http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

The University ojRochester THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

FIRST BUILDING OF THE UNIVERSITY After Some Changes, Used 1850-61 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

The University of Rochester

THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS

• eee • Centennial Issue of the Alumni-Alumnae Review Commemorating the University's One Hundredth Anniversary

PUBLISHED IN 1950

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Published by the University of Rochester Centennial Committee ERNEST A. PAVIOUR, Chairman Editorial Committee Chairman, Charles L. Rumrill, '22; Editor, Charles F. Cole, '25; PeterJ. Prozeller; Janet E. Phillips; Dr. George H. Whipple; Donald W. Gilbert; Warren W. Phillips; Kathrine Koller; John R. Slater; Dexter Perkins; and Howard Hanson. http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Table ojContents

PAGE SMALL BEGINNINGS: The College for Men, 1850-1900...... 9 By John R. Slater

TRANSITION: From Liberal Arts College to University, 190()-1930 21 By Dexter Perkins

ROCHESTER COMES OF AGE: Rise to Leadership, 19 30~19 50. .. 39 By Dexter Perkins

THE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, 1900-1950...... 53 By Janet H. Clark

THE EASTMAN SCHOOL OF MUSIC, 1921-1950 63 By Charles Riker THE MEDICAL CENTER, 1925-1950...... 73 By George H. Whipple, Wallace O. Fenn, and Basil C. MacLean THE GRADUATE SCHOOL...... 81 By Frank P. Smith and Donald W. Gilbert RESEARCH: Policy and Scope...... 87 By Henry C. Meadow

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL: Serving Community Needs...... 89 By Henry C. Mills

THE FUTURE: New Challenges, New Needs...... 91 By M. Herbert Eisenhart ENVOI...... 93 By Alan Valentine NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS...... 94 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Cutler Union College for Women

6 Front view of University of Rochester Medical Center showing Strong Memorial Hospital, and far right, Municipal Hospital http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Rush Rhees Library of College for Men

Eastman Theatre Facade Eastman School of Music

7 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

SMALL BEGINNINGS: The College for Men, 1850-1900 By JOHN R. SLATER

UT OF SMALL BEGINNINGS", wrote Gover­ the University of Rochester (1886) a story which nor Bradford at Plymouth in 1630, casts doubt on the share of Providence in this case. "greater things have been produced by He wrote that, according to John N. Wilder, O His hand that made all things of noth­ Ralph Waldo Emerson used the founding of this ing, and gives being to all things that are." Thus university a pioneer praised God for survival of the colony "as an illustration of Yankee enterprise, saying through its earliest struggles. Others have ac­ that a landlord in Rochester had an old hotel counted less devoutly for the origin of the Uni­ which he thought would rent for more as a versity of Rochester, where, as at Plymouth, the university; so he put in a few books, sent for first 10 years were the hardest. a coach-load of professors, bought some phil­ Our origin, however, was not due to chance but osophical apparatus, and by the time green to human design. Denominational dissension at peas were ripe had graduated a large class Hamilton in 1847 about proposed removal of of students." Madison University to Rochester led to disputes and lawsuits in which the Almighty probably took Professor Gilmore does not vouch for this no interest. Madison University (larer Colgate) legend, but adds on his own authority: remained at Hamilton, and prospered in spite of "Emerson was certainly familiar with the mar­ geographical isolation. A few of its professors and velous growth of our university. 'I watched students, however, came here and stayed. Roch­ over it in the cradle: he once remarked to the ester citizens, having failed to add a transplanted writer, 'I am very certain that I shall never college to their growing water-power city, made follow it to its grave: " one of their own. Professor Joseph H. Gilmore, long head of the Since Emerson lectured here at Corinthian Hall English department at Rochester, best known as in 1852, he may have heard then of the infant author of a popular hymn of divine guidance, university on Buffalo Street, four blocks west, "He Leadeth Me," told in his Outline History of especially if he met John N. Wilder. 9 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Graduating class of 1853, third class to be graduated

Wilder, more than any other one person,-more that professors seldom get anywhere without busi­ even than Martin B. Anderson, who did not come ness men to meet the payrolls, he spent three years until 1853,-kept the i.nfant alive. A native of of his short life raising the wherewithal. Maine, who moved in youth to Albany after in­ The trouble was that the provisional charter heriting the estate of a rich uncle, Mr. Wilder granted by the Regents on January 31, 1850 called was a trustee of Madison University who favored for subscriptions of $130,000 within two years. removal to Rochester. When that fell through, he This could not be and was not done. Though the came to Rochester in 1849 to help the local project. time was extended to 1856, even then total invest­ After spending some months with his Peck, Porter, ments apart from real estate were much less than and Farley relatives here, he rented as a social cen­ the required $100,000. All other income had gone ter for the new university the Jonathan Child for expenses. Nevertheless, so great was the influ­ house on South Washington Street. In that stately ence of Mr. Wilder and his Albany friend Ira Greek Revival mansion with its Corinthian col­ Harris, elected chancellor of the new university umns (now a Christian Scie'nce church) the chair­ until a president should be found, that the charter man of the executive board hospitably entertained was not revoked; it became absolute in 1861, after visiting friends and prospective patrons of the col­ completion of Anderson Hall. It was due to their lege. He sheltered the large families of some pro­ exertions that the Legislature appropriated $25,­ fessors from Hamilton while they were house­ 000 for that building, and that a gift of another hunting. Heading the subscription list, he went $25,000, for endowment required by the act, was the rounds of city and county with pledge secured from General John F. Rathbone of Al­ paper and sales talk. Mr. Wilder was not a college bany. That was the origin of the Rathbone Fund man, owed nothing to local pride, had no love of of our library. If it had not been for John N. publicity for himself. He saw an opportunity to Wilder, William N. Sage, Everard Peck, Alvah improve public intelligence, and took it. Knowing Strong, and other business men on the executive 10 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Entire University faculty in 1880, President Anderson, center

board, the little band of $1200 professors and theology, holding their classes on the third floor penniless students would soon have been out of a of the United States Hotel, there was never any job. There would have been no college. organic connection between the college and the Among the professors who came from Hamil­ theological school. Rochester Theological Semi­ ton were A. C. Kendrick (Greek), John F. Rich­ nary, founded on Buffalo Street in 1850, removed ardson (Latin), and John, H. Raymond (history in 1869 to Alexander Street at East Avenue, and and literature). Albert H. Mixer also came as in 1931, after union with Colgate Divinity School, tutor, and later, after further study, became a to South Goodman Street opposite Highland professor of modern languages. To these were Park, has always been under entirely separate added two Rochester teachers, Dr. Chester Dewey, control. a Williams graduate who since 1836 had headed Moreover, though founded chiefly by Baptists, a Rochester preparatory school, and E. the University was not even from the beginning Peshine Smith, a lawyer who temporarily taught exclusively denominational. Some of its first trus­ mathematics. The latter was soon succeeded tees and earliest professors were members of other (1851) by Isaac F. Quinby, a West Point graduate churches. The student body has always included and assistant professor at the Academy, who after some Catholics, Jews, and members of various serving in the Mexican War came to Rochester as Protestant sects. All Baptist connection was head of the department of mathematics. These severed in 1908, having long survived chiefly on teachers, together with Martin B. Anderson, paper. Presidents Anderson, Hill, and Rhees elected president in 1853, carried college instruc­ were not strong denominationalists. They stood tion through its earliest years.. for liberal Christianity without sectarian bias; In order to avoid a common misunderstanding but did not favor a growing tendency toward com­ it should be added that although two other Ham­ plete secularization of colleges. ilton professors came here in 1850 to teach During the 1850's students were few, quality 11 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf high. In addition to many who later became Chester Dewey (1784-1867). A clergyman as well eminent in the Baptist ministry, the brief alumni as a chemist, botanist, geologist, and meteorol­ list for that decade includes Manton Marble '55, ogist, he came here from Massachmetts in 1836, noted journalist; John R. Howard '57, soldier, after teaching at Williams College and Pittsfield. author, and editor; Rear Admiral William Hark­ After 14 years as principal of Rochester Col­ ness '58, astronomer, head of the Naval Observa­ legiate Institute he became professor of nat­ tory and Nautical Almanac, who bequeathed his ural sciences in the University. He was one of library and instruments to the University, and for the earliest volunteer meteorologists to assist state whom Harkness Hall is named; General Elwell weather services by daily weather observations. S. Otis '58, regular army officer, military governor These included temperature and barometer read­ of the Philippines; and William O. Stoddard '58, ings three times a day, precipitation, winds, one of Abraham Lincoln's private secretaries, general storms, and special phenomena such as later author of many books. Colleges cannot claim comets, meteors, and auroras. His monthly all the credit for their ablest alumni. Such men weather sheets, still preserved in Rush Rhees become what they really are, whether helped or Library, cover more than 30 years. It is possi­ hindered by college routine. ble to ascertain whenever weather was stormy or The small faculty group, though not nationally fair, hot or cold, during all the middle of last cen­ distinguished, contained several strong characters tury, because Chester Dewey read his instruments besides President Anderson. Not all professors of three times a day, rain or shine, writing down the the first half-century who deserve to be remem­ figures on his hand-ruled sheets, with copies for bered can be even mentioned in this sketch, but exchange with other observers. For example, on it is perhaps justifiable to include at least those Tuesday, November 5, 1850, the day the Univer­ few whose names have been chosen for college sity of Rochester was opened, the temperature buildings, namely, Anderson, Chester Dewey, A. C. was 59 at 7 a.m., 74 at 2 p.m., 62 at 9 p.m.; the Kendrick, Samuel A. Lattimore, William C. wind was southwest, and it was a "beautiful morn­ Morey, and Henry F. Burton. It should not be ing-summer's day." possible for students to enter and leave a building Dewey was not only watcher of the sky but almost daily throughout a college course without recorder of the spring. Every April and May so ever wondering who was the man named over the long as he lived he dated the first leaves, buds, door. and blossoms of local trees and flowers. Being a The Dewey Laboratories of biology and geology systematic botanist, he published extensive cata­ on the River Campus were named in honor of logues describing hundreds of varieties of sedge

Old Latin classroom in Anderson Hall, presided over by Professor Henry F. Burton (1883-1918) 12 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Biology students learned the facts of life in this classroom under Professor Charles W. Dodge

grasses, having chosen as his specialty the genus outbreak of the Civil War he offered his services Carex. His patient exactness may have had some­ to a Rochester regiment, the Thirteenth New thing to do with the making of an eminent scien­ York Volunteers, was commissioned colonel, and tist like Admiral Harkness; also with the wise drilled them at Elmira before they were ordered generosity of his own son, Dr. Charles A. Dewey south to reinforce the defenses 6f Washington. On '61, who supported biological scholarships at May 10, 1861, in front of Anderson Hall, there Woods Hole, and left his fortune to the Univer­ was a flag-raising, and a sword was presented to sity in memory of his father. In Chester Dewey's Colonel Quinby on behalf of the college. At the farewell sermon (1858) he said: disastrous battle of Bull Run, July 21, according "I have lived my life with the young, and for to a Rochester soldier's letter, "Quinby himself them I have labored. By their influence I carried a rifle and made some splendid shots. have felt obliged to keep up with the times in Every time he fired he dropped a man." Later in valuable knowledge and benevolent effort, the summer the colonel resigned from that regi­ and my life has seemed to be renewed among ment and returned to Rochester for his September them." classes; but early in 1862 he returned to the army His rugged old New England face, combining as a brigadier-general and served through 1864. pride and humility, integrity and charity, stands Quinby was a heavily built man with a General for the best of the old regime. Daring in age to Grant beard, tobacco predilection, and logarith­ say "I have lived my life with the young," he mic mind. With him non-mathematical students might be echoed by other superannuates, except were out of luck. There could be no vague eva­ for ridicule by some to whom it is incredible that sions in a trigonometry class taught by a West the gray, bald, and wrinkled could ever have been . Point engineer. He was feared as a disciplinarian, young. "If youth only knew" how soon their own respected for his military record, and noted for future will become their past-but time's illusions his family of 13 children. General Grant, a are not quite out of place in a college. There in West Point classmate, wrote to him after the war, June we can all pretend together that this is not "Give my love to Mrs. Quinby and your baker's the end but the Commencement, knowing how dozen." They lived in a house on the Prince Street soon both will be over. That is why we sing. side of the campus, near where the Women's Of tougher fiber than Dewey was Isaac F. Faculty Club now stands. A member of the class of Quinby. A West Pointer, with Academy teaching 1861 wrote of him many years later: experience and army service in Mexico, he was a "Professor Quinby was a born mathematical member of the faculty from 1851 to 1884. At the genius. His mind simply played with the most 13 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Azariah Boody, donated land

Chester Dewey, taugh t science

abstruse problems and demonstrations. He widest awake. That man is not dead; he could spin referred to a textbook only to give out the a good yarn yet. Is he amused at the past, or at us? lesson. The contents were wholly domesti­ Less human and more learned and versatile was cated in his wonderful brain. The professor's President Anderson. Of commanding presence and attitude and manners in the classroom were sometimes thundering voice, he seemed to some quite informal. He was an inveterate chewer the Jove of a little Olympus, but filled a larger of tobacco, and a cuspidor was an indispen­ place in the 19th century than he could in the sable article of htrniture. When its use be­ 20th. Though a scholar of wide interests, progres­ came imperative, the professor, tilted back sive views, and prolific pen, he does not appear to against the wall on two legs of his chair, have been lovable. Students were more impressed would make a shot that was a marvel of preci­ by his chapel talks on politics than on religion. sion. Perhaps his skill was gained in gunnery They were amused by his futile attemps to curb practice at West Point. Whatever its origin, their class rivalries, and noon or night diversions. its exercise was impressive and diverting." It seems that in those days men always wore Those who wrongly suppose all early class­ "gum shoes" in winter, which beinglined up along rooms to have been dull should consider these the corridors made good ammunition. When the examples of professorial markmanship in war and air was thick with galoshes, Prexy with two canes peace. In the words of the poet Thomson, with would thump his way to the scene and disperse which the general may not have been familiar: the mob. Usually the wrong boys got caught. "Delightful taskl to rear the tender thought, Once on Hallowe'en when freshmen were paint­ To teach the young idea how to shoot." ing the sphinxes, the old man snooping around If stronger language were required, it could be spotted a tall senior looking on, who was scolded produced. If his geniality were doubted, observe next morning for encouraging lawlessness in the a twinkle above the whiskers in his library por­ young. trait. That belongs to an old fashion in which a Few presidents have successfully checked irres­ portrait was supposed to resemble the subject. It ponsibility by indignation; neither Hill nor is the liveliest face in Rush Rhees Library, the Rhees had better luck in later years. Students were 14

Samuel A. Lattimore, chemistry professor

Albert H. Mixer, modern languages http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Joseph H. Gilmore, English, 1868·1908

Asahel C. Kendrick, professor of Greek

just as rambunctious then as now. Mustaches and The Civil War did not paralyze classes in An­ beards made some look older, but few had really derson Hall. Work went on, notwithstanding loss grown up. College education-a contest between of many students, some of whom never returned. mental discipline and prolonged adolescence­ In the face of severe local criticism of President seems at the time a losing game, but intelligence Lincoln by a partisan press, President Anderson emerges. Of President Anderson one of his former stoutly supported the Union cause through the intelligent students has written: major crises of the war, before victories at Gettys­ "The president knew best, and perhaps was burg and Vicksburg turned the tide. His influence flattered by, the plodding men who were al­ was all for freedom and the rights of man. ways 'prepared,' and who showed their in­ Intellectual perspective in the midst of war is terest, often assumed, by gathering about him shown by the planting on April 23, 1864, the after class. He did not understand those more Shakespeare tercentenary, of an oak grown from a brilliant men who gained a finer culture in Stratford-upon-Avon acorn. It still stands, near following their own dominant tastes, which the west end of Anderson Hall, beside the path were not always in line with the prescribed leading to Sibley Hall. That Shakespeare Oak, routine. Some of them later conferred great even in recent times, has sheltered Shakespeare honor upon their Alma Mater, their accom­ classes meeting out of doors on the birthday, sit­ plishments then being duly recognized. Dr. ting on the grass to hear poetry read as it should Anderson was reputed to possess unusual ora­ be, "under the greenwood tree." Passing beneath torical abilities. In making a public address its branches one remembered Prospero, leaving he would start in a quiet manner, "but soon his enchanted island, and Ariel, whom he set for­ warming up to his subject would speak with ever free. Many found beauty there. a powerful voice and forcible gesticulation. When war was over, all was not yet sweetness He was a strong, positive character, well fitted and light. Natural sciences, after Chester Dewey in many respects for the work which he had faded out of the picture, had been turned over to undertaken, and efficiently supported by the an enterprising geologist and mineralogist named faculty and trustees." Henry A. Ward. Appointed in 1861, the eccentric 15

William C. Morey, masterly teacher

Gen. Isaac F. Quinby -his aim was precise http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Early woodcut of Anderson Hall, first campus building, opened in 1861

professor was often missing from his classes. He has not proved a failure, Rochester deserves the was really a collector of specimens for museums. profits." From 1869 until his retirement in 1888 On short notice he would start off for the ends of Dr. Anderson occupied that old hou~e, and after the earth, with little baggage but plenty of bor­ him Presidents Hill and Rhees until 1932. It is rowed funds, to find minerals, fossils, and pur­ now Harriet Seelye House, a women's dormitory, chasers. His shops for mounting specimens, on named for the late Mrs. Rhees. Not an impressive College Avenue opposite the campus, attracted looking place, it has welcomed distinguished many visitors. One entered between the upright people in its day. Something of greatness may jaws of a whale. Jumbo was stuffed there for P. T. linger there. Barnum. One building was called Cosmos Hall. Quiet veteran teachers like Kendrick ("Old Kai The place had atmosphere, certainly not provin­ Gar"), Gilmore ("Gillie"), Mixer, and Lattimore cial. But Professor Ward, after 1866, seldom bridged the gap from the '60's into the '70's and taught, though his name was retained until 1875 '80's. They were kind, friendly men, never austere, on the faculty list. This indifference to college never sarcastic, though just as firm as if they had duties did not make it any easier to raise $20,000 permitted themselves the doubtful luxury of a to buy for the college his Ward Cabinets of min­ sharp tongue. Professor Lattimore, chemist and erals and fossils. There was no place to house patriarch, always hospitable to students and young them properly until long after Sibley Hall was teachers, was a sort of official welcomer. He began completed in 1876. All this did not contribute to each year with a party, where the timidest were President Anderson's peace of mind. . made to feel at ease. In his house the small college In 1867 financial and other problems made was one big family. All these gray-bearded pro­ Brown University's offer of its presidency look fessors of the second generation were like the salt rather tempting. But citizens raised a fund to in­ of the earth, and never lost their savor. Many crease the endowment, and bought for a presi­ crude sophomores may have been civilized by their dent's residence the old Van Zandt house at the gentle manners without ever knowing it. corner of Prince and University Avenue. Ander­ Classes were still entirely in the mornings, and son declined Brown's offer, with the characteristic students scattered at noon. Most teaching was by comment, "Rochester invested in me when I was textbooks. When outlines and assignments were unknown and without value; if the investment being written on the blackboard for the class to 16 ---~------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf copy, it was sometimes possible behind the pro­ of 1876, not long after a small telescope had been fessor's back to sneak out by a first-floor window installed: or a fire escape. Rooms have been known to empty "The professor of astronomy recently asked by that route long before the bell rang. the members of the class to give the results of Janitors figured largely though unofficially in their observations of the heavens. One of the student repression. Elijah Withal in old days, boys responded that he was out Saturday Craigie long afterward, were among those whose night and found an unusual halo around patience was often sorely tried. In the Campus for Venus." December, 1877, is an alleged elegy after Thomas After Dr. Anderson's death in 1890, although Gray, entitled "Not in a Country Churchyard," David Jayne Hill had already been elected to suc­ beginning thus: ceed him, there was a difficult decade. Dr. Hill, "Elijah tolls the knell of youthful play; coming from Bucknell to Rochester and expect­ The verdant Frosh winds slowly o'er the lea; ing to find a less provincial environment, was The bolter homeward plods his wicked way, frankly disappointed. In the newer faculty there And leaves the halls to Withal and to me. were vigorous professors like William C. Morey Now fades the flying coat-tail on the sight, ("Uncle Bill"), Henry F. Burton CBurtie,"), Her­ And all the air a solemn stillness holds; man L. Fairchild ("Fairy"), Charles W. Dodge, Save where some Junior wheels his droning flight, And dissertations lull the distant folds. and others of unquestioned scholarship and abil­ ity, but the student body seldom reached 200,local Beneath the mansard roof those stone walls shade support was weak, Baptist diehards were making Where heaves the sigh and wells full many a weep, trouble, annual deficits were mounting, prospects Each in his hard, uncushioned straight-back laid, Eight-score forefathers of the future sleep." were dim. President Hill at first tried to interest local non­ Undergraduate humor found in the annual Baptist support for the college as an educational Interpres (founded in 1858) and the monthly institution indispensable to the city. He did not Campus (founded in 1871, under the name of succeed, and became discouraged. Furthermore, a The University Record) seems rather dismal now, local movement for co-education was alreadygoing but throws some light (or shadow) on college cus­ strong when he arrived. Opposed 'to that on finan­ toms. Here is a typical example from the Campus cial grounds, he lost more friends than he made.

