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Kingdom Monera Kingdom monera Extra Stroke lectures A,B & C part • Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. • A person who specializes in the area of microbiology is called a microbiologist. • We have probably only studied about 1% of all of the microbes on Earth. • Resolving power of Human Eye 100mm • So organism less than 100mm (0.1mm] are called Microbes . • Leeuwenhoeck Father of Microscopy • He first sketched the microorganisms. • Cellular microorganisms are generally measured in units of Micrometer ( mm ) which is one thousandth part of a millimeter (mm) • Acellular microorganisms are generally measured in units of nanometer ( nm) which is one thousandth part of a micrometer (mm) • Father of Microbiology : Leeuwenhoek • Father of Bacteriology : Leeuwenhoek • Founder of modern Bacteriology : Pasteur • Founder of modern Microbiology : Pasteur • Father of microbial techniques : R. KOCH • Leeuwenhoek The first microbiologist • Nicholus appert : Father of Food microbiology • Fuch : Father of Dairy bacteriology • Father of chemotherapy : Ehrlich • Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner • Robert Koch Considered to be the founders of medical microbiology. • Cohn first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria. • ******Carl woese Three domains , 16s rRNA BACTERIOLOGY • The science dealing with the study of Bacteria is called as BACTERIOLOGY. • Antoine vonn Leeuwenhoek discovered the Bacteria in the rain water and called them “wild Animalcules.” • “Bacteria” term coined by “Ehrenberg”. • The word bacterium is of Greek origin meaning “Little rod or Little stick • Kirchar was the first man to recognize the significance of bacteria and other microbes in disease. • Muller coined certain words Bacillus, Vibrio and Spirillum which are now used as generic names in Bacteriology. • In 1695 Leeuwenhoek published his work in his book titled THE SECRETS F NATURE DISCOVERED BY A.V. LEEUWENHOEK. • The importance of Leeuwenhoek's animalcule was realized about 200 years later when Louis Pasteur demonstrated their great role in fermentation and Decay. He declared that all putrefaction is due to the action of microbes • Pasteur developed a technique where he heated a wine-bottle at 50°—60°C for a short period and thus killed undesirable Bacteria. The process is now called as PASTEUTIZATION. • It is generally used for temporary preserving milk (made free from pathogenic bacteria ; not from all bacteria) • In which involves Two methods – – heating at 71.6°C for 15—30 seconds. (high temperature short time method / HTST) – heating at 62.5°C for 30 Minutes. (Low temperature Long time method / LTLT) • Pasteur studied a number of fermentations very carefully. • He also demonstrated that “Life is possible without air. • He showed that certain Bacteria could live with out oxygen which was, till then considered to essential for use. • Pasteur introduced the term Anaerobic & Aerobic. • Robert KOCH isolated Bacteria causing anthrax and tuberculosis and established Koch's postulates.” • This was the first time a Bacterium had been proved to be the cause of an animal disease. KOCH`S POSTULATES • Isolation of microbes from diseased animal. • Isolated microbes cultured in laboratory in culture medium. • injected these microbe in experimental animals. and observed clinical symptoms of disease. • Isolation of same microbes from the blood of experimental animals. • KOCH was awarded noble prize in 1905. • Some Significant discoveries of Bacterial forms: • GONOCOCCUSS by NEISSER • STAPHYLOCOCCUS By Ogston • BACILLUS By KOCH (Causing T.B. and Anthrax) • VIBRIO By KOCH (causing Cholera) • BACILLUS BY LOEFFLER (causing Diphtheria) • PNEUMOCOCCUS By FRANKEL (causing Pneumonia) • SPRICHAETE By SHAUDIN & HOFFMANN (causing syphilis) • Joseph Lister - First obtained” pure culture” of Bacteria. • Pure culture are those bacterial colonies which are having only one kind of bacteria (developed from a single bacteria) • KOCH obtained pure cultures of Bacteria causing tuberculosis. • HANSON devised a dilution method for obtaining pure cultures of microbes. • GERM THEORY OF DISEASE : Proposed by Louis Pasteur. • The germ theory of disease confirming the fact that the infectious diseases were caused by micro organisms. • Use of carbolic acid (Phenol) and antiseptics and antiseptic surgery was discovered by Joseph Lister. Important Note • Scientists claim that till now only about 4000 species of bacteria have been cultivated and studied. • Jacob Henle teacher of R.Koch, in 1840 formulated for the first time the conditions to be fulfilled for proving the causal relation of a disease with specific microbe. • Koch earned great fame due to his work on tubercular bacilli. (Noble Prize 1905) • French chemist Pasteur’s fame reached a