American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688

AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)

A Study on Voilence Against Women Mahajan Sugandh1, Tyagi Ankita2, Bakshi Rita3 Department of Home Science Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Subhartipuram, NH-58, Haridwar Bypass Road, Meerut,

Abstract: India in particular, there has been a history and continued tradition of gender discrimination. One consequence is and which is a major health and issue. The characteristics of the abuse whether sexual, physical or emotional and severity and frequency are likely to determine whether she will suffer from either physical or emotional health effects from violence. Due to difficulty in obtaining data little research has been conducted on determining the causes of violence against women in the India. The paper begins with a review of available literature on the types of violence and their rates and attempts to conceptualize their findings in a tiered framework of violence against women. Following this, paper highlights the remedial measures against violence. Laws are made to see the changes occurred in the society. Specifically for those wishing to simultaneously address violence against women and enhance the development of gender equality in India, This paper concludes with the causative factors and major types of violence against and recommends that further studies and publicity of violence against women is needed. Keywords: Gender discrimination, Violence, Causative factors, Remedial measures, Consequence.

I. Introduction Violence against women and children is a severe public health concern, with costs at multiple levels of society. Although violence is a danger to everyone, women and children are particularly prone to victimization because they often have less rights or lack appropriate means of protection. Violence against women (and girls) is a worldwide problem occurring in every culture and social group. Normally, it is caused by power inequalities between women and men and the masculine culture found among almost all social groupings across the globe. In fact in many cultures across the world, men are encouraged to take risks and direct their “manhood” often in ways that lead to violence. Violence is defined by world health organization as “the intended use of physical force or power, danger or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high possibility of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development or deprivation” [1]. When focused against women or children, this violence can take number of forms, including, but not restricted to, , intimate partner violence, child abuse and neglect, bullying, teen , trafficking and elder abuse. The 2012 National Records Bureau report of India states a reported crime rate of 43 per 100000, rate of 2 per 100000, homicide rate of 0.7 per 100,000 and the rate of domestic cruelty by husband or his relatives as 5.9 per 100,000. The majority of violence against women and children is perpetrated by partners, family members, friends, or acquaintances [2]

II. Objectives 1. To observe the prevalence of the problem of domestic, sexual and other violence among women population in India. 2. To measure the nature of violence the women population experienced, including the various forms of abuse and their documentation.

III. Major Types of Violence against Women in India Female Feticide Female feticide is the elected abortion of a fetus, because it is female. It happens when a family has a strong liking for sons over daughters, which is a common cultural theme in India. In a study, it was found that 64 percent of the abortion service providers were against sex selective abortions; 10 per cent stated that they Violence against women were contradictory it but had to do it and the rest about 24 per cent accepted the practice of sex selective abortion. Women at their ends to go for abortions due to pressures which arise out of social norms fostering son preference. Hence the service providers understood with the woman’s social needs for sex selective abortions.[3] .Nearly 10,000 cases of female foeticide have been reported from Ahmedabad alone [4].Sex selective

AIJRHASS 16-243; © 2016, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 114 Mahajan et al., American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 15(2), June-August, 2016, pp. 114-118 abortions have totalled approximately 4.2-12.1 million from1980-2010. Significantly more abortions occur in rural areas versus urban areas when the first child is female.[5]. According to UNICEF, 500,000 unborn girls were being terminated every year. The study revealed that 10 million girls were slayed - either before they were born or immediately after - by their parents from 1986 in India. The exercise is most prominent in and the North Indian states, where there are low recorded rates of female children.

