Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Volume 366

Series Editors

Klaus Aktories Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Abt. I Albert-Lud- wigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Richard W. Compans Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, CNR 5005, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Max D. Cooper Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Georgia Research Alliance, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Jorge E. Galan Boyer Ctr. for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, 295 Congress Avenue, room 343, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA

Yuri Y. Gleba ICON Genetics AG, Biozentrum Halle, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany

Tasuku Honjo Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Yoshihiro Kawaoka School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA

Bernard Malissen Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France

Fritz Melchers Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany Michael B. A. Oldstone Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Rino Rappuoli Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena 53100, Italy

Peter K. Vogt Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC-239, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA

Honorary Editor: Hilary Koprowski Biotechnology Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, PA, USA (deceased)

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/82 John S. Mackenzie • Martyn Jeggo Peter Daszak • Juergen A. Richt Editors

One Health: The Human– Animal–Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases

Food Safety and Security, and International and National Plans for Implementation of One Health Activities

Responsible Series Editor: Richard W. Compans

123 Editors John S. Mackenzie Peter Daszak Faculty of Health Sciences EcoHealth Alliance Curtin University New York, NY Perth, WA USA Australia Juergen A. Richt Martyn Jeggo Department of Diagnostic CSIRO Australian Animal Health Medicine/Pathobiology Laboratory Kansas State University College East Geelong, VIC of Veterinary Medicine Australia Manhattan, KS USA

ISSN 0070-217X ISBN 978-3-642-35845-6 ISBN 978-3-642-35846-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35846-3 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013934839

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

Global health security has become a major international concern. Our population faces imminent threats to human and animal health from the emergence and re-emergence of epidemic-prone infectious diseases, linked to the significant impact that these outbreaks are already having on national and international economies. The concept and drivers of disease emergence were clearly docu- mented 20 years ago in the Institute of Medicine’s seminal 1992 report, Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States.(www.nap.edu/ catalog.php?record_id=2008). This volume described the mechanisms leading to infectious disease emergence and highlighted possible strategies for recognizing and counteracting the threats. It has long been known that many of these diseases can cross the species barrier between humans, wildlife, and domestic animals; and indeed over 70 % of novel emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, that is, they have their origins in animal reservoirs. There have been many examples of this since the Institute of Medicine’s report two decades ago, including the emergence of H1N1 pandemic influenza virus, the SARS coronavirus, Nipah and Hendra viruses, Australian bat lyssavirus, Malaka virus, and avian influenza H5N1, to name but a few. These diseases remind us that the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are interconnected, and that to better understand and respond rapidly to zoonotic diseases at the human–animal–environment interfaces requires coordinated, col- laborative, multidisciplinary, and cross-sectoral approaches. This holistic approach has been referred to as ‘One Health’, indicative of the commonality of human and animal medicine, and their connection to the environment. Although the concept is not new, ‘One Health’ has gained added momentum in the aftermath of the SARS epidemic of 2003 which posed the first major threat to human health and global economy of the new millennium. These concerns added to the mounting fears that highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 could develop into the next severe influenza pandemic. Not only would such a pandemic lead to significant mortality and morbidity, but the World Bank has estimated that it could cause a decline of up to 5% of global GDP (damages of US$3 trillion), causing far-reaching dis- ruptions in the lives of people, communities, and countries. There are currently other potential threats from the new SARS-like coronavirus and H7N9 avian influenza virus. Thus there are compelling reasons to develop new approaches that will improve the detection, prevention, and control of zoonotic diseases.

