THE MULTI-PURPOSE SPORTS STADIUM William Mcguire Student ID: 1450103
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THE MULTI-PURPOSE SPORTS STADIUM William McGuire Student ID: 1450103 Master Thesis Explanatory Document Principal Supervisor - Chris Murphy Associate Supervisor - Cesar Wagner An explanatory document submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional). Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand 2019. Word Count: 20,810 ABSTRACT Auckland City is at a point in 2019, where our stadium landscape is failing to meet the requirements and expectations, which are necessary for the current-day user. Eden Park is struggling to support music events without significant pushback from local community groups. Mount Smart, originally built for athletics, is now in line for serious upgrades and earthquake strengthening of its grandstands. The requirements and expectations within and around a stadium have changed since these complexes were built. They are no longer just concrete structures but now should be an entertainment and social hub for players and spectators. With all the different sporting codes having new requirements to meet fans expectations, which their current outdated stadiums cannot supply. Why not look at one new multi-purpose arena, to suit them all? Several architects, urban theorists and authors all came up with different opinions or perspectives on how a single venue environment can be both successful and practical to all users. Richard Cleary investigated the setting in the eyes of the performers; the architects on the field, who create spaces through manipulation skills in deceiving the opposition to create chances. Shenna McKenzie looked at the setting in the eyes of the spectators, who creates the idea of sport being a type of religion. Where the stadium acts as a cathedral, where people from afar gather to worship. Carles Broto studied how users can imagine different uses for a stadium, rather than solely for sports. Martin Wimmer researched the idea of what a stadium means to modern society, through the environment surrounding the space. So, in what way can architecture enhance the pre, to post-game experience, in a multi-purpose sports stadium and social hub setting, through spatial movement? The process would be to go through a site analysis exercise to find the perfect location, based on several critical factors, for the stadium and surrounding environment. Once a site has been located, Camillo Sitte’s urban planning and architectural principles on enclosure, irregularity and perspectives will be applied to develop a master plan. Together, these theories will also look at the framework and requirements for the stadium and the performance, on how spectators interact with the spaces and to gain an experience of what a player might feel. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 9 - Background 10 - Project Outline 11 - Project Aim 11 - Research Question 12 - Scope and Limitations 12 - State of Knowledge 13 - Design Methodology 14 - Result of the Research 15 THE PERSPECTIVES OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPORTS 16 STADIUM ANALYSIS 18 - Marvel Stadium, Melbourne, Australia 18 - Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, London, England 19 - Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin, New Zealand 20 - Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Ireland 21 SITE ANALYSIS 23 - Wider Auckland Site Selection 24 - Detailed Site Selection 26 - Ambury Regional Park 26 - CBD 28 - Penrose 30 - Western Springs 32 - Stadium Zonings 34 - Zone One 34 - Zone Two 34 - Zone Three 35 - Zone Four 35 - Zone Five 35 - Existing Stadium Zones 36 - Final Site Selection 38 - Ports of Auckland 39 - Stadium Façade 92 - Wharf Selection 40 - Stadium Roof 94 - Transport 42 - Stadium Section 96 - Original Shoreline 43 - Stadium Experience 98 - Other Restrictions 44 - Master Plan Revisited 100 - Phase Findings 45 - Surrounding Connections 102 - Site Sections 104 MASTER PLANNING 47 - Stadium Sizes 48 CONCLUSION 106 - Stadium Orientation 49 - Fergusson Wharf Master Plan 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 - Zone One - Entrance 52 - Zone Two - Journey and Fans Stadium 54 LIST OF TABLES 111 - Zone Three – Stadium Wing 56 - Zone Four – Multi-Purpose Stadium 58 - Circulation on a General Day 60 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 112 - Circulation on a Match Day 61 - Phase Findings 62 PRESENTATION DESIGN 120 MULTI-PURPOSE STADIUM AND THE DIRECT SURROUNDING CONTEXT DESIGN 65 - Sports Timetable and Required Field Size 66 - Moveable Field Technology 68 - Stadium Capacity 70 - Seating Formula and Profile 72 - Moveable Grandstand Technology 74 - Stadium Interior Space and Floor Plans 76 - Movement and Circulation Flow Model 76 - Basement Level – Users and Services 80 - Ground Level – Interaction Area 82 - Level One – Players And Media Boxes 84 - Level Two – General Concourse 86 - Level Three – Corporate Concourse 88 - Level Four – VIP Boxes 90 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, to Farzad Zamani, for his continuous effort in challenging and pushing me that