Female is the elected killing of a new born female child. In India, there is likely to have a son, because they offer security to the family during old age and are able to perform rituals for deceased parents. In the Indian state of during British rule, the exercise of female infanticide in Tamil Nadu among the Kallars and the Todas was stated .In June, 1986 it was reported by India Today in a cover story “Born to Die” that female infanticide was practiced in southern Tamil Nadu among the leading of the region, Kallars.[6] Among the 56 deaths, 23 were of males and 33 of females in Ambedkar district of Tamil Nadu. Out of the 33 female deaths 19 cases were of infanticide and 17 of these arisen within 7 days of birth. Normally it was the second or third child who became target of infanticide. In Erode and Salem districts of Tamil Nadu, this practice is found to be widely prevalent. Out of 1,250 families interviewed more than 5.1 per cent were found to have expert it over the last two years.[7]The more cases of killing of girl child was practiced in Tamil Nadu. One explanation is that birth order also is an important factor after two girls are born; the next girl is at high risk. It is also believed that a girl child increases the chance of a male child born in the family. Female infanticide is reported to occur also due to a lack of scanning centres, as an alternative to feticide.[8].A new born baby girl who was found shockingly hidden alive in an Indian forest has died of her injuries. The baby was just one day old when she was found wrapped in a cloth and half buried under earth and gravel last week, in Mandleshwar forest, outside the city of Indore in the central state of . She was hurried to a local government hospital with heavy bleeding from her nose and mouth but tragically died the following day from her injuries.

Forced and Child Girls are susceptible to being forced into marriage at young ages suffering from a double vulnerability that is both for being a child and for being female. Child brides often do not understand the meaning and responsibilities of marriage. Causes of such include the view that girls are a burden for their parents, and the fear of girls losing their chastity before marriage. For under-educated rural adolescent girls in the developing world, marriage remains the possible context for sexual intercourse.[9]India has the highest number of child brides in the world. It is likely that 47% of girls in India are married before their 18th birthday. The rates of child marriage vary between states and are as high as 69% and 65% in and . While fewer Indian girls are marrying before the age of 15, rates of marriage have increased for girls between ages 15 to 18.

Insult to Modesty Modesty-related violence against women includes assaults on women with intent to outrage her modesty and insults to the women modesty. Many researches in this field from 2011 to 2012 highlight that there was a 5.5% increase in reported attacks on women with intent to outrage her modesty. Madhya Pradesh had 6,655 cases, accounting for 14.7% of the national incidents. From 2011 to 2012, there was a seven per cent increase in stated abuses to the modesty of women. According to NCRB in 2013 reports equal cases (3714) of insult to modesty were found in (40%) and (14.1%)

Dowry A is a murder or of a married woman caused by a fight over her dowry. In some cases, husbands and in-laws will attempt to extract a greater dowry through continuous and torture which sometimes results in the wife committing suicide , The majority of these are done through hanging, poisoning or self-immolation and . Violence against women Occurrences of dowry deaths have decreased 4.5% from 2011 to 2012.In , 2,244 cases were reported, accounting for 27.3% of the dowry deaths nationwide. In bihar.1275 cases were reported accounting for 15.5% of cases nationwide.10One explanation for dowry states that wife exploitation has been found to be higher when a husband and/or his family believes dowry payments are inadequate [11]The “give and take” phenomenon of dowry is experienced widely throughout India, irrespective of caste and class [12]. In many cases, when dowry amount is not considered sufficient, the bride is often stressed, abused and tortured .[13]Dowry related violence and bride burning ( dowry death) are only strange to our country and beside husband, his kin also join together in persecuting the bride as the dowry and related customs provide a good excuse to them for humiliating, insulting and even beating up of woman [14] Rape 82% of women raped or sexually beaten in 1992-1993 by all lone criminal were victimized by a spouse, ex- spouse, partner, friend, acquaintance or relative, and 26% of all and sexual assaults against women were

AIJRHASS 16-243; © 2016, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 115 Mahajan et al., American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 15(2), June-August, 2016, pp. 114-118 perpetrated by an intimate partner.17 Twenty-nine percent of rapes occur when women are between the ages of 18-24 [15]. Thirty-six percent of rape victims receive medical care because they were injured [16]. In a report conducted by the National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease control, 17% of all women aged 18 years and older who were surveyed had been raped .Recent study shows that 33% of the participants had a history of substance abuse, 50%had experienced rape, and 25%had been raped though in the military. Lesbian and bisexual women were more likely to report rape and substance abuse than heterosexual women.[17].The 2012 Delhi brought a lot of international attention to the issue of gang . On 16 December 2012, in Munrika, New Delhi, a 23 year old was beaten and gang raped on a private bus.. She died 13 days later. Following the rape, there was prevalent national and international coverage of the incident as well as public protests against the and the government of Delhi[18]According to National Crime Records Bureau data of 2012, Gujarat has the lowest rape rate (0.8) while had the highest rape rate with a value of 10.1. The Average rape rate at national level was at 2.1. The rates were calculated by National Crime Records Bureau as the number of incidents per 100,000 of the population [19]

