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Damot Gale, Wolayta) Institut National French Center of Inter Aide Centre National Agronomique Ethiopian Studies France d’Etudes Agronomiques Paris-Grignon Addis Abeba Paris Des Régions Chaudes Montpellier Agricultural and economic analysis-diagnosis of Obe Jage (Damot Gale, Wolayta) Elodie Le Gal , for obtaining the DIPLOMA OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING (Master’s degree) from the Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G) Nicolas Molinier , for obtaining the DIPLOMA OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING from the CNEARC Supervising professor : Hubert COCHET, Mireille DOSSO Training supervisor : Damien Du Portal October 2006 The study region : localisation N Awash N Nazaret Volcan Damota Shashamane Sodo Arba Minch 100 km Acknoledgements First of all, we want to thank all the farmers of Obe Jage and their families. With patience, they explained us their daily work. This report is almost completely based on their knowledge. They also welcomed us warmly, providing us an unforgettable personal experience. A wink to all their children who enlivened a lot the long interviews! We could not forget our valuable translator Damsee who worked with us during the whole period of the training. Thanks to his translating skills he made the research much easier for us, being given our level in Wolaytinia!! He kept on being available even if we worked a lot! Keing gallatos ! Ant tosimo à Arba, a strong walker who gave us a precious help even if he had a lot of problems ! In Addis Ababa, we thank the French Center of Ethiopian Studies (CFEE) and its director Gérard Prunier, who supported us for this work and during our stay in Addis Ababa. We also would like to thank all the members of the Inter Aide staff who guided and helped us always smiling! It was a big sun in our long rainy days of work in Sodo! Getu and all his family, Gesareyn, Toffic, Pedros, Makasha, Christophe, Agnès, Mengistu and Negusse, Damien, François, Philipe... We are grateful to Hubert Cochet (INA P-G) and Mireille Dosso (CNEARC), our supervising professor, and also to other professors who gave us valuable suggestions for this report. E. Le Gal, N. Molinier – Analysis diagnosis, region of Wolayta/Damot Gale 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 1 General framework of the study ............................................................................... 4 1.1 Institutional context .......................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Presentation of Inter Aide’s activities....................................................... 4 1.1.2 The demand : origin, transformation ........................................................ 4 1.2 Méthodology..................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 The agrarian diagnosis.............................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Complementary study............................................................................... 6 1.2.3 The main difficulties we met .................................................................... 6 1.3 General presentation of the study region .......................................................... 7 1.3.1 Location of the study region..................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Bio-physical characteristics of the study region ....................................... 9 1.3.3 Socio-économic characteristics of the study region ............................... 11 1.3.4 Farming activities and trade.................................................................... 12 2 Recent evolutions of agriculture in the study region .............................................. 17 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 17 2.2 The second reign of the negus Hailé Selassie : an agrarian system built on a feudal society (1941-1974) ......................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 The agrarian landscape ........................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Social relationships................................................................................. 20 2.2.3 Livestock farming and cropping systems ............................................... 21 2.2.4 Farm typology at the end of the 60’s...................................................... 24 2.3 The socialist regime (1974-1991)................................................................... 24 2.3.1 The agrarian reform and its consequences.............................................. 24 2.3.2 The intensification of the regime (1980-1991) ....................................... 29 2.4 The liberal era (1991- today) .......................................................................... 31 2.4.1 The market liberalization........................................................................ 31 2.4.2 Extention programs : Sasakawa/Global 2000......................................... 32 2.4.3 A new work intensification..................................................................... 33 2.4.4 Development of off-farm work and temporary migrations..................... 34 3 The present agrarian system.................................................................................... 37 3.1 Access to means of production....................................................................... 37 3.1.1 The land .................................................................................................. 37 3.1.2 The workforce......................................................................................... 38 3.1.3 The capital............................................................................................... 38 3.2 Cropping system, livestock farming system and management of the fertility 38 3.2.1 The cropping systems ............................................................................. 39 3.2.2 The livestock farming systems ............................................................... 60 3.2.3 A close association between agriculture and breeding ........................... 66 3.3 Farm typology................................................................................................. 70 3.4 Economic results and analysis ........................................................................ 88 3.4.1 Study of the Net Added Value (NAV) and of the farm family income per agricultural labourer................................................................................................ 88 3.4.2 The contribution of off-farm incomes .................................................... 90 3.4.3 The impact of the SAFETYNET program.............................................. 90 4 Conclusions discussions ......................................................................................... 93 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………….96 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..109 E. Le Gal, N. Molinier – Analysis diagnosis, region of Wolayta/Damot Gale 2 INTRODUCTION The Wolayta is a little montaneous area from the south west of ethiopia, located on the occidental edge of the great rift valley. It was dubbed “ethiopian balkans”, owing to its strong cultural and ethnic identity. This area is overcrowded (450 inhabitants/km²) and agricultural (92% of the working population works in agriculture and the total utilised farm area represent 90% of the territory). The enset cropping gives it a stiking geographic originality (Wolayta belongs indeed to the “enset area” (Steven, 1997, quoted by N. Barthès and V. Boquien, 2005)). Enset (Ensete Ventricosum), considered as a “miracle plant” (Gascon, 1991) is a false banana tree. The pulp extracted from the “pseudo tronc” gives a fermented paste with a high rate of carbohydrates. However, if this plant makes it possible to explain that the wolayta peasants succeeded to resist many severe drougt and famines (significant high-calorie production per unit of area, plant resistance to the climatic hazards), nowardays, it is not enough anymore to ensure the feed security for most of them. The wolayta is thus from now on dubbed “the green famine’s land”. In this context of chronical food shortage intervenes the NGO (Non Governemental Organization) Inter Aide. The aim of our study is to provide keys to better understand the situation and to contribute to the impact assessment of Inter Aide’s actions, on running since three years in our study area. Working on the recent evolutions and transformations of the agrarian system, we will attempt to explain the remaining of the “peasantry” in a context of agricultural crisis, begun a few decades ago. With this study, we will analyze the Inter Aide projects results, and then we will suggest evolution prospects in terms of agricultural development for this little area. E. Le Gal, N. Molinier – Analysis diagnosis, region of Wolayta/Damot Gale 3 1 GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY 1.1 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 1.1.1 Presentation of Inter Aide’s activities Our study occurs within the framework of a project entitled “Preservation of farm resources and improvement of food security for the vulnerable rural families of Damot Gale and Kacha Bira – SNNPR, Ethiopia” started in 2005. In the woreda of Damot Gale, this project prolongs two year of agricultural support started by Inter Aide in 2003 and primarily centered on the erosion control. Inter Aide is the only
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