-infekciya-covid-19, accessed date: 01 July, 2020 Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie 2020; 18 (1) 81 Raport 7: UKRAINA Daily COVID-19 Deaths by 30ts of June, 2020 in Ukraine 40 30 20 10 0 3/14/2020 3/25/2020 4/4/2020 4/15/2020 4/26/2020 5/7/2020 5/18/2020 5/29/2020 6/9/2020 6/20/2020 7/1/2020 Figure 3. Daily COVID-19 Deaths of by 30 June, 2020 in Ukraine Source: analyses of the data from the Public Health Centre of Ukraine website: https://phc.org.ua/kontrol-zakhvoryuvan/inshi- -infekciynizakhvoryuvannya/koronaviru sna-infekciya-covid-19, accessed date: 01 July, 2020. was confirmed among 3,270 children and 6,765 health ventive measures and medical care provision to patients care workers – of whom 4,094 had recovered and (as of with COVID-19. This document describes: the algorithm 1 May, 2020) 16 had died. 32,985 patients were in outpa- for detecting COVID-19; work standards for emergency tient treatment [6–8]. The number of daily new cases and medical professionals and epidemiologists; rules for the deaths due to COVID-19 was constantly growing (fig. 2 use of personal protective equipment; health care provi- and 3). The lifting of lockdown was considered as a ne- sion rules for patients at home with COVID-19; and cri- cessity for the economy reflecting a change in the attitude teria for the hospitalization of acute and moderate cases. of the public. The clinical path for patients was also approved. Health care professional who identified a person with symptoms Institutions that provide recommendations for responses corresponding to COVID-19 must abide by the following algorithm [7]: With the beginning of the pandemic – following WHO • register the case and inform the medical institution for recommendations – Ukraine started a massive informa- further clinical examination of the patient; tion campaign on prevention and treatment of COVID-19. • inform by telephone the laboratory center of the The latest updates were translated and posted on the of- Ministry of Health of Ukraine about the suspicion of ficial World Health Organization Ukraine Facebook ac- the disease within two hours; count and other media of the country. WHO and EU also • if the patient is admitted to a hospital, the necessary provided protective equipment for Ukrainian medical materials for analysis should be taken and be sent to professionals [9]. The gap in knowledge of medical doc- the laboratory. tors was covered by SDC Ukrainian-Swiss project “Medi- According to these algorithms, patients with a mild cal education development”. On April, this initiative, in form of the disease who are not at risk of complications, a collaboration with the Public Health Center of Ukraine, as well as patients who are recovering and no longer need started online course for medical doctors with latest infor- round-the-clock medical supervision, are recommended mation on prevention and treatment of COVID-19. to be treated on an outpatient basis, i.e., at home. The Center for Public Health at the Ministry of Laboratory tests are performed if a patient has symp- Health of Ukraine, together with representative offices toms of the disease, or for patients with suspected pneu- in each of the regions, the Ministry of Health, and the monia. The primary coronavirus test should be confirmed National Health Service of Ukraine, developed recom- by a second PCR test. As of 30 June, 666,147 samples mendations for COVID-19 prevention [10]. The Ministry (15,227 per 1 million population) had been tested. This of Health has developed an algorithm for organizing pre- demonstrates a relatively low testing rate compared to 82 Zeszyty Naukowe Ochrony Zdrowia Raport 7: UKRAINA other countries with a similar population size.
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