Domestic Violence is attack by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as dating, marriage, cohabitation or a family relationship. Domestic violence can be subtle, forced or violent. In India, 70% of women are victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence is defined as rape, physical attack and following perpetuated by current and former dates, spouses and cohabulating partners. [20] One such explanation shows that sufferers of domestic violence represent 37% of all women who sought care in hospital emergency rooms in 1994, and of these cases, 28% required admission and another 13% required major medical treatment [21].Fifty-two percent of surveyed women were physically attacked at some time in their life [17].One explanation shows that opposite-sex couples as domestic violence in same-sex couples has unique complexities and characteristics [22]Another study include a broader definition of domestic violence, one that encompasses nearly all physical abusive relationships include an element of emotional and [23]

Human Trafficking Many researches in this field showed that from 2011 to 2012,in India, there was a 26.3% decrease in girls bring in to India from another country. had 32 cases, and had 12 cases, together accounting for 93.2% of the total cases countrywide. From 2011 to 2012, there was a 5.3% increase in violations of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956. Tamil Nadu had 500 incidents accounting for 19.5% of total nationwide .Andhra Pradesh had 472 incidents accounting for 18.4% of total nationwide.

Acid Throwing/ Acid attack is a form of violent assault used against women in India. Acid attacks are usually directed at a victim's face which burns the skin causing damage and often exposing or dissolving bone. Sulfuric acid and nitric acid are most commonly used for acid attacks. India has been experiencing an increasing fashion of acid Violence against women attacks over the past period. In 2010, there was a high of 27 reported cases of chemical assaults.[24]The Acid Survivors Foundation India (ASFI) has organized data from newspaper reports that indicates a clear growth in the number of cases - with 80 victims in 2010, 106 in 2011 as well as 2012, 122 in 2013 and 130 up until November of 2014. The Stop Acid Attacks campaign rights there have been 386 cases in the period 2013 to 2014.

Abduction There is evidence to state that incidents of reported kidnappings and abductions of women increased 7.6% from 2011 to 2012.[25] Uttar Pradesh had 7910 cases ,accounting for 22.2% of the total cases nationwide. According to Jitendra Singh, about 22,000 of these missing children including girl child vanished without a hint in 2011.According to a report issued by the social statistics division of the Indian government, there were a total of 33,098 reported against children in 2011, of which 15,284 were kidnapping cases. The kidnappers may send the children to other nations, hold them for payment, or force them to beg. [26]

Honor Killing An is a murder of a family member who has been considered to have brought disgrace and shame upon the family. Examples of reasons for honor killings include the refusal to enter an arranged marriage, committing adultery, choosing a partner that the family disapproves of, and becoming a victim of rape. Honor killings are especially seen in Punjab, , Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, , , and Madhya Pradesh. For example, in June 2012, a father sliced off his 20-year-old daughter's head with a sword in pure anger upon hearing that she was dating a man who he did not approve of. Honor killings can also be openly supported by both local villagers and neighbouring villagers. This was the case in September 2013, when a young couple who married after having a love affair was brutally murdered.[27]

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IV. Result and Discussion Researches have brought an increased understanding of the impact of shock, in general, and of violence against women, in particular. There is need to change the thinking of the people that girls are gift of god and should not be taken as burden and cared for .Killing of new-born baby girl is still seen in India from British rule. The studies showed that major cases of sex selective abortions and female infanticide are found in North Indian states. Female foeticide occur more in rural areas than urban areas so need is to change the outlook and educate public to stop the practice of killing girl child. It was also seen that both rape and other violence are associated with of short- and long-term problems, including physical injury and illness, mental symptoms, economic costs, and death. Adult females have found that women characterize the ''typical" rape as entailing a high risk of physical and mental injury and of death so proper laws and helplines should be framed so as to reach the victims in the need. There were very few studies found on but Karnataka is the exception where rate of occurrence is more than half. More studies are needed to be done to know what kind of ill treatments given to them and to impose punishments to the criminals. Also missing in the literature is a developmentally oriented approach that follows the outcomes of exposure to violence into later stages of adult development. Little is known of the impact of trauma on social roles, life styles, and timing of life changes. Many social and public health results of violence are unstudied, including labour force participation, economic well-being, fertility decisions, divorce rates, and health status. A new conceptual framework that emerged from an analysis of the data for discussion on woman participation in illegal activities and rate of arrest on violence committed.

