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Origen Y Evolución Del Regalo Nupcial En Arañas Licosoideas Y Su Congruencia Con La Filogenia

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Origen Y Evolución Del Regalo Nupcial En Arañas Licosoideas Y Su Congruencia Con La Filogenia ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL REGALO NUPCIAL EN ARAÑAS LICOSOIDEAS Y SU CONGRUENCIA CON LA FILOGENIA MARIA JOSE ALBO MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY. 2014 TESIS DE DOCTORADO CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ÁREA BIOLOGÍA (SUB-ÁREA ZOOLOGÍA) PEDECIBA DIRECTOR Fernando Pérez-Miles Profesor de la sección Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay CO-DIRECTOR Fernando G. Costa Jefe del Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay CO-DIRECTORA Trine Bilde Department of Biosciences Aarhus University, Denmark COLABORADORES Søren Toft. Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, Denmark ACADÉMICOS Jesper Bechsgaard. Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, Denmark Gabriele Uhl. Department of General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Germany Alfredo V. Peretti. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal, CONICET -, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina Leticia Bidegaray-Batista. Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay TRIBUNAL DE TESIS PRESIDENTA Ana C. Silva Unidad Bases Neurales de la Conducta Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Facultad de Ciencias, Uruguay VOCALES Ivanna H. Tomasco Laboratorio de Evolución Facultad de Ciencias, Uruguay William G. Eberhard Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica COMISIÓN DE ADMISIÓN Y SEGUIMIENTO DEL PROYECTO DE TESIS Ana C. Silva Unidad Bases Neurales de la Conducta Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Facultad de Ciencias, Uruguay Carmen Viera Laboratorio de Ecología del Comportamiento. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Facultad de Ciencias, Uruguay FUENTES DE FINANCIACIÓN BECA DE DOCTORADO (2011-2013) Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII) APOYO ECONÓMICO PARA EL DESARROLLO DEL PROYECTO DE TESIS (2010-2013) PEDECIBA AGSOS, Aarhus University Danish Research Council (Trine Bilde) Baltic Sea Cooperation Fund (Gabriele Uhl) Animal Behavior Society - Student Research Award American Arachnological Society and Vincent Roth Research Funds Oticon Foundation CONTRIBUCIONES GENERADAS DE LA TESIS ARTÍCULOS CIENTÍFICOS Albo M.J., G. Winther, C. Tuni, M., S. Toft & T. Bilde. 2011. Worthless donations: male deception and female counter play in a nuptial gift-giving spider. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11:329 Albo M.J., S. Toft & T. Bilde. 2012. Female spiders ignore condition-dependent information from nuptial gift wrapping when choosing mates. Animal Behaviour 84:907-912 Albo M.J., T. Bilde & G. Uhl. 2013. Sperm storage mediated by cryptic female choice for nuptial gifts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280, 20131735 Trillo M.C, V. Melo-González & M.J. Albo. 2014. Silk wrapping of nuptial gifts as visual signal for female attraction in a crepuscular spider. Naturwissenschaften 101:123-130 Albo M.J., Carballo M., Baldenegro F., Melo-González V., Trillo M.C & F.G. Costa (in press). Evolution of worthless gifts is favoured by male condition and prey access in spiders. Animal Behaviour 2014 Albo M.J. & A.V. Peretti (minor revision). Cryptic female choice may counteract male deception in a gift- giving spider. PloS One 2014 Albo M.J., Bidegaray-Batista L., Bechsgaard J., Bilde T. & F. Perez-Miles (in preparation). Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Trechaleidae, Pisauridae and Lycosidae: implications for the origin of wrapped nuptial gifts in spiders CAPÍTULOS DE LIBRO Albo M.J., S. Toft & T. Bilde. 2014. Sexual selection, ecology and evolution of nuptial gifts in spiders. In: Sexual Selection: Perspectives and Models from the Neotropics. Machado G. and R. Macedo, eds. Elsevier. Pp: 183-200. Imagen de portada: Macho de Paratrechalea ornata (Trechaleidae) con un regalo nupcial en sus quelíceros. Foto: MJ Albo. ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL REGALO NUPCIAL EN ARAÑAS LICOSOIDEAS Y SU CONGRUENCIA CON LA FILOGENIA MARIA JOSE ALBO MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY. 2014 AGRADECIMIENTOS Realizar este proyecto ha sido una experiencia enriquecedora a todo nivel. Muchas y diversas personas me han acompañado ya sea desde la academia como en la vida misma. No quisiera escribir un extenso y monotemático capítulo agradeciendo, pero tampoco me gustaría olvidarme de alguien. Veamos… Agradezco enormemente la confianza y la apuesta de mis orientadores Fernando Pérez-Miles, Fernando Costa y Trine Bilde quienes me apoyaron incansablemente de inicio a fin de este proceso, enseñándome firme pero también cariñosamente de la naturaleza, sus conceptos, de libros, estilos de escritura, caminos a seguir y quien sabe cuánta cosa más… A Søren Toft, Jesper