BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison 9

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison 9 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison 9 Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Roadmap 9 In this chapter you will learn how Cells make ATP starting from sugars and other high potential energy compounds by examining by examining How cells produce ATP when How cells produce ATP when oxygen is present 9.1 oxygen is absent looking closer at Glycolysis 9.2 Pyruvate oxidation 9.3 focusing Citric acid cycle 9.4 on Electron transport Fermentation and chemiosmosis 9.5 9.6 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ All organisms use glucose to build fats, carbohydrates, and other compounds ▪ Cells recover glucose by breaking down these molecules – Glucose is used to make ATP through cellular respiration or fermentation ▪ Cellular respiration produces ATP from – A molecule with high potential energy—usually glucose © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Each of the four steps of Energy conversion cellular respiration Photosynthesis consists of – A series of chemical Energy storage reactions Starch, glycogen, fats (synthesized from glucose) – A distinctive starting molecule Energy use – Characteristic set of products Cellular Respiration Fermentation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Carbon atoms of glucose are oxidized to form carbon dioxide ▪ Oxygen atoms in oxygen are reduced to form water C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O energy glucose oxygen carbon water dioxide ▪ Glucose is oxidized through – A long series of carefully controlled redox reactions ▪ The resulting change in free energy is used to – Synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi ▪ These reactions comprise cellular respiration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Cellular respiration is – Any set of reactions that produces ATP – In an electron transport chain ▪ Cellular respiration has four steps: 1. Glycolysis – Glucose is broken down to pyruvate 2. Pyruvate processing – Pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Citric acid cycle – Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis – Compounds reduced in steps 1–3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.2 1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport and Occurs in: Processing Oxidative Phosphorylation Cytoplasm of eukaryotes and Inner membrane of mitochondria Matrix of mitochondria or cytoplasm of prokaryotes prokaryotes or plasma membrane of prokaryotes What goes in: What comes out: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Energy and carbon – Are two fundamental requirements of cells – Need high-energy electrons for generating chemical energy – In the form of ATP – Are a source of carbon-containing molecules – For synthesizing macromolecules ▪ Metabolism includes – Thousands of different chemical reactions that are either catabolic pathways or anabolic pathways © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Catabolic pathways – Involve the breakdown of molecules and production of ATP – Often harvest stored chemical energy to produce ATP ▪ Anabolic pathways – Result in the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components – Often use energy in the form of ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ For ATP production, cells – First use carbohydrates – Then fats – And finally proteins ▪ Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats can all furnish substrates for cellular respiration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Enzymes remove the amino groups from proteins – The remaining carbon compounds are intermediates – These compounds are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ▪ Enzymes break down fats – To form glycerol – Enters the glycolytic pathway – To form acetyl CoA – Enters the citric acid cycle – To remove the amino groups from proteins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.3 Carbohydrates Fats and phospholipids Proteins Catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways Glycogen Pathway for synthesis Substrates for amino Phospholipids Fats or starch of RNA, DNA acid synthesis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Molecules found in carbohydrate metabolism are used to synthesize macromolecules such as – RNA – DNA – Glycogen or starch – Amino acids – Fatty acids – And other cell components © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ About half the required amino acids can be synthesized from citric acid cycle molecules ▪ Acetyl CoA is the starting point in the synthesis of fatty acids ▪ Fatty acids can be used to build phospholipid membranes or fats ▪ Intermediates in glycolysis can be oxidized to start the synthesis of the sugars in ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Nucleotides are building blocks used in RNA and DNA synthesis ▪ Pyruvate and lactate can be used in the synthesis of glucose © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.4 Lipid Carbohydrate metabolism metabolism Nucleotide metabolism Amino acid metabolism © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Glycolysis is – A series of 10 chemical reactions – The first step in