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Assessment of the Reser Voir Sedimentation Rates from 137Cs Measurements in the Moldavian Plateau

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Assessment of the Reser Voir Sedimentation Rates from 137Cs Measurements in the Moldavian Plateau ACTA GEOLOGICA HISPANICA, v. 35 (2000), nº 3-4, p. 357-367 Assessment of the reser voir sedimentation rates from 137Cs measurements in the Moldavian Plateau I. IONITA(1), R.M. MARGINEANU(2) and C. HURJUI(1) (1) Central Research Station for Soil Erosion Control Perieni - Barlad. Romania (2) National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering “Horia Hulubei” Bucharest - Magurele. Romania ABSTRACT Re s e r voir sedimentation has been recognized as an important environmental threat in the Moldavian Plateau of Eastern Romania. Measurements of the 13 7 Cs content of reservoir and, sometimes, floodplain sediments have been used to estimate the rate of sedimenta- tion over the past 13-36 yea r s . The estimated mean sediment accumulation rates in the reservoirs from three geomorph o l o gical subunits var y between 2.6 and 7.9 cm / y ear with an average rate of 4.6 cm/year after April 1986. Strong relationships were established between the individual sedimenta- tion rates and the drainage area within the southern and central part of the Moldavian Plateau. The shape of the 13 7 Cs depth profile was used as the main approach. Taking into account that the standard pattern is in the form of a cantilever and based on burial magnitude of 13 7 Cs peak derived from Cherno b yl two chief patterns of reservoir sedimentation wer e i d e n t i fi e d, shallow and deep buried cantilever , respectivel y. Keywo rd s : 13 7 Cs. Soil erosion. Sedimentation rates. IN T RO D U C T I O N of two-three years the water level used to be brought al- most down. The hy d r o l ogical regime of the rivers in Eastern Ro- mania is characterized by big fluctuations including ei- During the past decade a shift in emphasis has take n ther lack of streamflow or severe floods. The higher place regarding the need for more complete and accurate amounts of precipitation between 1966 and 1973 in- i n f o rmation on reservoir sedimentation. Classical sedi- duced a marked period of dam planning and constru c- mentation surveys invo l ve repeated field measurements tion for multiple purpose use. In the course of time se- a n d, therefore, this is probably the most costly and time veral reservoirs have been impacted by gr e a t ly increased consuming method. The application of radionuclides, sedimentation and loss of capacity in water storage. p a rt i c u l a r ly 1 3 7Cs, for water erosion and sedimentation H oweve r, in many cases, it is necessary to mention that studies in Romania has not been attempted so fa r. Re- because of fishing practice temporarily, after an interva l search undert a ken on some representative water reser- 357 sidered as the broadest and most typical plateau of Ro- mania (Bacauanu et al., 1980). Clayey-sandy Miocene- Pliocene deposits with a gentle gradient of 7-8 m/km NW -SE has outcropped from sedimentary substratum as a result of erosion. Shallow intercalations of sarma t i a n sandstone and limestone can sometimes be identifie d (J e a n r e n a u d , 1971). As moving from the North to the South a regu l a r , systematic decrease in clay content with increasing in sand percentage can be regarded. Th i s plateau is situated between 32 and 564 m above sea level . The climate is temperate continental with a mean annual temperature of 8-9.8 ºC and precipitation of 460-600 mm. Although the natural vegetation cover was drastically changed by man two natural zones have been distin- guished: the forested area that occupies the higher parts of the plateau and the area under silvosteppe (forest- grassland transition) and steppe (short grasslands). Slopes within the plateau are mantled by mollisols and forest so i l s . The study area has been focussed mostly on three ma- jor units of the Moldavian Plateau: - The Moldavian Plain, drained mainly by Jijia river oc- cupies the north e r n part of the plateau, which is rich in cl a yey Miocene layers. Its average altitude is