Bechsgaard, Gabriele Uhl, Alfredo Peretti y Leticia Bidegaray-Batista que confiaron en mis ideas y me orientaron con miles de enseñanzas y mucha paciencia. Al tribunal externo: Ana Silva, Ivanna Tomasco y Bill Eberhard por todos sus comentarios que sin duda mejoraron la calidad y claridad de la tesis. Agradezco a Laura Montes de Oca por ser la técnica amiga que todo lo soluciona, en ayudarme a organizar lo imposible de organizar, y más que nada por ser amiga fiel. A Mariana Trillo, Valentina Melo-González, Matilde Carballo, Irene Pandulli, Fabiana Baldenegro, Sebastián Fierro, André Klein, Gudrun Winther y Cristina Tuni, valiosas personas que han trabajado conmigo durante todos estos años, que me ayudaron a pensar y trabajar en grupo, por las horas compartidas de laboratorio y de campo, por los seminarios y sus discusiones, por su motivación que me motiva y por su afecto sincero. A Nicolás Teliz, Agustina Olivera y Filip Wojciechowski por ser estudiantes entusiastas y por su apoyo en salidas de campo, así como en experimentos preliminares. A todos los compañeros del laboratorio LEEE que brindaron espacios, almuerzos, discusiones, risas y alguna que otra salida de campo: Alicia Postiglioni, Macarena González, Andrea Albín, Carla Kruk, Ana Rodales, Estefanía Stanley, Álvaro Soutullo, Carlos Toscano-Gadea, Anita Aisenberg, Lorena Cohelo, Lucía Ziegler, Gonzalo Cortés, Rodrigo Postiglioni y Luciana Baruffaldi. A los compañeros de otros laboratorios que me ayudaron con diversas cuestiones relacionadas al proyecto: Maria J Ferrerio, Santiago Ruiz, Flavio Pazos, Rafael Cantera; y a los que me recibieron amablemente durante las pasantías de investigación, haciéndome sentir como en casa: Ulla Thyssen, Christina Holm, Virginia Settepani, Lena Grinsted, Marija Majer, Nuría Macías Hernández, Michele Greve, Bram Vanthournout, Mads Fristrup Schou, Janneke Wit, Magnus Wulff Jacobsen, Reut Tal, Oded Berger- Tal, Naia Morueta Holme, Julieta Genini, Katrin Kunz, Lara Lopardo, Peter Michalik, Silvana Burela, Lucia Calbacho, Paola Olivera, Gabriel De Simone, Federico Rosconi, Federico Battistoni, Raul Platero, Vanesa Amarelle, Cecilia Rodriguez Esperon, Elena Fabiano, Ignacio Escalante y Rosannette Quesada. Como todo proyecto de vida, este no pudo haberse desarrollado sin el cariño de la familia y amigos que cada tanto indignados reclaman visita, merecida por cierto. Al “matriarcado”: mi mamá Gloria Graña, mi otra mamá Norma Charamelo, mis tías Ana y Tati D´Aghata, mi tía Irma Graña y a mi primo Gonzalo Moccia, que gracias al amor han superado los fatales temores causados por las arañas y han sabido entender de mi entusiasmo frente a tales animalillos. Mis amigos muchos de ellos que comparten eso de ser biólogo, algunos ya nombrados anteriormente y otros como: Silvia Guirín, Cecilia Gascue, Valerie Cayssials, Maite de los Santos, Gastón Azziz, Ana Gabriela Sanchez, Cecilia Callejas, Fabiana Blanco, Valentina Franco-Treccu, Natalia Estramil, Fabia Febraro, Isabel Casas y otros que están bien lejos de querer ser biólogos como: Laura Albo (hermana amiga), Ana Gallo, Juliana do Mato, Pilar do Mato, Paola Florio, Fabiana Condon, Claudia Ríos, Laura Cruz, Anne Kellemann Petersen, Laura Avila Tacsan, Alessandro Massini, Peter Schlanbush y Radek Bekieler. Especialmente dedicada al amigo de vida, inseparable y tierno, que me acompañó día y noche durante 15 años: mi perro, Thor “I have been speculating last night what makes a man discoverer of undiscovered things, and a most perplexing problem it is ………. As far as I can conjecture, the art consists in habitually searching for causes or meaning of everything which occurs. This implies sharp observation and requires as much knowledge as possible of the subject investigated” Charles Darwin, 1871 Letter to his son –Horace The autobiography of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Edited by Nora Barlow, 1958 ÍNDICE RESUMEN …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 3 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL Tesoros sublimes: los regalos nupciales… ..……………..………………………………………………………………………. 5 Regalos nupciales en arañas ...……..….……………………….…………………………………………………………...…….…. 5 - Cuerpo del macho ……………...…………………………………………………………………………………….………… 5 - Secreciones glandulares .........…………………………………………………..………………………………………….. 6 - Presas envueltas en seda ….......…………………………………………………………………..……………………….... 6 Explicaciones funcionales de los regalos nupciales ….....…………………………………………………………………... 6 - Evitar canibalismo sexual .....…………………………………………………………………………………...………….. 7 - Inversión paternal ……..…..…...……..……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 - Esfuerzo de cópula ...….......……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Envoltura en seda: funciones potenciales …....…………….………………………………………………………………….... 8 - Envoltura en seda promovida por rastros en la seda de la hembra ...….......………………….……………. 9 - Atracción de la hembra ...…...………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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