glucose oxidation ▪ All of the enzymes needed for glycolysis are found in the cytosol ▪ In glycolysis – Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate – The potential energy released is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Glycolysis consists of – An energy investment phase – An energy payoff phase ▪ In the energy investment phase – 2 molecules of ATP are consumed – Glucose is phosphorylated twice – Forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ In the energy payoff phase – Sugar is split to form two pyruvate molecules – 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH – 4 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (net gain of 2 ATP) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.5 All 10 reactions of glycolysis occur in the cytosol Dihydroxyacetone phosphate What goes in: Enzyme Glucose Glucose- Fructose- Fructose- 6-phosphate 6-phosphate 1,6-bisphosphate Glycolysis begins with an energy-investment phase: 2 ATP 2 ADP What comes out: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate The “2” indicates that fructose-1,6- bisphosphate has been split into two 3-carbon sugars (only one is shown) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate During the energy-payoff phase, 4 ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when – ATP is produced by the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate substrate to ADP – ATP is produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ▪ Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in – An electron transport chain – A proton gradient provides energy for ATP production – The membrane protein ATP synthase uses this energy to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.6 ATP ADP Enzyme Phosphorylated substrate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Feedback inhibition occurs – When an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of that pathway ▪ Cells that are able to stop glycolytic reactions – When ATP is abundant ▪ Can conserve their stores of glucose for – Times when ATP is scarce © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ During glycolysis, high levels of ATP inhibit – The enzyme phosphofructokinase – This enzyme catalyzes one of the early reactions ▪ Phosphofructokinase has two binding sites for ATP: 1. The active site – Where ATP phosphorylates fructose-6-phosphate – Resulting in the synthesis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 2. A regulatory site © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ High ATP concentrations cause – ATP to bind at the regulatory site – Changing the enzyme’s shape – Dramatically decreasing the reaction rate at the active site ▪ In phosphofructokinase: – ATP acts as an allosteric regulator © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7 ATP at When ATP binds here, the regulatory reaction rate slows dramatically site Fructose-6- phosphate ATP at at active site active site © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ The mitochondrial matrix – Is inside the inner membrane – But outside the cristae © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.8 Cristae are sacs of inner membrane joined to the rest of the inner membrane by short tubes Matrix Cristae Inner membrane Intermembrane space Outer membrane 100 nm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Pyruvate processing is – The second step in glucose oxidation – Catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase – In the mitochondrial matrix ▪ In the presence of O2: – Pyruvate undergoes a series of reactions, results in the product molecule acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ During these reactions – Another molecule of NADH is synthesized – One of the carbon atoms in pyruvate is oxidized to CO2 Pyruvate Acetyl CoA © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ Pyruvate processing is – Under both positive and negative control ▪ Abundant ATP reserves inhibit the enzyme complex – Large supplies of reactants – Such as acetyl CoA and NADH ▪ Low supplies of products stimulate the enzyme complex – Such as ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ The third step of glucose oxidation – The acetyl CoA produced by pyruvate processing enters the citric acid cycle – Located in the mitochondrial matrix – Each acetyl CoA is oxidized to two molecules of CO2 ▪ Some of the potential energy released is used to 1. Reduce NAD+ to NADH 2. Reduce flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to FADH2 – Another electron carrier 3. Phosphorylate GDP to form GTP – Later converted to ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ A series of carboxylic acids – Are oxidized and recycled in the citric acid cycle ▪ Citrate (the first molecule in the cycle) is formed from – Pyruvate
Recommended publications
  • The Switch from Fermentation to Respiration in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Is Regulated by the Ert1 Transcriptional Activator/Repressor