v vi Preface

In particular, it is essential that we breakdown the old concepts of professional silos and encourage a new era built around trust and multidisciplinary, cross- sectoral approaches. The present momentum of ‘One Health’ can also be traced in part to the 2004 meeting of the Wildlife Conservation Society on ‘One World, One Health: Building Inter-disciplinary Bridges to Health in a Globalized World’. The outcomes of the meeting were encapsulated in a series of 12 recommendations known as the Manhattan Principles that set priorities for an international, interdisciplinary strategy for combating threats to the health of life on Earth (www. oneworldonehealth.org). The momentum since 2004 has been maintained through a number of international ministerial meetings, including the International Ministerial Conferences on Avian and Pandemic Influenza (IMCAPI), which have been held to discuss issues relating to the spread, transmission, and possible con- tainment of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), culminating at the 2010 meeting in Hanoi with the agreement between the Food and Agriculture Organi- zation (FAO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO), entitled ‘The FAO–OIE–WHO Collaboration: Sharing Responsibilities and Coordinating Global Activities at the Animal–Human–Eco- systems Interfaces’. The coordination between these three international organiza- tions has also led to the formation of the Global Early Warning System for Major Animal Diseases including Zoonoses (GLEWS) which provides the intelligence essential to identify and ameliorate both human and animal diseases (www. glews.net) through sharing of information of disease events, epidemiological analyses, and risk assessments. In addition, it is highly probable that any new zoonotic disease would be detected through WHO’s new International Health Regulations (2005) which are aimed at assisting countries in working together to save lives and livelihoods through a legal requirement for countries to rapidly detect and report outbreaks of disease of international concern. This leadership is an essential component to operationalize ‘One Health’ ideals. Major scientific meetings have been held in Winnipeg through Health Canada and at Stone Mountain, Georgia through the Centers for Disease Control and Preven- tion, and by a wide variety of other interested groups such as the European Com- mission, joint meetings of FAO–OIE–WHO, Global Risk Forum (Davos), Institute of Medicine, the World Bank, APEC, and the Asian Development Bank. Many smaller, national, and regional meetings have also been held to further local ‘One Health’ planning. Of particular importance has been the information dissemination by the ‘One Health’ Initiative website (www.onehealthinitiative.com) and the more recently established ‘One Health’ Global Network’s web portal (www. onehealthglobal.net) which have continued to build and sustain this momentum by providing a rapid means of communication and sharing data and news. As the field of ‘One Health’ matures, we have also begun to see the growing involvement of ecologists, wildlife biologists, environmental scientists, and the fusion of the fields of ‘EcoHealth’ and ‘One Health’. There has also been considerable support for the ‘One Health’ approach in the United States through a partnership of major professional organizations that have formed the ‘One Health’ Commission, which Preface vii brings together the American Medical Association, the American Veterinary Medical Association, the American Public Health Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges. The inclusion of the latter two organizations is particularly relevant, breaking down professional bar- riers or silos through education. A number of universities and colleges are starting to respond with new ‘One Health’ courses; and one university, the University of Edinburgh, has developed a Masters postgraduate degree course. More than 200 years ago, the German writer, artist, and politician, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, reminded us that: ‘‘Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do.’’ That epithet applies well to the ‘One Health’ movement, because in the midst of all the information that has been gathered about the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems, as well as the desire of many people in many nations and organizations to implement viable public health solutions, application, and action are essential. In this context, ‘One Health’ is not a new form of governance or a critique of existing patterns of governance. Rather, ‘One Health’ is a movement dedicated to building new levels of trust and trans- parency between disciplines, nations, organizations, and people. Such trust and transparency must begin with inspirational educational curriculums, teaching the next generation of clinicians and veterinarians how to apply and do their own work in such a way that many others come to appreciate the necessity of ‘‘One Health’’ in tackling difficult problems. As these two volumes of Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology go to press, many countries have established their own national ‘One Health’ policies and/or committees, recognizing the need to integrate and coordinate their human and animal surveillance to empower a more effective and rapid cross-sectoral response to zoonotic disease threats. There is little doubt that the ‘One Health’ concept will continue to develop and provide the coordinated, collaborative, multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral approaches essential to develop the rapid detection, and better predictive ability necessary for rapid response to future threats. In particular, we envisage a greater collaboration among environmental and ecological scientists with the animal and human health sectors of the ‘One Health’ movement. The linkages between the underlying socioeconomic and environmental drivers of emerging diseases, and the threat of pandemic emergence will likely be one area in particular where collaboration will be fruitful. The purpose of these volumes is to present an overview of the ‘One Health’ movement, and in doing so, demonstrate the breadth and depth of its recent global development. The first volume has been divided into two Parts. The first part entitled ‘‘The Concept and Examples of a One Health Approach’’ examines ‘One Health’ from different perspectives especially that of human health and veterinary medicine, whether domestic or wildlife, the importance of understanding the different interfaces, the role of ecological science, and the compelling economics driving their cooperation and coordination. This is then followed by a series of examples where a ‘One Health’ approach has been useful in responding to specific diseases in the field. The second volume entitled ‘‘Food Safety and Security, and viii Preface

International and National Plans for Implementation of One Health Activities’’ explores the importance of ‘One Health’ in food safety and food security. These are crucially important issues that are often not given the prominence they require and deserve as the world seeks to feed a growing population. This second volume also describes some of the international, regional, and national activities and plans to implement ‘One Health’ approaches. The final Part describes additional activ- ities and approaches to strengthen the ‘One Health’ movement and increase its momentum in different ways. By reading, reflecting, and acting on the scale and depth of ‘One Health’ as set out in these volumes, you will be making your own contribution to the movement. Do not underestimate the importance of that contribution. Contents