V. Conclusion In India, studies on rape and dowry highlight that there rate of occurrence of violence is high .Less data is available on human trafficking but the Karnataka is exception where rate is more than half. Acid attack has been increased year by year .Educating ourselves is the best possible solution and acts as a preventative measure. Educational programs can act as a bridge to communication .Government have develop and framed action plans, programmes or strategies to fight all forms of violence against women and girls, involving all relevant legislative and non-legislative measures. Various laws and acts are framed to the eliminate and prevent of all forms of violence against women and girls but has not stopped in India. . The crime rate has not stopped in India still with the implementation of laws and helplines due to loopholes. Need is to stand together and make tough laws will protect victims of abuse.

VI. References [1] WHO (World Health Organization), “World report on violence and health”, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002 [2] WHO and LSHTM (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010. [3] S..Bandewar, Abortion Services and Providers’ Perceptions: Gender Dimensions”;. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.21,May 24-30,2003, pp. 2075-2081. [4] K. D. Gangrade, “Sex Determination – A Critique. Journal of Social Change.”, vol 3,1988,pp 63-70. [5] A. Gupta ,“Female foeticide in india,”.2007. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/india/media_3285.htm. [6] Sayah,"Female Infanticde”,2011. [7] V. Srinivasan, “Death for female: Foeticide and infanticide in Salem District”, 1992. [8] S. Saravan,” Female infanticide in India: A review of literature”,1997 [9] B. S. Mensch, B. Judith and S.G. Margaret, “The Uncharted Passage: Girls’ Adolescence in the Developing World,” The Population Council, New York, 1998 [10] "Crimes Against Women," ncrb.gov.in., National Crime Records Bureau, 2013, Retrieved on 2 June 2016. [11] K. Banerjee, “Gender stratification and the marriage market in India” ,vol. 5,1999, pp.648-676. [11] F. Bloch and V. Rao, “Terror as a bargaining instrument: A case study of dowry violence in rural India”, The American Economic Review, vol 4, 2002, pp.1029-1043. [12] D. M. Ghansham, “Female foeticide and the ”, Townsville International Women’s Conference, James Cook Univ, Australia.2002 [13] J. P. Singh, “Dowry in India: A search for new Social identity”. The Eastern Anthropologist, vol. 2, 2015, pp. 199-220. [14] J. P. Haveripeth, “Causes and consequences of dowry menace in India – a Criminological perspective”, RIJS. vol.2, 2013, www.rierc.org. [15] Bachman and Saltzman, Understanding Violence Against Women. 1995, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/199370.pdf, retrieved on 9 June 2016 [16] Tjaden and Thoennes, Understanding the Links Between Violence Against Women and Women’s Participation in Illegal Activity, 1998, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/lsa/134081.pdf, retrieved on 6/6/2016 [17] A. Elklit and M. Shevlin, “Female sexual victimization predicts psychosis: A case control study based on the Danish registry system,” Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2011, vol. 6, 2011, pp.1305-1310 [18] N. Mandhana and A. Trivedi, “Indians Outraged by Account of Gang Rape on a Bus,” , 2012 [19] , (PDF). NCRB, Government of India. 2012. p. 206. Retrieved April 20, 2014 [20] P. Tjaden and N. Thoennes, Extent, nature and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the national violence against women survey, United States Department of Justice, 2000. [21] Browne, Understanding the Links Between Violence Against Women and Women’s Participation in Illegal Activity, 1992, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/lsa/134081.pdf retrieved on 6/6/2016. [22] M. L. McCue, Domestic Violence: A Reference Handbook, 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. 2008. [23] E. Weiss, Surviving Domestic Violence:Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano, CA: Volcano Press.2000

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