Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 8 (2010) 3–46 brill.nl/jshj Th e Historical Jesus in the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm Shift? James H. Charlesworth Princeton Theological Seminary Princeton, NJ, USA
[email protected] Abstract Th e Gospel of John has been either ignored or used marginally in the study of the historical Jesus. Careful study of the realia mentioned in the Gospel of John and explorations of the topography and architectural structures men- tioned in the Gospel indicate that it must not be ignored or used only spo- radically in Jesus research. Archaeological discoveries prove that sometimes the Fourth Evangelist knew more about Jewish customs and debates than the authors of the Synoptics and more about the architectural landscape of Jerusalem than the authors of the Qumran Scrolls or Josephus. Keywords archaeology , Dead Sea Scrolls , Gospel of John , historical Jesus , Jewish purifi - cation rites , Second Temple Judaism , Synoptic Gospels Th e present stage of biblical research seldom permits a scholar to claim an area of consensus, yet most New Testament scholars would probably agree that those who have written a life of Jesus over the past one hun- dred years have focused on Mark and the Synoptics. Against this strong consensus, the present essay points to a growing propensity of some of the best experts devoted to Jesus research; some are no longer branding John as a ‘spiritual’ work devoid of historical information. 1 1 ) In this essay I use ‘John’ to refer both to the Gospel of John and to the author(s) and editor(s) of the Gospel.