about 15 0 m . - The Central Moldavian Plateau that is well known by Figure 1. Moldavian Plateau study area showing the location of some structural plateaus bounded by north - l o o k i n g the reservoir. cuestas. This region encompasses the upper Barlad basin, upstream from its junction with the Racova and Crasna river s . voirs in the Moldavian Plateau was seen as an opport u- - The Tut o va Rolling Hills, which are lying in the southern, nity to test the potential of 1 3 7Cs technique. The use of sandy Pliocene area, being surrounded by the Racova, the fallout radionuclide 1 3 7Cs offers considerable possi- Barlad and Siret river s . bility of collecting adequate data on reservoir sedimen- tation and inve s t i gating the spatial variability of deposi- tion rates and the patterns invo l ved (Ritchie and ME T H O D S M c H e n ry, 1990, Walling and He, 1993, Walling and Quine, 1993, Walling and He, 1997). By dating the sed- Be t w een autumn 1996 and summer 1999 a number of iments within reservoirs it was possible to insight into 15 reservoirs have been gra d u a l l y selected to estimate the erosion and sedimentation processes that are impossibl e depth of reservoir sedimentation. Figure 1 illustrates both to gain with other methods. This paper presents the re- the location of the Moldavian Plateau within Romania sults obtained on reservoir sedimentation rates in an and the spatial distribution of reservoirs between the Siret area subjected to wide range in land degradation by and Prut river s . sheet-rill erosion, gullies and landslides. By means of an Eijkelkamp hand auger equipment a lot of holes were fi r s t ly drilled in each site to determ i n e THE STUDY AR E A the original reservoir floor. Augering was perform e d both in the present lake area and in the upstream reser- The Moldavian Plateau, located in the Eastern Roma- voir area already filed with sediments. In the first case, nia and extending about 25,000 square kilometers is con- during wa rm season, drilling was done either from the 358 wa t e rt a ble by means of a small platform or after period- inlet. Almost 360 sediment samples were collected usu- ical emptying the lake for fishing. Sometimes, during a l ly at 50 mm intervals or according to the visibl e winter holes were drilled from the ice shell. At least one s t r a t i gr a p hy. Samples of reservoir deposits were dried, pit was dug in each reservo i r. This representative pit wa s c rushed and sieved. The combined method of siev i n g located as much as possible nearby the present-day lake and pipetting was used to determine the particle size dis- Table 1. Data on some reservoirs from the Moldavian Plateau, Romania. Ge o graphical position Drainage area No Re s e r voi r Op e r a t i o n Ba s i n La t i t u d e Lo n g i t u d e Tot a l Forest land beg i n i n g De g Mi n De g Mi n ha ha % Tut o va Rolling Hills 1 Bibiresti 19 7 5 Up p e r 46 31 27 05 3, 9 1 2 84 0 21 Ra c a t a u 2 Ho rg e s t i 19 8 3 Mi d d l e 46 27 27 05 10 , 2 2 7 1, 6 9 2 17 Ra c a t a u 3 Racataul de Jos 19 8 5 Lo wer 4 6 22 27 03 17 , 5 5 3 3, 3 0 0 19 Ra c a t a u 4 An t o h e s t i 19 8 4 Up p e r 46 34 27 14 3, 9 6 3 41 2 10 Be r h e c i 5 Hu t u - G a i c e a n a 19 8 3 Mi d d l e 4 6 21 27 15 4, 6 6 5 2, 1 6 6 46 Be r h e c i 6 Pu s c a s i 19 7 3 Lo wer 46 38 27 38 30 , 8 4 5 5, 3 0 0 17 Ra c o va Central Moldavian Tabl e l a n d 7 Pu n g e s t i - G a r c e n i 19 7 6 Ga r c e a n a 46 43 27 21 3, 3 2 8 94 2 28 Ra c o va 8 Ra s - C r a e s t i 19 8 8 Up p e r 46 51 27 10 2, 8 2 5 1, 2 6 8 45 Ba r l a d 9 Moara Domneasca 19 6 4 Fer e s t i - 46 44 27 45 6, 5 9 3 41 8 6 Vas l u i 10 Ca z a n e s t i 19 7 5 Du r d u c - 4 6 52 27 29 19 , 0 9 7 7, 6 3 7 40 Ba r l a d 11 So l e s t i 19 7 4 Mi d d l e 46 47 27 48 42 , 3 5 2 12 , 4 4 5 29 Vas l u i Mo l d a vian Plain 12 Do r o s c a n i 19 6 3 Pop e s t i - 47 11 27 16 32 9 -- Sc o b a l t e n i 13 Do r o s c a n i 19 6 3 Do r o s c a n i 47 11 27 16 85 7 -- Sc o b a l t e n i 14 Podu Iloaiei 19 6 6 Ba h l u i e t - 47 12 27 15 50 , 9 7 8 5, 3 6 7 11 Ba h l u i 15 Ic h i m e n i 19 6 1 Bo d e a s a - 48 03 26 52 3, 6 4 9 -- Ba s e u 359 t r i bution.
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