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H.265/HEVC Video Transmission Over 4G Cellular Networks H.265/HEVC video transmission over 4G cellular networks by Aman Jassal Dipl.Ing., Ecole Sup´erieured'Ing´enieursen Informatique et G´eniedes T´el´ecommunications, 2008 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Electrical and Computer Engineering) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) January 2016 c Aman Jassal 2016 Abstract Long Term Evolution has been standardized by the 3GPP consortium since 2008, with 3GPP Release 12 being the latest iteration of LTE Advanced, which was finalized in March 2015. High Efficiency Video Coding has been standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group since 2012 and is the video compression technology targeted to deliver High-Definition video con- tent to users. With video traffic projected to represent the lion's share of mobile data traffic in the next few years, providing video and non-video users with high Quality of Experience is key to designing 4G systems and future 5G systems. In this thesis, we present a cross-layer scheduling framework which de- livers video content to video users by exploiting encoding features used by the High Efficiency Video Coding standard such as coding structures and motion compensated prediction. We determine which frames are referenced the most within the coded video bitstream to determine which frames have higher utility for the High Efficiency Video Coding decoder located at the user's device and evaluate the performances of best effort and video users in 4G networks using finite buffer traffic models. We look into throughput performance for best effort users and packet loss performance for video users to assess Quality of Experience. Our results demonstrate that there is sig- ii Abstract nificant potential to improve the Quality of Experience of best effort and video users using our proposed Frame Reference Aware Proportional Fair scheme compared to the baseline Proportional Fair scheme. iii Preface I hereby declare that I am the author of this thesis. This thesis is an original, unpublished work under the supervision of Dr. Cyril Leung. In this work, I played the primary role in designing and performing the research, doing data analysis and preparing the manuscript under the supervision of Dr. Cyril Leung. iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................. ii Preface .................................. iv Table of Contents ............................ v List of Tables .............................. vii List of Figures . viii List of Acronyms ............................ xii Acknowledgements . xiii Dedication ................................xiv 1 Introduction ............................. 1 2 Basics of H.265/HEVC ...................... 4 2.1 Syntax Structures and Syntax Elements . 4 2.2 Coding Structures and Reference Picture Lists . 7 2.2.1 Coding Structures . 8 2.2.2 Reference Picture Lists . 10 v Table of Contents 2.3 Motion Compensated Prediction . 13 2.4 Operation with Networking Layers . 15 3 Cross-Layer Frame Reference Aware Scheduling Framework 18 3.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Shared Resource Allocation Problem . 19 3.2 Solution to the proposed Shared Resource Allocation Problem 25 4 System Model ............................ 28 4.1 H.265/HEVC Video Content Generation . 28 4.2 LTE-Advanced System Model . 30 4.2.1 Network Model . 30 4.2.2 Traffic Model . 34 4.2.3 Channel Model . 35 4.2.4 Feedback Model . 40 5 Simulation Results and Analysis . 42 5.1 Simulation Assumptions . 43 5.2 Simulation Results and Discussion . 48 5.2.1 Results for video users . 49 5.2.2 Results for Best Effort users . 54 6 Conclusions and Future Work . 60 6.1 Contributions . 60 6.2 Future Work . 61 Bibliography ............................... 64 vi List of Tables 2.1 Generic NAL unit syntax, adapted from [3] . 5 2.2 Reference Picture Sets for the Hierarchical-B Coding Struc- ture of GOP-size 8 . 11 2.3 Reference Picture Lists for the Hierarchical-B Coding Struc- ture of GOP-size 8 . 13 4.1 H.265/HEVC Table of Video Test Sequences . 28 4.2 H.265/HEVC Parameters . 30 4.3 FTP Traffic Model 1 . 33 4.4 H.265/HEVC Traffic Model . 35 5.1 LTE-Advanced Parameters . 46 5.2 Offered Load and corresponding Resource Utilization . 49 vii List of Figures 2.1 Frame dependencies in the reference coding structure. 9 2.2 Uni- and bi-predictive inter-prediction illustration from adja- cent pictures, adapted from [4] . 14 2.3 RTP Single NAL unit packet structure . 16 2.4 H.265/HEVC system layer stack . 17 4.1 Hexagonal Network Grid Layout . 31 4.2 Wrap Around of Hexagonal Network . 32 4.3 LTE Downlink PRB allocation illustration . 33 5.1 Video users' active download time . 50 5.2 Satisfied Video User Percentage . 51 5.3 CRA LDU Loss Ratio . 53 5.4 Average throughput for Best Effort users . 55 5.5 Coverage throughput for Best Effort users . 56 5.6 Illustration of the outer 10% of the coverage area . 57 5.7 Average BE user throughput in Cell-Edge region . 