aim the service of peace. A united Europe was not achieved and we had war. The Schuman Declaration Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. lt will be built through concrete achievements which first create . a de {acto solid.a.rity.The coming rogether of rhe nations oE Enrope ROBERT SCHUMAN requires the elimination oEthe age-old opposirion of France and Ger- many. Any action taken musr in rhe firsr place conceen rhese two counrries. Wirh this aim in view, the French governmenr pro poses rhar ac- tion be taken immediately on one limired bur decisive poim. Ir pro- poses rhar Franco-German production oEcoal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority, within rhe Eramework oEan organization oPen to the participarion of the other countries oE Eu- Ef(orts in the 1940s to realíze Churchill's vision o( a unitOOEurope 100 rope. . lo increasOO economic and political cooperatíon bul did not yield The pooling oEcoal and steel production should immediately anylhíng like a UnilOO Stales o( Europe. European leaders needed a provide Eor the setting up oEcommon foundations for economic de- new stralegy to achieve such a goal. On 9 May 1950, RobM Schu- velopmenr as a firsr step in the federation of Europe, and will change man (1886-1963), France's (oreign minister, outl;nOO a plan to unite the destinies oErhose regions which have long been devoted to the manufacrure of munitions of war, of which they have been the most under a single author;ty the coal and steel ;ndustries o( Europe's b;t- constant victims. terest enemies, France and Germany. The purpose of the plan,.. whích The solidarity in production thus established will make ir plain was developed by lean Monnel, was to begín build;ng a peaceful, that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely un- united Europe one step at a time. European governments would start thinkable, but materially impossible. The setting up of this powerful with two industr;es essent;al to Ihe making of war, coal and steel, productive unit, open to all countries wjIJing to take part and bound then add other economic and polítical sectors until al/ major ded- ultimate)y to provide all the member counrries with rhe basic ele- s;ons were taken at a European level. This would create, in Schu- ments of industrial production on the same terms, will laya true man's words, a "de {acto solídarity" that would ult;mately make war foundation for their economic unification. between France and Germany "mater;ally impossible. " The practical This production will be offered to the world as a whole without approach o( Schuman and Monnet won (avor on the European cont;- distinction or exception, with the aim oEcontributing to raising liv- nent; France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries eventually ing standardsand to promoting peaceEulachievements. responded by creatíng the European CoaJ and Steel Communily ;n In this way, there will be realized simply and speedily that fu- 1952. sion of interests which is indispensable to the establishment of a com- mon economic system; it may be the leaven from which may grow a wider and deeper community between countries long opposed to one World peace cannot be safeguarded without the making oEcre- another by sa,nguinarydivisions. . ative efforts proportionatc to the dangers which threaten it. By pooling basic production and by instituting a new High Au- The contribürion which an organized and living Europe can thority, whose decisions will bind France, Germany and other mem- bring to civilizarion is indispensable to rhe maintenance of peaceful ber countries, thi~ proposal willlead to the realizarion of the Eirsr relations. In taking upon herself for more rhan 20 years the role of concrete foundation of a European federation indispensable to the champion of a united Europe, France has always had as her essenrial preservation of péace.
Reprintcd with permission from Europe-A Fresh Start: The Schuman Dec- laration, 1950-90 (Office for Official Publications oEthe European Commu- nities, 1990). Copyright 1990 by the Europcan Communities. Preambles to the . Treaties Establishing the European Communities (Treatiesof Paris and Rome)
In Rome on 25 March 1957, the si" member coúntries of the Euro- pean Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) signed treaties establishing the European Economic Community (EEC)and the Euro~an Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). These two treaties are often called the "Treaties of Rome" (the ECSC treaty was signed in Paris). The EEC treaty is also sometimes refe«ed to as the "Treaty of Rome. N The preambles to each of the three original treaties reflect the founders' vision (or building, through economic integrafion, "an ever
e/oser union among the peoples of Europe.H The deep deslre far peace on the Continent runs through each o( the pr.eambles and links them to the visions articulated by Spinelli and Rossi, Churchill, Schuman, Mon- net, and many others. But the documents also represent a subt/e shift in emphasis away from peace to economic prosperity as the driving mo- tive for unity. We can detect the shift in the Schuman Declaration and its parallel, the preamble to the ECSC treaty, but it becomes more evi- dent in the preamble to the EEC treaty, where "economic and social progress" seems to take precedence over preserving and strengthening "peace and liberty." European leaders, while mind(ul of the dangers of violent conllict in Westem Europe, were becoming more con cerned with the material improvement of life on a peace(ul continent.
Reprinted with permission from Treaties Establisbing tbe European Com- munities (ECSC. EEC. EAEC), Single European Act, Otber Bosic lnstru- ments, abridged edition (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,1987}. Copyright 1987 by the European Communiti~s. 16 PREAMBLESTO THETREATIES PREAMBLES10 THETREATlES 17
. EUROPEANCOALAND STEELCOMMUNITY DESIRING to contribute, by means of a common commercial policy, to the progressive abolition of restrictions on intemational trade, CONSIDERING that world peace can be safeguarded only by INTENDlNG to confirm the solidarity whicb binds Europe creative efforts commensurate with the d.mgers that threaten it, and the overseas countries and desiring to ensure the development of CONVINCED that the contributiol1 which an organized and their prosperity, in accordance with the principies of the Charter of vital Europe can make to civilization is indispensable to the mainte- the United Nations, nance of peaceful relations, RESOLVED by thus pooling their resources to preserve and RECOGNIZING that Europe can be built only through practical strengthen peace and liberty, and calling upon the other pcoples of achievements which will 6rst of all create real solidarity, and through Europe wbo share their ideal to ¡oin in their efforts, the e$tablishment of cornmon bases for economic development, HAVE DECIDED to create a European Economic Community. ANXIOUS to help, by expanding their basic production, to raise the stand.ard of living and further the works of peace, RESOLVED to substitUte for age-old rivalries the merging of their essential imérests; to create, by establishing an economic com- . EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY rnunity, the basis for a broa.der and deeper community among peo- pies long divided by bloody conflicts; and to lay the foundations for institutions which will give direction tO a destiny henceforward RECOGNIZING that nuclear energy represents an essential re- shared, source for the developrnent and invigoration of industry and will per- HAVE DECIDED to crea te a European Cóal and Steel mit the advancement of the cause of peace, .. Community. CONVINCED tha~ only a joint effort undertaken without de- lay can offer the prospect of achievements commensurate with the creative capacities of their countries, RESOLVED to create the conditions necessary for the develop- . EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY ment of a powerful nuclear industry which will provide extensive en- ergy resources, lead to the modernization of technical processes and contribute, through its many other applications, tO the prosperity of DETERMINED to lay the foundations of an ever closer union their peoples, among the peoples of Europe, ANXIOUS to create the conditions of safety necessary to elimi- . RESOLVEDto ensure the economic and socialprogress of their nate hazards to the life and health of the public, countries by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide DESIRING to associate other countries with their work and to Europe, cooperate with international organizations concerned with the peace- AFFIRMING as the essential objective of :heir efforts the con- fui development of atomic energy, stant improvernent,of the living and working conditions of their peo- HAVE DECIDED to create a European Atomic Energy Com- pies, . .. munity (EURATOM). RECOGNIZING that the removal ol existing obstacles Collis for concerted act¡on in order to guarantee steady expansion, bal- anced trade and fair competition, ANXlOOS to strengthen the unity of their economies and to ensure their harmonious development by reducíng the differences ex- isting between the various regions and the backwardness of the less favored regions,