Vol. 31 / No. 1 / Spring 2021

Independentnewsletter of the independent institute

What I Saw at the Global Revolution in IN THIS ISSUE Education 1 Global Revolution in By James Tooley* Education For the past two decades I’ve been on an 2 President’s Letter incredible journey. It was always such a buzz when I flew into an unfamiliar country. As 3 New Book: the plane approaches the airport, I’m always peering down, searching, investigating. I think: Those slums may be where Really Good Schools I find something that sensible people say doesn’t exist, can’t exist. 4 Independent Institute I negotiate customs and immigration, dodging officials seeking bribes (a risk that landed me a stint in an Indian prison, but that’s another story). in the News Sometimes I am met by people I’ve been in touch with, and they tell me, “You won’t find what you’re looking for here.” Often I venture alone, taking 5 The Independent Review: a taxi to a cheap hotel, then quickly going into those slums I’ve spotted from Great Literature and the plane or that I’ve inferred from my driver might be promising. the Political Economy The smells, the colors, the hubbub. The familiar unfamiliar. I ask if

of Liberty anyone knows of what I am looking for. Of course they do. “Take that alleyway, turn left where the women are braiding their hair, there’s one 6 Golden Fleece Award: on your right.” COVID-19 and And there it is. A simple building housing an extraordinary kind California’s Pandemic of school. A low-cost private school that pushes the boundaries of our of Mistakes understanding of what private enterprise can deliver to the poor. Then I find another, and another, and I marvel at the spirit of educational 7 Does Government entrepreneurship that can reach places that governments cannot or choose not to reach. Stimulus Stimulate? / I’ve explored sub-Saharan Africa, South and South-East Asia, and Independent TV more recently Latin America for years now. I never fail to feel the same excitement I felt the first time I ventured into slums and found low-cost 8 Together, We Provide private schools. People denied their existence, but everywhere it is the same an Independent story: an extraordinary revolution of schools serving a majority of urban Voice poor children, outperforming public schools, and, not surprisingly, poor families’ preferred choice. These schools emerge despite extraordinary obstacles, such as abject poverty and civil strife. One school entrepreneur said something I’ll never forget, when we were speaking about the massive number of requirements his school had to meet—things like a half-acre playground, completely unattainable in the crowded slums. “Sometimes,” he said, “government is the obstacle of the people.” I’ve spoken about these schools for years at seminars in America, and always someone asks, “Why is this revolution only happening elsewhere? (continued on page 7)

*James Tooley, Vice-Chancellor at the University of Buckingham and Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, has been called “the Indiana Jones of education policy.” His The Power of Independent Thinking research on low-cost private schools has taken him to South Sudan, Sierra Leone, Libera, northern Nigeria, Ghana, and 17 other countries on four continents. His new book is INDEPENDENT.ORG Really Good Schools: Global Lessons for High-Caliber, Low-Cost Education (Independent 510-632-1366 Institute 2021) (see page 3). 2 INDEPENDENT

