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Variación Estacional De La Densidad Poblacional, Patrón De Actividad Y

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Variación Estacional De La Densidad Poblacional, Patrón De Actividad Y Universidad de Alicante, España Universidad de Pinar del Río, Cuba Variación estacional de la densidad poblacional, patrón de actividad y uso del hábitat de Caracolus sagemon (Mollusca: Camaenidae) en la Reserva Ecológica Siboney-Juticí, Cuba Tesis doctoral presentada por MSc David Maceira Filgueira, dirigida por Dr C José Espinosa y Dr C Germán López Iborra AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis tutores Dr C José Espinosa y Dr C Germán López por todas sus enseñanzas, asesoramiento, críticas y apoyo constante. A las Universidades de Alicante y de Pinar del Río por darnos esta oportunidad, en especial, al Profesor Dr C Antonio Escarré por su preocupación y apoyo al programa de doctorado. A todo el personal de la Reserva Ecológica Siboney-Juticí. A mi familia. Por sus revisiones e importantes críticas: Al Dr C Antonio Mijail Pérez Pérez (GAIA, Nicaragüa) y al Dr C Bernardo Reyes Tur (Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba), Al Dr C Luís de Armas Chaviano (IES, La Habana), al Dr C Carlos Naranjo López (BIOECO, Santiago de Cuba) y al Dr C Gabriel Garcés González (BIOECO). A la Dr C Teresa Rodríguez López (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, España), a la Dr C Josabel Belliure (Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, España). Al Dr C Vicente Berovides Álvarez (Universidad de La Habana). Al MSc Alejandro Fernández Velázquez (CISAT, Holguín) y a MSc Liana Bidart Cisneros. Al Dr C Julio A. Genaro (York University, Canada ) y al Al Dr C José Luis Fontenla (MNHN, La Habana). Al Dr C Nicasio Viña Dávila (BIOECO) por introducirme al estudio de los moluscos cubanos. Al Consejo Científico de BIOECO y a los colegas del Departamento de Zoología. Al Ing. Agrónomo Florentino Bermúdez (BIOECO) y MSc Eddy Martínez Quesada (CIMAC, Camagüey) por la identificación de las plantas. A la MSc. María del Carmen Fagilde Espinosa (BIOECO) por su ayuda en ecología de epífitas, al Lic. Maike Hernández (Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática). A l Diseñador gráfico Luis Antonio Casanellas Cué quien gentilemente diseño la cuvierta de este documento. DEDICATORIA A mi esposa, Beatriz, y mis hijos, David y Beatriz. A todos los miembros y colaboradores de las desaparecidas Sociedad Malacológica "Carlos de la Torre" y de la Sociedad de Historia Natural "Felipe Poey", a los malacólogos históricos y presentes cuyos legados resultan indispensables. Resumen En Cuba no existen estudios poblacionales de algún molusco terrestre endémico por un tiempo tan prolongado. Así esta tesis tiene la importancia de contribuir al conocimiento de la variación de la densidad poblacional y su estacionalidad, de la actividad y la relación de Caracolus sagemon con la vegetación y su microhabitat la planta epífita Tillandsia fasciculata . Este análisis aportará la información necesaria para los planes de manejo de esta especie endémica en nuestro archipiélago. Esta tesis brinda toda la información existente sobre los diferentes estudios realizados a la familia Camaenidae en Cuba, también sobre su origen filogenético y aportes taxonómicos. El objetivo del presente estudio es caracterizar la ecología de los individuos adultos y juveniles de este caracol que habita que en las condiciones del Matorral xeromorfo costero y subcostero de la Reserva Ecológica "Siboney-Juticí". Los individuos adultos permanecen en la población, con valores medios de dens idad poblacional durante los períodos poco lluvioso y lluvioso, mostrando en mayo el máximo valor. Los individuos juveniles durante el período poco lluvioso mostraron valores medios de densidad poblacional y están en mayor número durante noviembre y diciembre. Durante el período lluvioso dominan valores medios de densidad poblacional con máximos valores en mayo y julio . En ambas clases de edad al temperatura y la humedad relativa no mostraron correlación con la densidad poblacional en el período poco lluvioso; pero sí para el período lluvioso. Los individuos adultos tienden a valores similares de densidad poblacional cada 6.8 meses y los juveniles cada seis meses. Cada período climático mostró un modelo diferente que explica la variación de la densidad poblacional de los individuos adultos y juveniles en relación con la estructura de la vegetación. Los individuos adultos durante el período poco lluvioso estuvieron influenciados mayormente por la cobertura del suelo y disminuciones del recubrimiento entre 0-30cm y variaciones de la cobertura de T. fasciculata ; mientras que en el período lluvioso lo fueron esta última variable y la cobertura del dosel junto a los recubrimientos de los estratos más altos. En los individuos juveniles la cobertura de T. fasciculata fue la más