Members of first Varsity football team in 1889 struck rugged poses 17 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Reynolds Chemistry Laboratory, built in 1887, was admired for its 'chaste architecture'

Being really more interested in publicaffairs and bright. Alumni, who had just raised $22,000 for international relations than in trying to bail a the Alumni Gymnasium, were not optimistic small Baptist boat with a leaky dipper, he did not about starting another drive. Generous trustees last long. For him there was "a world elsewhere'" had already drained personal reserves to meet def­ Persons who really appreciated his notable abili­ icits and were feeling poor. ties, and predicted the brilliant career which he Nevertheless, Professor Morey went right on' later achieved at Washington and in European teaching history, government, and Roman law in diplomatic service, were not sufficiently vocal or masterly fashion. Though some thought him dog­ active to prevent his resignation in 1896. matic, one of his students wrote: The college was without a president for four "I would especially mention Dr. William C. years, but under Acting Presidents Lattimore, Morey, 'Uncle Bill,' as he was affectionately 1896-1898, and Burton, 1898-1900, there was no called, as the man who taught me to look on marked break in the program of education. More all sides of every question, to recognize that than once or twice in the history of the University all sides have some truth, and that the highest it has been demonstrated that, at least for a lim­ truth lies between the extremes." ited period, the college can govern itself well Morey Hall might therefore be said to be over­ through its faculty, deans, and committees. The crowded with "all the sides of truth," and should presidency was refused by several eminent educa­ be enlarged before it bursts. Burton Hall reminds tors whom it is not necessary to mention. They all us of Henry F. Burton, a classical scholar not with­ desired guaranteed support of enlarged programs out occasional asperity, but also a gentleman of which could not at that time be assured. Those justice, a citizen of the world, an acting president who know the story of Rush Rhees's prolonged of conspicuous fairness. George M. Forbes, phil­ hesitation in 1899 to consider the office, even with osophy, and Herman Leroy Fairchild, geology, such promises, realize how near the University though no buildings are named for them, will was to a major crisis at the end of last century. The not be forgotten. presidency was not yet going begging, but nobody Fairchild was a scientific positivist, averse to who wanted it was wanted. The outlook was not most of the claims made for religion, poetry, and 18 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf idealism. Yet he founded the Fairchild Award, There was some ground for the claim that co­ still given annually for creative work in the fine education was a right. As long ago as 1881, when arts, music, or literature-the exact opposite of his the distinguished scientist Lewis H. Morgan died, own analytic brain. This he did because long ago it was found that he had left his residuary estate a favorite daughter, just beginning a promising for education of women in the University-this, artistic career, died young. Thus men unconscious­ too, in memory of a daughter who died young. ly pay tribute to the other sides of truth, the in­ But the life interest of his widow and son laste_d visible, the unfulfilled. on into the next generation. None of the Morgan All might have continued peaceftilly for an­ money was available in the '90's, yet many thought other decade even without a president, except for the trustees should take a chance and let the girls an impending bombshell, which after fizzling for in right away. It was at last agreed, not without 10 years, exploded in the late summer of 1900. minority opposition, that if the women's commit­ That bombshell was the female sex. tee could raise $50,000 to cover a small part of the With Susan B. Anthony in town, it could not be additional cost of accommodating women stu­ expected that strictly masculine education would dents, a limited number would be admitted. Near long continue. She and other determined ladies the deadline, September, 1900, they had only had been agitating since the '80's for admission of $40,000. How Miss Anthony at the last minute women. The entering wedge was Dr. Anderson's pledged her life insurance, and persuaded many art lectures and Professor Gilmore's Saturday subscribers to increase their gifts to make the classes in poetry, both open to women, though grade, is now an old story. Then it was a year's without college credit. Here and there a lone sensation. young woman had even edged her way into a labo­ Thirty-three women were installed in hastily ratory, just to learn something, not to be officially improvised quarters at the west end of Anderson recognized. The ladies became less meek and in­ Hall, and admitted to classes. At first their life was gratiating when they found President Hill and the not a happy one. Being pioneers, they expected trustees opposed to the whole business. It would snubs, got some, but came back smiling. With cost too much money. brains, beauty, and bravery they made their way.

Varsity baseball team in 1891. Photographer supplied stylish Moorish background 19 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

A chance Visitor to Anderson Hall chapel in May, 1898, before co-education, long before the presidency was offered to Rush Rhees, might have taken a dim view of the future. Professors sat in a row on the platform, students filled the benches bought in the '60's. After a hymn and Bible read­ ing, the chairman gave a short talk, notices were read, the assembly was dismissed. All seemed just as it probably had been in 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1890. On the campus with its venerable trees, grass was green, dandelions yellow, sphinxes red. Upstairs in Sibley Hall fossils and Peruvian mum­ mies held silent session with the megatherium, among the bones and stones. Downstairs in the library, Assistant Librarian Phinney peered sus­ piciously over his whiskers at anyone who touched a book on the shelves or whispered too loud. A high iron fence surrounded the campus, which must have cost a lot of money, yet kept nobody out, nobody in. Gates were sometimes locked at President David Jayne Hill night and on Sundays to keep trespassers from littering lawns with bottles. On Prince Street, in that lovely lilac-time of 1898, Rip Van Winkle Year by year prejudice decreased, and then a good and his dog would have felt at home. time was had by all. The story of co-education be­ Suddenly something happened; sleepers woke; longs not here but to the 20th century. Until then the twilight of the past became the dawn of the the old college was still a man's world. It couldn't future. Since then, "nothing is permanent but last; why should it? change,"

Near the turn of the century, the University had three buildings-Sibley Library (left), Anderson Hall, and Reynolds Laboratory 20 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Dr. Rush Rhees in 1900

TRANSITION: From Liberal Arts College to University) 1900- 1930 By DEXTER PERKINS

T WAS on the first of July, 1900, that Dr. Rush tional staff, and were still cast in such a form as to Rhees assumed the presidency of the Univer­ offer only a moderate amount of flexibility, to the I sity of Rochester. The institution over which aspiring undergraduate. he was called to preside was a university only by For four years, moreover, since the resignation courtesy; and among the small colleges of the of David Jayne Hill, the University had under­ country it was certainly not among the more con­ gone a sort of academic interregnum; its financial spicuous. situation was far from brilliant, its total of income­ It had a faculty of only 17 members, a faculty so producing funds being in the neighborhood of small that its meetings could easily be held-and three quarters of a million dollars; it enjoyed no were indeed held-in the president's office. It had very great prestige in the city itself; and it still a student body of only 159, pursuing the work for had a certain sectarian flavor, attested by a resolu­ the bachelor's degree, and of these by far the tion adopted as late as 1892, by which it was stipu­ greatest number came from Rochester and its im­ lated that two-thirds of the members of its board mediate environs; only four buildings, Anderson of trustees should be members of "regular Baptist Hall, built in 1861, Sibley Library, built in 1876, churches." the Reynolds Chemical Laboratory, built in 1887, There was, of course, another side to the matter. and the Alumni Gymnasium opened in the fall of It is not mere sentimentality that suggests that 1900, decorated-if decorated is the proper word­ among its small staff were some very remarkable its not extensive campus. teachers, William Carey Morey, whose incisive Its library, the very heart and center of an insti­ mind, and insistence on precise thinking put tution of learning, possessed a meager 35,000 vol­ many, many students in his debt; Herman Leroy umes; its course offerings, more voluminous in Fairchild, eminent scholar in his chosen field, appearance than in reality owing to the three­ geology, George Mather Forbes, whose idealism term system then in vogue, paid little attention and moral simplicity diffused a wide and perva­ to economics, sociology, psychology, and the fine sive influence; Asahel Kendrick, "Kai Gar," pro­ arts, oftentimes assumed a truly astounding range fessor of Greek, from the very foundation of the of special knowledge on the part of the instruc- college, and Albert H. Mixer, both of them be- 21 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Alumni Gymnasium, dedicated in 1900

Varsity basketball team in 1902

loved by many an undergraduate, Samuel A. Lat­ only be used if such a person was selected. Dr. timore in chemistry, and Joseph Henry Gilmore Rhees's eminence as a scholar had dictated his in English, who also have left behind many ad­ election to the Board of Trustees the year before; mirers. the chance meeting of the wife of one of the trus­ Under the administration of Dr. David Jayne tees with one of the Rhees's friends in Newton Hill, moreover, the faculty had attained a greater Center, where Rhees was teaching, had something esprit de corps than ever before; the wise policy of to do with the decision of the trustees; and his giving it a large place in the formulation of edu­ marriage to the daughter of the presidentofSmith cational policy, (a policy hardly pursued with College provided him with a certain academic zeal by Rochester's first president, Martin B. An­ prestige. derson) had been in a measure incorporated in None of these factors suggested, with any degree the tradition of the University. There had been of inevitability, that here was one of the great a considerable advance over the old days in the academic executives of the 20th century; and richness of the curriculum, even though it still doubtless none of those who selected him would fell short of what would be considered desirable; have ventured to prophesy the great success that there had been gratifying evidences of increasing would be his. But the qualities which Rush Rhees financial support from the community, and from brought to his new task were of the highest. non-Baptist sources; and, (though this doubtless Though some persons found him shy, he was, in brought no joy to the heart of the new president), essence, a warm and 'friendly man; he was wholly the decision had been taken to admit women to devoid of egotism or self-seeking; he possessed a the University's class rooms. He who looked below massive patience; he had both tact and resolution; the surface, indeed, could discern in this small his general cast of thought was well attuned to institution an undeniable vitality; and facing, as the community in which he found himself; his needs must be the case, very considerable limi­ willingness to listen and to learn was one of the tations, might yet look forward hopefully to a chief elements of his greatness. Nor, as the years larger and richer fu ture. went on, did success in any degree tarnish these The qualities which the new president brought high qualities, or alter his unfailing modesty' and to his task were many and various. There was, as simplicity, and his devotion to high academic Professor Slater has so well brought out in his standards. Whether the trustees knew it or not, biography of Dr. Rhees, an element of the for­ they had chosen just the man for the jqb, and the tuitous in the choice of the new president; the years that were to follow amply attested this fact. choice of a Baptist minister was made easy if not Dr. Rhees was, of course, wise enough at the prescribed by the fact that part of the president's outset to attach some stipulations to his appoint­ salary was to be paid from a bequest that could ment to the presidency; he naturally desired assur- 22 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf ances that he was the unanimous choice of the swing. Heavy taxation of great enterprises and of Board of Trustees; he asked for a vote on the large personal fortunes was as yet unknown. More­ board, something that had been denied to his over, the development of Rochester industries, predecessors; and, most of all, he set before him­ and especially of Eastman Kodak, was moving self from the outset the ideal of expansion. He forward with giant strides. The great personal knew that no institution of learning can remain fortune which was to have so much to do with the static, and he knew, too, that the necessary con­ development of the University was in rapid pro­ dition of going forward was money. Money he cess of accumulation. Not only Mr. Eastman him­ never over-valued, but he was well aware that self, but many others, who were so fortunate as to without far greatersupport than it had yet received hold stock in this expanding business, were more the University of Rochester would remain a rela­ and more in the mood to contribute to public tively inconspicuous institution of learning. He causes. The city had just passed through a period early began to dream of large additions to the of increased civic interest, and of many expres­ number of university buildings; and he did not sions of civic idealism. Factors such as these could at all mind putting forward projects that seemed not fail to contribute to the success of the new grandiose at the time, and that were, in fact, never president of the University of Rochester. destined to be realized in the form in which he Yet there was one circumstance, one obstacle, envisioned them. Without this vision of progress, which had to be overcome. Obviously, the greatest and of expansion, he would not have become the source of aid to the University would be the en­ great president that he was. thusiastic support of George Eastman. The Kodak In the large task ahead of him, however, it can­ magnate, however, professed not to be interested not be denied that Rush Rhees was assisted by in education, and at the time that Rush Rhees the times. The first decade of the 20th century came to Rochester he had not given a penny to was in many respects a halcyon era in the eco­ the University. In 1900, indeed, with his mind nomic history of the United States, and in the fixed on the more practical aspects of the educa­ economic history of Rochester. The eraof business tional problem, he had given the funds for the consolidation that had opened with the admin­ Mechanics Institute building on Plymouth Ave­ istration of President McKinley was still in full nue, but he had refused to have anything to do

George Eastman, 'not interested' •

Eastman Laboratories, built in 1906, Mr. Eastman's 'last gift' to the DR

Carnegie Building, opened in 1911, was the first home of engineering 23 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf with the drive for the Women's College. Yet there to a directly contrary statement that there was must be a way to reach him, no doubt the presi­ nothing so permanent, and therefore nothing so dent reasoned; a man who had shown so much worthwhile, as contributions to a University. That vision in bringing the resources of science to his this self-made man, proud of his strength and own business could be brought to appreciate the achievement, attained with so little formal in­ importance of scientific training in an American struction, should come to see the profound im­ college. plications of academic progress, was a tribute One of the principal needs of the University at both to him and to the president who patiently the beginning of the century was a laboratory and unostentatiously won his increasing confi­ building for biology and physics. The sum in­ dence and esteem. volved was $150,000, no small amount for a college The gift of 1904 was soon followed by another. whose alumni had not yet paid all their subscrip­ The president had found that the more concrete tions for the building of the alumni gymnasium and practical the project the more likely it was begun under Dr. Hill, and which still had an en­ that funds could be secured to translate it into dowment of under a million dollars in 1902. The effect, and in 1905 he was able, acting on this business went forward very slowly, but in 1903 principle, to make a new advance. Years before, Dr. Rhees succeeded in securing a pledge from Dr. Martin Anderson had declined a large gift Eastman for $10,000. Still the project lagged, and from Mr. Hiram Sibley for the foundation of an in 1904 the president tried again. This time he engineering school. But Dr. Rhees, though he took his courage in his hands (and courage it took valued liberal education, and was to demonstrate for a man of his temperament) and asked for the his interest in very concrete ways, never thought total cost of the building. He got no immediate that what was useful was educationally immoral. reply, though from the tone of the interview, as It is useless for those of us who teach the human­ described by Dr. Rhees, he had succeeded in no ities to turn up our noses at those branches of small degree in winning the confidence of the man learning which come closer to the life of affairs. who was to be his greatest collaborator. In larch The very character of our free society is deeply of 1904 he received from Mr. Eastman a check for affected by the growth of scientific knowledge and $60,000. Still later, when the cost of the building, by its application to the world of business. Presi­ in accordance with all the precedents, turned out dent Rhees, in his tastes, his instincts, and his to be greater than had originally been assumed, background, was a humanist. But he early saw the another $15,000 was added. True it was, that with value of technical training, and it is probably due the gift itself went the statement from the lord to him that shortly after his arrival in Rochester of Kodak that this was his last gift to the Univer­ the college catalogue began to put some emphasis sity, and a reiteration of the familiar declaration on preparatory work in engineering, to be com­ that he was "not interested in education." pleted in one of the technical schools. This meant, But the first steps in the education of Roches­ however, six years of work for the degree, and was ter's greatest benefactor had been taken, and the destined to give way before the pressures for a declaration made in 1904 was in time to give way shorter course. As it became clearer and clearer

Memorial Art Gallery was completed in 1913 24 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Commencements were held in old Alumni Gymnasium

that work in engineering would meet a real need, son gave lectures on the history of painting, sculp­ the president attempted to find the funds for a ture, architecture, engraving and etching, and building devoted to this new branch of curricu­ these lectures attracted much attention in the city lum, and in 1905 he was able to persuade Andrew at large. But the administration of Dr. Hill did Carnegie to donate $100,000, conditional on the nothing to carry forward this type of work, and raising of an equal sum by the University. it was left, therefore, to Dr. Rhees to revive it. Mr. Carnegie's interest in Rochester, after this He did so by calling to the faculty in the year initial gift, was never very deep, but in one respect 19'02 Dr. Elizabeth Denio, who had taught Ger­ his benefactions were to react in an interesting man and the history of art at Wellesley, and who way on the development of the University. In 1905 had reached the age ofretirement. Dr. Denio's work the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of was later to be somewhat dwarfed by comparison Teaching was founded, and was in part designed with that of the very great teacher who followed to provide pensions for members of the faculty her, and of whom more must be said later. But at in institutions of high academic standing. It was least a beginning had been made; and in addition natural that Rochester should wish to be included. as early as 1906, when plans were being drawn by The obstacle that stood in the way was that reso­ the president for the further development of the lution of the Board of Trustees, adopted in 1892, campus, a special place was assigned to a building which required that two-thirds of the Board's devoted to art. The aspiration then expressed was members should be regular members of Baptist to come to fruition in the year 1912 when Mrs. churches. In 1906, therefore, the Board reversed its James Sibley Watson provided the funds for the previous action, and resolved that "no denomin­ beautiful Memorial Art Gallery. ational test is imposed in the choice of trustees, The year 1912, indeed, was a key period in the officers or teachers (by the University of Rochester), development of Dr. Rhees's leadership. In that or in the admission of students, nor are distinctly year the presidency of his own Alma Mater was denominational tenets of doctrines taught to the vacant, and there was some discussion of his selec­ students." In many respects, this resolution merely tion to that post. There were, says Professor Slater, expressed what had long been true, but in its effect "such negotiations as precede an election," - a upon the composition of the Board, it represented phrase which arouses rather than fully satisfies an important change that redounded to the ad­ one's curiosity. But it is a great thing for a profes­ vantage of the institution. sor or a college administrator to be wanted else­ If the claims of specialized technical training where. This is the time,of course, to press for fuller were being met in Rhees's first years at Rochester, and more generous support, and for the fulfil­ something, too, was being done in an entirely ment of one's plans, and this is precisely what Dr. different field. Rochester was one of the first uni­ Rhees was to do. He made it clear if he were to versities in the country to give special attention to stay at Rochester, there were two things "of ur­ the history of art, and developments in this field gent necessity for accomplishment," the raising of go back to the administration of Martin B. Ander­ the salaries of professors and assistant professors, son himself. From 1872 to 1886, President Ander- and some increase in the numbers of the faculty, 25 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Graduating class of the early 1900's

Class of 1910 sings college songs in Class Day program; Ernest A. Paviour, Centennial Chairman, is at far right

and, secondly, "immediate steps to establish our on the campus. Carnegie Building, for the new work for women on a co-ordinate basis." Out of work in engineering, had also been completed. these suggestions came an increase by a million The funds for the Memorial Art Gallery had just dollars in the endowment of the University, the been donated by Mrs. James S. Watson. The place construction of a women's building in Catharine of the University in the life of the community Strong and Anthony Halls, and the strengthening was more established than ever before. of the instruction staff. Yet, Rochester, in 1912, was still distinctly a Before we turn to these matters, however, the provincial institution. True, the number of its year 1912 offers a convenient point at which to students had grown; the number of men candi­ summarize the progress of Rochester as an institu­ dates for the bachelor's degrees had increased tion of learning after 12 years of the Rhees presi­ from 157 to 247, and to these were now added 150 dency. A new science laboratory, appropriately women; but the tendency to depend on Rochester enough bearing Mr. Eastman's name, had arisen and its immediate environs for recruitment was, 26 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Pipe ceremony also was part of class rite

Women brought grace and beauty to college traditions-daisy arch procession passing in front of Sibley Hall

if anything, even more marked than it was in book method of instruction still predominated 1900. The library, without a full-time librarian, over the method of assigned readings in a broader contained only 58,000 volumes. The faculty was field. Though work for the Master's degree had three times as large as in 1900, but, despite the been offered for some time, there were only 10 can­ noble personal and fine intellectual qualities of didates for such a degree in 1912. It is proper, many of its members, it was still not a distin­ therefore, to regard the first 12 years of Dr. Rhees's guished body from the point of view of the outside presidency as a period of beginnings, rather than world of scholarship. as a drastic transformation of the University. Nor The methods of teaching were, in many re­ is there any fundamental criticism implied in such spects, still rather old-fashioned. Rochester, for a statement. Festina lente is a good proverb for example, clung to the 'three-term system, with academic leaders, especially in making a small classes five days a week, when almost all forward­ college into an institution of more ambitious looking institutions had abandoned it. The text scope. 27 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

There were still, of course, many things to be alumni. The writer of this article well remembers done before Rochester could look forward to really the impassioned comment of a relatively distin­ broad achievement. The endowment of the Uni­ guished graduate of the college in 1916 in a speech versity was still under $2,000,000, if one speaks in in the Alumni Gymnasium, "I don't want to see terms of income-bearing funds. This was a far any cooed occupying the seat where I used to listen larger sum in those days than it is now, as is well to Uncle Bill." After all, we are speaking of the attested by the fact that Amherst, one of the best of days when woman suffrage was still a debatable the small colleges, had only$2,600,000. But it could issue, when it was still seriously maintained that hardly support a program of great expansion. the moral character ofvirtuous womanhood might Most urgent for the widening influence of the be sapped by such rough work as the casting of a University was provision for living accommoda­ ballot for the presidency of the United States. tions for students. At Rochester, in Dr. Anderson's And the juxtaposition of men and women in the day, the president had actually been opposed to same classes was supposed, by many intelligent dormitories, and even seemed to regard them as people, to hamper the work of instruction, and, possible sinks of iniquity. While the benefits of "a in some instances, to interpose an obstacle to the Christian home," which Anderson emphasized, frank discussion of delicate questions in litera­ ture, art, and the problems of society. These views explain Dr. Rhees's emphasis on what he mellifluously described as co-ordinate education. But they do not alter the fact that this emphasis, for a substantial period, added to the costs of college administration, as well as running counter to the tendencies of the time. The separa­ tion of the two campuses in 1930 sprang directly out of such prepossessions as these. Time, it is true, has changed the character of the problem; the growth in the number of women educated at Rochester has much attenuated the additional expense involved in the separation of the sexes, if classes are to be kept to reasonable numbers; and there have been real advantages to the morale of the women themselves in having a campus of their own. Nor, as is easy to see, has communica­ tion been impossible between Oak Hill and Prince Street. But these observations do not alter the fact that the president's opposition to co-edu­ cation represented a point of view that is less and less widely held today. For men only: first dormitory, Kendrick Hall, opened in t 913 We have said that the year 1912 was an impor­ tant landmark in the history of the University. may in some instances have been considerable, The prestige of Dr. Rhees in the community was they could hardly have been considered by a pro­ by now very great; the million-dollar endowment gressive educator as a substitute for that intellec­ campaign of that year, even though sustained by tual and moral stimulus to undergraduates which George Eastman's gift of half that sum, and by a comes from living together. By 1912 there was rec­ generous grant from the General Education ognition of that fact. Indeed, funds had already Board, was a sign of growing interest in the been raised for the erection of Kendrick Hall. college, the start on the Memorial Art Gallery and which was to be formally opened in January of on Kendrick Hall was gratifying evidence of a 1913. The fraternity houses offered opportunity wider usefulness; the erection of the women's also for students from out of town. But these buildings added to the physical assets of the in­ accommodations were, on the whole, meager. stitution. But the great era of expansion was still There was one respect, also, in which the U ni­ some distance away, and the tremendous future of versity administration represented very conserva­ the University was by no means clear when the tive tendencies. Dr. Rhees, on the question of writer of this survey came to the University in the women's education, certainly did not occupy an fall of 1915. None the less, important events oc­ advanced position. This point of view, moreover, curred in the period between 1912 and the end was shared by not a small number of the local of the war. 28 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