PRESIDENT’S LETTER Reopening with Really Good Schools

Biden’s biggest funders, have been cially during shutdowns and using the pandemic to play politics economic turmoil, as they fran- with the well-being of children to tically juggle work and children insist on demands for massive new now at home? Our pathbreaking funding and much more. Despite new book, Really Good Schools: CDC guidelines showing that the Global Lessons for High-Cal- probability of children getting or iber, Low-Cost Education by transmitting COVID-19 is mi- our Senior Fellow James Tooley nuscule, over 50 million children (see pp. 1 and 3), shatters the remain locked out of schools. And, prevailing myth that, absent gov- Johns Hopkins School of Medi- ernment, affordable, high-quality DAVID THEROUX cine’s Martin Makary has noted schools for the poor could not President in “We’ll Have Herd Immunity exist. But they do. And they are The COVID-19 pandemic has by April” (Wall Street Journal) that ubiquitous and in high demand created an enormous crisis across “Covid Cases are down 77% in six across the developing world, America as government lock- weeks. Experts should level with proving that if simply legalized, downs and other restrictions the publics about the good news.” self-organized, private education persist, just as our book by Robert Distraught parents facing is not just possible but flourish- Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan, health worries, unemployment, ing—often enrolling far more would predict. In addition to the and strained families are in- students than “free” (i.e., expen- health harms to those afflicted, creasingly losing trust in the sive) government schools and at small businesses destroyed, and public-school system as they fran- very low prices in reach of even the economy disrupted, the un- tically seek out workable educa- the most impoverished families. precedented shutdowns of public tional alternatives. Many parents Parents in America can now schools across the country may unimpressed with remote learning learn that the education of their be endangering the future of an are enrolling their children in children is indeed possible— entire generation of children. private and charter schools or and likely far better—without Although President augmenting home schooling teachers’ unions and govern- promised to reopen most public with “learning pods” and mi- ment meddling with absurd schools in the U.S. within his cro-schooling. In the process, age-driven grade levels, worse first 100 days in office, the White millions of children are being testing regimes, and politically House later backed off, saying rescued from the abysmal failures correct propaganda. And having that this really meant in-person of public schools and the perva- experienced the first-fruits of ed- learning only one day a week. sive “progressive” indoctrination. ucational freedom, parents can be Why? The teachers’ unions, one of However, what can the many open to ever greater educational other parents do who cannot opportunities. Thankfully, they afford such alternatives, espe- now have Really Good Schools to show the way. EXECUTIVE STAFF David J. Theroux Founder, President, and Chief Executive Officer Bruce L. Benson BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mary L. G. Theroux Senior Fellow Senior Vice President Michael S. Cassling Angelo M. Codevilla President and Chief Executive Officer, Graham H. Walker Senior Fellow CQuence Health Group Jonathan J. Bean Executive Director Professor of History, Southern Ivan Eland John Hagel III Illinois University William F. Shughart II Senior Fellow Founder and Chairman Emeritus, Research Director and Senior Fellow Center for the Edge, Herman Belz Williamson M. Evers Deloitte & Touche USA LLC Professor of History, Christopher B. Briggs Senior Fellow University of Maryland Publications and Public Affairs Sally S. Harris John C. Goodman President, Saint James Place, Inc. Thomas Bethell Counsel Senior Fellow Author, The Noblest Triumph: Property Sarah A. O’Dowd Carl P. Close Stephen P. Halbrook and Prosperity Through the Ages Research Fellow, Executive Editor Retired Senior Vice President, Senior Fellow Lam Research Corporation Boudewijn Bouckaert for Acquisitions and Content Professor of Law, University of Randall G. Holcombe Gary G. Schlarbaum Ghent, Belgium Paul J. Theroux Senior Fellow Private Investor Technology Director Allan C. Carlson Lawrence J. McQuillan Susan Solinsky President Emeritus, Howard Center Carla C. Zuber Senior Fellow Co-Founder, Vital Score for Family, Religion, and Society Senior Director of Advancement Benjamin Powell David J. Teece Robert D. Cooter George L. Tibbitts Senior Fellow Chairman and CEO, Herman F. Selvin Professor of Law, Publication Project Manager Berkeley Research Group, LLC Randy T Simmons University of California, Berkeley Robert M. Whaples Senior Fellow David J. Theroux Robert W. Crandall Managing Editor and Co-Editor, Founder and President, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution The Independent Review Alexander T. Tabarrok The Independent Institute Senior Fellow Richard A. Epstein Christopher J. Coyne Mary L. G. Theroux Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Law, Co-Editor, The Independent Review James Tooley Former Chairman, Garvey International New York University Senior Fellow Michael C. Munger George F. Gilder Alvaro Vargas Llosa BOARD OF ADVISORS Co-Editor, The Independent Review Senior Fellow, Discovery Institute Senior Fellow Leszak Balcerowicz Steve H. Hanke George B. N. Ayittey Richard K. Vedder Professor of Economics, Professor of Applied Economics, Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Warsaw School of Economics Johns Hopkins University Newsletter of the Independent Institute 3