    INVESTIGATION The Switch from Fermentation to Respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Regulated by the Ert1 Transcriptional Activator/Repressor Najla Gasmi,* Pierre-Etienne Jacques,† Natalia Klimova,† Xiao Guo,§ Alessandra Ricciardi,§ François Robert,†,** and Bernard Turcotte*,‡,§,1 ‡Department of Medicine, *Department of Biochemistry, and §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1, †Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H2W 1R7, and **Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7 ABSTRACT In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fermentation is the major pathway for energy production, even under aerobic conditions. However, when glucose becomes scarce, ethanol produced during fermentation is used as a carbon source, requiring a shift to respiration. This adaptation results in massive reprogramming of gene expression. Increased expression of genes for gluconeogenesis and the glyoxylate cycle is observed upon a shift to ethanol and, conversely, expression of some fermentation genes is reduced. The zinc cluster proteins Cat8, Sip4, and Rds2, as well as Adr1, have been shown to mediate this reprogramming of gene expression. In this study, we have characterized the gene YBR239C encoding a putative zinc cluster protein and it was named ERT1 (ethanol regulated transcription factor 1). ChIP-chip analysis showed that Ert1 binds to a limited number of targets in the presence of glucose. The strongest enrichment was observed at the promoter of PCK1 encoding an important gluconeogenic enzyme. With ethanol as the carbon source, enrichment was observed with many additional genes involved in gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial function. Use of lacZ reporters and quantitative RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that Ert1 regulates expression of its target genes in a manner that is highly redundant with other regulators of gluconeogenesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Industrial Bioprocesses for Production of Key Valuable Steroid Precursors from Phytosterol
    Novel industrial bioprocesses for production of key valuable steroid precursors from phytosterol Project acronym: MySterI (Mycobacterial Steroids for Industry) Project no: EIB.12.010 Name: Carlos Barreiro ERA‐IB‐2 final conference, Berlin, 16./17.02.2016 Project partners 2 Research Centres 2 Universities 1 SME 1 Large Enterprise Project acronym: MySterI ERA‐IB‐2 Final conference, Berlin, 16./17.02.2016 www.era‐ib.net P1: INBIOTEC Project partners • P1: COORDINATOR: Asociación de investigación‐ INBIOTEC‐Instituto de Biotecnología de León (Research Centre). León (Spain). • Dr. Carlos Barreiro, Dr. Antonio Rodríguez‐García, Dr. Alberto Sola‐Landa MySterI tasks of INBOTEC: ‐Genome sequencing Mycobacterium sp NRRL B‐3805 ‐Genome mining and annotation ‐Transcriptomics (microarrays, RNAseq) ‐Proteomics (secretome analysis) • Total project budget: 93 000 € Project acronym: MySterI ERA‐IB‐2 Final conference, Berlin, 16./17.02.2016 www.era‐ib.net P2: Pharmins ltd. Project partners • P2: Pharmins Ltd. (SME) Pushchino (Russian Federation) • Dr. Marina Donova MySterI tasks of Pharmins: ‐Genome sequencing Mycobacterium sp NRRL B‐3805 ‐Biochemical characterization of proteins ‐Sterol conversion by modified mycobacterial strains ‐Two‐steps fermentation to obtain 11‐α‐OH‐AD ‐Modification of 11α‐hydroxylase enzymes • Total project budget: 123 743 € Project acronym: MySterI ERA‐IB‐2 Final conference, Berlin, 16./17.02.2016 www.era‐ib.net P3: University of York Project partners • P3: University of York (University) York (UK) • Professor Maggie Smith, Dr Jessica Loraine MySterI tasks of U. of York: ‐Genome sequencing Mycobacterium sp NRRL B‐3805 ‐Genetic tools and strain development ‐Development of DNA transformation procedures ‐Development of gene knock‐out techniques ‐Development of promoters to control gene expression • Total project budget: 312 246€ Project acronym: MySterI ERA‐IB‐2 Final conference, Berlin, 16./17.02.2016 www.era‐ib.net P4: Stiftelsen SINTEF Project partners • P4: Stiftelsen SINTEF (Research centre).
    [Show full text]
  • Fermentation Microorganisms and Flavor Changes in Fermented Foods R.F
    Fermentation Technology—12th World Congress of Food Science and Technology Fermentation Microorganisms and Flavor Changes in Fermented Foods R.F. MCFEETERS ABSTRACT: Food fermentation processes often result in profound changes in flavor relative to the starting ingredients. However, fermenting foods are typically very complex ecosystems with active enzyme systems from the ingredient materials interacting with the metabolic activities of the fermentation organisms. Factors such as added salt, particle sizes, temperature, and oxygen levels will also have important effects on the chemistry that occurs during fermentation. This is a brief review of recent research on flavor changes in food fermentations. The emphasis will be on the role of lactic acid bacteria in changing the compounds that help determine the character of fermented foods from plant-based substrates. Introduction GC-olfactometry led to recognition of a compound with an odor actic acid bacteria influence the flavor of fermented foods in a close to that of the fermentation brine. The compound with a fer- Lvariety of ways. In many cases, the most obvious change in a lac- mentation brine odor was identified as trans-4-hexenoic acid. They tic acid fermentation is the production of acid and lowering pH that also tentatively identified the presence of cis-4-hexenoic acid. In a results in an increase in sourness. Since most of the acid produced reconstitution experiment, a solution that contained 25 ppm trans- in fermentations will be produced by the metabolism of sugars, 4-hexenoic acid, 10 ppm phenyl ethyl alcohol, 0.65% lactic acid, sweetness will likely decrease as sourness increases. The produc- 0.05% acetic acid, and 8% NaCl had an odor very similar to that of tion of volatile flavor components tends to be the first mechanism brine from fermented cucumbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Yeast Metabolism & Fermentation By-Products
    1 Yeast Metabolism & Fermentation By-Products Influence on fermentation and product quality VLB-Berlin; B.H.Meyer ■ ■ ■ Craft Brewers Conference 2015, Portland, OR ■ 2 VLB-Berlin; B.H.Meyer ■ ■ ■ Craft Brewers Conference 2015, Portland, OR ■ 3 VLB-Berlin; B.H.Meyer ■ ■ ■ Craft Brewers Conference 2015, Portland, OR ■ 4 “Brewer’s yeast dissolved in water disintegrates in countless, tiniest beads. Upon adding them to sugared water the magic begins and small animals begin to form. With their tiny suction spouts they eagerly suck up sugar from this solution whereupon immediate and unmistakable digestion sets in, characterised by spontaneous release of excrements from their bowels. They excrete ethyl alcohol from their intestines and carbonic acid from their urinary tract. Come, take a closer look at them. Do you see the incessant stream of a specifically lighter liquid rising from their anus and the gushes of carbonic acid being spurted out from their enormous genitals in short intervals?” Liebig, Justus v. (1803-1875) VLB-Berlin; B.H.Meyer ■ ■ ■ Craft Brewers Conference 2015, Portland, OR ■ Uni-düsseldorf.de 5 Biochemical Changes during Fermentation 1. Fermentation of carbohydrates 2. Nitrogen in wort Assimilation/ Dissimilation 3. Formation of metabolic compounds Acids • CO2 • Organic acids Alcohols • Ethanol • Secondary and tertiary alcohols • Higher aliphatic alcohols (HAA) • Aromatic alcohols Esters Aldehydes and Ketones Vicinal Diketones (VDK) Sulphur-containing compounds VLB-Berlin; B.H.Meyer ■ ■ ■ Craft Brewers Conference 2015, Portland,
    [Show full text]
  • Biol 1020: Photosynthesis
    Chapter 10: Photosynthesis Energy and Carbon Sources Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light Chloroplasts Photosynthesis Overview Light Reactions C3 Cycle Photorespiration Supplemental Carbon Fixation: C4 and CAM pathways . • List and differentiate the 4 possible groups of organisms based on how they obtain energy and useful carbon. Classification by Energy and Carbon Sources energy source chemotrophs can only get energy directly from chemical compounds phototrophs can get energy directly from light (these organisms can use chemical compounds as energy sources as well) . Classification by Energy and Carbon Sources carbon source autotrophs can fix carbon dioxide, thus they can use CO2 as a carbon source heterotrophs cannot fix CO2; they use organic molecules from other organisms as a carbon source . Classification by Energy and Carbon Sources combined, these leads to 4 possible groups: photoautotrophs – carry out photosynthesis use light energy to fix CO2 store energy in chemical bonds of organic molecules includes green plants, algae, and some bacteria photoheterotrophs – use light energy but cannot fix CO2; some nonsulfur purple bacteria chemoautotrophs – obtain energy from reduced inorganic molecules and use some of it to fix CO2; some bacteria chemoheterotrophs – use organic molecules as both carbon and energy sources dependent completely on other organisms for energy capture and carbon fixation includes all animals, all fungi, most protists, and most bacteria . • List and differentiate the 4 possible groups of
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of 2-Desoxy-D-Glucose on Glycolysis and Respiration of Tumor and Normal Tissues
    The Effect of 2-Desoxy-D-glucose on Glycolysis and Respiration of Tumor and Normal Tissues GLADYSE. WOODWARDANDMARIET. HUDSON (Biochemical Research Foundation, Newark, Delaware) Inhibition of metabolism by structural analogs end of each experiment. Reaction rates are expressed of metabolites is one of the newer concepts of of dry tissue/hour, and are based on the initial steady rate. chemotherapy. It seems possible that this concept The symbols, QCOJ.Qco2>an<l Q<v are used to express, re spectively, the rates of anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis, might be applied to cancer by use of structural and respiration. The Q values as given in the tables are from analogs of glucose to inhibit the glycolysis of the single or duplicate determinations. tumor cell, since tumor tissue in contrast to most normal tissues possesses the ability to glycolyze RESULTS glucose at a high rate both anaerobically and EFFECTop 2DG ONGLYCOLYSIS aerobically (7). It was found that 2DG in the maximum concen 2-Desoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is a structural ana tration used with each tissue did not significantly log of glucose, differing from glucose only at the affect the endogenous glycolysis of any of the tis second carbon atom by the absence of one oxygen sues studied. Calculation of the degree of inhibi atom. This analog has been shown (2) to compete tion of glucose or fructose utilization, therefore, is with glucose in the yeast fermentation system and, based on the Q values from which the correspond thereby, to inhibit fermentation of glucose. In a ing blank Q value has been subtracted.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
    LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview: Life Is Work • Living cells require energy from outside sources • Some animals, such as the chimpanzee, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.1 • Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat • Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration • Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP, which powers work © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Organic CO H O O 2 2 molecules 2 Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP powers ATP most cellular work Heat energy Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels • Several processes are central to cellular respiration and related pathways © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP • The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic • Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP • Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Summary Equation of Cellular Respiration. the Difference Between
    The summary equation of cellular respiration. The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration. The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid cycle. How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP. E flows into ecosystem as Sunlight Autotrophs transform it into chemical E O2 released as byproduct Cells use some of chemical E in organic molecules to make ATP E leaves as heat Catabolic Pathway Complex organic Simpler waste molecules products with less E Some E used to do work and dissipated as heat Introduction Respiration (15 min) Respiration: exergonic (releases E) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP (+ heat) Fermentation exergonic (releases E) C6H12O6 2-3 C products + ATP (small amounts) Photosynthesis: endergonic (requires E) 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2 oxidation (donor) lose e- Xe- + Y X + Ye- reduction (acceptor) gain e- Oxidation = lose e- OiLRiG or LeoGer Reduction = gain e- oxidation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP reduction Energy is released as electrons “fall” from organic molecules to O2 Broken down into steps: Food (Glucose) NADH ETC O2 . Coenzyme NAD+ = electron acceptor . NAD+ picks up 2e- and 2H+ NADH (stores E) . NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) - . ETC: transfers e to O2 to make H2O ; releases energy Generate small amount of ATP Phosphorylation: enzyme transfers a phosphate to other
    [Show full text]
  • Fermentation and Cellular Respiration a Way to Obtain Energy
    FERMENTATION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION A WAY TO OBTAIN ENERGY LICEO SCIENTIFICO «NICCOLO’ COPERNICO» PROF. ANTONIO ROVELLI -2017 ENERGY FROM FOOD EVERY CHEMICAL BONDS CONTAIN ENERGY. ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN CHEMICAL BONDS ARE BROKEN. FOOD MOLECULES CONTAIN USEFUL ENERGY THAT WE CAN OBTAIN WHEN THEY ARE DIGESTED (= DIVIDED IN SMALLER MOLECULES) IF OXYGEN IS AVAILABLE, ENERGY IS PRODUCED BY CELLULAR RESPIRATION BUT IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN CELLS USE FERMENTATION. CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION PRODUCE ATP. WHAT’S ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)? ATP IS AN ENERGETICS MOLECULE FORMED BY: * ADENINE ( NITROGENOUS BASE) * RIBOSE (SUGAR) * 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS FERMENTATION * IS THE PROCESS THAT RELEASES ENERGY FROM FOOD (SUCH AS GLUCOSE) IN THE ABSENCE OF OXIGEN. * GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED IN PIRUVIC ACID AND THAN IN: - ETHYL ALCOHOL (ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION) - LACITC ACID (LACTIC FERMENTATION) ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION ACID LACTIC FERMENTATION COMPARISON BETWEEN ALCOHOLIC AND ACID LACTIC FERMENTATION LAB IN PAIR! 1. LABEL TWO TEST TUBES A AND B 2. PUT 10 ML OF WATER AND A FEW DROPS OF BROMTHYMOL BLUE SOLUTION IN EACH TEST TUBE. 3. YOUR PARTNER WILL TIME YOU DURING THIS STEP. WHEN YOUR PARTNER SAYS «GO», SLOWLY BLOW AIR THROUGH A STRAW INTO THE BOTTOM OF TEST TUBE A. CAUTION: DON’T INHALE THROUGH THE STRAW. 4. WHEN THE SOLUTION CHANGES COLOUR, YOUR PARTNER SAY «STOP» AND THEN RECORD HOW LONG THE COLOR CHANGE TOOK. 5. JOG IN PLACE FOR TWO MINUTES. 6. REPEAT STEPS 3-4 USING TEST TUBE B. 7. TRADE ROLES WITH YOUR PARTNER. REPEAT STEPS 1-6. LAB IN GROUP! The purpose of any leavener is to produce the gas that makes bread rise.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTES: Ch 9, Part 4 - 9.5 & 9.6 - Fermentation & Regulation of Cellular Respiration
    NOTES: Ch 9, part 4 - 9.5 & 9.6 - Fermentation & Regulation of Cellular Respiration 9.5 - Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen ● Cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP ● Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) ● In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation to produce ATP Alternative Metabolic Pathways - Vocabulary: ● aerobic: existing in presence of oxygen ● anaerobic: existing in absence of oxygen ● FERMENTATION = anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients Types of Fermentation ● Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis ● Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation Alcohol Fermentation + Pyruvate + NADH ethanol + CO2 + NAD ● pyruvate is converted to ethanol ● NADH is oxidized to NAD+ (recycled) ● performed by yeast and some bacteria Alcohol Fermentation ● In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 ● Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 CO2 + 2 H+ 2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde Alcohol fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+ ● pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid (3-C compound); no CO2 produced ● NADH is oxidized to NAD+ (recycling of NAD+) Lactic Acid Fermentation ● Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt ● Human muscle
    [Show full text]
  • Spontaneous Generation & Origin of Life Concepts from Antiquity to The
    SIMB News News magazine of the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology April/May/June 2019 V.69 N.2 • www.simbhq.org Spontaneous Generation & Origin of Life Concepts from Antiquity to the Present :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůDŝĐƌŽďŝŽůŽŐLJΘŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ Impact Factor 3.103 The Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology is an international journal which publishes papers in metabolic engineering & synthetic biology; biocatalysis; fermentation & cell culture; natural products discovery & biosynthesis; bioenergy/biofuels/biochemicals; environmental microbiology; biotechnology methods; applied genomics & systems biotechnology; and food biotechnology & probiotics Editor-in-Chief Ramon Gonzalez, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, USA Editors Special Issue ^LJŶƚŚĞƚŝĐŝŽůŽŐLJ; July 2018 S. Bagley, Michigan Tech, Houghton, MI, USA R. H. Baltz, CognoGen Biotech. Consult., Sarasota, FL, USA Impact Factor 3.500 T. W. Jeffries, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 3.000 T. D. Leathers, USDA ARS, Peoria, IL, USA 2.500 M. J. López López, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain C. D. Maranas, Pennsylvania State Univ., Univ. Park, PA, USA 2.000 2.505 2.439 2.745 2.810 3.103 S. Park, UNIST, Ulsan, Korea 1.500 J. L. Revuelta, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain 1.000 B. Shen, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA 500 D. K. Solaiman, USDA ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, USA Y. Tang, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA E. J. Vandamme, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium H. Zhao, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 10 Most Cited Articles Published in 2016 (Data from Web of Science: October 15, 2018) Senior Author(s) Title Citations L. Katz, R. Baltz Natural product discovery: past, present, and future 103 Genetic manipulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis for improved production in Streptomyces and R.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemiosmosis Principle Versus Murburn Concept: Why Do Cells Need Oxygen? Deducing the Underpinnings of Aerobic Respiration by Mechanistic Predictability
    Chemiosmosis principle versus murburn concept: Why do cells need oxygen? Deducing the underpinnings of aerobic respiration by mechanistic predictability Kelath Murali Manoj1*, Vidhu Soman2, Vivian David Jacob1, Abhinav Parashar3, Daniel Andrew Gideon4, Manish Kumar1, Afsal Manekkathodi5, Surjith Ramasamy6, Kannan Pakhirajan6 *1Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Snehatheeram, Kulappully, Shoranur-2 (PO), Kerala, India-679122. [email protected] 2Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India-110016. 3Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, India-522213. 4Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tennur, Tiruchirappalli, India-620017. 5Photovoltaics and Thin-film Solar Cells, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar. 6Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India-781039. Abstract: The long-standing explanation for cellular respiration (mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, mOxPhos) in textbooks is proton-centric and involves the elements of Rotary ATP synthesis, Chemiosmosis principle, Proton pumps and Electron transport chain (in short, the RCPE model). Addressing certain lacunae in the RCPE model, an alternative scheme based on murburn concept was proposed in 2017 (Manoj, 2017). The new proposal is oxygen-centric in essence, and it advocates constructive roles for diffusible reactive oxygen species (DROS) in electron transfer reactions and ATP-synthesis. By the end of 2018, significant arguments and experimental evidences (in vitro, in situ, and in silico) had accumulated supporting the new mechanism. Herein, the authors compare the predictive capabilities of the two models. Theoretical concepts and expectations are detailed to differentiate the two models, and the correlations are cross-checked with the available data/information.
    [Show full text]