Overview of Current Concepts in Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Cancer
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Short Course 10 Metaplasia in The
0 3: 436-446 Rev Esp Patot 1999; Vol. 32, N © Prous Science, SA. © Sociedad Espajiola de Anatomia Patot6gica Short Course 10 © Sociedad Espafiola de Citologia Metaplasia in the gut Chairperson: NA. Wright, UK. Co-chairpersons: G. Coggi, Italy and C. Cuvelier, Belgium. Overview of gastrointestinal metaplasias only in esophagus but also in the duodenum, intestine, gallbladder and even in the pancreas. Well established is columnar metaplasia J. Stachura of esophageal squamous epithelium. Its association with increased risk of esophageal cancer is widely recognized. Recent develop- Dept. of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University ments have suggested, however, that only the intestinal type of Faculty of Medicine, Krakdw, Poland. metaplastic epithelium (classic Barrett’s esophagus) predisposes to cancer. Another field of studies is metaplasia in the short seg- ment at the esophago-cardiac junction, its association with Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one aduit cell type is Helicobacter pylon infection and/or reflux disease and intestinal replaced by another. It is always associated with some abnormal metaplasia in the cardiac and fundic areas. stimulation of tissue growth, tissue regeneration or excessive hor- Studies on gastric mucosa metaplasia could be divided into monal stimulation. Heterotopia, on the other hand, takes place dur- those concerned with pathogenesis and detailed structural/func- ing embryogenesis and is usually supposed not to be associated tional features and those concerned with clinical significance. with tissue damage. Pancreatic acinar cell clusters in pediatric gas- We know now that gastric mucosa may show not only complete tric mucosa form another example of aberrant cell differentiation. and incomplete intestinal metaplasia but also others such as ciliary Metaplasia is usually divided into epithelial and connective tis- and pancreatic metaplasia. -
Subtypes of Intestinal Metaplasia and Helicobacter Pylorn Gut: First Published As 10.1136/Gut.33.5.597 on 1 May 1992
Gut, 1992, 33, 597-600 597 Subtypes of intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylorn Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.33.5.597 on 1 May 1992. Downloaded from M E Craanen, P Blok, W Dekker, J Ferwerda, G N J Tytgat Abstract ing lesion, intestinal metaplasia are widely To determine whether there is a relationship recognised as being the most prevalent pre- between the presence of H pylon and the cursors of intestinal type gastric carcinoma.7 various subtypes ofintestinal metaplasia in the Subtypes of intestinal metaplasia have been gastric antrum, 2274 antral gastroscopic biop- identified based upon histological, ultra- sies from 533 patients were examined. Hpylon structural, enzyme, and mucin histochemical was found in 289 patients. Intestinal meta- characteristics. Some of the latter studies have plasia in general was found in 135 patients. suggested that a sulphomucin secreting, incom- Type I intestinal metaplasia was found in 133 plete intestinal metaplasia subtype is particularly patients (98.5%), type II in 106 patients (78.5%) closely linked to intestinal type gastric carcinoma and type III in 21 patients (15.6%). Ninety eight and may therefore be a marker of increased of these 135 patients (72.6%) were H pylori gastric cancer risk.8'~3 In another study evidence positive and 37 patients (27.4%) were H pylon was found for a strong association between the negative. No statistically significant difference presence of intestinal metaplasia in general and was found in the prevalence of type I and II H pylorn in the gastric antral mucosa.'4 We intestinal metaplasia between the intestinal undertook this study in order to investigate metaplasia positive and H pylon positive and further the relationship between the presence of intestinal metaplasia negative and H pylon H pylorn and the various subtypes of intestinal negative patients. -
Lugol's Iodine Chromoendoscopy Versus Narrow Band Image Enhanced Endoscopy for the Detection of Esophageal Cancer in Patients