NEW BOOK Really Good Schools

A quiet revolution in education is taking place standards and testing across the developing world—the astounding yet keeps many stu- growth of private schools serving the poor, even dents highly engaged. in the impoverished regions of Asia, Africa, and Other examples of a Latin America. successful non-gov- No one has done more to investigate and explain ernmental framework the phenomenon than senior fellow James Tooley, of education are the whose pioneering research on low-cost private acclaimed Interna- schooling has taken him to some of the most trou- tional Baccalaureate bled spots on the planet. In his new book, Really program and India’s NIIT technology training Good Schools: Global Lessons for High-Caliber, certification. The picture that emerges is a learning Low-Cost Education, he illuminates key features landscape rich in variety, engagement, and quality of this global transformation, the implications for control—if government doesn’t control the frame- government involvement in education, and the work of education. best steps for enabling America to become a world What lessons does all this offer for America’s leader in K-12 education. Tooley even offers tips for K-12 education? education entrepreneurs. Some “realist” pundits, such as Charles Mur- By Tooley’s estimates, low-cost private schools ray, believe that educational reform cannot boost (which deliver higher quality than their public coun- achievement for most students. Wrong, says Tooley. terparts) now educate 70 percent or more of urban Major reforms could measurably improve outcomes schoolchildren, including those on the poverty line, precisely because the current system is so rigid, un- and a large minority (perhaps 30 percent) of rural creative, and lacking in accountability. Real success children. Sub-Saharan Africa probably has 74 mil- at scale eludes vouchers and charter schools due to lion students in low-cost private schools, and India organized opposition by vested interests. A more alone may have 450,000 low-cost private schools ambitious vision for improving American education teaching 92 million students. may prove to be more practical. More tellingly than statistics are Tooley’s con- Today, a low-cost, private-school business model versations with parents from Liberia to India who could be financially sustainable with tuition as low as have lost trust in state power over education. In $3,000 per year—about $58 per week. Families just low-cost private schools they find accountability above the federal poverty level have an average annual and its fruit: teachers who show up to class, give discretionary income of $6,040 and could afford students their attention, and provide a safe envi- to enroll one child and possibly two children. So, ronment for girls. why hasn’t the global revolution in low-cost private Tooley also raises key questions about the schooling reached America’s shores? framework of education. While numerous problems With numerous U.S. states having a favorable emerge from its control by government, the most regulatory climate and several large cities having common may be students’ boredom and sense additional factors making them attractive for low- of dread. These are not inherent in education cost private schools, it may be just a matter of time per se. Instruction in music and martial arts has before America’s school children enjoy the same educational liberation that their less-wealthy peers in the developing world now take for granted.

James J. Heckman Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences, University of Chicago Wendy Kaminer Contributing Editor, P. J. O’Rourke Lawrence A. Kudlow Author, Don’t Vote! – It Just Host, Kudlow, Network Encourages the Bastards and The Baby Boom Bruce M. Russett John R. MacArthur Dean Acheson Professor of Publisher, Harper’s Magazine James R. Otteson Jr. International Relations, Yale University John T. Ryan Jr. Professor of Business Deirdre N. McCloskey Ethics, University of Notre Dame Pascal Salin Distinguished Professor of Liberal Professor of Economics, John B. Taylor Arts and Sciences, University of Thomas J. Peters III University of Paris, France Mary and Robert Raymond Illinois at Chicago Co-Author, In Search of Excellence: Professor of Economics, Lessons from America’s Best-Run Vernon L. Smith Stanford University J. Huston McCulloch Companies Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences, Professor of Economics, Ohio State Chapman University William Tucker University Charles E. Phelps Author, The Excluded Americans: Provost and Professor of Political Joel H. Spring Homelessness and Housing Thomas Gale Moore Science and Economics, University Professor of Education, Queens College Policies Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution of Rochester and Graduate Center, City University of New York Richard E. Wagner Charles A. Murray Daniel N. Robinson Hobart R. Harris Professor Emeritus Scholar, American Enterprise Distinguished Professor Emeritus Rodney W. Stark of Economics, George Mason Institute of Philosophy, Georgetown Distinguished University Professor of University University the Social Sciences, Baylor University June E. O’Neill Paul H. Weaver Director, Center for the Study of Paul H. Rubin Richard L. Stroup Author, News and the Culture Business and Government, Baruch Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor Emeritus Professor of Economics, of Lying and The Suicidal College of Economics, Emory University North Carolina State University Corporation 4 INDEPENDENT

Independent Institute in the News

Center on Entrepreneurial Innovation able to give the agitators some of what they want. But it will be at the expense of children and their “California’s government has an information tech- education.” nology problem, which is odd for a state whose tech —Williamson M. Evers industry is one of the leading drivers of its economy in The American Spectator, 12/30/20 and whose capitol is just a couple of hours from Silicon Valley… It is time the government began Center on Global Prosperity to emulate the success and innovation of the many “Few things are more urgent today than champion- private-sector technology companies that call this ing the values of Western civilization in the world’s state home.” liberal democracies, which have been weakened by the dislocations of globalization, mass migration, —Adam Summers on The San Francisco the Great Recession, and, now, the COVID-19 Chronicle, 11/18/20 pandemic. The U.K.’s departure from the EU will not help win that fight within Europe.” —Alvaro Vargas Llosa in Fortune, 1/27/21 Center on Peace and Liberty “More disturbing might be Big Tech’s aiding of law enforcement’s violations of the rights of individ- uals at home and contributions to the military’s violation of human rights abroad. . . . Big Tech’s relationship with the American national security ADAM SUMMERS IN establishment may be stronger than was previously CALIFORNIA INSIDER , 11/18/20 thought.” “The experts, or technocrats, want to tell us how to —Ivan Eland in The American Conservative, live our lives, can fail on a variety of axes. We have 1/30/21 these general lockdowns that are trying to keep people inside to reduce spread of coronavirus. But you know what reduces deaths even better than keeping people inside? Helping nursing homes staff better, be safer, and protecting their patients.” —Abigail Devereaux on One America News Network, 12/30/20 Center on Healthcare Choices ABIGAIL DEVEREAUX ON “Seniors on Medicare are the only people in the ONE AMERICA NEWS NETWORK, 12/30/20 country who cannot have a Health Savings Ac- count or direct, 24/7 access to a primary-care Center on Law and Justice physician as an alternative to the emergency room. “For decades, the NRA has fought New York diktats As I argue in my book New Way to Care, we des- tooth-and-nail, always against anti–Second Amend- perately need to reform Social Security, Medicare, ment courts. But, as a result of President Donald J. Medicaid, the disability system, and other forms of Trump’s judicial appointments, the Second Circuit social insurance that were designed in a different has been flipped to a majority of Republican-ap- century to meet different needs.” pointed judges. And the appointment of Amy Coney —John C. Goodman in , 2/9/21 Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court fuels hope that the Second Amendment might not continue being Center on Educational Excellence treated as a second-class right, even in New York.” “The educational programs that Biden wishes to — Stephen P. Halbrook in America’s 1st Freedom, promote haven’t worked. Yes, he may be able to 1/26/21 subsidize his political constituency. Yes, he may be

VISIT OUR NEWSROOM AT INDEPENDENT.ORG/NEWSROOM TO READ THESE ARTICLES AND MORE. Newsletter of the Independent Institute 5

THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW Great Literature and the Political Economy of Liberty

What do great novels, plays, depicts societies as closed systems and short stories say about the that hinder the individual’s natu- political and economic arrange- ral yearning for freedom. Antony ments that make for a flourishing W. Dnes (Univ. of Hull) shows society? Contributors to The how they differ from societies of Independent Review’s Winter consensual trade, free markets, 2020/21 symposium answer this the common law, political plural- question by examining classic ism, and individual rights. literature from Ancient Greece Ralph Ellison voices the frus- to the twentieth century. Here’s trations of African Americans a quick rundown. before the civil rights era in Legal prohibitions against his classic 1952 novel, Invisible murder, robbery, and theft can Man. The book also shows how be justified by social utility, but philanthropy can go awry when do some taboos require a differ- it’s based on falsehoods and serves THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW donors’ ideologies at the expense ent type of justification? In The WINTER 2020/21 Clouds (419 B.C.), Aristophanes of the dignity of the intended beneficiaries, explain Cecil E. suggests that only a religious Milan and Chapman University). Bohanon and Michelle Albert culture can give liberal rights When President Abraham their nonconditional status as Vachris in their second essay for Lincoln met Harriet Beecher moral imperatives, according the symposium. Stowe in November 1862, he to William P. Baumgarth Sr. The stories of Flannery reportedly addressed her as the (Fordham Univ.). O’Connor (1925–1964) illus- author whose book started the Economists have long used trate the evils of racial segregation Civil War. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Robinson Crusoe (1719) as a teach- and its consequences. As poet Stowe shows why slavery befits ing tool for elucidating resource Anemone Beaulier and Scott neither the enslaver nor the allocation and exchange, but they A. Beaulier (North Dakota State enslaved, explains Robert E. often depart significantly from the Univ.) explain, O’Connor makes Wright (Augustana Univ.). details in Daniel Defoe’s desert- it clear that clinging to prejudices Some critics believe Leo ed-island adventure story, explain leads only to our physical and Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1867) is Steven G. Horwitz (St. Lawrence metaphysical peril. too disjointed to be a true liter- Univ.) and Sarah Skwire (Liberty This issue also includes Paul Geoffrey Bren- Fund). ary masterpiece. Craig Roberts taking to task nan A. M. C. Jane Austen’s novels (1811– (Duke Univ.) and Wikipedia and academic econ- 17) not only teach the virtues Waterman (St. John’s College, omists for misrepresenting sup- we should practice in order to Winnipeg), however, argue that ply-side economics. Roberts lead fulfilling lives, but they also it is precisely the epic novel’s would know: he was one of its depict economic arrangements digressions on the philosophy of leading theoreticians during the that recognize the dignity of all history that raise it from a mere Reagan era. and promote human flourishing, tale of Napoleon’s invasion of Also, in this issue: numerous according to Michelle Albert Russia to the highest realms of in-depth book reviews, most of Vachris (Virginia Wesleyan contemplative discourse. them web exclusives! See www. Univ.) and Cecil E. Bohanon Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) IndependentReview.org. (Ball State Univ.). doesn’t see the England of his *** The story of two young lovers time as Utopia, but he does view Thoroughly researched, peer-re- hindered by war, famine, plague, it as a model to be emulated viewed, and based on scholarship and a jealous nobleman, The elsewhere, albeit one that other of the highest caliber, The Inde- Betrothed (1827), is both one societies would find it difficult pendent Review is the acclaimed of the world’s greatest works of to adapt, explains Robert M. interdisciplinary journal devoted historical fiction and one of the Whaples (Wake Forest Univ.). to the study of political economy best treatises of political economy In stories such as The Castle, and the critical analysis of govern- ever penned, claims Alberto The Trial, and The Metamor- ment policy. Mingardi (IULM University in phosis, Franz Kafka (1883–1924) 6 INDEPENDENT

CALIFORNIA GOLDEN FLEECE® AWARD COVID-19 and California’s Policy Mistakes

The state Board of Registered Nursing reported that more than 21,000 qualified students were denied enrollment in nursing programs in 2016–2017. The personnel shortage, which the pandemic exac- erbated, is partly of the government’s own making. Another study counted 251,100 California health- care workers receiving unemployment benefits, in part due to lack of adequate protective equipment. Botched COVID-19 Testing. Procuring tests In the early months of the COVID-19 outbreak, was a disaster from the start. The federal Centers California, like other states, was woefully unpre- for Disease Control and Prevention botched the pared and lacked the flexibility needed to respond initial rollout and covered up its mistakes, while effectively to the emerging pandemic. On March the FDA prevented privately developed tests from 19, 2020, California Gov. Gavin Newsom signed reaching the market. Executive Order N-33-20, a statewide shelter-in- Vaccines. California struggled to get its allotted place order, resulting in months of quarantine for vaccines into people’s arms, surpassing only three tens of millions. In addition, scores of regulatory other states (Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia) barriers hampered private-sector responses to the during the first four weeks of vaccine distribution. crisis and put further stress on the healthcare system. PrepMod, the state’s electronic vaccine management Investigating this calamity, Lawrence J. Mc- platform, suffered major technical glitches that Quillan, Jonathan Hofer, and Douglas E. Koe- delayed vaccine rollouts in Los Angeles County. hler document key findings and offer solutions Californians deserve a high-quality, affordable in COVID in California: How Government healthcare system able to respond quickly and Regulations Created Critical Healthcare Short- flexibly to fight emerging threats and offer lifesaving ages — Permanent Patient-Centered Reforms breakthroughs. COVID in California offers five Needed. The report marks the eleventh entry for recommendations for improving health outcomes: the California Golden Fleece® Award, the Indepen- • Expand and make permanent the deregulation dent Institute’s quarterly exposé of waste, fraud, provisions in Gov. Newsom’s Executive Order and abuse in state programs. Here are some of the N-68-20, which allows manufacturers of over- report’s findings: the-counter drugs to operate in the state without Equipment Shortages. Federal and state actions caused shortages of critical medical supplies. The a license from the Dept. of Public Health. U.S. Customs and Border Protection enforced • Permanently expand scope-of-practice Federal Drug Administration rules delaying the allowances for medical personnel; distribution of sanitization equipment, masks, and • Reduce barriers to entering the nursing various medical devices. Despite recommendations workforce; to maintain a stockpile of masks after the 2009 • Free up testing so that private labs can receive Swine Flu outbreak, the state had allowed its supply ad hoc expedited testing approval; of 21 million N95 masks to expire. • Reform intellectual property protections to The ventilator shortage hit California especially ensure a competitive environment for new hard. Although Gov. Newsom stated last March medical innovations. that at least 10,000 ventilators were needed, by the “The emergency liberalizations need to be con- end of July only 188 had been secured. (The state tinued in perpetuity in order to help Californians, had created a stockpile of ventilators in response pandemic or no pandemic, especially low-income to the 20006 avian flu scare, but had dismantled Californians living in communities underserved it in 2011.) by healthcare facilities,” the report states. “If it is Healthcare Worker Shortages. Before the the right thing to do now, it is the right thing to outbreak, California was already suffering major continue doing in the future.” shortages of healthcare workers, with one study COVID in California is available at www.inde- projecting a shortfall of 140,000 nurses by 2030. pendent.org/publications/cagoldenfleece/. Newsletter of the Independent Institute 7