One of these was a rather sweeping change in of the curricular revisions; it broke down the ex­ the curriculum. On this aspect of affairs, President cessive prescriptions of the earlier programs; it Rhees permitted a wide range of freedom to his divided the subjects taught into groups which faculty, and the questions involved in students' represented the humanities, the sciences, and choices of election have occupied the teachers of social studies; it provided not only for reasonable the arts college at appropriate intervals ever since distribution within these groups, but for concen­ the first revision in 1912-13. tration in the last two years of undergraduate The whole problem necessarily involves a clash activity; it provided the framework of a rational between the point of view that emphasizes the and well-balanced program, and a foundation on value of prescription and the necessity for a which all other revisions have rested. It repre­ broad development of the student's interests, and sented, beyond all question, a distinct educational the point of view that insists on freedom, and is advance. not troubled by the variegated programs that There was a gain, too, in the faculty legislation sometimes result from freedom, or from the nar­ of the following year on the marking system. High row preoccupation with a narrow field which free­ academic standards are one of the marks of a well­ dom makes possible. It is possible that the issues administered university. One of the elements in involved in curricular program can be exagger­ ated; one of the most venerated of my colleagues at the University once suggested that here was occasion for the application of the famous French maxim, "Plus cela change, plus c'est toujours la meme chose." But so harsh a judgment would doubtless not be generally accepted, and it is un­ deniable that fresh thinking on the problem of educational objectives usually results from a re­ view of the curriculum. Futhermore, it is certain, in my opinion, that the extremes are wrong; that a rigidly prescribed program violates sound prin­ ciple; that freedom, on the other hand, cannot be absolute, if the aims of general education are to be met. It is reasonable, therefore, to discuss this problem, and to accept, albeit with a sense of humor, the intensity of feeling which academic­ ians often bring to its examination. Dr. Rhees understood this intensity of feeling. He was far too wise to attempt to dominate in matters of this kind; he left the job of curricular revision very largely to the faculty. And the remarkable thing is that always, in 1913, again in Presidents' home from 1867-1932 is now Seelye House, a dormitory the '20's, and again in the '30's, the job was done with a very minimum of recrimination and heart­ such standards, or at any rate one of the neces­ burning. The men who presided over the process sities for their maintenance, is the existence of were, without doubt, particularly fitted for their some reasonable and definite criteria as to what task, and much honor is due to Charles Hoeing, constitvtes passable, superior, or truly excellent Arthur Gale, and to Victor Chambers, for ex­ accomplishment. The faculty, in 1914-15 pro­ ample, for their services in this regard. But able, ceeded to establish careful definitions as to these and serene as they always were, they could not matters. True, there was perhaps an unconscious have succeeded in their task if the faculty itself humor in the description of grades between 70 had not been a remarkably harmonious body; and 80 as indicating that the recipient of such and this is the place in this narrative to under­ doubtful praise might be "conscientious but dull" line this important fact. In the growth of the Uni­ or "brilliant but lazy"; and it may have been draw­ versity, and large as the faculty has become, there ing it a little fine to discover a wholly different has been a singularly considerate and reasonable set of characteristics in students rating from 85 to spirit; factionalism, or petty personal jealousies 89, as compared with those from 80 to 84; but have been virtually unknown, college problems there was value, too, in the emphasis which was have been discussed always in a constructive spirit. placed on original thinking and on the co-ordi­ The revision of 1913 was the most fundamental nation of knowledge. 29 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Thelittlestadium (top) atold UniversityField, MainStreet; neighborshadgrandstandseatsin their attics to watchgames

It was in this period just before the war, more­ books. The beginnings of that growth which has over, the systematic instruction in an extension made the University book collections truly effec­ division became a feature of the University pro­ tive instruments of education may be said to have gram. No one who witnessed the early history of begun in these days just before American entry our extension work will be able to deny that there into the First World War. were times when it seemed to run a bit berserk, In this period just before the First World War, and when the goal of numbers appeared to be great steps forward were taken in the field of phys­ more important than effective teaching on a high ical education. The program in this regard down level. In a community such as Rochester, however, to the coming of Dr. Edwin Fauver in 1916 had such instruction is of great service. At the begin­ not been a very comprehensive one. It became an ning, the work was' certainly strictly academic; and important part of the whole scheme of instruction though the changes of administrative leadership with the appointment of this vigorous and able were frequent, the general development of the man. Not only was more attention than ever before enterprise was along sound lines. devoted to the student's health, but an earnest While the faculty was thus seeking to improve effort was made to interest him in intramural the curriculum, and raise economic standards, an sports. In the world of intercollegiate athletics important change took place with the appoint­ Rochester, speaking generally, held no very con­ ment in 1915 of a professional librarian. The spicuous place, nor were those responsible for its affairs of Sibley Hall had been administered by development interested in any such ambition. But a committee of the faculty, while the bewhiskered the University none the less produced some re­ Herman Kent Phinney, a classical figure in the markable basketball teams during these years; memory of many undergraduates, presided over a and on the football field it was good enough, at somewhat turbulent readingroom,and performed least, not to arouse athletic-minded alumni to the routine administrative functions. As was to be' strident protest. brought out in the report of James McMillan, The years that followed on 1912 were years of who took office in the fall of 1915, Rochester stood progress. There had been a healthy growth in at the bottom of a list of comparable institutions numbers; the budget, though a tight one, was with­ in the numbers of the library staff, in the number in a few thousand dollars of balancing each year; of the volumes on its shelves, and almost at the there had been a new and important addition to bottom in the percentage of college income de­ endowment in the Ross bequest of 1915, which, voted to library purposes or to appropriations for though restricted in its terms to work in "vital 30 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

S.A.T.C. barracks were constructed on campus during World War I

economics," was yet to be found extremely useful; Washington, and compiled a roster of the repre­ the money from the campaign of 1912 had all sentatives of the University, students and teachers been collected, and exceeded by $82,000 the goal alike, who contributed directly to victory. The of a million dollars which had then been set; the roster, to quote from the President Rhees' report number of gifts for special purposes was encourag­ for the year 1918-19, "contains the names of 850 ing; the feel of progress was in the air. Obviously, Rochester alumni and of 12 alumnae and non­ the entry of America into the war was to be for graduates; of whom 654 served in the Army, no a little a somewhat retarding influence; but not less than 279 as commissioned officers, and 36 as for long, and not in any serious degree. privates; II in the Marine Corps, four as commis­ The war years in Rochester are still fresh in the sioned officers, one as a non-commissioned officer, memory of many of its teachers and alumni. Who six as privates, 26 who served in other branches does not remember the college assembly in which of war activity under the Government; six who President Rhees read to the undergraduates the served in the Red Cross; and 28 who served in the great message of PresidentWilson ofApril 2, 1917; YM.C.A. Of our alumnae and former women who does not remember the still more dramatic students seven were in military hospital service; meeting in Catharine Strong Hall when not a few three in France and four in this country; four members of the faculty took leave of the students were in service with the Y.M.C.A., three in France to answer the call to arms; who can forget the and one in this country; and one served with the frigid winter of 1917-18, with its coal-less days, American Red Cross." and its faculty meeting in the barren common This record was, indeed, an honorable one; and room of Kendrick Hall? Certainly the writer can­ it does not need to be embroidered. Out of the not; and though he was away in the service in the large number of Rochester men who answered the year 1918-19, he has vivid memories of the tribu­ call to arms, most, happily enough, returned; lations, as they have been narrated to him, that indeed, only three were killed in action; one met were connected with the S. A. T. C., and of the his death in an aeroplane accident connected with outburst of joy that marked the armistice of No­ his training; and six died of disease. vember 11, 1918. It was the war (who can deny it?) that launched It is possible to state with accuracy the role of the University on that larger career for which the Rochester men in the war itself. Professor Slater patient leadership of Dr. Rhees had so admirably devoted the summer of 1918 to work in the Mili­ prepared it. In common with many other insti­ tary Intelligence Division of the General Staff at tutions of learning, Rochester gained from the 31 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Their vision led to great Medical Center: From left, Dr. Rhees, Dr. Abraham Flexner, George Eastman, and Dean George H. Whipple

increasing enrollment which followed on the hardly be greater evidence of the growing pride termination of the struggle; but it gained still of Rochesterians in their University, and their more from the large accessions to personal wealth growing satisfaction in its contribution to their that naturally flowed from the war years, and welfare. from the immense increase in personal wealth But the endowment campaign of 1919 was only on the part of some of those most closely con­ the prelude to developments on a very large scale. nected with the University. Mr. Eastman, who was "not interested in educa­ These gains are not foreshadowed, however, in tion" became such a benefactor of the University the president's report for 1918-19. The war, Dr. as has rarely been seen in the history of any insti­ Rhees explained, had left the University with an tution. He had had for some time an amateur in­ accumulated deficit; expenses had pyramided as terest in music; he had an organ installed in his they have a way of doing in war; it had been neces­ home, and among the most influential of his sary (and how wise and generous as weIll) to meet friends were some who were particularly inter­ the difficulties of members of the teaching staff ested in the musical field. There was also in his by bonuses paid to them in the years 1917, 1918, mind the idea of combining an interest in music and 1919. The situation called for a new endow­ with the development of a great moving picture ment campaign, and a million dollars was pro­ theatre, which should have both an educational posed as the goal. Mr. Eastman was announced as and a recreational value. ready to contribute $100,000; another $100,000 Rochester had had a symphony orchestra since was in sight before the campaign began. The 1900, and an Institute of Musical Art had opened campaign was placed under the direction of Ray­ its doors on Prince Street in 1913. This organi­ mond N. Ball, alumni secretary, then, as now, one zation had been purchased by the University with of the most devoted alumni and best and most Mr. Eastman's help, and was to form the nucleus effective friends of the University. The money for the great development that was to take place. was raised, and no less than 2896 persons con­ In 1919, Mr. Eastman took a great step forward. tributed. There was an excellent response from He declared his readiness to finance a much larger former members of the college; but still more im­ enterprise, which would make Rochester a true pressive, perhaps, is the fact that $572,000 came musical center. He pledged something in the from citizens of Rochester who had had no close neighborhood of 10 million dollars to this enter­ connection with the institution. There could prise. Thus there was called into being the East- 32 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf man School of Music with its magnificent audi­ college. One was the high opinion that the admin­ torium (where college commencements have been istrative heads of the General Education Board held since 1923), with its charming little Kilbourn had of Dr. Rhees himself. Still another was the Hall for chamber music, and with its splendid presence of a dental dispensary in Rochester facilities for musical instruction. In 1924, (to which was the gift of Mr. Eastman, and which anticipate a bit) Dr. Howard Hanson was called seemed to suggest that his interest might be ex­ to the leadership of this school and under his dis­ tended to the field of medicine. And, in addition tinguished administration, it has played a great to all this, it was important that the new school role in the musical development of the whole should be built from the very beginning, without country. any narrow precedents to cramp development. Hardly had this great gift been made than an­ The decision once taken, Dr. Rhees was ap­ other of equal splendor was on the way. The initi­ proached, and asked if he thought it possible to ative for the founding of the School of Medicine enlist the interest of Rochester's great benefactor. did not come from Dr. Rhees. It came from the Thus the matter came in due course before him, General Education Board, the great corporation and his support was secured. Not only did he him­ entrusted by John D. Rockefeller with the appor­ self give on a superb scale to the new project, but tionment of his funds to worthy educational enter­ he also took up the matter with Mrs. Gertrude S. prises. In 1919 Dr. Abraham Flexner, one of the Achilles and Mrs. Helen Strong Carter, the daugh­ most conspicuous of all figures in the history of ters of his former partner, and they generously American medical education, persuaded the board offered to give the money for the hospital which to make a large special appropriation for improv­ was an essential part of the plan. And so in 1920 ing medical schools. He originally had in mind the president of the University was ready to an­ some kind ofassistance to the great medical centers nounce this new enterprise, and in the years just in New York City. But the trail of politics, and an following, there arose on the Elmwood Avenue innate conservatism as to method, were both to be site a group of buildings which were to house one traced in the great municipality, and Dr. Flexner of the really first-rate medical schools of the coun­ came to the conclusion that "the most effective try. To the headship of this school came Dr. George way of putting pressure upon the New York medi­ H. Whipple, of the University of California, and cal schools WdS to start something first-rate some­ around this eminent figure, through his rare where else in the state." knowledge of men, was soon gathered a group of The choice of Rochester was due to several con­ scholars and teachers in whom Rochester has siderations. One was the excellent standards of the taken, and does take, a great and growing pride.

Key figures in early beginnings of the Eastman School of Music and Theatre Mr. Eastman, Eric Clark, George Todd, Eugene Goosens, and Dr. Howard Hanson 33 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

The great 1924 endowment campaign for $10,000,000 was a triumph; 13,651 contributed-graduates, Rochester citizens, large donors

But this stoty, like that of the Music School, 1602 loyal sons and daughters of Rochester. From must be left to other hands. We must turn back those not connected with the University came the to the fortunes of the College of Arts and Science. staggering sum of nearly four million dollars, It is a trite maxim that nothing succeeds like suc­ (excluding Mr. Eastman's gift), representing the cess. The prestige of the University had been, of amazing number of 13,651 separate pledges. So course, immensely enhanced by the events which impressive were the results of the campaign to the have just been described. In his report for 1921-22 great Kodak magnate that,besides making his con­ the president was able to announce ambitious tribution of two and one half million dollars. he plans for the removal of the Men's College to Oak added six more millions to his gifts to the Univer­ Hill. The initiative for this great project came sity, one and a half million of which was destined from outside University circles. But it was, of for the Women's College. It would be difficult to course, welcomed by Dr. Rhees, who had always find a more remarkable exampleofcivic spiritand wished to see the Men's and Women's Colleges of individual personal munificence than was regis­ separate. tered in the great campaign of 1924. There thus took place the great endowment Following the precedent set by Dr. Rhees in his campaign of 1924. The goal set was no less than annual report for 1924-25, it may be convenient 10 million dollars. Mr. Eastman led off with two at this point to summarize the contributions up and a half million; the General Education Board to this time by George Eastman to the University. pledged one million; the rest was raised in the "In 1903-04," wrote the President, "he gave $78,­ City of Rochester, and provides impressive proof 500 for the Eastman Laboratory.In 1912, $500,000 of the pride of its citizens in the University. The toward the endowment campaign of that year. In vast sum of $6,378,000 was individuallysubscribed 1918, $28,000 to acquire the property of the Insti­ in the campaign. Sixty-nine percent of the living tute of Musical Art, the nucleus of our Eastman alumni of the college had a part in these contribu­ School of Music.In 1919-22 hecontributed$9,604.­ tions, and 75 percent of the alumnae, and their 728, for new buildings,land and endowmentofthe total subscriptions amounted to over a million School of Music and Eastman Theatre. In 1919 one hundred thousand doll

President Rhees turns first spade of earth at River Campus in 1927

The faculty of the University, in the last year ment of the engineering courses, there was Earl before the First World 'War, amounted to 47. As Burt Taylor, picked from the superintendency of had been true since its early history, Rochester schools in the town of LeRoy, and amazingly com­ possessed an extraordinary number of devoted petent in raising the standards of the Extension teachers, and men of large views and fine spirits. Division as Director of Extension; there was John But it was still a place perhaps from which it was Edward Hoffmeister, on the threshold of a dis­ a distinction to be called rather than an honor to tinguished career as a scholar, and destined to remain. Thus in 1925, Professor Packard, one of become one of the ablest of the University's ad­ the most inspiring of the University's teachers, ministrators. And coming back, after an absence accepted a call to Amherst, and in the same year forced upon him by public clamor during the Raymond Dexter Havens, perhaps the foremost war, was the gentle and learned Ewald Eiserhardt, scholar in the College in the field of the human­ who gave distinction to the teaching of the history ities, went to the Johns Hopkins University at of art such as had never been given before. Other Baltimore. Professor Ernsberger, too, the only pro­ names might be cited, but the roll call of those fessor of engineering I have ever known who could just mentioned is evidence of high standards and read the Iliad in the original, had accepted an wise choice of the new members of the faculty. invitation from Cornell. To mention these facts Once more in the '20's the faculty attacked the is not to depreciate the noble service performed perennial problem of the revision of the curricu­ by manyof those who gave the better part of their lum. Professor Charles Watkeys was given a year's lives to the service of the University. Who can leave of absence to study the educational trends, ever estimate highly enough the rich and varied and his careful analysis of these trends was fol­ learning of John Rothwell Slater, the utter devo­ lowed by the most important faculty legislation in tion of Arthur Sullivan Gale to the interests of the this field since 1912-13. The most distinctive fea­ undergraduates, the fine administrative and teach­ ture of the new plan adopted was the institution ing qualities of Victor Chambers, the humanity of the comprehensive examination. The case for and broad culture of Charles Hoeing, to mention this innovation is simply stated. Students tend, in only a few? their college work to think too much in terms of The numbers of the faculty had, of course, im­ courses, which are passed only to be conveniently mensely grown by 1930, reaching a figure almost forgotten. Somewhere, in the educational process, thrice that of 1917. But at the higher level, a there should be an effort to integrate the know­ faculty changes slowly, and amongst the full pro­ ledge gained, to bring together materials from a fessors in the college there were not many that had considerable body of learning, and to consolidate not been in the list of 13 years before. There was, and coordinate such materials. The value of a of course, Professor Murlin,a highly distinguished comprehensive examination covering a relatively man in his field of physiology, and director of the wide field is that it accomplishes precisely this end. Department of Vital Economics under the Ross No doubt, in some subjects where the student's bequest; there was Joseph W. Gavett, who gave efforts are necessarily cumulative, need for such fine energies and strong purpose to the develop- an examination is somewhat less apparent. But in 36 ------,

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many subjects, and in the humanities and the proportions of the buildings entirely suitable, the social sciences in particular, there is a very real grounds such as would in due course become ex­ necessity for the review of bodies of learning not tremely attractive. Time has in every way vindi­ necessarily dependent upon one another, and for cated the decisions that were then made. The River the gaining of a new insight into their relation­ Campus today has real distinction; it has become ships. This need the faculty sought to meet in the more and more delightful to look upon; and its legislation of 1927-28. Experience was to vindicate central quadrangle presents a most impressive its action, and to make clear that a new construc­ front to the contemporary visitor. It might per­ tive step, and one looking toward higher stand­ haps be the better if there were more faculty and ards, had been taken in the important field of the curriculum. students living upon it; but the difference in this In the period we are now examining, the Exten­ respectfrom PrinceStreet before thewar is none the sion Division, starting with humble beginnings less impressive. Kendrick Hall housed only about in the years before the war, had attained a very 25 students; the dormitories on the River, includ­ considerable development. The number of en­ ing the temporary accommodations, take care of rollees in 1929-30 was no less than 1,184. In addi­ about 20 times that number, and, in addition, the tion a summer school had now been in operation presence of the fraternity houses on the campus for a number of years, and the enrollment in this has added a flavor of homelikeness to the general session was 909. Both of these developments, as character of the scene. It would, I think, be the already stated, gained much from the strong ad­ judgment of most interested persons today that ministration of Professor Taylor; both widened here is a fit home for a great University. the sphere of usefulness and extended the reputa­ When this new home was opened, the Univer­ tion of the University. sity of Rochester, in the nature of things, entered The year 1930 saw the transfer of the Men's Col­ upon a new era of expansion and development. lege to Oak Hill. There an impressive library There is no end to the process of growth for a well­ building was erected with the space for upwards administered institution of learning; nor, indeed, of one million volumes, and dedicated, as such a is there any alternative to growth, but stagnation library should have been dedicated, to Rush and retrogression. You cannot, Woodrow Wilson Rhees; there excellent buildings for the teaching once said, keep a white post white except by con­ of science rose on both sides of the quadrangle; stant effort; you cannot keep a university strong there sprang up Morey Hall, devoted to the hu­ except by constant attention to its problems, by manities and the social studies, and there arose being on the watch for every sign of weakness, and dormitories, larger than ever before, fraternity for every new opportunity of service. The accom­ houses, Todd Union, and the Strong Auditorium. plishment of these years had, by any comparative In the fall of the year 1930, when instruction standard, been prodigious; and it was possible, on began on this new River Campus, the aspect of the basis of the past, for the friends of the Univer­ things may have appeared a little bleak; yet the sity to look forward with high confidence to the scheme of the architects was an excellent one, the future. 37

From golf course to campus: Eastman Quadrangle as it appeared in construction state, with Rhees Library steelwork in background

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Noted educators joined in dedication ceremony at the new River Campus ROCHESTER COMES OF AGE: Rise to Leadership, 1930-1950 By DEXTER PERKINS

HE TRANSFER of the Men's College to Oak The question was being studied in the last years Hill is, in one sense, the end of an epoch of the Rhees administration. A so-called Com­ Tin the history ofthe UniversityofRochester. mittee on the 10 Year Plan brought together, But it did not mark the end of President Rhees's consolidated, and sometimes added to the rec­ administration, or the end of that period of great ommendations of the various department, and material growth which is associated with the ben­ the fields of learning represented by the sciences, efactions of Mr. Eastman. the arts, the humanities and the social studies. Dr. Rhees was to remain in office for nearly five The ideals of the University have never been years more. And Mr. Eastman's munificent gifts more succinctly and persuasively stated than in were to have their climax in his bequest of by far the report of this Committee, which must, there­ the greater part of his estate to the University at fore, be considered in some detail. In the first place, it was definitely suggested that the time of his death in 1932. At that time the im­ Rochester should never strive for mere numbers, mense sum of 19 million dollars was added to the but that it should remain, as indeed it has re­ endowment, making Rochester one of the wealthi­ mained, a relatively small institution ministering est institutions of learning in the country, stand­ to the needs of a group of students which should ing fourth amongst all privately-controlled Uni­ be highly selective, though chosen not on the basis versities at that time. The question that was now of academic excellence alone, but on the basis of posed was how the best use could be made of this their general high qualities, and promise of use­ remarkable benefaction, and along what lines fulness to the larger community, of which they would take place beneficial and constructive ad­ would become a part. Moreover, a very great vancement. emphasis was laid on good teaching. 39 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

