Predatory Potential of Ladybird Beetle, Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri and Parasitisation Level of Encyrtid Parasitoid Acerophagus Papayae on Papaya Mealybug
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Available online at www.ijpab.com Rasheed et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (3): 690-695 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2974 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (3): 690-695 (2017) Research Article Predatory Potential of Ladybird Beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Parasitisation Level of Encyrtid Parasitoid Acerophagus papayae On Papaya Mealybug V. Abdul Rasheed1*, T. Murali Krishna1 and B. Bhaskar2 1Department of Entomology, S.V. Agricultural College, Institute of Frontier Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati, ANGRAU, 517502 2Department of Plant Pathology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, ANGRAU, 517502 *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 12.05.2017 | Revised: 25.05.2017 | Accepted: 26.05.2017 ABSTRACT The predatory potential of grubs on adult females of papaya mealybug, P. marginatus revealed that the mean number of adult females of P. marginatus consumed by first, second, third and fourth instar grubs were 3.40+0.49, 11.20+1.47, 22.40+1.36, and 31.60+1.50, respectively during total development period of individual instars. A total of 68.60+3.01 adult females of P. marginatus were consumed by the predator in the grub stage. The third and fourth instar grubs were voracious and consumed 22.40+1.36, 31.60+1.50 adult females of P. marginatus respectively. The consumption by first and second instars was 3.40+0.49, 11.20+1.47 of adult females. The predatory potential was increased gradually from first instar to fourth instar.The encyrtid parasitoid, Acerophagus papayae is a predominant exotic parasitoid on papaya mealybugs. The parasitisation rate of A. papayae on second instar nymphs of papaya mealybug, P. marginatus was 84.5+3.25 per cent. Key words: Predatory potential, Paracoccus marginatus, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Acerophagus papayae INTRODUCTION India, the pest was first reported from Papaya mealybug (PMB), Paracoccus Coimbatore during 2008 infesting papaya and marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink there after the list of agricultural and (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), native to horticultural crops infested by this invasive Mexico and Central America7 was introduced pest is expanding3. into the Caribbean islands and had become a Papaya mealybug is a polyphagous pest in early 1990’s; since then it invaded most pest which cause damage to a large number of of the Caribbean archipelago in 1994 and economically important field crops, tropical spread to South America in 1999, the pacific and sub-tropical fruits and the ornamental Island in 2002, and South Asia in 2008. In plants6. Cite this article: Rasheed, V.A., Krishna, T.M. and Bhaskar, B., Predatory Potential of Ladybird Beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Parasitisation Level of Encyrtid Parasitoid Acerophagus papayae On Papaya Mealybug, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(3): 690-695 (2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320- 7051.2974 Copyright © June, 2017; IJPAB 690 Rasheed et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (3): 690-695 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 The natural enemies of papaya mealybug been saved from loss due to the papaya include the commercially available mealybug mealybug in the above three crops4. destroyer ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, lace wings and hover MATERIALS AND METHODS flies; all are generalist predators and have Predatory Potential of Ladybird beetle, Crypt potential impact on papaya mealybug olaemus montrouzieri on Papaya mealybug population. In addition to predators, several Experiment was conducted to determine the parasitoids may attack papaya mealybug. In rate of consumption of mealybugs (adults) by 1999, the USDA Animal and plant health the predatory grub. The lady bird beetle, inspecton service (APHIS) and USDA Cryptolaemus montrouzieri culture was Agricultural Research Service (ARS) initiated obtained from NBAII, Bangalore. After a classical biological control programme for hatching, each predatory grub of first instar the papaya mealybug. Four species of encyrtid confined in a petriplate and provided with the endoparasitic wasps specific to mealybug were known number of female mealybugs (Plate 1). collected in Mexico by USDA and ARS Observations were recorded on number of researchers and Mexican cooperators as mealybugs consumed during every 24 hr potential biological control agents. These were interval. Surviving preys were counted and Acerophagus papaya (Noyes and Schauff), removed. Fresh preys were offered to Anagyrus loecki (Noyes and Menezes), Anag predatory grubs every day until its pupation. yrus californicus Compere and Pseudleptomas Number of preys consumed by the predatory tix mexicana (Noyes and Schauff)5,10. grub in each instar, and the total number of However, A. papayae emerged as the mealybugs consumed during its development dominant species in controlling the papaya as grubs were calculated. The feeding potential mealybug. An amount of Rs.122 crores