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2. Zoogeography of Freshwater Invertebrates of Southeast Asia, with Special Reference to Odonata

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2. Zoogeography of Freshwater Invertebrates of Southeast Asia, with Special Reference to Odonata Phylogeny and biogeography of the Platystictidae (Odonata) Tol, J. van Citation Tol, J. van. (2009, February 26). Phylogeny and biogeography of the Platystictidae (Odonata). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/13522 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/13522 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 2. Zoogeography of freshwater invertebrates of southeast Asia, with special reference to Odonata Jan van Tol 1 and Dirk Gassmann 2 1 Department of Entomology, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, Leiden. 2 Institute of Biology, University of Leiden c/o Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, Leiden. 1. Introduction ...............................72 The complex geological history of southeast Asia is 2. History of aquatic invertebrates .................74 summarized, and geological area cladograms presented. 3. Geological history of southeast Asia Biogeographical studies are seriously hampered by the limited 3.1. Geological history of the southeast Asian information on subaerial history of the various islands and continent, the Malay Archipelago, and the terranes. The historical biogeography of the Platycnemididae West Pacific ............................75 (Odonata), with special reference to the subfamily 3.2. Mesozoicum ...........................75 Calicnemiinae, is presented as one of the first examples of 3.3. Cenozoicum ...........................77 such a study of a widespread group. The species of southeast 3.4. Geological area cladogram .................81 Asia derived from African Platycnemididae. Malesian 4. Distribution patterns Calicnemiinae derived from ancestors on the mainland of 4.1. Introduction ...........................82 Asia, and may have dispersed along the Izu-Bonin Arc (40- 4.2. Odonata ..............................82 50 Ma), or along the Late Cretaceous ‘Inner Melanesian 4.3. Other groups ...........................90 Arc’ sensu Polhemus. A clade of the genera Lieftinckia and 4.4. Sulawesi ...............................95 Risiocnemis (Solomon Islands and the Philippines) represents 5. Discussion ................................98 a more recent westward dispersal of the Calicnemiinae, via the References ................................102 Caroline and Philippine Arcs during the Oligocene. Various other more limited phylogenetic reconstructions and biogeographical analyses of other freshwater invertebrates, particularly Odonata and Hemiptera, are discussed. Areas Abstract of endemism on New Guinea are generally congruent with The present knowledge of the historical biogeography of geological entities recognized, e.g., the microterranes along aquatic invertebrate groups is reviewed. Most orders of aquatic the northern margin of New Guinea. Special attention is paid insects have a fossil record starting in the Early Permian, or to the fauna of Sulawesi. Area cladistic reconstructions based Middle Carboniferous (Odonata), making even the break-up on distribution patterns and phylogenetic reconstructions of Gondwana (Late Jurassic) relevant to understanding present of, e.g., Protosticta Selys (Odonata, Platystictidae) and genera distributional patterns. and species of Chlorocyphidae (Odonata), show a pattern of (northern arm (southwest arm – central and southeastern arm)), which is a reflection of the geological history of the Previously published as chapter 2 in: W. Renema (ed.), island. Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Biogeographical patterns recognized in freshwater invertebrates Islands, p. 45-91. Springer, Dordrecht. of Malesia do not principally differ from those found in strictly 71 van Tol. – Phylogeny and biogeography of the Platystictidae (Odonata) terrestrial taxa. The distribution of land and water seems to be Australian regions running between Palawan and the the driving force in speciation during the Cenozoicum. It is rest of the Philippines in the north, then southward unresolved whether rafting of biotas on the various island arcs, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes), and between or congruent patterns in dispersal, are to be considered the Bali and Lombok. It only differs from Wallace’s underlying principle. The extreme habitat requirements and poor dispersal power of many species involved seem to make a (1863) line in the position of the Philippines. Recent dispersal scenario unlikely. However, recent studies show that data, based on morphological studies, show that the such habitat specialization may develop rapidly. distribution of these species differs in details from a division as by Huxley’s line (Wowor 2004, cf. Fig. 1). While it may