It has been very easy, in the growth of institu­ drawing a not inconsiderable proportion of its tions of learning, to lose sight of this essential re­ students from that same community, is that of quirement. It has been very easy to fall a victim to a narrow provincialism. Here again the 10 Year the thesis that "productive research" takes pre­ Plan !Kruck the right note. Its recommendation of cedence over performance in the classroom. No scholarships on an increasing scale forout-of-town doubt these two are more intimately connected students was wisely conceived, and was designed than is always seen to be the case. No doubt the to be effectively executed. best teacher is one who is constantly growing in Finally, emphasis was placed upon the develop­ his field, and who therefore has some desire to add ment of graduate instruction, and upon adequate to the area of kno",ledge in that field. But it is provision of those increased facilities that would quite another thing to sacrifice the interests of make that graduate instruction possible. the undergraduates to projects of special interest But the evolution of a university never takes to the professor, which have little relevance to the place precisely according to the ideas embodied in growth of his capacities as an instructor of youth. a committee report. A strong president will inevit­ The faculty of the University of Rochester have ably leave his mark upon an institution in many never succumbed to this temptation. Neither un­ ways that a faculty committee is not likely to an­ der Dr. Rhees nor under his successor, Alan Val­ ticipate in advance. Something of his personal entine, has there been any tolerance for poor outlook, and something of new circumstances, and teaching, or any disposition to give to teaching a new occasions for useful service, is bound to enter purely secondary place in the scheme of things. into the equation. Alan Valentine became presi­ Another point that was stressed in the report dent of the University of Rochester in 1935. It is of the Committee on the 10 Year Plan was equiv­ fitting to analyze his most importantcontributions alence of educational opportunity in the College in the IS-year period of his leadership, and to rec­ for Men and the College for Women. It was rec­ ognize the positive services which he performed ognized by those who drew up that report that for the University of Rochester. while Rochester qJ.ight indeed aim at eminence One of the earliest developments that took place in the develoRment of the Men's College, there under his administration was a new revision of the was, on account of the relatively small number curriculum. In some respects this revision was of institutions devoted exclusively to the educa­ hardly more than a liberalization of the rules tion of women, a special and interesting challenge. governing "distribution" and "concentration," And, here again, as we shall shortly see, the views and one which marked no very great breach with of the Committee were to be realized by the new the past. But there was one novel feature, and administration which was to come into office in this was due to the president himself. 1935. The institution of honors work at Rochester The danger which confronts a University draw­ has been one of the most fruitful modifications of ing its resources from a single community, and the previous educational practice. By this work, 40

Alumni and alumnae from many parts of the country came to celebrate advent of Greater University at dinner in the new Alumni Gymnasium http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Air view reveals beauty of River Campus in 1950

41 "Beside the Genesee"

Planting first ivy http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Inauguration of President Alan Valentine, 1935

Young president receives University's Charter

At his desk in Eastman House 42 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf the student is exeIIlpud from ordinary classroom attenebnce during e junior and senior years. Instead of attending ectures. taking tests" and doing assigned readings. he is permitted tochoose seminars, two in each tenD for eachofthe last years. These seminars are purposely kept small. I7H'df reaching beyond eight dents. . e e manner f rondncting the seminarvaries ·th the individual instructor,the essentialprincip eisilia the studentshall prepare a papttonsomeassigned topic. and that this paper shall be read. criticized. and analyzed by the seminar group under the leadership of the teacher. There are no exam­ inations in the U5U3l senseof the ord. t the end of the senior ear the student is examined by an outside examiner in all the fields of study which he has taken up, andgranteda degree with honoTS, Seminar group in Honors Studies high honors, or highest honors, oommensurate with his achievemenL Though the number of students admitted to been fully appreciated by his oolleagues and by the Honors Division has not been large. none the the administration. But the appointment of Pr0­ less a very fundamental principle of education fessor Albert Noyes. who came to us from Bro~ has been involved. One of the disturbing aspects as had Dean Carmichael. brought to Rochester of American university education has been its in­ a scholar who has attained very great distinction. creasing impersonality. The vast numbers that and who has expandedand brought to a new peak have flooded the American oolleges have made of attainment the Department of Chemistry. impossible that intimacy between teacher and There have been indeed few appointments at any student which is one of the most valuable ele­ time that have done more to enhance the reputa­ ments in the educational process. The honors sys­ tion of the University. tem provides for this intimacy. It underlines one This period before the WM sawalso theappoint­ of those values which it is easy to lose sight of in ment of a new Dean ofWomen. Dr. Janet Howell our enthusiasm for statistical prestige. It has been Clark. who came to her new post in the fall of a great sua::ess hom every point of view. 1938, brought the highest qualities to her task... A In the years before the war there took. place also genuine scholar. with wide sympathies and inter­ umfer President Valentine's leadership a notable ests. and a never-failing pertinacity in advancing strengthening of two of the most important de­ or protecting the interests of the students. she has partments of instruction. The appointment of left her mark deep upon the Women's College Leonard Carmichael as Dean of the Faculty during the last decade. In esprit de oorps. in stu­ brought to the University a psychologist of wide dent personnel, in widened reputation. it has be­ and growing reputation, who was given extensive oome more and more a source of pride to all those facilities with which to work. and under whose who are devoted to the interests of the University. guidance a great development took. place in the In other respects President Valentine's first field ofwhich he was a master. In the field ofchem­ years saw interesting advances. We have already istry the leadership of Dean Chambers had long alluded to the danger that an institution so situ- 43

At Town and Gown dinner in 1941 Dean Hoffmeister and the President http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

1950 Conference on Human Rights

ated as our own will suffer from a certain provin­ manship at Rochester. One of these on the human­ cialism and parochialism. One way of avoiding ities brought scholars from the fields of art, liter­ this danger is to increase the number of eminent ature, history, and philosophy. Others devoted to visitors who come to Rochester. Their presence American and English literature provided new here is not only refreshing and stimulating, but insights into these important branches of learning they are given a chance to see how excellent is the by teachers eminent in these subjects. The celebra­ work which is done here, and to carry away a pro­ tions of the Centennial year were opened with the perly enthusiastic judgment about the measure of students' Conference on Human Rights at which our achievement. In 1939-40 was assembled the appeared such notables as Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, first of a series of conferences that have been one Dr. Ralph Bunche, Dr. Edwin G. Nourse and Lt. of the distinctive features of the Valentine admin­ Gen. Walter Bedell Smith. istration. This gathering, devoted to the study of In the pre-war years, to return to them for the "New Frontiers in American Life" brought a con­ moment,additions were made to the housing facil­ siderable number of eminent business men to the ities of the University, thus permitting the admis­ University. In a period when far too many people sion of more out-of-town students. On the River were still accepting the idea that our national Campus the Stadium Dormitory, a relatively mod­ economy was "mature" and incapable of further est project, none the less provided accommoda­ expansion, it underlined the wide possibilities of tions for 45 students. On the Prince Street Cam­ future development, and in so doing attracted pus the erection of Munro Hall was of great sig­ nation-wide attention. nificance. An admirable building, designed by The conference on "New Frontiers" in the Kaelber and Waasdorp, its publicrooms furnished course of the years ahead was to be followed by largely through the taste and attention which the many others. Conspicuous among them were those president's wife bestowed upon them provided organized by Professor Kathrine Koller, the dis­ accommodations for 135 women students, and tinguished chairman of the English Department paved the way for a very substantial development and the first woman to hold a departmental chair- of the Women's College. 44

New Frontiers Conference in 1941 drew leaders in every field to define new opportunities in business, science, professions http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Todd Union, student life center

Portico of Rush Rhees Library 45

Cavett Hall, Engineering http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

a mr:n"s , http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

BaslrctbaU .--_~~ m••Alumni Gymnasium

Intr:roo8cgiab: mr:ct in swinuuing pool

Main gate, football stadium

.7 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Welles Brown Browsing Room, Rhees Library reading lounge

By 1940, however, the shadows of coming war al­ The record of Rochester in the Second World ready loomed over Rochester, as they loomed over War stands, in some respects, in marked contrast the nation at large. Dean DuBridge, now president to the record of the first. In 1917-18 the normal of the California Institute of Technology, was ab­ life of the college was not greatly changed until sent from the University during most of the aca­ the struggle was almost over. Though members demic year, 1940-41, in research of the highest im­ of the faculty and of the student body naturally portant in connection with the national defense. left for war service, and set an example of pat­ A more important tribute to President Valen­ riotism of which we can all be proud, the distinc­ tine's choice of his assistants (since Dean Du­ tive contributions of the University, as a Univer­ Bridge had been called to Rochester by Dr. Rhees) sity, cannot be described as of the first importance. was the choice of Frederick L. Hovde as assistant But in the years 1941-45, the case was far different. to the president, and now (1950) president of Pur­ The growth and the increased distinction of the due University, as head technical aid in England University staff in the field of science provided an of the National Defense Research Committee. opportunity for service of the very first order. Acting under President Conant of Harvard, Mr. For example, Professor Noyes, as chief of a Hovde did yeoman service in that co-ordination of division of the National Research Defense Com­ British and American research activities which mittee, supervised chemical warfare research at was to yield such great results when the challenge more than 20 universities and industrial concerns, was finally thrown down, and the United States was chairman of the joint British Empire-United entered the world struggle.. States Project Co-ordination Staff, and was also That challenge came, of course, with the Japan­ on the staff of the chief of the Chemical Warfare ese attack on Pearl Harbor. The writer well re­ service. The distinguished services which he per­ members the luncheon at Eastman House the formed led to his appointment as adviser to the next day with the president and his wife and Serge Office of Civil Defense Planning, to study tech­ Koussevitsky, the director of the Boston Sympho­ nological aspects of radiological defense, and ny. After luncheon we had gone into the large liv­ chairman of the Chemical Warfare Committee of ing room on the west side and there had listened the Research and Development Board. Dr. Lee to President Roosevelt's speech to the Congress. DuBridge directed the government Radiation Mr. Roosevelt finished, and the voice of the an­ Laboratory at M.LT., where he was in charge of nouncer came over the air, "Ladies and gentle­ nearly 2,000 scientists, technicians, and engineers. men, the national anthem." And without a word Dr. Robert Marshak, now at the age of 33 chair­ the four of us rose and stood silent till the last man of the Department of Physics, was a key man noted of the "Star Spangled Banner" died away. It in the atomic bomb development as deputy group was in this spirit of serious devotion to the na­ leader in theoretical physics at Los Alamos, and tional welfare that President Valentine began the also served on highly important atomic research years of his war service at Rochester. projects in Canada and at the M.LT. Radiation 48 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Navy V-12 students and staff in World War II

Alumni present V-12 flag Dr. O'Brien and staff Abandon ship drill designed war devices

University's war service flag

Marine trainees parade on Lower Campus 49 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Navigational bridge, Harkness Hall

Chemistry research wing, Lattimore Hall, opened in 1949

Temporary veterans' dormitory 50 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Laboratory. Dr. Sidney Barnes, who directed the link established by this -means with the national planning and contruction of the new 250,000,000 defense cannot fail to be of large importance to volt cyclotron installed at the University, worked the future of the University. on the atomic project at the University of Califor­ In the war years, then, Rochester, in a sense, nia, and at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos. Dr. Brian came of age. Its place as a great University was O'Brien, director of the Institute of Optics, di­ confirmed by its choice as the center of research rected an impressive number of vital research con­ on the medical aspects of the atomic bomb devel­ tracts in the development of identification and opment under the so-called Manhattan Project, detection devices. The Institute of Optics itself continued in time of peace, under the Atomic was the center for about half the entire govern­ Energy Commission, and dealing with the study ment contract work on such research. Dr. J. Ed­ of atomic energy. Rochester men were present at ward Hoffmeister organized the Target Chart Bikini, with the experimental explosion of the Coverage Unit of the Army Map Service, and atomic bomb. Rochester men will play an import­ served as consultant to the War College. His un­ ant part, it cannot be doubted, in the portentous rivalled knowledge of geological formations in developments of the future in the field of science. the South Pacific Islands provided the American It was not to be expected that developments of military authorities with invaluable information such far-reaching importance should take place for the occupation of the coral atolls of the Pacific. in the field of the social studies and of the human­ The Psychology Department played a leading ities. Yet it may fairly be stated that on this side of part in a program for the National Testing Serv­ the account, too, there has been substantial pro­ ice of the Civil Aeronautics Administration, with gress. The over-all picture, were we to examine it its headquarters at Rochester. The Division of in detail, would reveal a very considerable Engineering, in co-operation with University strengthening of areas of great importance, very School, carriedout an emergency training program large advances in the development of the Univer­ which made a vital contribution to the solution of sity Library, and though it is not within the prov­ man-power problems and to the war production ince of this analysis to consider the matter in de­ record of Rochester. tail, significant advances in graduate study and in This impressive record on highly important the work of the University School. It would be and specific aspects of the war program should not absurd to maintain that there is not further pro­ blind us, however, to the educational task in gress to be made; but it would be equ'ally unfair which all departments of the University co-oper­ to the administration of President Valentine to ated through the College Naval Training (V-12) imagine that no solicitude was shown to move program. This program, inaugurated in the sum­ forward in this highly important sector of Univer­ mer of 1943, provided instruction for more than sity life. And it is one of the distinctions of the 1500 trainees, prospective Navy and Marine Of­ University of Rochester that there does not exist, fi.-cers. The work done was sufficiently distin­ and indeed has never existed, that spirit of petty guished to warrant a citation from the Navy De­ rivalry between the various great groupings of partment, and to lead to the choice of Rochester as knowledge which are a source of vexation and one of only 25 new peace-time training centers for practical difficulty to more than one college ad­ the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps. The ministrator.

51

Post-war giant cyclotron for atomic energy studies http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

The post-war years have brought further im­ and complex; and since the only alternative to pressive changes particularly at the College for progress is retrogression, since there is no such Men. There, the University contributed its share thing as standing still, Rochester's second century toward meeting the national educational problem, presents a genuine challenge to all those connected created by the desire of thousands of former serv­ with it and to the community from which it has ice men for university training, by admitting the drawn such generous support. largest enrollments in the history of the college. It is fair to say, however, that never has its ad­ Under the far-sighted leadership of Dean Lester ministrative set-up been stronger than it is today. O. Wilder and Dean Janet H. Clark, a normal Professor Donald W. Gilbert, appointed as Prov­ and constantly improved peacetime program of ost in 1948, has amply vindicated the wisdom of academic work and extracurricular activities was his appointment by President Valentine, while re-established in the College for Men and the Col­ Professor J. Edward Hoffmeister has brought to lege for Women. the post of Dean of the College of Arts and Science The physical appearance of the College at the the most outstanding abilities.Whatever the prob­ River Campus was changed by the construction lems ahead we may be confident that energy and of the first large post-war cyclotron, an impressive wisdom will be brought to their solution. Naval Science building, Harkness Hall, a large Of the history of the University one word mor~ wing added to the engineering building, recently should be said. In the fall of 1948 President Val­ named Gavett Hall, and the splendid addition to entine was chosen by Mr. Paul G. Hoffman, the Lattimore Hall which houses research laborator­ director of the Marshal Plan, to act as adminis­ ies as well as the editorial staff of the Journal of trator of the ECA for the Kingdom of the Nether­ the American Chemical Society. lands. There could hardly have been a more im­ It must also be added that the University, in portant area of public service. No student of in­ the period which we are considering, became ternational politics could fail to note the immense more and more widely known as a place from improvement in the economic and political con­ which other institutions turned to find men dis­ tinguished in their fields. Not always, by any dition of Europe which accompanied the granting means, was Rochester able to keep those who had of American aid. The threat of Communism was entered into its service,· and the lure of college not only checked, but actually pushed back in presidencies was combined with the competition of that part of the world where Russian control other universities in weaning away some of our would constitute the most serious menace to the finest scholars and administrators. But to say this security interests, no less than to the prosperity is only to say that this young insititution, whose of the United States; and in the days to come it major developments hardly span more than a cannot fail to be a source of pride to the Univer­ quarter century, is not yet in quite the same posi­ sity that, through its president, it played a notable tion as more ancient seats of learning. Perhaps it part in this high enterprise. is to sar, too, that large as our financial resources Service in war is a great thing; but the service have been, they have not been truly adequate to of peace is a still greater thing, never dissociated, keep pace with the needs of growth. we must as realists concede, from the problems of It was by no means strange that President Val­ national defense, but seeking positive objectives entine, in his report for 1947, urged an addition which will challenge the temper of America for to endowment on the scale of $15,000,000, and a long time to come. May the University of Roch­ that he prophesied that even this large sum might ester, in its second century, fortified by the wis­ not be wholly. adequate to meet the demands of dom and experience of the past, continue to go the future. The problems ahead are, indeed, many forward in these beneficent and vital tasks. 52

President Valentine chosen ECA Chief, the Netherlands Paul Hoffman and Dutch envoyjoin in tribute to Valentine http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Susan B. Anthony

The College for TtOmen,19oo -1950 By JANET H. CLARK

HE VOTE of the Board of Trustees to permit time to talk to the women students, to encourage, women to enroll at the University of Roch­ and to advise. They even found delight in the Tester may have ruffled the masculine calm curiosity that prompted a woman to study science of the Prince Street Campus, but it did not create or Roman law. a women's college. Neither did the unstinted en­ The presence of women students met with some ergy of the women's committee which solicited opposition from the men. Certainly some of the funds to meet the trustees demands nor the gener­ hostility on both sides was synthetic; it was the ous pledge of her life insurance by Susan B. fashion of the hour-a fashion which slipped away Anthony make a college. almost without one's knowing it. Stamping on the The College for Women grew slowly, taking on floor when women entered the class room was the new aspects with the passing years. Women first male equivalent of a tempest in a tea pot, only to entered the University on sufferance, tolerated end in final calm and surrender. but not loved, and faced the problem of winning The stroke of the pen which permitted women their way. They began by accepting the men's cur­ to enter was as simple as the opening of Pandora's riculum and the simple challenge ofworking along box and the results as complicated. Women must with them. There were no concessions, no favors, have a room to sit in. A plain, not too large room and very little cordiality. furnished with three or four chairs served their But as one of the Adams in this shattered par­ wants at first. But one small room cannot be called adise put it, the gracious modesty of the 33 women adequate housing for a steadily increasing group who enrolled in 1900 won the men to accept co­ of women. By 1910 there were 134 women enrolled education. The women were able, hard-working, in the University of Rochester and some further and delighted to study with men like Professor recognition had to be taken of them and of their Forbes or Professor Morey and Professor Burton. needs. The physical plant was inadequate; the "They taught us that the world of knowledge was social life of their own making; only the faculty endless and they inspired us to pursue it." For all was satisfactory, and no university lives by faculty their dignity and brusqueness the professors had alone. 53 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Dean Munro when she retired in 1930

Annette G. Munro, first Dean of Women

Serious and hard working, these first women The women were independent and if restive un­ had shown themselves to be good students. The der some of the snubs, they were good humored faculty in the early years was close to the student and ingenious and worked indefatigably to estab­ body. There was Raymond Dexter Havens with lish their own traditions. But some problems were his deliciously shocking pyrotechnics; Dr. Slater too difficult and they welcomed with enthusiasm with his quiet humor, wide knowledge, and pene­ the arrival in 1909-10 of the Dean of Women, trating judgment; Professor Shedd, overflowing Annette Gardner Munro. Here was someone to with love of people and causes; Professor Burton, represent these women before the administration, brilliant sardonic, scholarly; Dr. Kendrick, loving to aid, to comfort, and to advise. the golden mean; Professor Morey, masterful in Dean Munro was a woman of courage, patience, summary and sometimes brutally ironic; Profes­ and understanding. In some respects her quiet sor Gilmore, sweet old man training students to warnings and concerns seemed over-genteel and better diction on "Give me three grains of corn, yet this same quiet spirit enabled many a girl to mother, only three grains of corn"; Dr. Gale, pa­ stay in college and to adjust to the class room dif­ tient and kindly with the stupid; Dr. Forbes, the ficulties which she could not have met unaided. courteous autocrat of philosophy class; Dr. Lat­ One of her students wrote at the time of Dean timore welcoming women to his laboratory. No Munro's retirement, "Most of us were candidates roster is complete without Dr. Denio, a charming for a degree but she thought of all of us as candi­ little woman lugging copies from a meager art col­ dates for an education." As living proof that a lection and conducting pilgrimages to homes in woman could be educated and remain feminine, Rochester which her influence opened to the art she was an essential factor in creating out of a classes. feeling of tolerance for women an acceptance of Three of the eight women graduated in the their presence with pride. class of 1903 were elected to Phi Beta Kappa. They Two years after her arrival, 12 years after wo­ were women of initiative as one might expect. men were first admitted, the Board of Trustees For the social life they needed they established as voted to create within the University a College early as 1903 the first local sororities. A group of for Men and a College for Women as soon as fea­ women, Dramatis Filiae, formed the first stagers sible. And in 1914 Catharine Strong Hall and An­ and produced in 1901 Love's Labours Lost. By thony Memorial Hall were opened to enable the 1913 the drama club was permitted to use the women to have classes separate from the men in men's gymnasium for its performances. But a the first two years. As President Rhees remarked, presidential ruling prevented a young lady from "While experience indicated that intellectual abil­ appearing in masculine attire. And the tuxedo ities have no sex division, the tendency of women which the leading man, Margaret Neary, expected to develop social interests and group activities to wear was changed to knee breeches on one occa­ quite apart from the men seemed to indicate that sion and on others, trousers were replaced by mod­ the two groups of students should be considered est skirts. as distinct." 54 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Commencement time in early 1900's-women graduates and well-wishers

