Public Broadcasting Service: Miejsce Telewizji Publicznej W Systemie Medialnym Stanów Zjednoczonych

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Public Broadcasting Service: Miejsce Telewizji Publicznej W Systemie Medialnym Stanów Zjednoczonych Uniwersytet Jagielloński Wydział Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politycznych Instytut Nauk Politycznych i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Rafał Kuś Public Broadcasting Service: miejsce telewizji publicznej w systemie medialnym Stanów Zjednoczonych Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. dr hab. Andrzeja Mani Kraków 2010 Pragnę wyrazić gorące podziękowanie wszystkim, którzy pomogli mi w przygotowaniu ni­ niejszej pracy, a w szczególności: Panu Profeso­ rowi Andrzejowi Mani, którego wnikliwe uwagi merytoryczne, wyrozumiałość i olbrzymia życzli­ wość były dla mnie podczas ostatnich trzech lat bezcenne, Panu Profesorowi Waleremu Pisarkowi, który od wielu już lat jest dla mnie mistrzem, a tak­ że Panu Profesorowi Włodzimierzowi Bernackiemu i Panu Profesorowi Wojciechowi Kajtochowi, na których wsparcie zawsze mogłem liczyć. 2 Spis treści Wstęp........................................................................................................................................6 1. Postawienie problemu.....................................................................................................6 2. Przyczyny zainteresowania problemem badawczym........................................................7 3. Omówienie literatury......................................................................................................7 4. Struktura pracy..............................................................................................................10 5. Metodologia..................................................................................................................12 Rozdział I - Historia amerykańskiej telewizji publicznej.......................................................... 13 1.1 Wprowadzenie.......................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Początki radiofonii amerykańskiej............................................................................. 14 1.3 Rozwój mediów komercyjnych.................................................................................. 17 1.4 Rozgłośnie edukacyjne...............................................................................................19 1.5 Utrwalenie dominacji nadawców komercyjnych........................................................22 1.6 Początki telewizji amerykańskiej............................................................................... 27 1.7 Walka o częstotliwości dla amerykańskiej telewizji edukacyjnej................................29 1.8 Amerykańska scena medialna w latach 60..................................................................34 1.9 „Telewizja publiczna: program działania”..................................................................38 1.10 Public Broadcasting Act i utworzenie PBS.................................................................41 1.11 Telewizja publiczna w latach rządów Richarda Nixona.............................................. 45 1.12 Media publiczne w drugiej połowie lat 70..................................................................52 1.13 PBS w czasach „reaganomics”...................................................................................59 1.14 Najnowsza historia PBS.............................................................................................64 3 1.15 Zakończenie.............................................................................................................66 Rozdział II - Struktura i finansowanie amerykańskiej telewizji publicznej.............................. 67 2.1 Wprowadzenie ........................................................................................................ 67 2.2 System instytucjonalny amerykańskiej telewizji publicznej......................................68 2.2.1 Korporacja Mediów Publicznych (CPB)................................................................69 2.2.2 Publiczny Serwis Nadawczy (PBS).......................................................................73 2.2.3 Stacje telewizji publicznej.....................................................................................77 2.3 Finansowanie amerykańskiej telewizji publicznej.....................................................83 2.3.1 Wsparcie ze źródeł publicznych............................................................................ 85 2.3.2 Wsparcie ze źródeł prywatnych............................................................................ 90 2.4 Zakończenie........................................................................................................... 101 Rozdział III - Funkcjonowanie PBS w amerykańskim systemie medialnym...........................103 3.1 Wprowadzenie....................................................................................................... 103 3.2 PBS na amerykańskim rynku telewizyjnym............................................................104 3.3 Źródła oferty programowej stacji telewizji publicznej............................................ 108 3.4 Oferta programowa amerykańskiej telewizji publicznej.......................................... 112 3.5 Przegląd audycji Publicznego Serwisu Nadawczego............................................... 118 3.5.1 Sesame Street......................................................................................................124 3.5.2 Barney & Friends................................................................................................ 127 3.5.3 Frontline..............................................................................................................128 3.5.4 Nova................................................................................................................... 131 3.5.5 American Experience.......................................................................................... 133 3.5.6 Masterpiece ....................................................................................................... 135 3.6 Krytyka PBS w amerykańskim dyskursie społeczno-politycznym...........................138 3.7 Zakończenie........................................................................................................... 154 Rozdział IV - PBS NewsHour................................................................................................156 4.1 Wprowadzenie....................................................................................................... 156 4.2 Historia PBS NewsHour..........................................................................................157 4. 3 PBS NewsHour dzisiaj.........................................................................................164 4.4 Amerykański dyskurs wokół PBS NewsHour..........................................................171 4.4.1 Badania analityczne............................................................................................ 179 4.5 Analiza zawartości PBS NewsHour........................................................................ 190 4.5.1 Hipotezy badawcze............................................................................................. 191 4.5.2 Metodologia badań.............................................................................................. 193 4.6 Zakończenie .......................................................................................................... 218 Rozdział V - PBS na tle europejskich nadawców publicznych.............................................. 219 4 5.1 Wprowadzenie ...................................................................................................... 219 5.2 Charakterystyka europejskich mediów publicznych............................................... 220 5.3 Podstawowe różnice pomiędzy PBS a europejskimi nadawcami publicznymi 229 5.3.1 Pozycja rynkowa.................................................................................................230 5.3.2 Profil działalności................................................................................................ 234 5.3.3 Struktura instytucjonalna.................................................................................... 238 5.3.4 Finansowanie.......................................................................................................241 5.3.5 Niezależność instytucjonalna...............................................................................245 5.4 Zakończenie........................................................................................................... 249 Zakończenie.......................................................................................................................... 251 Bibliografia........................................................................................................................... 256 5 Wstęp 1. Postawienie problemu Podstawowym zadaniem badawczym, które postawił sobie autor niniejszej pra­ cy, jest próba opisania amerykańskiego modelu telewizji publicznej oraz roli, jaką Pu­ blic Broadcasting Service (Publiczny Serwis Nadawczy, PBS) odgrywa w systemie me­ dialnym Stanów Zjednoczonych. PBS, powstała pod koniec lat 60. na mocy ustawy Public Broadcasting Act z 1967 r., stanowiącej część projektu Great Society prezydenta Johnsona, jest od niemal czterech dekad niewielkim, ale bardzo istotnym elementem olbrzymiego pejzażu telewizyjnego USA. Umożliwiając widzom kontakt z wybranymi audycjami europejskimi oraz wyświetlając znane na całym świecie programy dokumen­ talne, publicystyczne i edukacyjne (m.in. Ulicę Sezamkową), amerykański nadawca publiczny
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