importante. Se encontró que C. sagemon habitó preferentemente los individuos de T. fasciculata que alcanzaron un gran diámetro superior y se dispusieron sobre tronco y ramas de grosor parecidos. Como adaptación a las condiciones de vida a dicho microhabitat y formación vegetal C. sagemon reduce la talla de la concha y el largo y ancho de la abertura de la concha para regular la pérdida de agua y reducir la depredación. También ensancha la espira al final de la ontoge nia para alcanzar la talla adulta y mantiene una concha plana y aquillada para reptar entre las axilas de T. fasciculata. Los individuos adultos y juveniles establecieron un ritmo diario que comenzó con la defecación, luego la locomoción y alimentación, y finalmente la cópula en adultos. Existe un descanso por dos horas para reanudar la actividad después de la medianoche y antes o cerca del amanecer regresan a sus sitios de refugio diurno. Los individuos adultos y juveniles durante el período poco lluvioso permanecen mayormente en dormancia aunque en los meses iniciales y finales pueden reptar y alimentarse. Durante el período lluvioso se mantiene activos, y esta actividad es más acentuada para los meses finales (septiembre y octubre) pudiendo iniciar la dor mancia si las condiciones se vuelven desfavorables. Todos estos resultados sobre la ecología de ambas clases de edad de Caracolus sagemon son de gran importancia para la protección y manejo de la población que habita en la Reserva Ecológica Siboney-Juticí y en general para sus restantes poblaciones en su área de distribución nacional. El estudio en relación con la epífita T. fasciculata aportó datos sobre su ecología, uso de forófitos y tamaño de algunas de sus estructuras. Todo lo cual demuestra la coe volución entre ambos organismos (planta y caracol). INDICE ...............................................................................................................................................Pág. Capítulo 1. Introducción General 1.1 Los moluscos: origen.............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Los moluscos: perjuicios y utilidad para el hombre .............................................................. 3 1.3. Aportes más importantes al estudio de los moluscos terrestres cubanos.............................. 5 1.4. Malacofauna terrestre cubana en relación con las Antillas Mayores .................................... 18 1.5. Localidades notables de moluscos terrestres cubanos ........................................................... 24 1.6. Sinopsis del área de estudio ................................................................................................... 27 1.7. Objetivo general de la tesis .................................................................................................... 28 1.8. Objetivos específicos de la tesis ........................................................................................... 28 1.9 Referencias ............................................................................................................................. 30 Capítulo 2. Antecedentes 2.1. Introducción ........................................................................................................................... 59 2.1.1. Objetivos ............................................................................................................................. 59 2.2. Origen filogenético de la familia Camaenidae y estudios taxonómicos ................................ 59 2.3. Estudios sobre distribución geográfica en Camaenidae ........................................................ 64 2.4. Estudios ecológicos en Camaenidae...................................................................................... 64 2.5. Estudios anatómicos en Camaenidae..................................................................................... 65 2.6. Estudios bioquímicos, fisiológicos y sobre parasitosis en Camaenidae ................................ 65 2.7. Estudios biométricos en Camaenidae .................................................................................... 67 2.8. Estudios sobre conservación en Camaenidae ........................................................................ 67 2.9. Depredación sobre los moluscos terrestres cubanos por vertebrados e invertebrados .......... 67 2.10. Estudios ecológicos sobre moluscos terrestres en áreas xerófitas de Cuba......................... 70 2.11. Referencias .......................................................................................................................... 72 Capítulo 3. Área de estudio 3.1. Introducción ........................................................................................................................... 85 3.1.1. Objetivos ............................................................................................................................. 85 3.2. Subregión
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