proteomes Article Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Urine Reveals Down-Regulation of Acute Phase Response Signaling and LXR/RXR Activation Pathways in Prostate Cancer Katarina Davalieva 1,*, Sanja Kiprijanovska 1, Ivana Maleva Kostovska 1, Sotir Stavridis 2, Oliver Stankov 2, Selim Komina 3, Gordana Petrusevska 3 and Momir Polenakovic 1 1 Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D Efremov”, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;
[email protected] (S.K.);
[email protected] (I.M.K.);
[email protected] (M.P.) 2 University Clinic for Urology, University Clinical Centre “Mother Theresa”, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;
[email protected] (S.S.);
[email protected] (O.S.) 3 Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University “St. Cyril and Methodius”, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;
[email protected] (S.K.);
[email protected] (G.P.) * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +389-2-3235-410; Fax: +389-2-3115-434 Received: 15 November 2017; Accepted: 25 December 2017; Published: 29 December 2017 Abstract: Detecting prostate cancer (PCa) using non-invasive diagnostic markers still remains a challenge. The aim of this study was the identification of urine proteins that are sufficiently sensitive and specific to detect PCa in the early stages. Comparative proteomics profiling of urine from patients with PCa, benign prostate hyperplasia, bladder cancer, and renal cancer, coupled with bioinformatics analysis, were performed. Statistically significant difference in abundance showed 20 and 85 proteins in the 2-D DIGE/MS and label-free LC-MS/MS experiments, respectively. In silico analysis indicated activation, binding, and cell movement of subset of immune cells as the top affected cellular functions in PCa, together with the down-regulation of Acute Phase Response Signaling and Liver X Receptor/ Retinoid X Receptor (LXR/RXR) activation pathways.