little bit further each time. For the time and support, you have put into my studies, even though working full time, as you grow in your own architectural career. To that, I can only say thank you; I will be forever grateful and continue to use the skills you have taught me. To Harry Street for his in-depth knowledge base in stadium design and for your continuous feedback, passion and interest in this project. To the rest of the GHD Woodhead Creative Spaces team, for their understanding and patience when I took the time to focus on my studies at university. To Chris Murphy and Cesar Wagner for their personal time and effort in understanding my process throughout the year in the number of presentations. To the lecturers and tutors at Unitec, that have thrown their ideas and general support into this final project. To the friends I have made over the past five years while studying, it has been a journey. During the ups and downs, the stress and the laughs, we have managed to push through and come out the other side. Thank you for making this whole experience an enjoyable one. Finally, my family, for their support during the last five years of my studies. The efforts they have put in, not only as my proof-readers but also as moral support. From nearby or afar, they have always asked for updates and provided general encouragement. 7 INTRODUCTION FIG. 1: EDEN PARK. (IMAGE BY MORNING REPORT.) BACKGROUND Auckland Council has been debating has. The venue cannot host late-night events surrounding facilities. While sitting in a prime and consulting recently to decide on the future without significant pushback by the local location for public transport and away from of the sporting landscape within the Auckland community groups, while Sunday day bans dense housing areas, Mount Smart Stadium was region. Stadiums in Auckland are either affect the possibility of test cricket. Noise and designed for a different purpose than Rugby coming to the end of their current lifespans, light restrictions all play a part in the struggles League. The venue lacks atmosphere due to are needing to have serious strengthening and of supporting music concerts at the venue. its industrial zone and has been retrofitted to upgrading work completed, or are disrupting These restrictions are limiting the number of fit a new purpose short term. The stadium also local neighbourhoods, through traffic significant events per year that can take place requires time between sport events and music congestion, lights and general noise. Each at the venue. With a current cap of 21 single- concerts as the quality of the grass is affected sporting code is asking for and supporting a day events, this is slowly financially crippling by a large number of people standing on the new and modern venue to play their respected the Eden Park Trust.2 The stadium also fails playing field. This solid concrete structure has codes at. New Zealand Cricket, New Zealand to supply the fans attending on the pre and been brought forward to Auckland Council Rugby, New Zealand Football, the Warriors post-game entertainment front, with limited to to be decommissioned several times over the (Rugby League), the Blues (Rugby Union) no bars and restaurants for gatherings within years. With each time, it was getting just and the possible expansion of a new Australian suitable walking distance. Eden Park opened enough funding for it to survive another cycle. rules football team, have all thrown support in 1900, but with suburban Auckland growing With Eden Park and Mount Smart Stadium and funding for this idea.1 The idea of building around it, the time for Eden Park to be retired issues needing to be addressed, it begs the a new multi-purpose stadium, which can meet draws near, as the needs of a sporting country question of whether it is time to say goodbye the requirements and expectations of modern have changed over the past 100 years. to these outdated stadiums of Auckland sport. sport, while also addressing the issues of pre Both these stadiums are failing to meet the and post-game functions, public transport, Mount Smart Stadium officially needs of modern sports, which requires them noise and light restrictions, is becoming a top opened in 1967, before becoming a refitted to be a social hub, to “lure us from the comfort priority in New Zealand’s largest city. and rejuvenated athletics venue for the 1990 of our living rooms to these multi-purpose Commonwealth Games. It has now become entertainment centres.”4 Eden Park, the national stadium of the home to the New Zealand Warriors (Rugby New Zealand, and home of the Auckland League), large music concerts and athletic 4 3 Sheena McKenzie, “Sports Stadium Architecture: Welcome Blues (Rugby Union) and the Auckland Aces meets. Located in the suburb of Penrose, to the New Temples of Pleasure,” CNN, January 20, 2015, (Cricket) is currently located in the suburb of this arena is now 50 years old, and requires accessed August 25, 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/15/ Mount Eden. While upgrades occurred in 2011 significant funding from the Auckland Council sport/sport-stadium-architecture/index.html.