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SEABIRDS (Alcidae) CARE MANUAL

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SEABIRDS (Alcidae) CARE MANUAL SEABIRDS (Alcidae) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Animal Welfare Committee Seabirds (Alcidae) Care Manual Seabirds (Alcidae) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in collaboration with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group. (2018). Seabirds (Alcidae) Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: July 2018 Authors and Significant Contributors: Aimee Greenebaum, Charadriiformes TAG Vice-Chair, Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Alex Waier, Sea World of Florida, USA Cindy Pinger, Charadriiformes TAG Program Leader, Birmingham Zoo, USA Debbie Zombeck, North Carolina Zoo, USA Elizabeth Chittick Nolan, DVM, SeaWorld Orlando, USA Ellen Dierenfeld, PhD, Ellen S. Dierenfeld, LLC, Saint Louis, USA Eric Miller, Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Heidi Cline, Alaska SeaLife Center, USA Jennifer Miller, SeaWorld San Diego, USA Justin Brackett, SeaWorld San Diego, USA Kim Peterson, SeaWorld San Diego, USA Kim Wanders, Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Kristin Pelo, Alaska SeaLife Center, USA Liane Berlepsch, SeaWorld Orlando, USA Linda Henry, SeaWorld San Diego, USA Lori Smith, National Aquarium, USA Mary Carlson, Charadriiformes Program Advisor, Seattle Aquarium, USA Mike Macek, Piciformes Tag Chair, Curator of Birds, St. Louis Zoo, USA Sara Perry, Seattle Aquarium, USA Sherry Branch, SeaWorld Orlando, USA Stephanie McCain, DVM, Charadriiformes Veterinarian Advisor, Birmingham Zoo, USA Tasha DiMarzio, Alaska SeaLife Center, USA Todd Schmitt, DVM, SeaWorld San Diego, USA Wendy Turner, Curator of Birds, SeaWorld San Diego, USA Reviewers: Tasha DiMarzio, Avian Curator, Alaska SeaLife Center, USA Jo Gregson, Curator of Birds, Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, UK AZA Staff Editors: Emily Wagner, Animal Care Manual Editor Consultant Felicia Spector, MA, Animal Care Manual Editor Consultant Rebecca Greenberg, Animal Programs Coordinator Candice Dorsey, PhD, Senior Vice President, Conservation, Management & Welfare Sciences Hana Johnstone, Conservation, Management & Welfare Sciences Intern Raven Spencer, Conservation, Management & Welfare Sciences Intern Cover Photo Credits: Jeff Pribble Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2 Seabirds (Alcidae) Care Manual Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge. The use of information within this manual should be in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning the care of animals. While some government laws and regulations may be referenced in this manual, these are not all-inclusive nor is this manual intended to serve as an evaluation tool for those agencies. The recommendations included are not meant to be exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution. Commercial entities and media identified are not necessarily endorsed by AZA. The statements presented throughout the body of the manual do not represent AZA standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes. Association of Zoos and Aquariums 3 Seabirds (Alcidae) Care Manual Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Taxonomic Classification ...................................................................................................................... 6 Genus, Species, and Status ................................................................................................................. 6 General Information ............................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1. Ambient Environment ........................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Temperature and Humidity ............................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Light ................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Water and Air Quality .................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Sound and Vibration ..................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment .................................................................................. 18 2.1 Space and Complexity .................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Safety and Containment ............................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 3. Records ................................................................................................................................ 26 3.1 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Types of Records .......................................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Permit Considerations .................................................................................................................. 27 3.4 Identification ................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 4. Transport ............................................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Preparations ................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Protocols ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 5. Social Environment ........................................................................................................... 34 5.1 Group Structure and Size ............................................................................................................ 34 5.2 Influence of Others and Conspecifics ........................................................................................ 34 5.3 Introductions and Reintroductions .............................................................................................. 35 Chapter 6. Nutrition ............................................................................................................................... 36 6.1 Nutritional Requirements .............................................................................................................. 36 6.2 Diets ................................................................................................................................................ 38 6.3 Nutritional Evaluations .................................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 7. Veterinary Care .................................................................................................................. 41 7.1 Veterinary Services ....................................................................................................................... 41 7.2 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations ........................................ 42 7.3 Quarantine ...................................................................................................................................... 42 7.4 Preventive Medicine ...................................................................................................................... 46 7.5 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization ...................................................................................... 49 7.6 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or Isolation.............................................. 50 Chapter 8. Reproduction ...................................................................................................................... 56 8.1 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior ..................................................................................... 56 8.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology ............................................................................................ 56 8.3 Pregnancy & Egg-laying ............................................................................................................... 57 8.4 Hatching Facilities ......................................................................................................................... 58 8.5 Assisted Rearing ..........................................................................................................................
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