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On Cob Balls, Adobe, and Daubed Straw Plaits a Glossary on Traditional Earth Building Techniques for Walls in Four Languages

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On Cob Balls, Adobe, and Daubed Straw Plaits a Glossary on Traditional Earth Building Techniques for Walls in Four Languages On cob balls, adobe, and daubed straw plaits A glossary on traditional earth building techniques for walls in four languages Sobre bolas de barro, adobes y haces de vegetales y barro retorcidos Un glosario en cuatro idiomas de técnicas constructivas con tierra tradicionales Sur les boules de bauge, l’adobe et les mèches de torchis torsadées Un glossaire en quatre langues sur les techniques traditionnelles de construction des murs en terre Von Lehmbroten, -ziegeln und -zöpfen Ein viersprachiges Glossar der traditionellen Lehmbautechnik (Wände) FRANZISKA KNOLL, MARÍA PASTOR QUILES, CLAIRE-ANNE DE CHAZELLES, AND LOUISE COOKE herausgegeben von Harald Meller Halle an der Saale 2o19 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://portal.dnb.de abrufbar. isbn 978-3-9445o7-95-8 Wissenschaftliche Redaktion Nele Lüttmann Lektorat Textteil französisch/spanisch Holger Dietl Technische Bearbeitung Anna Engel • Halle (Saale); Birte Janzen Für den Inhalt der Arbeiten sind die Autorinnen eigenverantwortlich. © 2o19 by Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt unzuläs- sig. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Papier alterungsbeständig nach din/iso 97o6 Satzschrift FF Celeste, News Gothic Konzept und Gestaltung Carolyn Steinbeck • Berlin; Birte Janzen Layout, Satz und Produktion Anna Engel • Halle (Saale); Birte Janzen Druck und Bindung Salzland Druck GmbH & Co. KG • Staßfurt Cover front and back Narin Qal'eh (Narin Castle, pre-Islamic fortress), Meybod, Yazd Province (Iran). Front Partly restored watchtower, built of adobe. Back Enclosing wall, erected in »chineh« technique. The crenellations are covered with fired bricks. (Photos: F. Knoll/H. Meller 2o17) Vorwort Herausgeber Lehmziegelmauer im spätminoischen Palast von Malia, Kreta (Griechenland; Foto: F. Knoll 2o19). Im vergangenen Jahrhundert schien es im mitteleuropäischen ist Mitglied des ICOMOS International Scientific Committee Raum undenkbar, prähistorische Architektur befundnah on Earthen Architectural Heritage und forscht neben Groß- im Aufgehenden zu rekonstruieren. Die Nachbauten basier- britannien schwerpunktmäßig in Mittelasien. ten bisher in der Regel auf dem dokumentierten Grundriss, Die viersprachige Publikation ist ganz bewusst bildlastig angezeigt durch Pfostengruben. Lehmfragmente, obwohl auf gehalten. Mit archäologischen, historischen und modernen jeder heimischen Ausgrabung präsent, wurden – ganz anders Fallstudien gelingt es dem Quartett, mehr als 5o verschiedene als im mediterranen oder orientalischen Raum – als Quelle Lehmbaubegriffe anschaulich und knapp zu erläutern. In der konsequent vernachlässigt; wohl auch deshalb, weil sie selten Druckausgabe mag das Heft als Begleiter im Feld dienen, in in situ angetroffen werden und oftmals als unansehnliche der digitalen Version als Nachschlagewerk. Um möglichst Bruchstücke in großer Anzahl die Siedlungsgruben füllen. viele Lehmbau-Interessierte bei der Klassifikation ihres Mate- Dass sich dieses Bild langsam zu wandeln beginnt, liegt auch rials unterstützen zu können, wird Letztere als erste frei an der Arbeit der vier Autorinnen, die sich hier zusammen- zugängliche Online-Publikation des Landesamtes für Denk- geschlossen haben, um das vorliegende kleine Handbuch malpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt abrufbar sein. Die abzufassen. Hoffnung ist, auf diese Weise die Grundlage für eine interna- Die Idee für dieses Werk wurde sozusagen aus der Not tionale und vergleichbare Datenbasis zu schaffen. Denn eine heraus geboren. María Pastor Quiles absolvierte für ihre Dis- wirklich konsistente Interpretation des gebauten Raums kann sertation zu spanischen Lehmbauresten einen dreimonatigen nur gelingen, wenn alle Aspekte der Siedlungsforschung Forschungsaufenthalt an unserer Institution bei Franziska berücksichtigt werden; und dazu zählen neben dem Gebäude- Knoll, die seit fast einem Jahrzehnt architektonische Lehm- grundriss und dem Hausinventar eben auch das Mobiliar (Ein- funde in Sachsen-Anhalt bearbeitet. Schnell stellte sich heraus, bauten) und bautechnische Aspekte. dass die deutschen Bezeichnungen verschiedener Baureste im Zuletzt ist den vier Autorinnen für ihre Initiative und vorlie- Spanischen kein Äquivalent besitzen und englische Begriffe gendes Büchlein zu danken. Ebenso gebührt den zahlreichen meist ebenso schwierig beliehen werden können. So