In some ironic way wars have been of service to spirit of a gentlewoman, Dean Munro. Scott Fitz­ women's education. No sooner were the women gerald's novels may describe the era of the beauti­ established in their new quarters than the First ful and the damned for future historians, but in World War broke out and the women maintained most women's colleges the students were innocent, a pattern of education unbroken for the Univer­ protected, and their rebellious deeds of daring sity when the men went into service. During these not very disastrous. years from 1914-1918 the group of women in the During this period the activities of the women University was unusually alive, intelligent, and increased. Kaleidoscope, inaugurated in 1911, be­ forceful. It is from them that the University drew came the traditional means of earning money for its first women instructors and assistant professors. the annual summer conference of the Y.W.e.A. It is easy to imagine now'the trepidation with at Silver Bay. More serious plays-Prunella, Six which Angeline LoGrasso, an instructor in Ro­ Who Pass While the Lentils Boil, The School for mance languages, a graduate of the class of 1917, Scandal-were products of an active dramatic soci­ went to her first faculty meeting, guided and pro­ ety. The girls had their own year book, Croceus, as tected by Dean Munro. early as 1910 and later a monthly literary maga­ In the years between 1912 and the retirement zine, The Cloister. The Cloister Window, a weekly of Dean Munro in 1930 one can see steady growth newspaper, forerunner of The Tower Times, was along the lines which were evident in the very be­ started in 1926 by Margaret Frawley, editor that ginnings of women's education at Rochester. The year of both publications. There was a glee club independent spirit and sense of responsibility for and an active athletic association. With the build­ their own lives which characterized the first wo­ ing of Anthony Memorial Hall physical educa­ men students continued to grow. The classes in tion and athletics became increasingly impor­ the '20's showed some of the gaiety and glamor tant in the life of the women students. Miss Spur­ which marked those roaring years in our civiliza­ rier came to the University in 1922 as Director of tion, but even so their behavior was guided by the Physical Education for women and Miss Wilbra- 55

Anthony Hall, women's first social building Catharine Strong Hall-separate classrooms http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

1917 Class Day, Anthony Hall

ham, one of our own alumnae, joined her staff ly all fundamental subjects. The next step will in 1927. From that day to this they have worked secure for us two co-ordinate colleges-one for men as an indefatigable team to promote the health, at Oak Hill and one for women at our present welfare, and happiness of the students. Between campus," 1914 and 1934 Anthony Hall was the social center That commencement was prophetic of the of the college. There was a cafeteria in the base­ changing order in many respects. Members of the ment, a student publications office on the first floor class of '27 in the Campus Day parade carried a and a senior lounge and Alumnae Office upstairs. large papier-mache cow and parodied the college Here there were dances, parties and college sup­ song, "The Dandelion Yellow": pers as well as basketball games and examinations. First they took the cows away To all these varied activities the Department of To build a home for knowledge Physical Education gave enthusiastic support and And now they take the boys away guidance. For a better women's college! In the report of President Rhees for 1921-22 the It was at this 1930 commencement that Dean future was clearly outlined. The College for Men Munro retired and handed her problems as well would be moved to Oak Hill. "The Women's Col­ as her joys to a young, dark-haired woman, Helen lege will profit by this opportunity for independ­ Dalton Bragdon. A graduate of Mount Holyoke, ent growth. Since the admission of women stu­ she was well aware of the many essential elements dents in 1900, men and women have maintained a which make a women's college a separate entity, separate student life. Since the completion of the and with her enthusiastic faith in women she was Strong and Anthony buildings in 1913, we have able to help the students accept the responsibil­ taught men and women in separate classes in near- ities which this new gift of independence offered.

Munro Hall (1939) gave women a fine dormitory

56 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Cutler Union provided splendid social center

Moving-Up ceremony, Memorial Art Gallery steps

The May Queen and her court 57 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Kaleidoscope, begun in 1911, still a lively student romp

Outing Club on skiing trip

Annual water ballet at River Campus

Fine arts class, Memorial Art Gallery

58 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Change was all about. Special attention was between 1930 and 1938. The five-year nursing given to the counseling of women students by the program was introduced. The Delaware plan appointment of Isabel Wallace, alumna of Roch­ which permitted students to spend' their junior ester with a doctor's degree from the University year abroad was accepted, supported by Professor of Chicago, as vocational counselor in 1929. In Alfreda Hill of the Romance Language Depart­ 1932 she also became freshman adviser and later ment. The Dean's Fund was established by the counselor on admissions. In this three-fold capac­ alumnae to aid needy students. Women graduates ity she became a tower of strength to the college. came back to teach and some remained to serve as In 1933-34 Mr. Cutler's magnificent gift of the valuable members of the University faculty, such Union was opened for the women and its new as Professor Ethel French and Professor Virginia head, Miss Ruth Merrill, took charge.Ably trained Moscrip. Sibley Library continued its indispen­ by her work as assistant dean at Radcliffe, a dis­ sable service under Miss Withington and Marian ciplined scholar from Minnesota, Miss Merrill Allen of the class of 1925. made Cutler Union the center of student life. The traditions which had been established dur­ From that day on she has been a fine and deeply ing the '20's and earlier continued and others appreciated influence in the student body. These were added. Kaleidoscopes were more ambitious, three unusual women, corning at almost the same formal dances more numerous, Campus Day moment, sharing the same ideals and ambitions cleverer and Moving Up Day lovelier with every for the college, worked harmoniously to develop spring. But most important during this period the structure of the college as a separate unit in was the development of Cutler Union and the the University. Students' Association. Aware that many excellent girls were unable When the two colleges separated in 1930 the to attend the University unless they could help governing body in the College for Women was a themselves by some remunerative work, Miss Wal­ Student-Faculty Council patterned on the men's lace urged the opening of a co-operative dormi­ Board of Control. In 1935, however, the govern­ tory. Kendrick Hall, the first co-operative house, ingbody was revised combiningthe Student-Facul­ developed most successfully under the direction ty Council and the Students' Association Board. of Miss Wilbraham. On the basis of this experi­ Under an elected student president this Student ment three other co-operatives were planned, Association now assumes full responsibility for su­ opened and run by Miss Wilbraham, and later pervision of all student activity. An unusual re­ directed by Miss Merrill. The increased number sponsibility in the handling of all student activity of women students necessitated the loan of Steph­ funds is entrusted to an elected student bursar en Foster Hall in the Eastman dormitories until assisted by a budget committee. Planned as the the new dormitory, Munro Hall,was built in 1939. focal point of student life Cutler Union inte­ By 1937 there were 483 girls enrolled in the Col­ grated its efforts with the Students' Association lege for Women. The greater number of dormi­ Board and has become a student union which is tory students gave a nucleus of girls who looked unique in its relationship to student government. upon the campus as their home. This proved to This has fulfilled President Rhees's statement be another step in building the essential unity that women would profit by the independent of the College. growth of their college on the Prince Street Other elements played their part in the years Campus.

The Men's and Women's Deans

59 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Frosh bone up on rules

Open house dance, highlight of intercampus social life

At the same time it was evident that the rela­ program, and the advantages of the Memorial Art tionship between the two colleges for men and Gallery so that today the College for Women of­ women was constantly improving. Departmental fers opportunities comparable with the other co­ clubs and the dramatic societies were composed ordinate women's colleges and with the independ­ of students from both campuses. A glance through ent women's colleges as well. an undergraduate scrapbook of the 1930's shows The academic year of 1940 opened with the be­ a familiar and happy tangle of dance programs, ginning of World War II, but what parents, leav­ newspaper pictures of parties, football games and ing their freshman daughters on the quiet campus heroes, hikes, basketball, tennis, and May Queens: on a sunny September day with the checkered the normal world of the college girl. shade of the elm trees flickering on Anderson's In 1938 Dean Bragdon resigned to become dean statue and only the cheerful voices of returning of Hood College and later president of Lake Erie students to break the calm, could foresee the College for Women.The new presidentof the Uni­ changes that 10 years would make in college his­ versity of Rochester, Alan Valentine, appointed tory as well as in that of the world. as Dean of the College for Women and professor The war put the students of the Women's Col­ in the Division of Biological Sciences, Janet lege almost completely on their own resources. Howell Clark, a graduate of Bryn Mawr College Socially; there were many immediate changes: and the Johns Hopkins University, a scientist and the men on the River were leaving; new groups for many years a professor on the Hopkins faculty. appeared, sent by the Marines or the Navy. The Primarily interested in the academic problems of whole academic schedule on the River Campus the college she found that President Rhees's con­ was changed, and while the women pursued the ception of separate classes for men and women old familiar pattern of classes and courses, new was far from being a fact. faculty made the familiar seem strange. Many of It was necessary for women students to go to these new faculty were women teaching only at the River Campus for most of their advanced work, Prince Street and creating there for the first time a a time-consuming, exhausting and aggravating considerable resident faculty devoted entirely to business. Realizing that the College for Women the interests of the women students. Some of them could not be a real college until it had a curriculum were temporary appointments but in 1950 there of its own, she devoted her energy to securing an are 29 women on the faculty of the College of Arts independent curriculum for the women, aided by and Science and one major department, the Eng­ the sympathetic support of President Valentine. lish Department, has a woman chairman, Profes­ During the war this dream became a reality. Since sor Kathrine Koller. During the war the River the return to a peacetime program much of the Campus schedule had to meet the needs of the gain has been kept although the most advanced armed services while Prince Street could main­ courses in science are still given only on the River tain the humanistic traditions without a break. Campus. This handicap for the science majors is And a group of about 100 men, students in the lib­ offset by many advantages such as the opportunity eral arts, took all of their courses except physical for major and elective work at the Eastman School education at Prince Street. The girls welcomed of Music, the well-integrated five-year nursing them generously into all of the student organiza- 60 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf tions including the Y.W.C.A. and they had a rep­ single community. Their lives are enriched and resentative on the Students' Association Board. broadened by wider contacts with other cultures So that for a time Prince Street became co-educa­ and other people, and a sense of wider responsi­ tional again. bilities. Just before the war the Honors seminar system During President Valentine's administration had be~n introduced and at first had been more these contacts have been strengthened by a series popular among the men, but during the war the of great conferences. The New Frontiers (1940) girls took hold and discovered their own intel­ presented the opportunities of American business. lectual potentialities. When the war was over and The Conference on the United Nations in the the River Campus returned to a normal schedule Pacific (November, 1943), promoted a broader un­ the Honors system was well established and as the derstanding of the Pacific area. The Conference men joined it they found in this advanced work on Latin America Qanuary, 1943) emphasized the a common bond with the women students. common ideals of the western hemisphere nations. The composition of the College for Women The Humanities Conference (1946) was a study changed too. Before 1940 one half to three quar­ of the place of humanistic values in our present ters of the entering class were from Rochester; in civilization and the Conference on Human Rights 1950 one-fourth to one-third are from the city. (1950) laid before the students the problems of This increase in the out-of-town enrollment was the political, social and economic rights and re­ brought about by President Valentine's establish­ sponsibilities which a free individual possesses ment of a generous number of large scholarships and must defend. to attract students from a distance. This led to an These conferences were for the entire Univer­ expansion in dormitory facilities. sity and men and women alike were brought into Munro Hall, built in 1939, was designed by close contact with leaders in academic, political President and Mrs. Valentine to give the Prince social and economic life. In many departments Street campus a dormitory second to none in the too,students are repeatedly given opportunities to country. Quickly filling Munro Hall the expand­ hear the best professors in the United States. Such ing student body needed more space, so Carnegie meetings as' the conferences on English and Amer­ Dormitory and Cutler Dormitory were set up as ican literature and the colloquia held weekly by war-time emergencies which should not be contin­ all the scientific departments offer new frontiers ued too long. Contacts with students from many to the women as well as the men. places, even many foreign lands, brought new stim­ . Wnen women were first permitted to enroll in ulation. The women now face the world, not a the University of Rochester they faced indifference 61

Old Anderson as it looks today

Scores of alumna: served in World War II http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

'40, have developed the work of the Association far beyond the management of delightful Com­ mencement dinners and the raising of the annual Alumnae Fund. There are 15 active Alumnae Chapters from Boston to San Francisco. At least 10 of these send representatives to the Annual Alumnae Council on the campus and give effi­ cient help to the Admissions Committee by inter­ viewing and entertaining sub-freshmen. The loyal Waiting to leave for freshman camp support of the alumnae is one of the most impor­ tant assets of the College for Women. The quiet campus of 1900 is no more. Prince and sometimes hostility. This attitude was in part a Street remains but the iron gates are open, the fashion of the time and changed like all fashions. campus is crowded and overflowing with students, Today the woman undergraduate cannot under­ not only the 650 enrolled in the College for Wo­ stand the old sense of being snubbed and un­ men, but the thousands from University School wanted. She has her place in the world as the who take over the class rooms in the evening. And equal and the companion, sometimes the wife, of Cutler Union serves not only student organiza­ tions but a wide variety of educational groups in the man. She works with him, argues with him, and plays with him and knows that she must share the city who profit like the student from its efficient organization and its hospitable charm. with him the responsibilities of this world they never made. No one can predict the future, but everyone can dream dreams. In retrospect the student at the With the end of the war came a desire of the students for more intercampus organization. The College for Women may look back and see the fulfillment of the dream of others. Women per­ men and women now have a joint year book. The Intercampus Council discusses problems affecting mitted to enter the University; women granted a college of their own, and women making it a all campuses. Every school of the University sends living thing, not a charter on paper; from 33 its delegate to the National Students' Association students to 650 with loyal alumnae numbering in meetings where they discuss student interests and problems in a nation wide group. All-University the thousands. Into the creation of this body have Chapel brings together students from the Arts gone the quality of the students, the leadership of College, the Music School, the Medical School, distinguished Presidents, able deans and a schol­ the Nursing School and is evidence of a sustained arly faculty. New dreams, new visions of a college religious interest in the student body as a whole. for women must continue in order that the classes of the next 50 years may look back as we do now In addition to the influence of deans and fac­ and say as we say, "well done". ulty the students of the College for Women owe much to the interest of Mrs. Rhees and Mrs. Hoe­ • • • • ing who came to all of the student events in the (Grateful acknowledgment is due to Mrs. Jennie early days; to Mrs. Sibley who acted for several Stolbrand who helped to create the picture of the years as adviser to the Y.W.C.A.; to Mrs. Danforth early years and to Dr. Kathrine Koller who wrote and Mrs. Fry who served so effectively on the Ad­ the first draft of the article but did not wish to be visory Board of the College for Women; to Mrs. named as co-author. To her. however. is due any Valentine whose senior receptions at Eastman felicitous turn of phrase found therein. Janet H. House gave a crowning touch to the four years of Clark.) college. And, no account of the College for Women can be complete without mention of thesteadygrowth of the Alumnae Association especially during re­ cent years. Beginning with a small office in An­ thony Hall they still had only a part-time secre­ tary in 1940. But long before 1950 the activities and support of the alumnae had become so vital and so essential to the welfare of the college that a full time Alumnae secretary was appointed with adequate office space and a growing office staff. Helen Ancona Bergeson, '38 and Janet Phillips, 62

Women students join men at River in coffee hour http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Eastman Theatre and air view of Eastman School

The Eastman School of Music) 1921-1950 By CHARLES RIKER

EORGE EASTMAN'S interest in the University building and provided funds necessary for its of Rochester, not only as a civic enterprise, construction and for the endowmentof the School. G but as a potential force in American edu­ Later, to provide for increasing needs, Mr. East­ cation, his personal need for music, and his aware­ man added a five-story annex to the Eastman ness that others might share that need, led him in Theatre, three connecting domitories for women, 1918 to suggest to President Rush Rhees that a and a lO-story annex to the School. George East­ school of music within the University of Roches­ man loved to build, and all these buildings had ter would be both desirable and appropriate. This his closest personal attention in their planning was not a new idea to President Rhees; for at least and execution. His eye for detail, his interest in 14 years he had nursed such a hope. But in George the simplest point, as well as in the great over-all Eastman, President Rhees had found a man quick design, have stamped the buildings of the East­ and capable to act, far-sighted and wise. Although man School of Music with the hallmark of the George Eastman gave approximately 20 million personality and generosity of a great man. dollars in creating the Eastman School of Music, In accordance with Mr. Eastman's desires, the his gifts are not so easily summarized. For five original structure was divided, but under one roof, years he delivered himself body and soul to the into a school for the training of both professional undertaking, and in doing so endowed the School and amateur students of music, and a theatre for with an integrity which was largely to determine developing the appreciation of music amongRoch­ its future. esterians and for "the enrichment of community It was characteristic of George Eastman that, life." Both have notably fulfilled Mr. Eastman's rather than destroy what already existed and be­ hopes. From the more than 1,000 special and pre­ gin anew, he chose to buy the property and cor­ paratory students in Rochester of all ages who porate rights of the Institute of Musical Art, study each year at the Eastman School to the grad­ founded five years earlier by Alf Klingenberg and uate students working for advanced degrees, the Herman Dossenbach, and to build upon what had School is serving talented youngsters of the com­ already been accomplished. But this was not munity, the nation, and many foreign countries. enough. In 1919 he purchased a site for a new The Eastman Theatre, with its full annual series 63 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Eastman School Dormitory, cornerstone laying, 1925

Ivied cloister adds to beauty of dormitory in later years

of concerts, ballet and opera performances, chil­ through the Civic Music Association, along with dren's plays, and kindred events, provides Roch­ annual concerts by distinguished, world-famous esterians of all walks of life and varying tastes with visiting artists, performances by the Metropolitan music to their liking. In addition to all this, the Opera Company, the Boston Symphony Orchestra Eastman School Symphony Orchestras, the East­ and other great musical organizations. man School Band, and Chorus, are heard fre­ The University of Rochester's part in the city's quently in public concerts. development as a world center of music is a con­ Naturally interested in motion pictures, Mr. siderable one. The Philharmonic and Civic Or­ Eastman felt strongly that they could be used to chestras are comprised for the most part of players help the public become acquainted with good from the Eastman School faculty and student music, and to develop and subsidize symphonic ranks. The Eastman Theatre, in which the con­ music. Under the initial policy of the Eastman certs are given, is an integral part of the School of Theatre, a full-sized symphony orchestra was Music. In addition, the University contributes maintained to accompany the showing of motion $50,000 annually to the Civic Music Association. pictures and a stage entertainment produced and Kilbourn Hall, named in memory of Maria staged by the theatre's own company. Many recall Kilbourn Eastman, Mr. Eastman's mother, is an­ the deep pleasure they derived from these per­ other of the Music School's great assets. In this formances, which combined fine music, diverting exquisite, panelled, Renaissance-style hall, cham- films, and handsomely-staged entertainment en­ hanced by the magnificent setting of the theatre, which seats 3,300 persons and is one of the most beautiful concert halls in the world. Dr. Howard Hanson in Rome in 1923 It became clear, however, that this policy could not be continued except at large financial loss. Paramount-Publix took over the operation of the theatre in 1928, but even with its expert showman­ ship and popular entertainment it was unable to make the enterprise financially successful, and abandoned the project in 1931. Mr. Eastman's basic purpose of giving Roches­ ter symphonic music was none the less realized, for as a direct result of this experiment, the Roch­ ester Philharmonic Orchestra was formed in 1923. Now one of the country's major symphony orches­ tras, the Philharmonic is supported by contribu­ tions of the people of Rochester and vicinity 64 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Exterior view of Kilbourn Hall. showing Renaissance architecture

Student concerto performance in exquisitely paneled hall

Grand staircase in Music School

Curtain time-audience arriving; concerts are given nearly all year

Main corridor. Kilbourn Hall, showing architectural detail

65 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf ber music concerts, and recitals by students and Rome, was to mould the Eastman School into an faculty members, most of them open to the public, institution whose philosophy and practice of ed­ add to Rochester's rich musical fare. ucation would be more in accord with American The Eastman School of Music contributes sub­ ideas of education-specifically, music education stantially to the Hochstein Memorial Music in it broadest aspects. Under his leadership, the School in Hoeltzer Street, a settlement project School has become a school of real university stat­ which gives music instruction to children of lim­ us, devoted to the objective of making its students ited means, and affords opportunity for advanced aware of what more nearly amounts to the whole students of the Eastman School to gain teaching of music and to the humanities of which music is experience. The Eastman School underwrites the one part. cost of instruction at the Hochstein School to the It was fortunate for the Eastman School that extent of four thousand dollars a year. another Rochesterian-Mr. Hiram W. Sibley­ The Eastman School, under the direction of Alf shared Mr. Eastman's interest in music. Mr. Sib­ Klingenberg, opened its doors in 1921. Its faculty ley had already given the University of Rochester included distinguished musicians from America a collection of music and books about music. After and Europe. But it was a young school, pioneering the completion of the new Eastman building, this in a field which was undeveloped in its natural collection was brought to the Eastman School to resources, and settled by a faculty whose ideology become the Sibley Music Library. Mr. Sibley was reminiscently and perhaps nostalgically Eur­ continued his support by contributing well over opean. One recalls Chopin's penetrating remark $75,000 for the acquisition of many rare works. in a letter to Delfina Potocka, "A nation which His gifts and the very generous appropriations reaches out for foreign art-because it is supposed from Eastman School funds have made the to be better-will never see its own soul." Had it Sibley Music Library eminent among music not been for Howard Hanson, its second director, libraries. In 1949 it contained more than 61,000 the Eastman School of Music might never have volumes. The development of the Library reflects seen its own soul. Howard Hanson,American born that of the School of which it is an integral part. and American educated, with a three-year exper­ It is, therefore, strong in its works of musical ience as a Fellow of the American Academy in theory and history, the complete and authorita- 66

Eastman Theatre, seating 3,300, is nationally known music auditorium http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Huge crystal chandelier sheds shimmering beauty