58 viii List of Acronyms 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project. ADT Active Download Time. BE Best Effort. CB Coding Block. CDF Cumulative Distribution Function. CQI Channel Quality Indicator. CSI Channel State Information. CVS Coded Video Sequence. DASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP. EESM Exponential Effective SNR Mapping. FDD Frequency Division Duplex. GOP Group of Pictures. ix List of Acronyms H.264/AVC Advanced Video Coding. H.265/HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol. IETF Internet Engineering Task Force. IP Internet Protocol. ITU-R International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunications Sec- tor. JCT-VC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding. KPIs Key Performance Indicators. LDU Logical Data Unit. LTE Long Term Evolution. LTE-A LTE Advanced. MANE Media Aware Network Element. MIESM Mutual Information Effective SNR Metric. MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output. MOS Mean Opinion Score. MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group. x List of Acronyms MU-MIMO Multi User Multiple Input Multiple Output. NAL Network Abstraction Layer. NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks. OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access. OSI Open Systems Interconnection. PB Prediction Block. PLR Packet Loss Ratio. PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator. POC Picture Order Count. PRB Physical Resource Block. QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. QoE Quality of Experience. QoS Quality of Service. QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying. RBSP Raw Byte Sequence Payload. RI Rank Indication. RTP Real Time Protocol. xi List of Acronyms RU Resource Utilization. SINR Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio. SNR Signal to Noise Ratio. SRST Single RTP stream on a single media transport. SU-MIMO Single User Multiple Input Multiple Output. TCP Transmission Control Protocol. UDP User Datagram Protocol. UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. VCL Video Coding Layer. Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity. xii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my utmost gratitude and sincerest thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Cyril Leung, who has given me great support, encouragement and guidance throughout my work and my M.A.Sc program. My discussions with him were a constant source of inspiration and his insights helped make this research work more valuable. Without his invaluable knowledge and understanding in this research area, this thesis would have never been possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Ahmed Saadani for his guidance and support throughout my engineering program and at Orange Labs where he gave me the opportunity to do research work on 4G systems. My former colleagues, Mr. Sebastien Jeux and Dr. Sofia Martinez Lopez, and more generally all the research community involved in research and standardiza- tion with the 3GPP, have had a great influence on me and without their inspiration I would have never undertaken my program at the University of British Columbia. All of the work that has been done in this thesis was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada under Grant RGPIN 1731-2013. xiii Dedication To my parents and my sister xiv Chapter 1 Introduction With the emergence of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and its subsequent it- erations standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) consortium, video services are fast becoming the dominant data services in 4G mobile networks and mobile video traffic is projected to account for 72% of the total mobile data traffic by 2019 [1]. The transmission of video services over cellular networks is challenging due to the large bandwidth requirement, the low latency required due to protocol stack inter-operation and the effect of error propagation within the video sequence in the event of packet losses. The current dominant standard for video coding is Ad- vanced Video Coding (H.264/AVC) [2] and is used to deliver a wide range of video services. However, H.264/AVC requires extremely high bandwidth, making the delivery of High-Definition (HD) video services impractical. Its successor, High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265/HEVC) [3], was standard- ized by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) in 2012 and is expected to reduce the bit rate compared to H.264 High Profile by about 50% while maintaining comparable subjective quality [4]. Therefore H.265/HEVC is a more practical choice for delivering HD and Ultra High-Definition (UHD) video content to consumers using wired and wireless networks. 1 Chapter 1. Introduction As we move towards 5G, one of the key targets that we need to achieve is to provide a more consistent user experience across the whole network as well as higher Quality of Experience (QoE) [5]. Cross-layer QoE-aware resource allocation schemes have been proposed for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems [6], where the scheduling al- gorithm uses the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) as a way to provide QoE. Other attributes that the research community has been focusing on in order to improve the QoE of video users are the playback buffer status and the rebuffering time [7]-[8].
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