erarbei- Kolleginnen und Kollegen mein Dank, die dieses Vorhaben mit teten sie zusammen mit Claire-Anne de Chazelles und Louise der Bereitstellung von eigenem Bildmaterial bereichert haben. Cooke die vorliegende Sammlung von Beispielen aus dem Die finale Danksagung bleibt dem Redaktions- und Grafikteam Lehmbau rund um den Globus. Diese beiden weiteren Archäo- des Landesamtes vorbehalten, das bei dieser unkonventionel- loginnen sind seit Langem der Materie verhaftet. Erstere wid- len Publikation großartige Arbeit geleistet hat! met sich in Frankreich und Marokko seit Jahrzehnten Lehm- bauten und hat die »terre crue«-Tagungen mit initiiert. Letztere Harald Meller GLOSSARY EARTH BUILDING • 2019 Preface of the editor Mud brick wall in the Late Minoan Palace of Malia, Crete (Greece; photo: F. Knoll 2o19). In the past century, it seemed unthinkable in central Europe Earthen Architectural Heritage and predominately researches to reconstruct above ground prehistoric architecture based in Central Asia and Great Britain. on the archaeological features and architectural remains. To This publication in four languages deliberately uses a large date, the replicas were usually based on the recorded ground number of images. By means of archaeological, historical, and plan indicated by post pits. Even though every local excavation contemporary case studies, the quartet succeeds in descrip- unearths a number of clay fragments, they were consistently tively and concisely explaining more than 5o terms applied to ignored as source – unlike in the Mediterranean or the Middle earthen architecture. The print edition may serve as compan- East –, perhaps owing to the fact that they are rarely found in ion for fieldwork, while the digital version serves as reference situ and often fill the settlement pits as a mass of unattractive book. In order to be able to support as many people interested fragments. Due to the work of the four authors, who joined in earth building as possible in the classification of their mate- forces to draw up this compact handbook, this picture is slowly rial, the digital version will be the first open access publication beginning to change. by the State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology The idea for this glossary was in a way born out of necessity. Saxony-Anhalt. Hereby, the hope is to create the basis for an For her dissertation on earthen architectural remains from international and comparable database, because a truly consist- Spain, María Pastor Quiles conducted a three-month research ent interpretation of a built structure is only successful if all stay at our institution with Franziska Knoll, who has been aspects of settlement research are considered. In addition to the working on architectural clay fragments from Saxony-Anhalt building’s ground plan and inventory, this includes furnish- for almost a decade. It quickly turned out that the German ings (built-in fitments) and constructional aspects. terms for various building remains have no Spanish equivalent Finally, it remains to thank the four authors for their initia- and that it is mostly difficult to borrow the English terms. Thus, tive and this booklet. I would also like to give thanks to the together with Claire-Anne de Chazelles and Louise Cooke, they many colleagues who have enriched this project with the provi- established this collection of earth building examples from sion of private photo material. The final acknowledgments go around the globe. Those two other archaeologists have long to the editorial and graphic teams of the State Office for their been concerned with this matter. The former applied herself to excellent work on this unconventional publication! study earth buildings in France and Morocco for decades and took part in initiating the »terre crue« conferences. The latter is Harald Meller member of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on GLOSSARY EARTH BUILDING • 2019 On cob balls, adobe, and daubed straw plaits A glossary on traditional earth building techniques for walls in four languages Franziska Knoll, María Pastor Quiles, Claire-Anne de Chazelles, and Louise Cooke Archaeological research on earth building in the European its practical implementation. In this way, we try to contribute context is, unfortunately, still in its early stages. The 2o11 to the use of a more precise terminology for the archaeo- »Terra Europae Earthen Architecture in the European Union« logical remains of earthen architecture. project focused (with some exception) on the medieval, Certain construction techniques have been developed post-medieval, and modern uses of earth as a building mate- through time in some regions
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