Symbolic murals by noted artist, Ezra Winter, portray the history of music through the ages tive editions of the great composers, historical an­ first desks. Supplementing these studies in the thologies, incunabula, holograph scores, orchestral larger orchestral forms is the work done in the scores, chamber music, instrumental music, and smaller ensembles. The Kilbourn and Gordon folksongs. But it has also expanded by acquiring Quartets, both by preceptand example, have given works in related fields: general philosophy, aes­ students inspired training in chamber music. In thetics, psychology, history, fiction, poetry, and the field of choral music, growth and expansion the other fine arts. may be noted. The Eastman Chorus with the as­ On January 16, 1950, the Eastman School Sen­ sistance and co-operation of the orchestras has a ior Symphony Orchestra gave two complete per­ distinguished list of performances to its credit. formances of Stravinsky's Sacre de Printemps. And in the smaller forms, the Madrigal Singers This tremendous work, calling for large orchestra and the Eastman School Choir have achieved a and experienced musicianship, received its stu­ no less important success. Again, the expanding dent world premiere in the Eastman Theatre. ideology of the School has required a strenuous This is doubly significant: not only is it concrete concentration of the student in his own field and evidence of what the Eastman School is now cap­ with this an awareness of the wholeness of musical able of doing, but also of what in 29 years it has knowledge-past and present. done. The first student orchestra of only 28 players Another exciting venture of the gay and won­ was no less serious in its study of orch~strallitera­ derful early years of the Eastman School was the ture, although its aims would have been more organization of the American Opera Company, humble. With the coming of more and more stu­ formed of professionals headed by Vladimir dents to the departments of the orchestral instru­ Rosing, and backed by Mr. Eastman. Associated ments, that first small ensemble has now grown in it were Rouben Mamoulian, who later became into three large orchestras, a symphonic band, and a leading stage and motion picture producer, a little symphony. Therepertory ofall these groups Marion Weed, of the Metropolitan Opera Com­ has included contemporary works as well as the' pany, Helen Oelheim, George Fleming Houston, standard ones of the past so that membership in Emanuel. Balaban, and other notables. It met these organizations has given many students a with marked success for four years, and in 1927, first-hand knowledge of a rich musical literature through the keen interest of the Theatre Guild of as well as an invaluable experience in perform­ New York, gave its metropolitan debut in the ance. Now graduates of the Eastman School of Guild Theatre, where it scored a triumph. Un­ Music are to be found in every symphony orches­ happily, the company fell a musical victim to the tra in the United States, and at least 35 occupy depression and disbanded in 1930. 67

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Eastman School of Music Symphony Orchestra and Chorus on stage of Eastman Theatre

Eastman School chorus holds rehearsal in Kilbourn Hall

Smaller ensemble experience is provided in chamber music

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Operetta performance is given by students in the opera-workshop

Eastman School ensembles include three orchestras, symphonic band, and choir

This group of ebullient artists, combined with cumbed after some years to the exigencies of the the School of Dramatic Action instituted in 1925 times. Since then work in the dance has continued at the Eastman Theatre in affiliation with the in the performances of ballet, at the annual Fes­ Eastman School, gave color, vitality, and elan to tivals of American Music, and in the courses in the new music center. It brought a somewhat un­ modern dance given at the Eastman School. conventional but altogether delightful colony of The American Opera Company left behind it musicians, dancers, singers, maestros, and pro­ a residue which was to develop into a department ducers to the city, which was not prepared by any­ of more truly collegiate status. This came, more thing in its past experience for this new and rather and more, to ally itself with the other departments bohemian element. Martha Graham, noted dance of the School. In 1947 it realized its long-time teacher and performer, came to Rochester to in­ dream in becoming an opera-workshop. Now, stu­ struct and to supervise the performances of ballet dents are introduced to opera not merely as the in the Eastman Theatre. The School of Dramatic interpretation of roles, but as operatic produc­ Action, like the American Opera Company, suc- tions. The department aims to give its students a 69 CAM-V NOTATION

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Children begin early in Preparatory Department Violin student in practice room

sound understanding of opera in all its complete­ ucation. Among graduate schools, the Eastman ness: experience in direction, production, scenic School has, in at least one respect, stood almost design and construction, and performance. The alone. From its beginning, the School has encour­ opera department has always maintained its com­ aged creative writing. In the field of composition, mitment to opera in English, and even after 29 it is committed to the policy of allowing an origin­ years still finds itself a pioneer for opera in the al composition instead of the usual dissertation. mother tongue. The department of theory is the heart of any The School, as originallydevised, offered instruc­ good music school. Its work in developing the tion to students in two divisions: preparatory and student's basic rlmsicianship, powers of analysis collegiate. In 1926, a further step was taken in and synthesis, is of primary importance. It affects giving full musical training by the establishment vitally every other department of the school. The of a graduate department. This division, a part of ;work done at the Eastman School in the depart­ the Graduate School of the University of Roches­ ment of theory has been noteworthy. Modesty ter, originally offered work only in the field of should not prevent the factual statement that the composition, leading to the degrees of Master of Eastman School has revolutionized and moder­ Arts in Music and Master of Music. The depart­ nized the whole teaching 'of basic musicianship. ment was soon expanded to include musicology, The intensive work in this course of study theory, music education, and music literature. In throughout the four-year course affords the stu­ addition to the two master's degrees, the Doctor dent the necessary background-perhaps one of Philosophy degree is now awarded in the fields should say foreground-to musical understanding. of composition, theory, musicology, and music ed- The present system, evolved from years of study

Composers' concerts make school dynamic center of U.S. music

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Dr. Hanson assis ts composer with score

Annual American Music Students Symposium session at Eastman opens with discussion

and experimentation, has proved highly effective remedy this unfortunate situation, and as a result, and is rapidly finding its way into the curricula of many of today's leading composers heard their a great many colleges and music schools through­ works first performed at the Eastman School. The out the country. The results of these successful details of performance have changed over the experiments in pedagogy have been embodied in years, but the project still carries on in the same a series of textbooks written by members of the spirit and with the same intent as 25 years ago. Eastman School faculty. One may also say that From the beginning, Dr. Hanson has insisted on there is scarcely a music department in any college the right of the serious and responsible composer or university in the United States in which there to hear his music-at least once. Hence, works is not at least one Eastman School alumnus. In from all the so-called schools have been given per­ some instances an entire music faculty is staffed formance, and the impressive list of well over a by Eastman graduates. And when to this is added thousand works of some 500 composers indicates a the great number of Eastman men and women cross section of contemporary American music. who have gone to all parts of the nation in the One may say more. The Eastman School of Music field of public school music, it is evident that the has become a dynamic center in the field of music influence of the Eastman School in American composition. Attracted by its immense resources, music education has been far-reaching and of students from all over the world have come to the great moment. Eastman School for training in creative writing. On May I, 1925, Dr. Hanson initiated the first \!\That these students have learned and put into of a continuing series of American Composer's practice is documented by the many awards, com­ Concerts. As a composer, Dr. Hanson was quite missions, and prizes which have been given to aware of the plight of the young American com­ them. The American Academy at Rome, the poser, who was denied what was most essential American Academy of Arts and Letters, the to his own development as a musician-hearing Guggenheim Foundation, the Koussevitzky his own works performed by a competent orches­ Foundation-to mention only four-have honored tra. The American Composers' Concerts aimed to Eastman alumni in large number. The depart-

71 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf ment of composition is, in fact, a School of Com­ of the University. The excellent permanent col­ position. Coincident with the beginning of the lection and the monthly exhibitions at the Mem­ American Composers' Concerts was the project to orial Art Gallery are available to Eastman stu­ make certain of the works performed available by dents who wish to take advantage of the oppor­ the publication of score and parts. Since 1926 a tunities offered by the University in an allied field. considerable number of Eastman School Publica­ The Sibley Music Library is a part of the Univer­ tions have appeared. A natural corollary of the sity of Rochester library system, and profits im­ publication project was to make American music mensely by the affiliation. The opportunity of available through recordings. In September, 1939, using the great collections of all five libraries is RCA Victor issued the first of a series of record­ accorded to all University students and faculty. ings of American orchestral music, with Dr. Han­ Thus, the Eastman School of Music, as apart of son conducting the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra. the University of Rochester, has escaped the nar­ As a part of the University of Rochester, the rowness of the conservatory and has attained, by Eastman School of Music plays an important role its connection with the University of Rochester, in University life. Its many musical activities have the status of a real university school of music. done much to enrich the cultural life of the U ni­ The Eastman School of Music, though young in versity and to spread its fame throughout the years, has already attained a maturity in musical world. The University of Rochester, therefore, achievement. Its record of the past 29 years shows regards its school of music with pride. At the same that it has never remained static in its theory and time, the Eastman School is proud of its connec­ practice of music education. The changes which tion with a great university. Through its close have occurred furnish ample evidence that the association with the other schools of the Univer­ School has changed when the occasion demanded sity, opportunities and advantages in great variety new approaches and new perceptions. In many are offered the Eastman School. Its finances are instances it has anticipated the new with courage under expert University management. Its Com­ and responsibility. Relations between the past, mencement is the University of Rochester Com­ present, and future in music, as envisioned by the mencement,and its degrees are University degrees. Eastman School, are close in many ways to those Students of the Eastman School of Music may in poetry, of which Mr. T. S. Eliot speaks in his elect courses at the College of Arts and Science essay, Tradition and the Individual Talent. To when those courses are not offered at the Eastman paraphrase and to expand Mr. Eliot, the musician School, just as students of the College may and the school of music must be aware of the musi­ elect courses in music at the Eastman School and cal tradition, but not as something merely handed may study for the Bachelor and Master of Arts down or inherited. This tradition must be ob­ degrees with concentration in music. This arrange­ tained by great labor, and once secured, includes ment has done much to bring about a happy a perception of the living presence of the past. In association among students and faculty of both coming to grips with the old or, on the other hand, the School and the College. The School of Med­ the new work of art, one must be prepared to icine and Dentistry, with its immense resources in admit that both are measured by each other. staff and equipment, makes available to Eastman Neither exists alone. The Eastman School, with students, as indeed to all members of the Univer­ all its commitments to the new in American music, sity of Rochester family of schools, the very best has also its commitments to the old. One of its in medical attention. The lectures and confer­ larger aims has been to effect a rapprochement of ences scheduled by the University are open to all the two.

Dr. Hanson in Paris as UNESCO delegate

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Main entrance to Strong Memorial Hospital Medical Center) 1925-1950 By GEORGE H. WHIPPLE, BASIL C. MAcLEAN and WALLACE O. FENN

HE INITIATIVE for the founding of the School At the start it was decided to build the School of Medicine and Dentistry came from the and Hospital under one roof with such close TGeneral Education Board of the Rockefeller integration that inside the building one Foundation in 1920. After consultations with could scarcely notice the transition from one to President Rhees and Mr. George Eastman an the other. Such a physical arrangement means agreement was reached whereby the General Edu­ close co-operation between clinical and pre-clini­ cation Board offered $5,000,000 and Mr. Eastman cal departments in research, teaching and the care offered $4,000,000 and guaranteed to raise another of patients. Such team play has been an outstand­ $1,000,000 for the founding of a new medical ing characteristic of the School and Hospital and school in the University. An additional gift of a real source of strength to the institution. $1,000,000 was provided for the building of the Dr. Nathaniel W. Faxon was appointed direc­ Strong Memorial Hospital by Mrs. Ger­ tor of the Hospital in May 1922. Professors to trude Strong Achilles and Mrs. Helen Strong Car­ head the various departments were selected during ter in memory of their parents, Henry Alvah the next two years and all were present in Roch­ Strong and Helen Griffin Strong. ester by the end of 1924 and occupied space in the Dr. George H. Whipple was appointed Dean of Research Laboratory. This was the first building the School of Medicine and Dentistry and profes­ constructed and was later turned over for use as sor of pathology in 1921 and began at once the an animal house after the main building was discussion of plans for the building with Mr. East­ ready for occupancy. The cornerstone of the main man, President Rhees and the architects. "Func­ building was laid on June 14, 1924, and the build­ tion rather than facade" was the guiding principle. ing itself was gradually occupied by members of In spite of many criticisms, the wisdom of this the staff in 1925. The Hospital opened its doors policy has been amply demonstrated in the ex­ on January 4, 1926. The first class of medical perience of the first 25 years and this simple but students began work in September, 1925, and the practical type of construction has since been cop­ formal dedication of the School and Hospital took ied in this country and abroad. place on October 25 and 26, 1926. 73 Cornerstone laying in 1923 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf The School of Medicine and Dentistry as it appeared in 1925

A vital part of the whole plan of the Medical utmost importance. Ability, health and promise Center is the Rochester Municipal Hospital. This of future development are all given consideration. mutually advantageous co-operation between the Scholastic ability is essential to carry through the City and the University resulted from the wise tough medical training program but everyone suggestion of Dr. George W. Goler, the City realizes how important is the character and per­ Health Officer at that time. Under the terms of sonality of the student who as a future successful this contract, the staff of the Strong Memorial practitioner must gain the confidence and trust Hospital undertakes responsibility for the care of of the sick patient. So far as possible, each promis­ the patients in the Municipal Hospital and in re­ ing applicant is given a personal interview by turn the clinical material of that hospital is avail­ three or four members of the staff prior to accept­ able to the staff and medical students for study. ance. In spite of ample opportunity for disagreements, It is not generally realized that in most medical this contract has been renewed repeatedly and schools and hospitals today there are almost as has served as a model for other communities else­ many doctors of medicine taking advanced train­ where. Mr. J. Ward Thompson served as super­ ing as there are students taking the regular med­ intendent of the Municipal Hospital until his ical course. Internes, assistant residents and resi­ death in 1933 when he was succeeded by Mr. dents represent a large group in clinical training. George J. Dash who in turn retired in 1950. The Over a four-year period since the war, 247 medical present superintendent is Mr. William B. Woods. officers, after discharge from the military service, Another arrangement very similar to the close have returned to accept positions as Veteran Post­ affiliation with the Rochester Municipal Hospital graduate Fellows in the various departments of has been the establishmentof theRochesterHealth the School. In addition, there are research fellows Bureau Laboratory as a part of the Department and visiting fellows from other universities and of Bacteriology and under the direction of the other countries in all parts of the world. Most of professor of bacteriology. This has given the city these men spend their time in investigative work the advantage of easy consultation with members in the medical sciences and contribute greatly to of the staff in all departments and has given the the intellectual and scientific atmosphere of the School access to a wealth of material for practical institution. Mention should also be made of the study. 78 medical students who during the last 25 years The entering class of medical students In 1925 have interrupted their medical course for one numbered 22. The size of classes graduated in­ year in order to spend that time in gaining extra creased until it reached its capacity number of experience in one or another of the departments 65-68 during the war years. Each year the Admis­ of the school. These student fellows are chiefly sions Committee selects this number from some engaged in research and usually publish a paper 2500 applicants. The choice of students is of the or graduate eventually as Doctor of Medicine 74 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf with Honor, because of a thesis written during the Ph.D. degree and 17 the M.S. degree. Among their extra year. Research in the pre-clinical 46 who have left the institution, six have been sciences is carried on also with the aid of men and appointed deans of dental schools and 22 have women who are candidates for the M.S. or Ph.D. been appointed to professorial positions. This degrees. Since the beginning of the school 114 group as a whole has published 226 research re­ M.S. and 106 Ph.D. degrees have been awarded ports. The initial costs of this program were met in this way. by a large five-year grant from the Rockefeller The number of full-time faculty members of Foundation. The contribution which has been the rank of instructor or above in successive five­ made by this program to the field of dentistry is year intervals, beginning with 1925, were 24, 51, regarded as very significant. The first Dental Fel­ 64, 73, 94, and 100 in 1949-50. The total num­ low was Dr. Basil Bibby who was appointed in ber of faculty at the present time, including re­ 1930. In 1940 he left to become dean of the Dental search associates, assistants and fellows full- or School at Tufts College but returned in 1947 as part-time, is 555. For the most part, the men chosen professor of dentistry and director of the Eastman originally as department heads have remained in Dental Dispensary. these positions since the beginning. The only new In addition to its other educational activities, appointments necessary were Dr. Basil C. Mac­ the institution operates a school for X-ray tech­ Lean as director of the Hospital in 1935, Dr. Mason nicians under the Department of Radiology and as professor of anatomy in 1940, Dr. George Packer a school for medical illustrators under Mr. Natt Berry as professor of bacteriology in 1932, and Dr. C. Jacobs in the Department of Anatomy. Elmer H.Stotz as professor of biochemistry in 1947. An essential part of any medical research insti­ In the early years of the School it was decided tution is suitable housing for animals which are to restrict the educational efforts in dentistry to required in large numbers for teaching, diagnosis advanced training in dental research. Dental Fel­ or experimental purposes. When the animal lows who come here have already received the de­ house was built it was regarded as unnecessarily gree of D.D.S. elsewhere and they often enroll in large but at the present time it is only half as one of the pre-clinical departments as candidates large as it should be for the needs of the depart­ for the Ph.D. or M.S. degrees. Since the program ments. There has always been some difficulty in was initiated in 1930, there have been 52 such securing cats and dogs in sufficient numbers. The dental research fellows. Of these 11 have received animals have always been humanely treated and 75

The vast Medical Center in 1950, showing its proximity to the River Campus, College for Men http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

The School of Nursing was organized in 1925 under Miss Helen Wood after whom the nurses' dormitory, Helen Wood Hall,is named.Since that time, the School has graduated 1,000 nurses, 579 of whom joined the Nurses Corps during the war. Miss Wood was succeeded in 1931 by Miss Clare Dennision under whose skilled direction this school has greatly increased its scope and activity. During the war the training of medical students continued on an accelerated program, although many members of the staff were absent in the military service. Of the 1104 students graduat<:d in the years 1929 to 1950, at least 637 held commIS­ sions in the armed forces. Of this number, at least 438 entered the service prior to July 25, 1947, others being mostly in the ASTP and Navy V-12 programs. It was fortunate that only four of these died in service. In addition, many of the depart­ Sweden's king presents Nobel Prize to Dean George H. Whipple in 1934 ments gave up their peace-time research for war research, mostly under contract with the Office of operated on only under anesthetics in strict accord­ Scientific Research and Development. The many ance with established rules. In 1947 the State of complications in which students and staff were in­ New York passed a law which formally legalized volved due to Selective Service and other govern­ ment restrictions were managed by Dr. George P. animal experimentation and license~ the 1!niver­ sity to engage in this work. Even wIth thIS sta.te Berry, associate dean and professsor of bacteri­ license it has not been possible, however, to obtam ology. He assisted in the negotiation of contracts cats and dogs from the Humane Society which for the selection and training of medical students operates the city pound, although thousands of enrolled in the Army or the Navy and after the war made similar arrangements with the Veterans both species are destroyed there every ye~ be­ Administration for the trainingof men and women cause no owners can be found for them. It IS for­ tunate that some of the towns in the vicinity of after discharge from the service. The departure of Rochester are more forward-looking and co-oper­ Dr. Berry to become dean of the Harvard Medical ative in this respect. School in 1949 was a great loss to the School. ~he A health service for students and other person­ The hospital was enlarged in May 1941 by pnvat~ nel of the institution was established in 1934 un­ opening of the new Wing Q for hospital der Dr. Einar Lie. An important contribution of rooms and additional offices. In 1948 Wmg R was dedicated for use as a Psychiatric Clinic under the this group has been in the control of tuberculosis among the students. Previously there was a high direction of Dr. John Romano. At the same time incidence of this disease in this as in other schools. the former Division of Psychiatry became, under By close attention to necessary precautions dur­ Dr. Romano, the Department of Psychiatry and ing autopsies and by vaccination with B.C.G. for was given representation on the Advisory Board. all students with negative tuberculin tests and by the routine use of miniature chest films for early detection of lesions, the incidence of this disease now is close to zero. The special work on tuber­ culosis being a full-time problem by itself, it was Audiometric unit installed in 1950 carried out first under Dr. Gordon Meade and aids in overcoming hearinl!; defects later by Dr. Ralph F. Jacox. Another development of some significance for the problem of student health was the co~struc­ tion of the Athletic Building in 1933. ThIs pro­ vides facilities for basketball, squash, pool, bil­ liards, ping-pong and other games and serves. as well as a social center for students. Together wIth the tennis courts and the baseball diamond, the recreational facilities are excellent. 76 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

This was a particularly significant development In Dr. Warren's absence, this work was in which has very much strengthened the role of the charge of Dr. Andrew Dowdy, his chief assistants psychiatrist both in the training of medical stu­ being Dr. William F. Bale in Biophysics, Dr. dents and in the care of patients in the hospital. Harold Hodge in Toxicology and Dr. Joe How­ The University is indebted to Mrs. Helen W. land in the Medical Sciences Division. In 1948 Dr. Rivas for the gift which constructed this building Warren resigned to become dean of the new med­ and maintains the department. It has already en­ ical school in Los Angeles and was succeeded by Dr. Andrew Dowdy. When Dr. Dowdy also moved joyed two years of distinguished service within the to California a little later, the new laboratory be­ institution. came the Atomic Energy Project and was incorp­ It would be impossible to list, in the space orated in the School of Medicine and Dentistry here available, all the other generous gifts froIJl as the Department of Radiation Biology under many friends which have so materially aided the the direction of Dr. Henry A. Blair. At the same progress and development of the School and Hos­ time Dr. George Ramsey was appointed professor pital. Special mention may, however, he made of of radiology and head of that department. the Charles A. Dewey Fund for the Department In order to house an expanding educational of Medicine, the Henry C. Buswell Memorial program for the Atomic Energy Commission, a Fund for the Division of Urology, and the funds new wing was added to the main building which received in the Department of Medicine from Mr. was ready for use early in 1950. The southern part Ralph Hochstetter which support the Henry C. of the building was contructed with funds granted Buswell and Bertha Hochstetter Buswell Fellow­ to Dr. John J. Morton by the U. S. Public Health ships in the Department. A very valuable gift "for Service for cancer research. In this new wing some research in the medical sciences" came to the new space has been provided which relieves, to School in 1948 under the will of Mr. Ernest L. some extent, the pressure for laboratory facilities Woodward. which had become exceedingly acute. Many de­ A most significant expansion of the School came partments, however, are still cramped for ade­ about during the war as a result of the appoint­ quate space and several very important new de­ ment of Dr. Stafford C. Warren as colonel in velopments are for that reason impossible for the charge of the Medical Division of the Manhattan time being. Engineering District which developed the atom The Hospital has been greatly expanded like bomb. In order to carry out the necessary investi­ the rest of the institution and now admits every gations for the care of personnel working on this year over 17,000 in-patients and cares for over project a new laboratory was built on Elmwood 83,000 out-patient visits. In 1948-49 the number Avenue adjacent to the million-volt X-ray labora­ of operations performed was 9,096 and the num­ tory previously erected in 1942 for the examina­ ber of babies delivered was 1,799. The hospital tion of large castings for local industries. Here has been much assisted in its work by volunteers much of the fundamental work was carried out on in the Red Cross Nurses Aide program and the monitoring devices, tolerance radiation doses, Patients Library and Aide Service as well as 75 genetic effects of radiation and toxicity of uran­ men who volunteered their services as orderlies. ium and other substances concerned in the devel­ During the difficult years of the war, the devoted opment of the bomb. services of these volunteers were particularly val- 77

