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T E S I S El Pensamiento Político De Ignacio Ellacuría Sobre El Estado Y La Democracia En El Contexto Salvadoreño (1970-1989)

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T E S I S El Pensamiento Político De Ignacio Ellacuría Sobre El Estado Y La Democracia En El Contexto Salvadoreño (1970-1989) UNIVERSIDAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE CHIAPAS CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MÉXICO Y CENTROAMÉRICA T E S I S EL PENSAMIENTO POLÍTICO DE IGNACIO ELLACURÍA SOBRE EL ESTADO Y LA DEMOCRACIA EN EL CONTEXTO SALVADOREÑO (1970-1989) QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANÍSTICAS PRESENTA CARLOS MAURICIO HERNÁNDEZ COMITÉ TUTORIAL DRA. MARÍA DEL CARMEN GARCÍA AGUILAR (DIRECTORA) DRA. XIOMARA AVENDAÑO DR. JOSÉ MORA GALIANA DR. JUAN ANTONIO SENENT DR. DANIEL VILLAFUERTE Esta tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas del Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica (CESMECA) de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH) se realizó con el apoyo del Consejo Nacional de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). Carlos Mauricio Hernández. No. CVU 635964 Agradecimientos Agradezco el acompañamiento de principio a fin en la elaboración de esta tesis a Rosy López, quien se convirtió durante todo este proceso en un apoyo humano de gran valor y por ser mi aliada incondicional en la búsqueda de la verdad para construir un mundo mejor. Reconozco y agradezco la inspiración académica que ha significado para mí profesores que me marcaron en este andar: Jan Rus, Witold (Vitec), Jesús Solís y Sulca. Asimismo, gracias a mi tutora, María del Carmen y demás personas integrantes de mi comité tutorial, con sus observaciones, críticas y sugerencias me ayudaron a construir este documento final. Gracias compañeras y compañeros de generación del programa en cuyas clases compartimos no solo conocimiento sino vivencias personales, especialmente a la comunidad tuxtleca: Federico, Karina, Dolores Guadalupe, Hilde y Susana. Gracias compañeros que desde Centroamérica y Suramérica estuvimos juntos en este barco: Jaqui, Gerardo y Jaime. Agradezco su compañerismo y amistad Martha Ángeles, Lucero y Julio. Muchas gracias a los hermanos de Ignacio Ellacuría, José y Juan Antonio, por las pláticas breves pero muy profundas que tuvimos en septiembre de 2016 en tierras españolas. Espero corresponder con este documento el agradecimiento que me dieron por dedicar una investigación más sobre la memoria de su hermano martirizado en El Salvador. A mi madre, Teresa, a mis hermanos, René y Hugo; a mis primos y primas talpenses, especialmente a Ana María y Mayra, muchas gracias por todo el apoyo familiar brindado. Finalmente, mis sinceros agradecimientos a la dirección, coordinación y demás personal administrativo del CESMECA. Me hicieron sentir plenamente en casa. Índice Introducción general ......................................................................................................................... 2 Objetivo General: ............................................................................................................................... 3 Objetivos específicos: ........................................................................................................................ 3 Metodología ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Capítulo I El Salvador: del pretorianismo a la explosión de la Guerra Civil. El contexto de Ignacio Ellacuría en El Salvador y Centroamérica ..................................................................................... 13 Introducción ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 1. El pretorianismo en El Salvador: la ausencia de elecciones transparentes, limpias y justas ......... 17 1.1 La configuración turbulenta del Estado salvadoreño desde la dependencia del café ............... 18 1.2 La entronización del militarismo: cesión de las élites cafetaleras del Estado ........................... 22 2. La intervención de Estados Unidos en Centroamérica: la lucha anticomunista en el contexto de la Guerra Fría ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 a) Las doctrinas Monroe y Destino Manifiesto ....................................................................... 36 b) Alimento del anticomunismo .............................................................................................. 37 3. Represión y reacción: guerra civil salvadoreña (1980-1992), la respuesta insurgente al pretorianismo en El Salvador ........................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 La explosión de la guerra civil ............................................................................................... 41 Cuadro 7. Principales características de la situación política en El Salvador después el golpe de Estado de 1979 ................................................................................................................................................... 45 3.2 Los tres bloques: conservador (empresarios, PCN-ARENA), gubernamental contrainsurgente (PDC) y el insurgente (FMLN) ................................................................................................... 47 4. Los Acuerdos de Paz ................................................................................................................................ 50 a) La firma de los Acuerdos de Paz ......................................................................................... 51 b) La evaluación de la guerra ................................................................................................... 52 Capítulo II La democracia y el Estado en Centroamérica ......................................................................... 54 Introducción ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 1. Democracia ................................................................................................................................................ 56 1.1 Las cuatro fuentes de la democracia según Robert Dahl.................................................. 59 2. Estado ......................................................................................................................................................... 69 2.1 El Estado moderno y la democracia representativa. ........................................................ 71 2.2 Estado en Centroamérica: de nación a república. ............................................................ 72 3. Del rechazo a la aceptación de la democracia en Centroamérica. .................................................... 74 Capítulo III El volcán jesuita: la ruta que llevó a Ellacuría a El Salvador [actor político] .............................. 80 Introducción ....................................................................................................................................................... 80 1. De Portugalete a San Salvador. ............................................................................................................... 81 1.1 Formación académica y religiosa ........................................................................................... 83 2. Los cambios de rumbo en la iglesia católica y la Compañía de Jesús (1960-1980) ........................ 87 2.1 Los cambios en la Compañía de Jesús ................................................................................... 89 2.2 Rutilio Grande y Monseñor Romero ..................................................................................... 94 2.3 El Sócrates salvadoreño ........................................................................................................ 97 3. ¿Qué se dice hoy sobre Ellacuría? .......................................................................................................... 98 4. Autoconcepción de Ellacuría ............................................................................................................... 105 5. Reacciones a la masacre de la UCA .................................................................................................... 107 Capítulo IV Estado y democracia desde la civilización de la pobreza [teórico político] .............................. 110 Introducción .................................................................................................................................................... 110 1. La civilización de la pobreza ¿una apología de la miseria? .............................................................. 111 1.1 La teología de la liberación .................................................................................................. 118 1.2 La filosofía .......................................................................................................................... 129 1.3 Monseñor Romero .............................................................................................................. 138 2. Estado y democracia ¿para qué? .......................................................................................................... 141 2.1 Estado: ¡a sus órdenes mi capital! (década de los setenta) .............................................. 142 2.2 Democracia: elecciones en guerra civil (década de los ochenta) ........................................... 146 V. Conclusiones generales ............................................................................................................ 152 VI. Bibliografía .............................................................................................................................
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