be true that not all lack of knowledge Facts such as these can only be explained by a bold on the zoogeography and phylogenetic relationships acceptance of vast changes in the surface of the earth. of species has similar economical implications as the (Wallace, 1860: 177) example of M. rosenbergii, it may serve as an example 1. Introduction that the historical relationships of aquatic invertebrates and their distributions are still poorly examined even Recently, de Bruyn et al. (2004) found extensive for better known species. It may also demonstrate that genetic divergence between wild populations of the phylogenetic and biogeographical understanding is not giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii only a scientific problem, but may also have practical, (De Man) in southeast Asia. This species of prawn e.g., economic, consequences. occurs in the wild from Pakistan to Australia and on The example of Macrobrachium also raises another some Pacific islands, and it is cultured widely around issue, namely the mechanism or mechanisms by the world in more than 40 countries (Mather and which present patterns have evolved. Based on current de Bruyn 2003). It is of high economic importance knowledge of the palaeogeography of the region, for some regions in southeast Asia, with harvesting island-hopping along terranes or island arcs during of wild populations alone exceeding a value of US$ the Cenozoicum has been hypothesized to explain the 800 million in 1998. In the 1990s, harvest of several present patterns in some groups. Such a mechanism stocks in culture experienced a decline, presumably may seem likely for groups such as birds, butterflies, due to inbreeding. Consequently, wild populations cicadas, and can even be defended for mostly aquatic are important sources of genetic diversity to overcome groups with a terrestrial adult stage such as the inbreeding problems, but M. rosenbergii is rapidly caddisflies. However, such a mechanism seems less declining in the wild due to overharvesting and habitat likely for prawns such as Macrobrachium, although loss. Mating between specimens of different parts of they are also known from some Pacific islands. M. the species range resulted in reduced larval survival, rosenbergii has a tolerance for salt, which potentially although heterosis (hybrid vigour) was found for other increases the dispersal power, but distribution populations from the same region. Obviously, a better patterns of marine organisms in the Indo-West Pacific understanding of the genetic diversity is needed to are typically related to patterns of ocean currents contribute to improved aquaculture of this species. (Briggs 1974; Hoeksema this volume). A study at Study of the variation in 16S ribosomal DNA (de the molecular level could possibly unravel whether Bruyn et al. 2004) proved to be successful in describing ‘human-mediated dispersal’ may have played a role the evolutionary relationships in this species, and (Diamond 1988). A similar unlikely distribution supported previous allozyme and morphological pattern was studied by Austin (1999) in the lizard work that had identified an eastern and a western Lipinia noctua (Lesson), which does occur in human form (Holthuis 1995). The boundary between both settlements, and was probably transported in canoes ‘forms’ proved to be Huxley’s (1868) line (Fig. 1), the by the Polynesians as far as the Marquesas Islands, biogeographically based division of the Oriental and Tuamotu and Hawaii. 72 Chapter 2 Zoogeography freshwater invertebrates SE Asia In this paper we will examine the distribution patterns al. used such diverse groups as plants of the families of aquatic invertebrates in southeast Asia, especially Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae, and in relation to the geological history of the region. The insects including cicadas (Homoptera, Cicadidae), historical relationships and the present distributions of semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera, Haloveloides, Halobates, most groups of aquatic invertebrates are insufficiently Halovelia, and Xenobates) and several genera of beetles. known to follow the example of Turner et al. Although the examples were selected for carefully (2001) in reconstructing generalized area cladistic reconstructed phylogenies at the species level and relationships based on aquatic invertebrates. We here detailed information on distribution, the ‘general present a summary of the much-scattered knowledge patterns that emerged were weakly supported and of various taxonomic groups, and also demonstrate [did] not allow general conclusions’. The authors did the congruences of various area cladograms based not analyse why the reconstruction failed, but they on reconstructions of phylogenies as compared to described the complicated geological history of the palaeogeographical reconstructions. Special attention region,
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