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Sir2005-5235.Pdf A Cyclostratigraphic and Borehole- Geophysical Approach to Development of a Three-Dimensional Conceptual Hydrogeologic Model of the Karstic Biscayne Aquifer, Southeastern Florida By Kevin J. Cunningham, Michael A. Wacker, Edward Robinson, Joann F. Dixon, and G. Lynn Wingard Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5235 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Cunningham, K.J., Wacker, M.A., Robinson, Edward, Dixon, J.F., and Wingard, G.L., 2006, A Cyclostratigraphic and Borehole-Geophysical Approach to Development of a Three-Dimensional Conceptual Hydrogeologic Model of the Karstic Biscayne Aquifer, Southeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5235, 69 p., plus CD. iii Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Scope ................................................................................................................................. 5 Description of Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 5 Previous Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. 7 Methods of Investigation ................................................................................................................................ 7 Drilling, Well Completion, Core Analysis, and Borehole-Geophysical Logging ........................... 7 Collection of Borehole-Fluid Flow Data ............................................................................................. 12 Molluscan and Benthic Foraminiferal Paleontology ...................................................................... 12 Multidisciplinary Approach—Characterizing the Geologic Framework of the Biscayne Aquifer .. 13 Lithostratigraphy ................................................................................................................................... 13 Molluscan Paleontology ...................................................................................................................... 13 Stratigraphic Age and Paleonenviroments from Test Corehole near S-3168 ..................13 Stratigraphic Age and Paleoenvironments from Test Corehole near S-3170 ..................13 Foraminiferal Paleontology.................................................................................................................. 17 Lithofacies and Depositional Environments ..................................................................................... 17 Lithofacies ...................................................................................................................................17 Depositional Environments ......................................................................................................25 Middle Ramp ......................................................................................................................32 Platform Margin-to-Outer Platform ...............................................................................32 Open-Marine Platform Interior .......................................................................................32 Restricted Platform Interior, Brackish Platform Interior, and Freshwater Terrestrial ..............................................................................................................33 Cyclostratigraphy .................................................................................................................................. 33 Delineation of Cycles and Ideal Cycles ..................................................................................33 Cycle Hierarchy ..........................................................................................................................33 Orders of Cycles ........................................................................................................................35 Hydrogeologic Framework for Model Representation of the Biscayne Aquifer ............................... 35 Previous Interpretations ...................................................................................................................... 35 Pore System of the Limestone of the Biscayne Aquifer ................................................................ 36 Pore Classes ...............................................................................................................................36 Generalized Layering Scheme of Pore Classes ....................................................................40 Altitudes and Thicknesses of Hydrogeologic Layers ..........................................................43 Borehole-Fluid Flow .............................................................................................................................. 59 Ground-Water Flow and Pore System Evolution ............................................................................. 59 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 62 References Cited ............................................................................................................................................ 66 Appendix I: Geophysical Logs ................................................................................................................on CD Appendix II: Porosity and Permeability from Core Samples .............................................................on CD Appendix III: Occurrence of Molluscan Taxa Identified in Selected Whole Core Samples .......on CD iv Plates [on CD, back pocket] 1. Hydrogeologic section A-A’ showing cyclostratigraphy, lithology, and pore classes for the Biscayne aquifer in the Lake Belt area 2. Hydrogeologic section B-B’ showing cyclostratigraphy, lithology, and pore classes for the Biscayne aquifer in the Lake Belt area 3. Hydrogeologic sections C-C’ and D-D’ showing cyclostratigraphy, lithology, and pore classes for the Biscayne aquifer in the Lake Belt area 4. Hydrogeologic sections E-E’, F-F’, and G-G’ showing cyclostratigraphy, lithology, and pore classes for the Biscayne aquifer in the Lake Belt area Figures 1-2. Maps showing: 1. Location of study area, Federal and State lands, and agricultural areas in southern Florida .................................................................................................................... 3 2. Map of study area in Miami-Dade County showing location of major canals and levees, Northwest Well Field, Old South Dade Landfill, and test coreholes used in the study ................................................................................................................... 4 3. Cross section showing relation of geologic and hydrogeologic units of the surficial aquifer system across central Miami-Dade County ................................................................ 6 4. Stratigraphic column showing correlation of ages, formations, stratigraphy, and hydrogeologic units of the Tamiami Formation, Fort Thompson Formation, and Miami Limestone from this and other studies ........................................................................... 7 5-6. Photographs showing selected: 5. Pelecypoda from core samples ..................................................................................14-15 6. Gastropoda from core samples ...................................................................................16-17 7. Thin-section photomicrographs of foraminifera characteristic of foraminiferal biofacies 2-7 .................................................................................................................................. 25 8. Conceptual hydrogeologic column for the northern part of the study area that includes ages, major depositional environments, ground-water flow types, pore classes, lithofacies, cyclostratigraphy, Q-units of Perkins (1977), formations, and hydrogeologic units ...................................................................................................................... 30 9. Conceptual facies model showing relations between major lithofacies, depositional
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