Part I Food Safety and Food Security: A One Health Paradigm

Food Safety: At the Center of a One Health Approach for Combating Zoonoses ...... 3 Peter R. Wielinga and Jørgen Schlundt

The Importance of a One Health Approach to Preventing the Development and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance...... 19 Peter Collignon

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: A Tipping Point in One Health and Food Safety ...... 37 James Hope

Pathogenic Escherichia coli and One Health Implications ...... 49 Narelle Fegan and Kari S. Gobius

Part II National Plans for Developing a One Health Approach

FAO and the One Health Approach...... 65 Juan Lubroth

Development of a One Health National Capacity in Africa ...... 73 Mark Rweyemamu, Dominic Kambarage, Esron Karimuribo, Philemon Wambura, Mecky Matee, Jean-Marie Kayembe, Aaron Mweene, Luis Neves, Justin Masumu, Christopher Kasanga, Bernard Hang’ombe, Kim Kayunze, Gerald Misinzo, Martin Simuunza and Janusz T. Paweska

The Development of One Health Approaches in the Western Pacific ...... 93 Ben Coghlan and David Hall

ix x Contents

One Health Approach in the South East Asia Region: Opportunities and Challenges ...... 113 Gyanendra Gongal

One Health in Mongolia ...... 123 Zayat Batsukh, B. Tsolmon, Dashdavaa Otgonbaatar, Baatar Undraa, Adyadorj Dolgorkhand and Ochirpurev Ariuntuya

Part III One Health New Technologies, New Approaches and How to Implement

Climate Change and Human Health: A One Health Approach ...... 141 Jonathan A. Patz and Micah B. Hahn

Operationalizing One Health: Stone Mountain and Beyond ...... 173 Carol S. Rubin

Building a Foundation for ‘One Health’: An Education Strategy for Enhancing and Sustaining National and Regional Capacity in Endemic and Emerging Zoonotic Disease Management...... 185 W. D. Vink, Joanna S. McKenzie, Naomi Cogger, Barry Borman and Petra Muellner

Infections at the Animal/Human Interface: Shifting the Paradigm from Emergency Response to Prevention at Source ...... 207 David L. Heymann and Mathew Dixon

One Health from a Social–Ecological Systems Perspective: Enriching Social and Cultural Dimensions ...... 217 Helen Ross

Index ...... 231 Contents of Volume 1: The Concept and Examples of a One Health Approach

One Health: Its Origins and Future ...... 1 Ronald M. Atlas

Part I The Concept of One Health

One Health and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Clinical Perspectives ...... 15 Peter Rabinowitz and Lisa Conti

The Historical, Present, and Future Role of Veterinarians in One Health ...... 29 Samantha E. J. Gibbs and E. Paul J. Gibbs

The Importance of Understanding the Human–Animal Interface .... 47 Leslie A. Reperant, Giuseppe Cornaglia and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus

The Human Environment Interface: Applying Ecosystem Concepts to Health ...... 81 Nicholas D. Preston, Peter Daszak and Rita R. Colwell

Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages ...... 99 Melinda K. Rostal, Kevin J. Olival, Elizabeth H. Loh and William B. Karesh

The Economic Value of One Health in Relation to the Mitigation of Zoonotic Disease Risks ...... 125 Barbara Häsler, William Gilbert, Bryony Anne Jones, Dirk Udo Pfeiffer, Jonathan Rushton and Martin Joachim Otte

xi xii Contents of Volume 1: The Concept and Examples of a One Health Approach

Part II Examples of a One Health approach to specific diseases from the field

The Application of One Health Approaches to Henipavirus Research ...... 151 David T. S. Hayman, Emily S. Gurley, Juliet R. C. Pulliam and Hume E. Field

H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Indonesia: Retrospective Considerations ...... 167 Peter Daniels, Agus Wiyono, Elly Sawitri, Bagoes Poermadjaja and L. D. Sims

Rabies in Asia: The Classical Zoonosis...... 181 Henry Wilde, Thiravat Hemachudha, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Boonlert Lumlertdacha and Veera Tepsumethanon

Japanese Encephalitis: On the One Health Agenda...... 201 Daniel E. Impoinvil, Matthew Baylis and Tom Solomon