climax with the discovery of antirabies vaccine (1885) Important Note • Koch’s laboratory , first time : – Used agar as culture medium (agar replaced gelatin) – Designed petri dishes for microbe culture • Lister first time got pure cultures of Lactic acid bacteria • Chamberland constructed a porcelain filter which is bacteria proof filter. • Pasteur institute Paris • Paul Ehrlich used term Chemotherapy , He synthesized organic arsenic compound (Salvarsan) which is used to treat Syphilis. (Noble prize 1908) Important Note • In 1935 Domagk discovered a dye Prontosil (sulfanilamide molecule / Sulpha drugs) which is having antibacterial properties. They have been extensively used to control various bacterial infections before the antibiotics were discovered. (Nobel prize1939) Kingdom monera Extra Stroke lecture Part - B • CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA • Cohn placed the Bacteria and blue green algae both in “Schizophyta” • Nogeli placed the Bacteria in Schizomycetes. • Stainer & Von Neil (1941) replaced the term schizophyta by Monera. • WHITTAKER (1969 ) proposed a five kingdom classification and placed BGA and Bacteria in the Kingdom Monera • Bergey divided the plant kingdom into five phyla namely Prosophyta, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta and placed Bacteria and viruses in prosophyta. • The organisms included under the kingdom Monera are called monerans • The kingdom Monera includes prokaryotic organisms — the bacteria, archebacteria and the Cyanobacteria (BGA) • The Bacteria have been divided into nineteen groups which include bacteria of all kinds. • In bacterial taxonomy a rank above kingdom level has been created , called Domain • In case of bacteria , a species is defined as a collection of strains which resemble each other in many characteristics and differ significantly from other collections of strains. • A strain is defined as the descendents of a single colony of a pure culture.*********** • A bacterial species comprises a number of strains which are closely similar, differing in one or few characteristics. • Thus the concept of bacterial species is different from the species concept applicable to higher organisms. *** • Bacteria lack , generally , a sexual mechanism as found in higher organisms and, therefore , the definition of a bacterial species is not so rigid, rather it leaves considerable amount of freedom to the taxonomist to create ‘new species’ on the basis of even one or few differences in characteristics. Domain Archaea Prokarya Eukarya Archaea Kingdom – Euryarcheota Kingdom - Crenarcheota Prokarya Cyanobacteria Eubacteria Eukarya Kingdom – Plantae Kingdom - Fungi Kingdom - Animalia • On the basis of rRNA homology , Woese (1993) proposed a Phylogenetic tree which includes 7 Kingdoms. (not universally recognized) • Cavaler and Smith proposed 8 Kingdom classification, which includes two Empires Bacteria and Eukaryota. In this classification the eukaryotic microbes have been divided into three kingdoms : Archaezoa, Chromista and Protozoa. The eight kingdoms are Eubacteria, archebacteria , archaezoa , chromista , protozoa , plantae , fungi and animalia. • The bacterial classification largely based on the variations in morphological , physiological and biochemical properties, staining characteristics and sometimes serological properties. ******(artificial) **********No phylogeny clearly • Modern bacterial classification is based upon following characteristics : – G+C % – DNA – DNA Hybridization – DNA sequencing – 16s rRNA Homology – Serological properties • Bergey’s manual authentic source of exhaustive information about all known bacteria for more than 80 years. It was first published in 1923. • According to Bergey's manual the bacteria are placed in four divisions : – Gracilicutes : Complex gram negative type cell wall – Firmicutes : Cell wall of gram positive type – Tenericutes : Cell wall absent – Mendosicutes : Cell wall generally present but does not contain peptidoglycan. • Drawbacks of classification of Bergey's manual – Many taxa are not phylogenetically related – Some of the characters given great weightage which are not very much phylogenetically significant – Mycoplasma are placed under tenericutes but rRNA studies indicate their close relationship to gram positive bacteria.(firmicutes)******* • OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA • Bacteria are ubiquitous in distribution • These are found in soil, water and air. • Rain water is usually free from Bacteria • Maximum of Bacteria are expected in soil because soil contains water, air, minerals, organic matter. • Some Bacteria are present in hot water spring at a temperature of 78°C While others live in ice at a temperature of — 190°C. • Thermophilic sulphur bacteria / Marine
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