AG-2016-102 ORIGINAL ARTICLE dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-2803.201700000-19 Lugol’s iodine chromoendoscopy versus Narrow Band Image enhanced endoscopy for the detection of esophageal cancer in patients with stenosis secondary to caustic/corrosive agent ingestion Caterina Maria Pia Simoni PENNACHI1, Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de MOURA1, Renato Bastos Pimenta AMORIM2, Hugo Gonçalo GUEDES1, Vivek KUMBHARI3 and Eduardo Guimarães Hourneaux de MOURA1 Received 27/10/2016 Accepted 30/1/2017 ABSTRACT – Background – The diagnosis of corrosion cancer should be suspected in patients with corrosive ingestion if after a latent period of negligible symptoms there is development of dysphagia, or poor response to dilatation, or if respiratory symptoms develop in an otherwise stable patient of esophageal stenosis. Narrow Band Imaging detects superficial squamous cell carcinoma more frequently than white-light imaging, and has significantly higher sensitivity and accuracy compared with white-light. Objective – To determinate the clinical applicability of Narrow Band Imaging versus Lugol´s solution chromendoscopy for detection of early esophageal cancer in patients with caustic/corrosive agent stenosis. Methods – Thirty-eight patients, aged between 28-84 were enrolled and examined by both Narrow Band Imaging and Lugol´s solution chromendoscopy. A 4.9mm diameter endoscope was used facilitating examination of a stenotic area without dilation. Narrow Band Imaging was performed and any lesion detected was marked for later biopsy. Then, Lugol´s solution chromoendoscopy was performed and biopsies were taken at suspicious areas. Patients who had abnormal findings at the routine, Narrow Band Imaging or Lugol´s solution chromoscopy exam had their stenotic ring biopsied. Results – We detected nine suspicious lesions with Narrow Band Imaging and 14 with Lugol´s solution chromendoscopy. -
Clinical Review on Dyes Used in Chromoendoscopy
Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Review Article Clinical Review on Dyes Used in Chromoendoscopy Anepu S* and Murthy KVR Department of Gastroenterology, A U College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India Received: 20 Mar 2020 1. Abstract Accepted: 02 Apr 2020 Chromoendoscopic technique dates to 1970, when various dyes were used on the tissue lining the Published: 04 Apr 2020 GI tract to detect subtle lesions that are hard to detect using normal endoscopic imaging. Applied * Corresponding author: colour enhances tissue characterisation thus providing easier identification of pathological con- Sarada Anepu, Department of Gas- dition. Chromoendoscopic systems improve the identification of minute changes in the surface troenterology, A U College of Phar- pattern by improving the contrast of raised and deepened areas. Based on the type of stain used maceutical Sciences, Andhra Univer- different types of epithelia can be easily differentiated. This is particularly helpful in surveillance sity, Visakhapatnam, India, E-mail: programmes aiming to detect dysplasia and pre-neoplastic lesions [e.g. in Barrett’s Oesophagus (BO) [email protected] or Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)] with the diagnostic yield of targeted ‘smarter’ biopsies being superior to random biopsies, thus reducing the histopathologic workload and potentially offsetting the costs for additional procedure time. This review discusses in detail various stains equipment and drawbacks of chromoendoscopy. 2. Keywords: Chromoendoscopy; Dye; Spray catheters 3. Introduction Gastro intestinal tract is a hollow muscular tract starting from mouth and continuing with oesoph- agus to stomach, small intestine, colon rectum and ending with anus along with supporting organs like liver, gall bladder and pancreas. -
Histopathology of Barrett's Esophagus and Early-Stage
Review Histopathology of Barrett’s Esophagus and Early-Stage Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: An Updated Review Feng Yin, David Hernandez Gonzalo, Jinping Lai and Xiuli Liu * Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; fengyin@ufl.edu (F.Y.); hernand3@ufl.edu (D.H.G.); jinpinglai@ufl.edu (J.L.) * Correspondence: xiuliliu@ufl.edu; Tel.: +1-352-627-9257; Fax: +1-352-627-9142 Received: 24 October 2018; Accepted: 22 November 2018; Published: 27 November 2018 Abstract: Esophageal adenocarcinoma carries a very poor prognosis. For this reason, it is critical to have cost-effective surveillance and prevention strategies and early and accurate diagnosis, as well as evidence-based treatment guidelines. Barrett’s esophagus is the most important precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which follows a defined metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma sequence. Accurate recognition of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus is crucial due to its pivotal prognostic value. For early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma, depth of submucosal invasion is a key prognostic factor. Our systematic review of all published data demonstrates a “rule of doubling” for the frequency of lymph node metastases: tumor invasion into each progressively deeper third of submucosal layer corresponds with a twofold increase in the risk of nodal metastases (9.9% in the superficial third of submucosa (sm1) group, 22.0% in the middle third of submucosa (sm2) group, and 40.7% in deep third of submucosa (sm3) group). Other important risk factors include lymphovascular invasion, tumor differentiation, and the recently reported tumor budding. In this review, we provide a concise update on the histopathological features, ancillary studies, molecular signatures, and surveillance/management guidelines along the natural history from Barrett’s esophagus to early stage invasive adenocarcinoma for practicing pathologists. -
Colorectal Cancer Surveillance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Colorectal Cancer Surveillance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease RENEE MARCHIONI BEERY, DO Director, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Assistant Professor of Medicine University of South Florida Disclosures No disclosures or conflicts of interest Objectives: Colorectal Cancer Surveillance in IBD Describe current approach for colorectal (CRC) surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Outline classification scheme for describing IBD- associated dysplastic lesions Discuss role of chromoendoscopy in evaluation and detection of dysplasia Highlight optimal endoscopic surveillance techniques and management strategies in clinical practice Burden of Colorectal Neoplasia in IBD Colitis-associated colorectal neoplasia, including dysplasia and malignancy, linked to IBD Initially described by Crohn & Rosenberg (1925) IBD-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) 1-2% of CRC cases in general population 10-15% of all deaths among IBD patients IBD is third highest risk factor for CRC behind genetic causes Distinct from sporadic CRC Molecular, endoscopic and histologic features Associated with increased mortality Crohn BB, Rosenburg H. Am J Med Sci. 1925;170:220–227. Munkholm P. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(suppl 2):1–5. Kulaylat MN, Dayton MT. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:706–712. Jewel Samadder N et al. Dig Dis Sci 2017; Jan 3. Risk of Colorectal Cancer in IBD Patients with long-standing IBD have higher risk for development of CRC than the general population 2.4-fold increased risk in UC and similar for Crohn’s colitis (relative to general populations) 1.5 to 2 times increased risk in IBD population compared with general population in North America Jess T et al. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 2012;10:639–45. Bleday R et l. -
Is Malignant Potential of Barrett's Esophagus Predictable By
life Review Is Malignant Potential of Barrett’s Esophagus Predictable by Endoscopy Findings? Yuji Amano 1,* , Norihisa Ishimura 2 and Shunji Ishihara 2 1 Department of Endoscopy, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2232, Japan 2 Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; [email protected] (N.I.); [email protected] (S.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-047-711-8700; Fax: +81-047-392-8718 Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Given that endoscopic findings can be used to predict the potential of neoplastic progression in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) cases, the detection rate of dysplastic Barrett’s lesions may become higher even in laborious endoscopic surveillance because a special attention is consequently paid. However, endoscopic findings for effective detection of the risk of neoplastic progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) have not been confirmed, though some typical appearances are suggestive. In the present review, endoscopic findings that can be used predict malignant potential to EAC in BE cases are discussed. Conventional results obtained with white light endoscopy, such as length of BE, presence of esophagitis, ulceration, hiatal hernia, and nodularity, are used as indicators of a higher risk of neoplastic progression. However, there are controversies in some of those findings. Absence of palisade vessels may be also a new candidate predictor, as that reveals degree of intense inflammation and of cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression with accelerated cellular proliferation. Furthermore, an open type of mucosal pattern and enriched stromal blood vessels, which can be observed by image-enhanced endoscopy, including narrow band imaging, have been confirmed as factors useful for prediction of neoplastic progression of BE because they indicate more frequent cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression along with accelerated cellular proliferation. -
How Are We Addressing Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia?
Editorial How are we addressing gastric intestinal metaplasia? Raúl A. Cañadas Garrido, MD1 1 Internist and Gastroenterologist at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio at the Pontificia The increasing sensitization of Colombian gastroenterologists to detection of early Universidad Javeriana, Postgraduate Coordinator gastric cancer is important not only for what it represents for patients prognoses but of Gastroenterology at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Chief of Gastroenterology at Marly Clinic because of the therapeutic alternatives it opens the door to. These include endoscopic in Bogota, Colombia surgery which is less invasive than the already known and accepted surgical treatment .......................................... with intent to heal. Received: 10-11-12 It is clear for everyone that gastric cancer is still a public health problem and that most Accepted: 21-11-12 patients are diagnosed in advanced stages when there is rarely any option of healing. This makes us look back to the essential, back to screening programs and monitoring of high risk groups, and therefore back to identification of precancerous stages. The contribution of Dr. Pelayo Correa in describing the pathogenic sequence of intes- tinal gastric cancer, now accepted worldwide, shows how normal gastric mucosa, when confronted with environmental or hereditary factors, can evolve into superficial chronic gastritis, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. It passes through intermediate stages such as atrophy and intestinal metaplasia which are considered to be preneoplastic stages, and then it evolves into gastric adenocarcinoma. The literature, however, is still uncertain regarding this final step. Here is where important questions begin to arise, “Which is more important for monitoring, keeping an eye on atrophy? Or watching the metaplasia?” In clinical practice we frequently show concern when monitoring metaplasia, but we do not look beyond or delve into the meaning of the term and its physiological and pathogenic implications. -
Intestinal Metaplasia in Endoscopic Biopsy Specimens of Gastric Mucosa
J Clin Pathol 1985;38:613-621 Intestinal metaplasia in endoscopic biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa GA ROTHERY, DW DAY From the Department ofPathology, University ofLiverpool, Liverpool SUMMARY A total of 1412 consecutive cases of endoscopic gastric biopsy, carried out over a four year period, were reviewed and specimens were examined histochemically to determine the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia and its variants. Three types were characterised: complete intestinal metaplasia and two classes of incomplete intestinal metaplasia (type hIa and type Ilb) depending on the absence or presence, respectively, of sulphomucins within mucin secreting columnar cells. Type lIb intestinal metaplasia was significantly more common in patients with gastric carcinoma (p < 0.001) and in those with dysplasia (p < 0.001) than in patients with benign gastric pathology. No such association was found with either type I or type hIa intestinal metaplasia. In addition to those present in the columnar cells of type IIb intestinal metaplasia, sulphomucins were also commonly found in goblet cells of all three types of metaplasia. The presence of sulphomucins in goblet cells, however, was not significantly associated with gastric carcinoma or dysplasia. The significance of the different types of intestinal metaplasia in relation to the pathological findings is discussed. Epidemiological, 2 and morphological3-5 studies or absence of large intestinal enzymes and mucins have shown that there is an association between (o-acylated sialomucins and sulphomucins). intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma, and it Several recent studies show that the presence of has been considered by many to be a possible sulphated mucins in intestinal metaplasia has a marker of premalignant change. -
The Transition from Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer Involves POPDC1 and POPDC3 Downregulation
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article The Transition from Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer Involves POPDC1 and POPDC3 Downregulation Rachel Gingold-Belfer 1,2,3,* , Gania Kessler-Icekson 1,3, Sara Morgenstern 4, Lea Rath-Wolfson 3,4, Romy Zemel 1,3, Doron Boltin 2,3, Zohar Levi 2,3 and Michal Herman-Edelstein 1,3,5 1 The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel; [email protected] (G.K.-I.); [email protected] (R.Z.); [email protected] (M.H.