Cost Estimate of Bovine Tuberculosis to Ethiopia...... 245 Rea Tschopp, Jan Hattendorf, Felix Roth, Adnan Choudhoury, Alexandra Shaw, Abraham Aseffa and Jakob Zinsstag

The Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Experience ...... 265 Juergen A. Richt, Richard J. Webby and Robert E. Kahn

One Health: The Hong Kong Experience with Avian Influenza ...... 277 L. D. Sims and Malik Peiris

Clostridium difficile Infection in Humans and Piglets: A ‘One Health’ Opportunity ...... 295 Michele M. Squire and Thomas V. Riley

Cysticercosis and Echinococcosis ...... 311 M. W. Lightowlers

Men, Primates, and Germs: An Ongoing Affair ...... 333 Jean Paul Gonzalez, Frank Prugnolle and Eric Leroy Contents of Volume 1: The Concept and Examples of a One Health Approach xiii

Erratum To: Cost Estimate of Bovine Tuberculosis to Ethiopia .... E1 Rea Tschopp, Jan Hattendorf, Felix Roth, Adnan Choudhoury, Alexandra Shaw, Abraham Aseffa and Jakob Zinsstag

Index ...... 353 Contributors

Ochirpurev Ariuntuya WHO, P.O. Box 46/78, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Zayat Batsukh Government Implementation Agency for Veterinary and Animal Breeding, MoFA and Light Industry, Peace avenue-16a, SPB-IX, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, e-mail: [email protected] Barry Borman Centre for Public Health Research, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Massey University, Private Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand Naomi Cogger EpiCentre Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sci- ences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand Ben Coghlan Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia, e-mail: coghlan@burnet. edu.au Peter Collignon Infectious Diseases Unit and Microbiology Department, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Clinical School, Australian National University, P.O. Box 11, Woden, ACT 2607, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Mathew Dixon Chatham House, London, UK Adyadorj Dolgorkhand National Center for Infectious Diseases with Natural Foci, 20 Khoroo, Songinokhairkhan district, Central post office box 582, 18131 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, e-mail: [email protected] Narelle Fegan CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 671 Sneydes Rd, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Kari S. Gobius CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Gyanendra Gongal Disease Surveillance and Epidemiology, WHO Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi 110 002, India, e-mail: Gongalg@ SEARO.WHO.INT

xv xvi Contributors

Micah B. Hahn Nelson Institute, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Avenue, Madi- son, WI 53726, USA, e-mail: [email protected] David Hall University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, e-mail: [email protected] Bernard Hang’ombe SACIDS at School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia David L. Heymann Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, London, UK; Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, e-mail: [email protected] James Hope Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK, e-mail: [email protected] Dominic Kambarage SACIDS at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Esron Karimuribo SACIDS at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Christopher Kasanga SACIDS at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Jean-Marie Kayembe SACIDS at School of Public Health, University of Kin- shasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Kim Kayunze SACIDS at Muhimbili University for Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Juan Lubroth Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy, e-mail: [email protected] Justin Masumu SACIDS at School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Mecky Matee SACIDS at Muhimbili University for Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Joanna S. McKenzie EpiCentre Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand Gerald Misinzo SACIDS at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Petra Muellner EpiCentre Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sci- ences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand Aaron Mweene SACIDS at School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia Contributors xvii

Luis Neves SACIDS at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique Dashdavaa Otgonbaatar National Centre for Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Health, 20 Khoroo, Songinokhairkhan district, 18131 Ulaanbaatar-211137, Mon- golia, e-mail: [email protected] Jonathan A. Patz Nelson Institute, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Avenue, Madi- son, WI 53726, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Janusz T. Paweska SACIDS at National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa Helen Ross The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Carol S. Rubin National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Mark Rweyemamu SACIDS at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, e-mail: [email protected] Jørgen Schlundt National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Morkhoj Bygade 19, 2860 Soborg, Denmark, e-mail: [email protected] Martin Simuunza SACIDS at School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia B. Tsolmon Government Implementation Agency for Veterinary and Animal Breeding, MoFA and Light Industry, Peace avenue-16a, SPB-IX, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Baatar Undraa National Center for Infectious Diseases with Natural Foci, 20 Khoroo, Songinokhairkhan district, Central post office box 582, 18131 Ulaanba- atar, Mongolia, e-mail: [email protected] W. D. Vink EpiCentre Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand, e-mail: [email protected] Philemon Wambura SACIDS at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Peter R. Wielinga National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark