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Assessing the Health Impacts and Benefits of Regional Climate Action

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Assessing the Health Impacts and Benefits of Regional Climate Action Massachusetts Department of Public Health Bureau of Environmental Health Assessing the Health Impacts and Benefits of Regional Climate Action Plan Strategies in Western Massachusetts A COLLABORATIVE ASSESSMENT BY THE MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, THE PIONEER VALLEY PLANNING COMMISSION, AND THE MUNICIPALITIES OF SPRINGFIELD AND WILLIAMSBURG Massachusetts Department of Public Health Bureau of Environmental Health Bureau of Community Health and Prevention This publication was supported by funding by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the Massachusetts Health Impact Assessment to Foster Healthy Community Design (Cooperative Agreement 5UE1EH000913-03) and by funding by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the Development and Implementation of Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) in Massachusetts (Cooperative Agreement Number 5UE1EH 001123-03 REVISED). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 SCREENING ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Determining a Topical Area of Study ......................................................................................... 5 Identifying an Appropriate Region of the State and Localities ............................................... 5 Identifying Active Decision Making Processes that Add New Information and Provide Timely Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PROCESS ..................................................................................... 9 SCOPING ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Overview of Scoping Process ..................................................................................................... 11 ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................ 34 Assessment of Existing Conditions .......................................................................................... 34 Assessment of Potential Health Impacts and Benefits of Climate Action Strategies Evaluated in this HIA ................................................................................................................. 44 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 60 Summary of Overall Assessment ............................................................................................. 60 Major Findings of the HIA ......................................................................................................... 64 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 66 Areas of Future Research ......................................................................................................... 68 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................. 70 ENDNOTES.................................................................................................................................... 80 List of Tables Table 1: Health Data, Geography, Data Sources and Methods Used in HIA .............................. 27 Table 2: Methods For Assessing Cooling Centers and Other Approaches to Assist Vulnerable Populations During Heat-Related Events .................................................................................... 32 Table 3: Methods for Assessing Energy Efficiency Measures in Municipal Buildings .............. 33 Table 4: Demographic Characteristics of Williamsburg and Springfield .................................. 34 Table 5: Asthma Hospitalizations Per 10,000 People in Springfield and Williamsburg ............ 36 Table 6: Asthma Emergency Department Visits Per 10,000 People in Springfield and Williamsburg (2010-2012) ..............................................................................................................37 Table 7: Rates of Myocardial Infarction Per 10,000 People Age 35 years and Older in Springfield and Williamsburg (2010-2012) ....................................................................................37 Table 8: BRFSS Survey Data for Springfield and Williamsburg ................................................. 38 Table 9: BRFSS Survey Data for Depression, Anxiety Disorder, and Depressive Disorder ...... 39 Table 10: Cancer Incidence in Springfield and Williamsburg ..................................................... 40 Table 11: Pediatric Asthma Prevalence in Springfield and Williamsburg .................................... 41 Table 12: Vulnerability Indicators Associated with Heat-related Events in Springfield and Williamsburg ................................................................................................................................. 46 Table 13: Baseline Energy Use and Projected Energy Savings from Springfield’s 20 Percent Reduction Plan (2011).................................................................................................................... 52 Table 14: Baseline Energy Use And Projected Savings from 20% Energy Reduction Plan in Williamsburg (2013) ..................................................................................................................... 53 Table 15: Modeled Change In Electric Utility Emissions From Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM) Implemented In Springfield ............................................................................................. 55 Table 16: Air Pollution Emission Reductions from Utilities from Energy Efficiency Measures Implemented in Springfield ......................................................................................................... 56 Table 17: Modeled Change In Electric Utility Emissions From Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM) Implemented Throughout Massachusetts.......................................................................57 Table 18: Air Pollution Emission Reductions from Utilities From Energy Efficiency Measures Implemented In Springfield .........................................................................................................57 Table 19: Heating Fuel Oil Use in Springfield and Williamsburg ................................................ 58 Table 20: Estimate of Emission Reductions from Energy Efficiency Measures Associated Heating in Springfield and Williamsburg .................................................................................... 59 Table 21: Overall Health Assessment for Providing Cooling Centers and Other Approaches to Assist Vulnerable Populations During Heat-Related Events ...................................................... 61 Table 22: Overall Assessment of Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures in Municipal Buildings ....................................................................................................................................... 63 List of Figures Figure 1: Integration of CDC BRACE Approach into the HIA Framework ................................... 3 Figure 2: Objectives of this HIA .................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3: Illustration of Multiple Co-benefits of Energy Efficiency Measures ........................... 18 Figure 4: Map of Springfield and Williamsburg and Regional Planning Associations in Massachusetts .............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 5: Pathway Diagram for Providing Cooling Centers and Other Approaches to Assist Vulnerable Populations................................................................................................................ 24 Figure 6: Pathway Diagram for Implementing Energy Efficiency in Municipal Buildings ......... 25 Figure 7: Map of Environmental Justice Populations in Springfield ......................................... 35 Figure 8: Percent of Days Exceeding PM2.5 NAAQS in Hampden County ................................. 42 Figure 9: Number of Days Exceeding Ozone NAAQS in Hamden County ................................ 42 Figure 10: Number of Days Exceeding Ozone NAAQS in Hampshire County ........................... 43 Figure 11: GHG Emissions Inventory for the Pioneer Valley Region .......................................... 43 Figure 12: Number of Historical and Predicted Extreme Heat Days (98th percentile) in Hampden and Hampshire Counties ............................................................................................ 45 Figure 13: Map of the Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) and Locations of Cooling Centers in Springfield and Williamsburg
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