School of Nursing trains nurses and degree candidates Dean Whipple (right) chatting http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdfwith guest scientists at the opening of Psychiatric Clinic

Wing R, opened in 1948, soon became known for work in psychiatric training and care

Hartwell Clinic is pioneering in work on cerebral palsy

Ultracentrifuge used for cancer research

Wing erected in 1950 for cancer research, atomic energy center

78 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdfScores of medical officers were trained under V-12 (left), and ASTP (below) in accelerated wartime program, 1942-1947

Temporary quarters were built for married veteran students Veteran Postgraduate Fellows returned with wives, children uable in supplementing the efforts of the Staff concerned with the treatment and rehabilitation and the nurses to maintain the care of patients at of the neuromuscular disabilities of childhood in­ a proper level. Grateful mention should also be cluding cerebral palsy in particular. The clinic is made of the work of the Surgical Supplies Aides located in a spacious colonial residence in an area and the Recreational Craft Aides and the Flower of 67 acres given to the University by Mr. and Mrs. Aides. Ernest L. Woodward together with money for the The two hospitals together provide 747 beds remodeling of the building. The clinic is an in­ for patients. The hospital is organized into pri­ tegral part of the Strong Memorial Hospital and vate or semi-private rooms without any of the its operation has been made possible through an­ usual large open wards. The size of the whole in­ nual grants by the State of New York. The ex­ stitution can be estimated from the fact that 4,500 penses of the majority of the patients are partly meals are served there per day. Subsidiary parts defrayed through the State Aid program. In close of the organization include a large laundry, pur­ association with this enterprise is a five-year re­ chasing department, pharmacy, blood bank, rec­ search program made possible through a large ord room, post office, cashier's office, machine grant from the National Foundation for Infantile shop, carpenter shop, plumbers' and painters' and Paralysis. electricians' shops, orthopedic shop, occupational The relations of the Hospital to the community therapy, physiotherapy, oxygen therapy, person­ have steadily improved since the doors were first nel office and kitchen. All the available space is opened. The services of the Out-Patient Depart­ now in use including even some unfurnished parts ment in this connection have already been men­ of the Psychiatric Clinic which have been rented tioned. A Post-Graduate Conference and a Practi­ out for the temporary use of other departments tioners' Clinic were organized with the objective for laboratories and offices. of making newer developments in medicine avail­ An important addition to the activities of the able to local physicians and graduates. A post­ Hospital is the Edith Hartwell Clinic in LeRoy, graduate course in ophthalmology has been held 20 miles from Rochester, under the direction of Dr. almost every summer since 1930 with the co-oper­ Plato Schwartz. This is a research center largely ation of the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company 79 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

with 50 ophthalmologists in attendance in 1949. Genesee Hospital, lola Tuberculosis Sanatorium Four Eastman Memorial Lectures by men of dis­ and the Monroe County Infirmary and did so for tinction in the medical sciences are held each year a time at the Park Avenue Hospital. to which all physicians in the vicinity are invited. At the request of the Genesee Hospital trustees, There has been close co-operation between the particularly close relations were established in :Medical School and the county and city Medical 1945 with the Genesee Hospital which has be­ Societies and several members of the Hospital come formally affiliated with the School of Med­ staff have served as officers of those societies. icine and Dentistry. Members of the staff of the The Commonwealth Fund selected Rochester Genesee Hospital are given appointments in the as the site of an experiment in regional planning School of Medicine and Dentistry and there is a and donated liberal support for the costs of this rotation of resident staff officers between the two project. The purpose is to organize smaller hos­ hospitals. The Medical Center is deeply apprecia­ pitals in the vicinity' of Rochester around a Uni­ tive of these opportunities for co-operation and is versity Hospital center from which members of grateful for the good will in the community which the resident staff go out for short periods of service has made this possible. to the subsidiary centers. The organization makes It seems fair to say that during the first 25 years possible also considerable savings by co-operative of operation the School of Medicine and Dentistry purchasing and other such arrangements. The and the Strong Memorial Hospital together have program is carried out under the direction of the become an institution of distinction and merit. Regional Council of which Dr. Albert D. Kaiser For the Hospital this is due to the quality of the is chairman. The results of this experiment are patient care which is provided, the accuracy of being studied carefully by other hospitals in the diagnosis, the success of treatment and the less country as a model for widespread improvement in hospital organization. tangible feeling of confidence, encouragement and The co-operation between the different hos­ reassurance which the patient receives. For the pitals in Rochester has become progressively School it is due to the qualities of the graduates closer with the passing years and the process was who have been turned out and to the volume and much facilitated by the organization of the Roch­ merit of some 3800 original contributions to med­ ester Hospital Council in 1939. Students in the ical science which have been published by mem­ School of Medicine and Dentistry are assigned as bers of the staff in scientific journals. In its first clinical clerks for short periods in other hospitals. quarter century of operation the Medical Center The Department of Pathology assumes respon­ appears to have attained a dignified and respected sibility for autopsies in the Highland Hospital, maturity without having lost the vigor of youth.

General Groves, atom bomb project chief, presenting special citation for DR's work on medical protection

80 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Dean Frank P. Smith Provost Donald W. Gilbert

The Graduate School By FRANK P. SMITH and DONALD W. qILBERT

ROFESSOR Emeritus John R. Slater has des­ the University, voted in 1924 to request the Board cribed the development of graduate work of Trustees to assign to the Council the right'.to Pand research at a high qualitative level as recommend candidates for the degree Doctor of the final achievement which transforms a college Philosophy. At this meeting Professor Walter R. into a university. Now at the end of its first 100 Bloor announced that three graduate students years, this accomplishment has been realized in working in biochemistry had completed a year the University of Rochester. of study and wished to take the preliminary ex­ From the earliest days, graduate study and re­ amination for the doctorate. On motion of the search have been among the educational oppor­ Council, an examining committee was appointed tunities which this University has sought to pro­ subject to the approval by the Board of Trustees, vide. An earned Master of Arts degree was and the president was requested to appoint a awarded by the Trustees in 1851, and from that special committee chosen from the various facul­ date onward qualified applicants were accepted ties to formulate general rules for the admission for advanced study under members of the faculty. of graduate students to candidacy for the Ph.D. In the early years, however, and indeed until well degree. into this century, graduate students were few and On December 8, 1924, Dean Charles Hoeing, graduate study was informally administered by reporting for this committee, presented a set of the Dean of the College of Arts and Science. regulations for the doctorate which at once fixed The end of the First World War brought a the standards and established the pattern of study greatly increased demand for higher education for that degree which have been followed to the everywhere. This was accelerated at Rochester by present. The committee, consisting of Professors the opening of the Eastman School of Music and Bloor,Chambers, Havens, and Packard,and Deans the School of Medicine and Dentistry in the early Hanson and Whipple, became a standing com­ '20's, and by the growth and increased resources mittee (still known as the Committee on Graduate of the College of Arts and Science. The University Studies) to approve each candidacy and to ap­ Council, created by the faculty in 1922 to deal point examining committees for the doctorate. with problems relating to the several schools of The Committee on Graduate Studies which 81 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf was a subcommittee of the University Council University Council and their immediate control until 1942, and which is now the policy making to the Standing Committee on Graduate Studies. and legislative committee of the Graduate School, He further recommended that the Standing Com­ has ever since retained the immediate and de­ mittee be requested to study the whole question of tailed control of graduate work. The Council rec­ the master's degree and to formulate a set of regu­ ommended its first candidate, Warren Myron lations for that degree for the consideration of the Sperry, to the Trustees for the award of the Ph.D. Council. This action was approved, and in De­ degree in biochemistry in June, 1925. In March, cember, 1928, the Council adopted the require­ 1927, Dean Hoeing reported that there were then ments, which, but slightly changed to the present nine candidates for the doctorate, three of whom time, have protected the master's degree at this would complete the requirements by June. University from the deteriorating influences which have affected its quality and reputation at many other institutions. At the same time, Dean Hoeing reported a total of eight students working for the doctor's degree and 63 for the master's degree. In the early '30's the list of departments author­ ized to offer study leading to the doctorate was expanded to include anatomy, music, physics, pathology, geology, French, and mathematics. ew members of the faculty with strong research interests were appointed to head several depart­ ments. A number of graduate fellowships mainly in the sciences was provided from the General Education Board Fund and the Sherman Clarke Fund in Research Chemistry. The need for assist­ ance in the laboratory instruction of undergradu­ ates led to the authorization of a greater number of graduate assistantships in several departments. These influences, as reported by Dean Chambers, produced a rather rapid growth of graduate study up to the outbreak of the war. Other departments, including psychology and optics, were authorized to offer programs for advanced degrees and one new degree was instituted. The latter was the de­ gree Master of Education approved in 1937 at the suggestion of Professor Earl B. Taylor. Dif­ fering from the Master of Arts in education by Psychology Department apparatus virtue of the substitution of an independent aids in motion sickness studies course and essay for the master's thesis, this de­ gree has met the special needs of students who wish to teach in the secondary schools. By 1930 seven departments (biochemistry, vital In the year 1937 the Committee on Graduate economics, chemistry, psychiatry, bacteriology, Studies recommended to the Trustees for ad­ biology, and physiology) had been authorized to vanced degrees, 31 candidates for the degree Mas­ accept students for study leading to the Ph.D. de­ ter of Arts, 12 for the degree Master of Science, 21 gree, and graduate students had increased to a for the degree Master of Music, and II for the de­ number which warranted the creation of a new gree Doctor of Philosophy. In the same year a deanship, the Dean of Graduate Studies with "Division of Graduate Studies" was created with Dean Hoeing as the first incumbent. Dean Victor J. Chambers as administrative head. In 1928 Dean Hoeing reported to the Council The growth of graduate work at the University that the number of graduate students working for of Rochester was climaxed in 1941 by the election the master's degree had increased in all schools of the University to membership in the Associa­ of the University and that, therefore, the respon­ tion of American Universities, a group of about sibility for them should be transferred from the 34 of the nation's leading graduate schools. This faculty of the College of Arts and Science to the connection is a most useful one in keeping the 82 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

University in touch with trends in advanced ed­ those receIvmg degrees during the year ending ucation in other institutions. with the 1949 June Commencement: In 1942 the importance which graduate study Number of Active Students D and research had then attained in the University egrees was marked by adopting the name "The Graduate Master's Ph.D. Total Awarded School" to replace the earlier "Division of Gradu­ 1929 84 12 96 34 ate Studies." That school, co-ordinate with other 1939 184 86 270 114 schools of the University, is now responsible for 1949 431 245 676 252 the conduct of graduate study throughout the Uni­ This year the University has the largest nllmber versity. Its policy-making body is the Committee of graduate students in its history but we do not

Outstanding facilities for graduate work in chemistry were provided in new research wing of Lattimore Hall, which was completed in 1949

on Graduate Studies, its administrative officer, the expect nor desire to continue with such numbers. D~an of the Graduate School. A considerably smaller group in 1950 is expected. Scientific advances, widespread interest in the On the basis of departmental estimates a total of causes and cures of social dislocation and unrest, 550 to 600 is our desirable maximum. and more recently the determination of many The increasing importance of Ph.D. programs men and women in the armed forces to prepare is probably the most significant conclusion to themselves for useful careers by advanced study, be gleaned from the few figures shown above. By have greatly stimulated growth and activity in the a strange coincidence, the number of students field of advanced study and research during the working for the Ph.D has increased 20 times in 20 past two decades. The changes in the graduate years while the percentage of Ph.D.'s to the total study body during this period present an interest­ group has increased from 12 to 36. During the his­ ing picture. The following numbers represent tory of the University, a total of 2,423 master's the students actually taking courses or doing re­ degrees has been awarded, compared with 310 search work in residence in the fall semester and Ph.D.'s. 83 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Dr. Dexter Perkins (center) with group of American history fellows; this exceptional program stresses able teaching, broad understanding

To give a better perspective of the Graduate tically all of our departments now have the max­ School, perhaps comparisons should also be made imum student body which can be given the type with other schools. The Graduate School is small of training we wish to give. as schools go these days although admittedly a The present graduate group of more than 600 total of 676 students is impressive when con­ students is distributed among 30 departments. sidered by itself. By way of comparison, this School The students are not apportioned evenly among is approximately the size of the School of Higher all of these departments but there is a good dis­ Studies of Johns Hopkins, one-half the size of the tribution in relation to the teaching and physical graduate ~chools of Yale and Cornell, one-fifth facilities available in each of the 30 fields of study. that of Ohio State and one-seventh that of the As a result we have been able, despite the growth University of Michigan. When considered in these of numbers, to hold to our policy of individual­ terms, perhaps we have been reasonably efficient ized instruction within departments.There are no in holding down our numbers to a total which can predetermined programs and schedules of courses be given highly individualized attention. which entering students are required to take. In­ The attitude of the Graduate School and de­ stead each student has a program which is hand­ partments towards size has been consistent with tailored to fit his own particular case and that pro­ our approach to undergraduate training. We gram is adjusted, as the student proceeds with his want to limit ourselves to numbers which can be studies, to fit the pace at which he works most given a quality brand of training in sc!J.olarship effectively. Consequently, there is little uniform­ and research and a rich understanding of their ity in programs and wide ranges in time required various fields of study. In practice this means that even within a single department. One student we can admit new students only in relation to may finish a Ph.D. in three years while another existing plant and personnel facilities and the with a different background may need four or number of students graduating each year. Prac- five years. 84 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Great resources of University Library aid graduate study

There are two factors, aside from student aims, number from a single school was 12 from Cornell. which explain in large part the striking and very Oberlin was second with 10. This year the three important dissimilarities in the course programs highest are Cornell and Oberlin each with 14 and and research interests of these students. The first Brooklyn College with 12. We also have a number of these factors is the increasing interests of stu­ of students each year from foreign countries and dents outside their departments of specialization. American students who have studied in foreign in­ This spread of inter-departmental work is given stitutions. every encouragement and our personalized type Graduate study, perhaps even more than under­ of training is well adapted to foster and accom­ graduate work, is dynamic. New fields become modate such work. important as areas of specialization for study and The second factor which has an important bear­ research, while other fields cease to interest and ing on graduate students' activities is the wide attract students. As a result we are constantly range in their undergraduate training. A survey changing the type, direction, and emphasis of has been made of the students actively at work in our graduate goals. Many of these changes are the fall of 1948 and again in the fall of 1949 to small when considered year by year and are only determine the schools from which they obtained important in a cumulative sense. Others represent their undergl'aduate degrees. In each year, one­ strikingly new programs or approaches. A few ex­ fourth of the group came from our own under­ amples of the latter type may serve as illustrations. graduate colleges and the remaining three-fourths The principal criticism of graduate schools in from 222 other institutions. In 1948, the highest recent years has been that the finished graduate

Experiment in botany seeks growth secrets http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf student, particularly at the Ph.D. level, is a spe­ found in the work of the Atomic Energy Project. cialist in a field of microscopic size with. little This project was initiated as a research part of breadth or vision and without much ability to the war-time Manhattan Project but it has been teach undergraduates. However, most of our Ph. converted to peace-time aims and now i~ playing D.'s have had actual teaching experience before a vital part in the research work of the medical completing their work here and the criticism is departments, particularly in such difficult fields for this reason not particularly applicable to this as cancer research. This project carries on simul­ Graduate School. New programs have also been taneously research work of its own for the Atomic developed in two fields, a program in English Energy Comm~ssion and graduate instruction of at the master's level and one in American history both the traditional type of graduate student and at the Ph.D. level, for the student who plans to trainees sent here by the ational Research teach. The American history program is quite Council. With the opening of the new wing of exceptional in the sense that each student must the Medical School which houses the Atomic complete a rigorous series of lectures and teach­ Energy Project this phase of our work will ing assignments, in addition to the normal course undoubtedly increase and will become a more work, and must complete a doctoral thesis which vital and important part of both the graduate emphasizes breadth and understanding of large training and practical research that is being car­ areas of thought and world events rather than the ried on in the fields of medical study. usual intricate detail of small events. This is a very incomplete picture of graduate Another departure in the very recent years is work at the University of Rochester but possibly the graduate course in physics adapted to the large it will serve to convey some idea of the tremendous cyclotron. A fine program in physics existed for vitality, scope, and importance of this particular many years before the last war. Since then the first part. of the University's work. The Graduate large post-war cyclotron has been completed on the School which has evolved during the past century River Campus. Our graduate program in this field has attained dignity and stature among the other is necessarily somewhat specialized-in the field of "greats" of our nation. Our programs are not per­ nuclear physics-but it is sufficiently broad to in­ fect and our work is not entirely in balance-no clude part-time students from industrial plants graduate school is ever at this point of perfection. and laboratories in this area as well as full-time But the University of Rochester has made a very students from this country and many foreign fine record of achievement in the field of graduate nations. study in the first century and we expect to do even Another departure from the orthodox is to be better in the second. 86

Demonstration of control pane! for 250,OOO,OOO-vo!t cyclotron; apparatus is tremendous asset for graduate students in physics http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Research: POLICY AND SCOPE By HENRY C. MEADOW

N common with other leading American uni­ the new and badly-needed knowledge at a greatly versities, the University of Rochester counts increased rate. At the same time, it was essential I research as an integral part of its educational to preserve and protect the environment of pure program, in which research and teaching are in­ and unhampered research which is essential to a terdependent and inseparable. university. In earlier years, the research interests of the var­ To do this, the University embarked upon a ious departments and schools of a university were program of sponsored research based on the in­ almost completely separate, and with rare excep­ terests and abilities of its faculties, and designed tions, even groups with related interests did not generally to benefit the University's whole pro­ attempt to work directly together toward the solu­ gram and objectives. This has resulted in attract­ tion of common problems. It was a leisurely, or­ ing and retaining outstanding men in our scien­ derly process, with little compulsion on scholars tific departments and in a greatly expanded pro­ to project their cloistered laboratory studies in gram of basic research and creative teaching, as terms of applied technology. The First World well as increasing the facilities and courses both War changed this pattern and made clear and for undergraduate and graduate students. permanent the close relationship of academic re­ Funds which made this possible have come search and its ultimate practical applications. largely from outside the University-from govern­ The Second World War brought fundamental ment agencies, foundations, and industries. A sig­ research almost to a standstill. Most of the know­ nificant factor in the research program at Roch­ ledge accumulated over the years was converted ester is the close relationship that now exists be­ to technology necessary to win the war. The Uni­ tween the various science departments of the Col­ versity of Rochester played a significant part in lege of Arts and Science and the School of Medi­ this conversion. Its staffs were widely scattered­ cine and Dentistry. This makes for an integration some in the armed services, some in research or­ of effort which is exceptional. ganizations responsible for various phases of our Research at Rochester is by no means limited war program in radar and atomic bomb develop­ to the science departments. In English, history, ment, in medicine, chemical warfare, psychology, sociology, languages, psychology, economics and detection devices, among others. Some faculty other fields of the liberal arts, research and crea­ members carried on their war research here at tive work are at their highest and most vigorous the University. levels in the University's history. After the war, it was clear that the University, The most sizable areas in which sponsored re­ in order to play its proper role in the national search is being carried on within the University welfare, would have to contribute some part of at the present time are to be found in the Depart- 87 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

This whole program, which reaches far beyond the brief description here, offers both an oppor­ tunity and a challenge for the future. It is no longer possible either for the University to accept and use outside money on the same basis which it has done in the past, nor is it proper for those who sponsor research work in universities to con­ tinue to think of the terms of their sponsorship as they have in the past. 0 longer is sponsored re­ search a peripheral and a complementary portion of a university's program. Instead, it has come to represent in most large American universities one of the major sources of funds available for expenditure by the faculty. David Lilienthal, As much care and consideration must go into AEC, pays tribute the planning of the prQper relationship of the University's program of sponsored research to its other activities as in the past has been devoted ments of Physics and Chemistry in the College of to any other major portion of its efforts. Un­ Arts and Science, and in the atomic energy pro­ fortunately, as this money comes from outside, the gram at the Medical Center. In physics, the de­ terms and conditions on which it is available for partment has constructed, under the leadership expenditure are not always within the control of of its faculty, a 250 million electron volt synchro­ the University. True research is intellectual pro­ cyclotron for the investigation of the composition gress which cannot be channeled, guided, or and characteristics of the nucleus. This cyclotron coerced. Above all, one cannot formulate its path was constructed with the support of the Office in advance or tie it to definite objectives or accom­ of Naval Research and is being operated with plishments. The project method of research sup­ its continuing support, and that of the Atomic port which is so greatly in vogue now does not Energy Commission. The various interests of the seem completely to recognize the truth of these Department of Chemistry in reaction kinetics, principles. Some mechanism should and must be adsorption, photochemistry, and the chemistry found by which at least a part of each university's of naturally occurring substances, have been research program may be conducted in an atmos­ broadened and strengthened by outside support phere of complete and real freedom. from such various sponsors as the Celanese Cor­ There must be carried on by this University, poration of America, the Office of Naval Research, and by other universities, a continuous educa­ the Atomic Energy Commission, and the United tional program by which they may constructively States Public Health Service. assist the donors of funds for research to under­ The atomic energy project, supported by the stand and appreciate the terms on which the uni­ Atomic Energy Commission and operated in the versities can best use this type of support to de­ Medical School, is providing a training center velop and further their whole program and ob­ for the country in health-physics, and will con­ jectives. tinue to provide basic medical and biological in­ formation on the effects of radiation and radio­ active substances which is so essential for the proper handling and use of these materials.