have studies were conducted with five predatory been saved by rural farmers for not advocating grubs, where each predatory grub in a pesticide application for the past six months in petriplate was considered as one replicate. papaya, mulberry and cassava due to release of Data on predatory potential of different instars parasitoids. An amount of Rs. 435 crores have were analysed with standard deviation. Plate 1: Feeding potential of Ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on adult females on papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Copyright © June, 2017; IJPAB 691 Rasheed et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (3): 690-695 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Parasitisation level of Encyrtid Parasitoid Ac In the present findings, it was observed that erophagus papayae Noyes and Schauff on the mean number of adult females of P. Papaya mealybug marginatus consumed by first, second, third Experiment was conducted to determine the and fourth instar grubs were 3.40+0.49, parasitisation rate of Acerophagus papayae on 11.20+1.47, 22.40+1.36, and 31.60+1.50, papaya mealybugs. The parasitoid, respectively. A total of 68.60+3.01 adult Acerophagus papayae culture was obtained females of P. marginatus were consumed by from NBAIR, Bangalore. For each parasitoid the predator in the grub stage. Among various the known number of mealybugs was instars of the predator, the third and fourth provided. After 15 days the parasitized instar grubs were voracious and consumed mealybugs were observed. Number of 22.40+1.36, 31.60+1.50 adult females of mummified mealybugs was recorded and P. marginatus respectively. The consumption maintained in glass jars for parasitoid of first and second instars was 3.40+0.49, emergence. The parasitisation rate was 11.20+1.47 adult females of P. marginatus calculated as given below: respectively (Table 1) (Fig 1). The predatory % Parasitisation rate = potential of each instar was increased No. of mummified mealybugs gradually from first instar to fourth instar. The 100 Total No. of mealybugs results of present study are in close agreement with the findings of Suganthy and Sakthivel9 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION who reported that the mean number of adult Predatory Potential of Ladybird Beetle, females of P. marginatus consumed by first, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri MULSANT on second, third and fourth instar grubs was P. marginatus 2.6+0.8, 9.4+1.6, 23.2+3.0, and 27.60+4.6, The grubs of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri were respectively. A total of 62.8+11.6 adult found to be active predators on mealybugs. females of P. marginatus were consumed by The feeding potential of grubs was studied by the predator in the grub stage. providing them adult females of papaya mealybug, P. marginatus. Table 1: Feeding potential of different instars of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant on adult females of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Mean number of P. marginatus consumed* Instar Mean+ SD I instar 3 .40 + 0.49 II instar 11.20 + 1.47 III instar 22.40 + 1.36 IV instar 31.60 + 1.50 Total 68 .60 + 3.01 SD = Standard Deviation, * Mean number of five replications Copyright © June, 2017; IJPAB 692 Rasheed et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (3): 690-695 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Mean consumption during each instar 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 No.of adult female No.ofadult female mealybugs 0.00 1st instar 2nd instar 3rd instar 4th instar Grub stages Fig 1. Feeding potential of different instars of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant on adult females of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Parasitisation rate of Encyrtid Parasitoid the findings of Amarasekare et al1., who Acerophagus Papayae on Papaya Mealybug, reported that the mean per cent parasitism of P. marginatus A. papayae was 82.8+21. Similarly, Noyes and The encyrtid parasitoid, Acerophagus papayae Schauff8 who reported that the A. papayae was the predominant on papaya mealybugs. complete their life cycle in the second instar of The parasitisation rate of A. papayae was mealybugs and produced a higher proportion studied by providing them second instar of female progeny because, second instar nymphs of papaya mealybug, P. marginatus. mealybugs may have enough resources for the The results of present study revealed smallest parasitoid A. papayae. Amarasekare that the mean per cent parasitisation rate of A. et al2., also reported that the maximum papayae was 84.5+3.25 (Table 2) (Plate 2). parasitisation was observed in stem and twigs The present results are in close agreement with as compared to other parts of plant. Plate 2: Parasitized mealybugs on papaya leaves Table 2: Parasitisation rate of Acerophagus papayae Copyright © June, 2017; IJPAB 693 Rasheed et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (3): 690-695 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 No. of Acerophagus No. of Second instar mealybugs No. of mummified % papayae/sample provided /Sample mealybugs/Sample parasitisation 1 40 35 87.5 1 40 32 80 1 40 33 82.5 1 40 35 87.5 1 40 34 85 Mean per cent parasitisation rate (Mean +SD) 84.5+3.25 CONCLUSIONS Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).