-E.) 2 Rabin Medical Center, Gastroenterology Division, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel; [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (Z.L.) 3 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; [email protected] 4 Rabin Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel; [email protected] 5 Rabin Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Petah Tikva 4937211, Israel * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +972-52-2405895 Abstract: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is an intermediate step in the progression from premalignant to malignant stages of gastric cancer (GC). The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) gene family encodes three transmembrane proteins, POPDC1, POPDC2, and POPDC3, initially described in muscles and later in epithelial and other cells, where they function in cell–cell interaction, and cell migration. POPDC1 and POPDC3 downregulation was described in several tumors, including colon and gastric cancers. We questioned whether IM-to-GC transition involves POPDC gene Citation: Gingold-Belfer, R.; dysregulation. Gastric endoscopic biopsies of normal, IM, and GC patients were examined for Kessler-Icekson, G.; Morgenstern, S.; expression levels of POPDC1-3 and several suggested IM biomarkers, using immunohistochemistry Rath-Wolfson, L.; Zemel, R.; Boltin, and qPCR. -
Progress in Endoscopic Imaging of Gastrointestinal Tumors
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2010; 14: 272-276 Progress in endoscopic imaging of gastrointestinal tumors G. COSTAMAGNA, M. MARCHESE Operative Unit of Endoscopic Digestive Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Italy) Abstract. – State of the Art: New technolo- ommended, but it remains questionable whether gies in the form of high-magnification or “zoom” this time-consuming approach is clinically effec- endoscopy complemented by chromoscopic tive. This need led to intensified efforts to devel- agents or Narrow Band Imaging permit early detec- tion of neoplastic lesions, particularly flat and de- op an “ideal” technique that could objectively de- pressed types. Detailed characteristics of the mu- tect the maximum number of cases of cancer cosal surface can be obtained, enabling an in vivo with a minimum number of biopsies (Table I). “optical biopsy” to make an instant diagnosis at endoscopy, previously possible only by using his- Red Flag Techniques With tological or cytological analysis. Advances in fiber “Virtual” Chromoendoscopy optics, light sources, detectors, and molecular biol- ogy have led to the development of several novel “Red flag” methods involve special techniques methods for tissue evaluation in situ. that are added to standard white-light endoscopy in Perspectives: Promising imaging techniques order to increase the sensitivity for detecting early include fluorescence endoscopy, optical coher- neoplasia in a broadfield imaging examination1,2. ence tomography, confocal microendoscopy, Olympus Narrow Band Imaging (NBI), Fujji- molecular imaging, and light scattering and Ra- non Intelligent Colour Enhancement system man spectroscopy. (FICE), and Pentax i-scan are applied to a new Conclusions: These techniques probably are able to replace conventional biopsy in the near generation of high-resolution endoscopes, allow- future, but the endoscopists should become in- ing the endoscopist to easily switch between the creasingly more familiar with histopathologic “Virtual chromoendoscopy-mode” and the nor- findings. -
The Diagnosis and Management of Achlorhydria
The Diagnosis and Management of Achlorhydria Dicky Febrianto, Iswan Abbas Nusi, Poernomo Boedi Setiawan, Herry Purbayu, Titong Sugihartono, Ummi Maimunah, Ulfa Kholili, Budi Widodo, Amie Vidyani, Muhammad Miftahussurur and Husin Thamrin 1Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected] Keywords: Achlorhydria, kobalamin, vitamin, calcium Abstract: Achlorhydria is defined as a decrease in secretion quantity or decrease in the acidity of gastric acid. Gastric acid has several functions including activating other digestive enzymes, deciphering the food particles in the digestive process, essential vitamins and minerals absorption, and eliminating most of the microorganisms that enter with the food. There is no specific management for achlorhydria. Patients with achlorhydria in addition to experiencing disorders of HCl formation generally also suffer from pepsin deficiency. Therefore, pepsin is usually given to support the provision of betaine HCl. Patients with achlorhydria should be periodically monitored for early diagnosis of anemia due to iron deficiency and/or cobalamin. Calcium and vitamin D deficiency can be monitored through serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D level as well as bone density examination. 1 INTRODUCTION The signs that often arise include being weak, weary, lethargic due to anemia, the occurrence of Achlorhydria is a condition of decrease in the undigested food in the feces, neurological disorders, quantity or the absence of gastric acid (Schubert et and bone fractures (Fujita, 2014). al., 2013). The most common risk factor of The gold standard of achlorhydria diagnosis is achlorhydria is Helicobacter pylori infection. H. established by Heidelberg's gastric analysis pylori infection causes chronic atrophic gastritis technique to measure the acidity of gastric acid.