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Focus on Urban Agriculture in Kwamashu, Durban, South Africa

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Focus on Urban Agriculture in Kwamashu, Durban, South Africa Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development ISSN: 2152-0801 online www.AgDevJournal.com Challenges and strategies among the poor: Focus on urban agriculture in KwaMashu, Durban, South Africa a* Hangwelani (Hope) Magidimisha Human Science Research Council (HSRC) Lovemore Chipungu b University of KwaZulu-Natal Rosemary Awuorh-Hayangah b University of KwaZulu-Natal Submitted 20 June 2011 / Revised 2 September, 30 November 2011; 16 February, 16 April, 30 May, 13 July, and 23 July 2012 / Accepted 31 July 2012 / Published online 5 February 2013 Citation: Magidimisha, H. H., Chipungu, L., & Awuorh-Hayangah, R. (2013). Challenges and strategies among the poor: Focus on urban agriculture in KwaMashu, Durban, South Africa. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 3(2), 109–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2013.032.002 Copyright © 2013 by New Leaf Associates, Inc. Abstract importance of incorporating it into their urban Urban agriculture in South Africa historically has policy packages. been labeled as an illegal activity. The problems Despite this recognition and acceptance of caused by this labeling have been compounded by urban agriculture as a livelihood and food-security the traditional planning system in South Africa, strategy among the urban poor, little attention is which does not recognize urban agriculture as a paid to it. This paper explores urban agriculture as part of the land use in the urban landscape. Despite one of the survival strategies among the urban its illegality, however, current evidence shows that poor in Durban’s KwaMashu residential area. The it is commonly practiced by many poor households focus is on the nature of urban agriculture and the in developing countries. There is growing evidence competing challenges associated with it. At the that most countries are gradually recognizing the core of some of the challenges are existing legisla- value of urban agriculture to poor households, and tion and policies that seem to be unresponsive to to this end they are beginning to realize the urban agriculture. Despite this unresponsive legis- lation, we show that urban agriculture continues to a* Corresponding author: Hangwelani (Hope) Magidimisha, Democracy, Governance and Service Delivery, Human flourish along sensitive areas such as river banks Science Research Council (HSRC); 750 Intutuko Junctions; and on road right-of-ways. The paper concludes by Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] arguing that the onus is on the local authorities to b Architecture, Planning and Housing, University of KwaZulu- promote urban agriculture by putting in place Natal; King George V Avenue, Shepstone Building; Durban mechanisms that should promote its growth and 4041, South Africa integrate it into mainstream development plans. Volume 3, Issue 2 / Winter 2012–2013 109 Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development ISSN: 2152-0801 online www.AgDevJournal.com Keywords urban agriculture as an urban land use, there are capital, livelihoods, livelihood approach, urban still a number of factors that need to be addressed agriculture in order for it to be effective. Participants in urban agriculture encounter a wide range of constraints Introduction and problems (such as land and resource restric- Even though urban agriculture historically has been tions) and are unable to address problems on their labeled as an illegal activity, current evidence shows own. Urban agriculture has contributed to the that it is now commonly practiced by many poor competition for resources such as land, energy, households in developing countries (Mbiba, 1995; water, finance, and labor. Using a livelihood Mubvami & Mushamba, 2006). There is growing approach, this research attempts to further investi- evidence that most countries are gradually gate the nature of urban agriculture practiced in recognizing the value of urban agriculture to poor low-income residential areas of cities in South households; to this end, they are beginning to Africa. The focus is on KwaMashu, a low-income realize the importance of incorporating it into their neighborhood in Durban. urban policy packages. Researchers such as Mbiba (1995) and Rogerson (1997) have demonstrated its Methodology economic importance among the urban poor in the The aim of the current research was to identify cities of developing countries. Despite this survival strategies and challenges among the urban recognition and acceptance of urban agriculture as poor who practice urban agriculture. This paper is a livelihood and food-security strategy among the based on data collected in Section G of KwaMashu urban poor, little attention is paid to challenges in Durban. The research is informed by both that are faced by urban farmers. secondary and primary data sources. Secondary Urban agriculture in South Africa falls under sources provided both theoretical and current the auspices of integrated development planning information on the subject. Primary data was (IDP). One important aspect that underpins IDPs, collected by using three key tools: mapping, and that is also at the core of the current demo- questionnaire surveys, and observations. House- cratic South African government, is the need to hold surveys were given to a sample of 30 house- ensure that individuals have access to economic holds randomly selected from a sampling frame of opportunities and sufficient nutritious food to 83 practicing urban farmers. In addition, interviews satisfy their needs. However, major findings by the were carried out with key informants, including Council for Scientific and Industrial Research senior officials from the municipality and (Austin& Visser, 2002) illustrate that: community leaders, some of whom were identified through the snowball approach. Observation • In South Africa’s urban land use planning, together with mapping afforded an opportunity to agriculture is not considered an urban land see and record activities both on the maps and use activity; photographically. Despite minor setbacks such as • Limited attention is given to utilizing land those involving the absence of household heads with high agricultural potential in urban and the reluctance of some households to partici- land use planning; pate in the survey, it is the researchers’ belief that • Urban agriculture is practiced using the data collected and used for this paper is unauthorized rain-fed water; and adequate to provide a generalized view of urban • Urban agriculture often shifts to give way agriculture in KwaMashu. As can be seen from to industrial and residential land use maps 1 and 2, the area chosen in KwaMashu, activities. Section G, represents the central and most active area in the practice of urban agriculture. Although some cities (such as Cape Town and Johannesburg) have already started to integrate 110 Volume 3, Issue 2 / Winter 2012–2013 Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development ISSN: 2152-0801 online www.AgDevJournal.com Map 1. Land Use Zones in KwaMashu, Durban, South Africa Land Use Types at KwaMashu Source: Prepared by H. H. Magidimisha, 2009. However, the study has methodological and Framework for Analysis practical limitations, due especially to the small number of interviewees, which in essence defined The Livelihood Approach the scope of the study. While the small number of This approach is based on the premise that the interviewees enabled the researchers to identify key survival of the urban poor depends on a multi- issues, respondents cannot be considered to be plicity of activities that are used as sources of representative of the wider city. Therefore, follow- livelihood. Chambers and Conway (1992) note that up research should involve much larger numbers “A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets of households and even include some outside (including both material and social resources), and KwaMashu but within Durban. The practical activities required for a means of living” (p. 22). limitations were mainly a result of the budgetary Chambers and Conway (1992) further argue that as constraints that dictated the sample size and the a tool, the livelihood framework provides the basis short duration spent conducting fieldwork. for a shared point of reference in order to analyze However, the reliability of the study must be and identify appropriate intervention measures for understood in the context of other research on a livelihoods. similar topic, whose responses are more or less The approach is grounded in the understand- similar to those provided in this research. ing of households’ access to a portfolio of assets, both tangible and intangible, and accessibility to Volume 3, Issue 2 / Winter 2012–2013 111 Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development ISSN: 2152-0801 online www.AgDevJournal.com Map 2. Land Used for Urban Agriculture in KwaMashu, Section G Land Use in KwaMashu, Section G Source: Prepared by H. H. Magidimisha, 2009. rights that they capitalize on to change their lives. infrastructure. Among such assets are finance, human, natural, Another asset identified above is human physical and social (Coovadia, 1995; Kekana, 2006; capital, which comes in the form of labor, health, Rakodi & Lloyd-Jones, 2002). education, and related skills (Chambers & Conway, Financial capital can be described as income 1992). Labor is simply defined as the ability to obtained from the sale of labor, pensions, and work and is fundamentally dependent on the health remittances. When income is in surplus, house- of household
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