Government “Stimulus” and Economic Recovery

In response to pandemic-related disruptions, more impressive governments around the world sought to revive their the recovery.” economies by unleashing the most expansionary Ranson also monetary and fiscal policies in history, including a notes that the U.S. U.S. stimulus effort 11 percent of GDP. recovery kept its The scope of this intervention prompted momentum in the Independent Institute Research Fellow R. David second half of 2020 Ranson to write his Executive Summary, Does despite the pause Government “Stimulus” Really Stimulate? His in the Federal short answer: No, not really. Government actions Reserve’s credit to stimulate output and spending were “ineffective expansion and the in speeding the economic recovery,” Ranson writes. expiration of extra federal benefits last spring. So Although economies rebounded from their why did the monetary and fiscal relief contribute tumble in early 2020, the recoveries were not little or nothing to economic recovery? This is associated with the size of government stimulus. largely because (1) banks reduce their lending “The vigor of the recovery was roughly proportionate during periods of heightened uncertainty and (2) to the depth of the setback that preceded it,” Ranson households use most of their temporary windfalls continues. “The more complete the government- to pay down their debts. imposed economic shutdown, the more severe the See www.independent.org/publications/ setback. And the more complete the reopening, the executive_summaries/. Join Us at Independent TV

Do you miss in-person events? So do we! Viewers of Americans? Which interest groups have Biden’s our online public-affairs programs, however, have Executive Orders rewarded for their support of seen the Independent Institute make lemonade his election? Why have teachers’ unions opposed from the lemons of COVID-19 and stay-at-home school re-openings? policies. • Capitol Protest Fallout, Censorship, Unfettered Since its debut episode on July 29, 2020, our Biden Agenda, and China (Jan. 13). Topics: Independent Outlook discussion series has been What should make of the January 6 storm- viewed (as of this writing) more than 29,000 times ing the U.S. Capitol? What’s going on with via Facebook (13,102 views), YouTube (11,767), de-platforming, censorship, and Parler? Will (3,207), and thinkspot (1,073). All episodes the Biden agenda move leftward now that the are archived on the multimedia section of our web- GOP has lost control of the Senate? Has China site and tagged “Independent TV”. Here are two gotten worse? that convey the program’s breadth: Also on our website, you can find (as of this • “Impeachment, Black History, Civil Liberties, writing) 689 video interviews and presentations Woke Tyranny, and School Shutdowns” (Feb. with leading authors, influencers, and Independent 10). Topics: What did the second Trump Institute Fellows. impeachment trial distract us from? How has Visit www.independent.org/multimedia/. Big Government been used to harm African

GLOBAL REVOLUTION IN EDUCATION

(continued from page 1)

Why not here?” Really Good Schools is my across the developing world in the last 20 years: a answer to that question. The spirit of educational low-cost, private education movement rebutting entrepreneurship that rises, again and again in the government control. I’m confident that in the next most unpromising situations, that flourishes even 20 years I will see something just as noteworthy when governments try to stamp it out—is it relevant happening in America and Britain too. Education, to America, to England? My short answer: Yes, it including the framework of education, can be is! I’ve witnessed something remarkable happening reclaimed from government. 8 INDEPENDENT

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