88 Dr.]. Robert Oppenheimer, top physicist, pays visit

Dr. Noyes (right) greets noted guest scientists http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Central quarters, University School University School: SERVING COMMUNITY NEEDS By HENRY C. MILLS

URING the first semester of this centennial From the beginning "Extension," as it was year, there are 169 members of the faculty popularly called, strove to be responsive to com­ Dof University School-only eight less than munity needs for higher education on the part the total student body of 177 when "Extension" of those who found it impossible to attend the the forerunner of University School, offered its college. At first the student body was composed first courses in 1916. That initial student body largely of members of the teaching staff of the is considerably less than the registration in the Rochester public schools. Gradually more and elementary psychology class for the current sem­ more of the general public began to be interested ester and highlights the change in stature over the and by the early 1930's teachers were a minority years of what is now University School. group among the students. Today, with the ex­ But although more people are involved and panded post-war enrolment, the great majority the organization and program are necessarily of the wage-earning groups in the Rochester com­ more complex, the fundamental purpose of "Ex­ munity are represented in its student population. tension" when it was founded by Prentiss Gilbert Until 1932 "Extension" was under the control is still that of University School. That purpose, of a small committee of the faculty of the College as stated in the first catalogue, was to afford an of Arts and Science. However, during the later opportunity for employed men and women in 1920's the annual registration began to run well Rochester to further their education through over 1,000 persons each year. This necessitated courses offered by faculty members of the College offering a wider range of courses and for a variety of Arts and Science in the late afternoon and of reasons, among which a growing interest in in­ evening. The courses were designed to meet the formal and non-credit courses for adults was im, needs of students who were interested in reach­ portant, led to the decision to organize the divi­ ing vocational and professional objectives as well sion as a University undertaking rather than as as those whose primary concern lay in "liberal an "extension" of the College of Arts and Science education of the character and grade of college in the later afternoon and evening hours. This work." was done under the very able leadership of the 89 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf late Earl B. Taylor, '12, director of the Division education. Of this number almost one-half are of University Extension, and continued in effect veterans and over 600 are taking a full program until 1944 when the present University School of courses. The degree candidates at present are was established by action of the Board of Trustees. divided almost equally between those who are in­ "Extension" has always emphasized the offering terested in liberal studies and those who are of college courses which carried credit toward de­ specifically preparing for a vocation through the grees awarded by the College. This is not to say study of business administration or' accounting. that no non-credit courses were offered. On the In June 1949, 66 graduates received degrees and in contrary many students took work purely for re­ the coming June the number is expected to be fresher purposes or for cultural advancement or much larger. just because they thought the courses might prove Not all students in University School, of course, interesting. Moreover, in the interest of meeting as stated above, are degree candidates. Many take community needs, many strictly non-credit courses a specific course to meet a particular need. Others or lecture series were made available to the Roch­ are not interested in credit and attend special ester public. As a whole, however, the solid core lecture series which are aimed at a particular of continuing students was furnished by those group. Recently with the collaboration of the As­ who were interested in the credit they earned and sociation of Rochester Scientists a series of lec­ hoped to apply it toward a suitable degree. tures on new developments in science was given Prior to 1942, all degrees earned by students and, in co-operation with the Real Estate Board in "Extension" were awarded by the College of of Rochester, a short course of lectures covering Arts and Science. For some time before that date, the real estate business was offered. Not too much however, careful studies had indicated that the in this area is now being done, since the pressure needs of the students and the community might for credit courses and degrees is almostoverwhelm­ be better met if "Extension" were given the power ing. Nevertheless, there is always a willingness to to offer and administer its own degree program. co-operate with interested groups and to offer any Accordingly, such a recommendation was made type of course or lecture series for which there is a to the Board of Trustees and approved by them strong demand. As the pressure of the veterans in October 1942. The resolution passed author­ and degree candidates diminishes more in this ized "Extension" to offer the degree Bachelor of field will be undertaken. Science with a major in general studies. University School then enters the second cen­ Within two years, on May 13, 1944, one further tury of the University of Rochester with a sound major step was taken and "Extension", by action structure and a philosophy which stresses meeting of the Board of Trustees, became a new school the needs of the Rochester community for higher in the University family with the descriptive title, education in the late afternoon and evening University School of Liberal and Applied Studies, hours. Interesting possibilities lie ahead, for in and Professor Taylor as its first dean. It was em­ an ever increasingly complex society such as this powered to offer such degrees as were necessary to the need for continuing education for adults is meet the needs of its student body and was made evident. It is the hope and belief of everyone con­ in every respect co-ordinate with other schools of cerned that University School will prove equal the University. After analysis of its program and to the challenge. the student body the new school sought and ob­ tained from the State Education Department ap­ proval to offer two new degrees, Bachelor of Science with a major in business administration and Bachelor of Science with a major in account­ Evening class in sociology studies ing. Shortly thereafter the school was placed on problems of family life in America the approved list for the preparation of candi­ dates for the C. P. A. examinations. Thus by the time World War II ended, Uni­ versity School was ready with an appropriate structure and organization to make its contribu­ tion to the higher education of the returning vet­ erans. Since the war its total student population has increased markedly and during the first sem­ ester of this year has reached the highest point in its history with over 2,700 students taking advan­ tage of the opportunities offered them for higher 90 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

Business leaders, University heads join for studies THE FUTURE: New Challenges) New Needs By M. HERBERT EISENHART

N celebrating 100 years of educational service, ment which nourishes the students' intellectual the University regards with pride its record 'growth, character development, and ability to I of achievement, built upon sound and well-es­ meet the complex problems of modern society in tablished basic characteristics laid by its founders. their individual careers and as responsible citi­ But complacence has no part in that satisfac­ zens. We seek to develop a comparatively small tion. The University's past and present accom­ group of future leaders, rather than mass educa­ plishments merit the highest recognition, but only tion for large numbers of graduates who have as they point the way to its continuing progress. been merely exposed to education. It is the future that challenges Rochester, a future All schools of the University have emphasized that presents opportunities of unique distinction guidance and advisory services to help cultivate among American universities and of still wider the qualities of leadership, mature judgment, community and national service. It calls for great citizenship, initiative and self-reliance among our courage, vision, and vigor, and for wisdom and students. Athletic programs and a broad range faith. of other extra-curricular activities are integral The Greater University envisioned by Presi­ parts of Rochester's educational progress. A moral dent Rhees, George Eastman, and other great and religious climate is created through the col­ Rochester benefactors, by alumni and alumnae, lege chapel, the counseling of the College Chap­ and citizens of Rochester in the triumphant fund lain, and the campus enterprises of many groups drive of 1924, is now a dynamic reality. It fulfills and representatives of several religious faiths. Mr. Eastman's hope that Rochester would become It is not likely that these basic and well-rooted "one of the outstanding universities of the coun­ characteristics will be changed greatly. The Uni­ try ... not one of the largest, but one of the high­ versity of Rochester must, however, continue to est rank in all fields which it has entered." adapt its program wherever necessary to changing One aim and one quality have stood out above conditions and needs. It cannot rest on its attain­ all others as the University's guiding principle ments up to now; it is axiomatic that to stand still under Presidents Anderson, Rhees and Valentine: is to stagnate. There are many more goals to be Quality before mere size. That means a highly in­ met. What then, lies ahead? tegrated, institution with a sound curriculum, a There are needs in the immediate future, and distinguished faculty, and carefully selected stu­ urgent ones. A university's greatness is built upon dents. These, in conjunction with buildings, the quality of its teaching staff. To retain and teaching and research facilities not excelled any­ recruit teachers of the highest competence, the where, have made it possible to provide an in­ University must be in a postion to compete with dividualized educational program in an environ- other educational institutions, with industry and 91 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

supported by government agencies, without any attempt to assume control. These programs ha.ve attracted able graduate students and have in- spired undergraduates. . .. The University is proud of Its contnbutlon to the community's adult educational needs through University School, and will seek other ways to serve metropolitan Rochester. More ~n~ mo.re, members of the faculties and adminIstrative Out-patient Clinic at Medical Center serves Rochester patients of all ages officers are serving nationally in various ways in the formulation of public and private policies, in respect to education. In a number of cases, some government through an adequate salary scale. are influencing international cultural devel~p­ This means large additions to endowment. ments through agencies such as UNESCO. While Other needs press: The further expansion of the roots of the University go deep in the local the Honors program for a largergroup ofour more soil and its nourishment must always come in capable undergraduates, the establishmen~ on a good measure from the interest and ~upport of sound financial basis of graduate study In the its local friends, its present-day matunty and re­ humanities and social sciences, the long-term con­ sponsibility lead it to an ever more active role on tinuance of the Management Clinic program in the larger stage of national affa~rs. .. co-operation with Rochester industry, increased This University is almost umque In the natIOn attention to the counseling of students and the in the degree of its development over the ~ast placement of graduates, enlarged religious activi­ quarter-century. The excellence ~nd co:operatl?n ties program. of its faculties and the leadership of Its admin­ There are pressing needs for expansio.n of phys­ istrators have produced here an institution whose ical plant in the College of Arts and SCience. Ad­ educational influence is felt throughout the ditional modern fireproof dormitories to replace nation. There can be no doubt of the soundness of temporary housing and convert d buildings are our educational program, the quality of our imperative. A large sum could wisely7 be spent for teaching personnel and the productivity of our this purpose. .. research scholars. More adequate gymnasium, dormitory, and li­ It is hoped that thousands of people in Rochester brary facilities at the College for Women stand and the surrounding area will visit the four c~m­ high on the priority list of desirable projects. puses of the University next November dunng Todd Union at the College for Men no longer Centennial Open House Week and see for them­ is adequate for the needs of stud.ents and a~umni. selves what the University is doing with its re­ No university has enjoyed wiser finanCial ad­ sources, and what it means to Rochester and the ministration than Rochester. Expansion has been country as a whole. It is most important that the permitted only when financially justified. Schoo~s people of Rochester should take. adv~ntage of and departments have been added only when It every opportunity to know our ymverslty here ~t was clear that the new development was com­ home as it is known and so highly regarded In pletely integrated in character and 'purpose with educational circles generally. the University as a whole and when It was assured The University should in the next decade con­ that the new operation was soundly financed. solidate its gains, stabilize its growth, strengthen New buildings have been erected or accepted only its financial structure, improve its educational when the operating overhead was foreseea~le. processes and seek even higher levels in the qual­ The University's resources have been used with ity of its services in every field. such skill and judgment that it has passed through a great depression and two world wars without impairment of financial strength. We have accepted and used a substantial amount of financial assistance from public agen­ UR Management Clinics is cooperative effort cies in recent years. The 250,OOO,OOO-volt cyclo­ between University and Rochester industries tron, the program in clinical psychology, the atomic energy work with the new million-dollar building adjoining the Medical School, the ne~ cancer research wing, investigations in orgamc chemistry, and the high altitude studies of. the Physiology Department are some of the projects 92 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

As Rochester marks its 100th Commencement in 1950, it dedicates itself to carrying forward its great gains in the century ahead E NVO I

HE UNIVERSITY'S first century has been a not­ evolve that formula, and through it forge the able one; yet it can be only a beginning. structural steel of its own new elevations. TGiven continued civilization in this world Rochester's first century was made great by men of fission, the second century of the University can who saw what was needed and achieved the special dwarf the record of the first. kinds of greatness to supply those needs. Roch­ For it enters upon its manhood just as our na­ ester's second century will rest on its ability to tion acquires its maturity. The University catches breed and find other men who can rise to what­ the first glimpse of its full opportunity while the ever high qualities occasions yet unpredictable nation realizes its full world mission. Neither can demand. meet its challenge unless the other meets its own. To recognize those occasions before they engulf The theme-song of the century just ended was us; to identify the special human talents they will one of growth from poverty to riches, from weak­ call for; then to perceive in some rare human plants those talents while they are still potential; ness to power, through initiative, bounty and hard to feed and cultivate their roots and then, so that work. In those terms and in those times Roch­ they may grow toward their own light and shape ester's story is typical though more dramatic than their own flowers, to step back and walk away; most. those must be the skilled service and the painful But the more socially dependent century we joy of the men and women who direct Rochester enter will write a new formula for success, which through its second century. may stress more heavily the subtler virtues and the group achievements. The University must help May, 1950. ALAN VALENTINE 93 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

JOHN R. SLATER, professor emeritus of Eng­ tions at Cambridge University, England, in 1945­ lish, exemplifies the tradition of liberal culture 46. In the summer of 1948 he returned to the for which the University of Rochester has been British Isles on the invitation of several univer­ distinguished since its beginning. An eminent sities and organizations to give a series of lectures scholar, teacher, and writer, his mastery of the in England, Wales, and Scotland. In March and written and spoken work has added luster to April, 1949, he gave the Gottesman Foundation many a University event in the 45 years since he lectures at Uppsala University, Sweden, on Amer­ joined the faculty in 1905. His book on Dr. Rush ican foreign policy, and that summer he lectured Rhees, "Rhees of Rochester," published in 1946 at the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies. He by Harper and Brothers, is a notable contribu­ was named acting director of the Salzburg Sem­ tion in the field of biography. inar in 1950. He was historian for the overseas Fortunately for the University, Professor Slater branch of the O.W.1. at the United Nations Con­ has continued his active campus interest since , his retirement in 1942. In addition to writing ference in San Francisco in 1945. Professor Perkins is the author of a series of the history of the University's fir.st 50 years for definitive volumes on the Monroe Doctrine, of the Centennial RevieUlJ he wrote the script for the special musical interpretation of great events which four have been published so far, including in Rochester's history, with an original score by the periods 1823-26, 1826-27, and 1867-1907, and Dr. Howard Hanson, for the Centennial Alumni­ "Hands Off, a History of the Monroe Doctrine, Alumnae Convocation. 1823-1940." He also has published numerous Although he is best known as a humanistic other books on American foreign policy. scholar, Professor Slater is a man of wide interests Professor Perkins received his A.B. degree in which include philosophy, art, music, science, 1909 and a Ph.D. degree in 1914 at Harvard Uni­ and history. He has written a number of musical versity. After a year as instructor of history at the compositions, among them the University's ma­ University of Cincinnati, he came to the Univer­ jestic and moving "Commencement Hymn." sity of Rochester in 1915, and has been chairman Professor Slater was graduated from Harvard of the department since 1925. University in 1894, and received his Ph.D. degree at the University of Chicago in 1905, when he JANET H. CLARK, Dean of the College for came to Rochester as associate professor of Eng­ Women and professor of biophsyics at Rochester lish. He was named Joseph H. Gilmore Professor since 1938, is a versatile combination of admin­ of English in 1934. The Rochester Museum of istrator, teacher and research scientist. To her Arts and Sciences awarded him its Civic Medal work as Dean she brings a warm and lively under­ in 1942 in recognition of his "notable achieve­ standing of the interests and problems of the stu­ ments in the field of arts and letters." dents, and the ability to win their confidence and liking. She has been identified with education for DEXTER PERKINS, Watson Professor of His­ most of her life, first as the daughter of a Johns tory and chairman of the department since 1925, Hopkins University professor, later as the wife of has won the highest esteem at home and abroad the late Dr. Admont H. Clark, professor of pa­ as a great teacher and scholar, and as an inter­ thology, and as a teacher in her own right. national authority on the Monroe Doctrine and She was graduated from Bryn Mawr College in American foreign policy. So many honors have 1910 and received her doctorate in physics at come to him that only the briefest mention is Johns Hopkins in 1913. She held teaching posi­ possible here. A man of incredible vitality and tions at Bryn Mawr and Smith College, and after endurance, he has become widely known through her husband's death in 1918 joined the faculty his many talks, his radio appearances, and his of Johns Hopkins. In 1935 she was appointed head­ leadership of many organizations for human bet­ mistress of the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore. terment. Since 1947 she has been studying the effect of Professor Perkins' stature as an historian was radiation and other environmental conditions on shown when he was chosen as the first to occupy spontaneous tumors in mice, under a grant from the new chair of American history and institu- the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund. 94 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

CHARLES RIKER, teacher of English at the where he received his M.D. degree in 1927. After Eastman School of Music since 1930, also is direc­ serving as assistant superintendent of the Mon­ tor of the Hochstein Memorial Music School, treal General Hospital and as superintendent of whose faculty is supplied by the Eastman School. the famed Touro Infirmary in New Orleans, he A talented musician, he has given piano recitals came to Strong Memorial Hospital as director in in Rochester and elsewhere, and also has served 1935. During World War II he served in Wash­ as church organist and choirmaster. He was grad­ ington as a lieu tenant colonel in the Army Med­ uated from Kenyon College in 1927, and received ical Corps where he was consultant in the Surgeon a master's degree at Princeton in 1930. In 1945 he General's office from 1943-44. In 1945 he was ap­ was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation fellow­ pointed by Navy Secretary Forrestal as one of "two ship under which he spent three months on outstanding citizens" to make a survey of Naval assignment to the Kenyon Review as editorial hospital facilities in this country. The same year, assistant on its music work. he was called by President Truman to serve as adviser on co-ordinating medical services of the GEORGE H. WHIPPLE, Dean of the School Veterans Administration. He has served as presi­ of Medicine and Dentistry since it was founded dent of the American College of Hospital Admin­ in 1921, has been its guiding genius from the plan­ istrators and of the American Hospital Associa­ ning stage through to the most recent atomic tion, and is an officer or member of numerous energy wing. His brilliant career as a medical other professional organizations. In 1948 he was educator and as a researcher has brought him appointed consultant for the Commission on Or­ many honors, including the Nobel Prize for med­ ganization of the Executive Branch of Govern­ icine in 1934. He has been called "not only a great ment, Committee on Medical Service, and in 1949 scientist but a statesman in that ancient profes­ he was named consultant to the Secretary of De­ sion which is the only one that labors to destroy fense, Medical Service Division. the reason for its own existence." Under his lead­ ership, with the help of the outstanding faculty WALLACE O. FENN, professor of physiology which he assembled, the Medical Center has be­ since 1924 and assistant dean of the School of come known as one of the leading medical train­ Medicine and Dentistry since 1949, is one of the ing and research centers in the world. original faculty of the School assembled by Dr. He has been awarded honorary degrees by a Whipple. He has gained wide recognition for dozen leading universities, including his Alma his work in his field, particularly for his vital war Mater, Yale, through its Sheffield Scientific School research on the physiology of respiration which on the occasion of the school's 100th anniversary was of great value to the armed forces and is con­ in 1949. He is one of the select group of honorary sidered of lasting scientific interest. This won him members of the Pathological Society of Great a citation from the Office of Scientific Research and Development. In 1947 he was appointed by Britain and Ireland. In 1934 he won the William the Atomic Energy Commission on a special Wood Gerhard Medal, and in 1937 the Mickle board to advise the commission on atomic re­ Fellowship of the University of Toronto. In 1949, search in the medical and biological fields. He was the Rochester Academy of Medicine gave him its president of the American Physiology Society in highest award, the Albert David Kaiser medal, 1946-47, and also is chairman of the Physiology for his "distinguished services to medical science Study Section, National Institute of Health, and and the distinction he has brought to the city a member of the Committee on Aviation Med­ through the development of the University of icine, National Research Council, the Committee Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry." on Medical Sciences of the Research and Develop­ Dr. Whipple was graduated from Yale College ment Board, and of the National Academy of in 1900, and later from the Johns Hopkins Science. In 1948 he was elected a fellow of the Medical School. He came to Rochester from the American Academy of Arts and Science. University of California, where he was professor The American Physiological Society awarded of research medicine and director of the Hooper him the first Sharp & Dohme prize in 1949 as the Foundation for Medical Research. member who "represents best accomplishments and promise in American physiology today." A BASIL C. MAcLEAN, medical director of Strong graduate of Harvard in 1914, he received his Memorial Hospital, is nationally prominent as master's degree there in 1916, and Ph.D. degree a consultant on hospital administration and con­ in 1919. From 1919-22 he was an instructor at struction. A native of Oshawa, Canada, he was Harvard Medical School and came to Rochester graduated from McGill University, Montreal, in 1924. 95 http://www.library.rochester.edu/RBSCP/Databases/ATTACHMENTS/100yrs/100.pdf

DO ALD W. GILBERT, a UR alumnus in the HE RY C. MILLS, as Dean of the University class of ]921, joined the faculty in ]925, and re­ School, heads the University's newest and largest ceived his Ph.D. in 1932 at Harvard University. division, numerically speaking. He also holds the He rose through the ranks from instructor to new Earl B. Taylor Professorship of Education. assistant professor (1928), junior professor (1932) A native of Nova Scotia and a graduate of Mt. and professor and chairman of the Department of Allison University and Harvard, where he re­ Economics and Business Administration (1939). ceived his Ed. D. degree in 1931, Dean Mills came He was appointed Dean of Graduate Studies in to Rochester in 1935 as assistant professor. He be­ 1940, and when the Division of Graduate Studies came associate professor in 1939, and director of was reorganized in 1942 as the Graduate School, the summer session in 1941, rising to professor he became its first Dean. Under his direction, the and dean in 1947. Under his guidance, Univer­ School won strong recognition, as evidenced in sity School has maintained and strengthened its 1941 when the University was elected a member service in filling the educational needs of thou­ of the Association of American Universities, a sands of Rochester men and women. group of the nation's leading graduate schools. Professor Gilbert is well known in national higher M. HERBERT EISENHART has been chair­ education circles as a member of the Nationa] man of the University of Rochester's Board of Commission on Accreditation. Trustees since 1945, when he succeeded Edward In 1948, he was appointed Provost of the Uni­ G. Miner, and a member since 1936. He has de­ versity when the Board of Trustees created the voted much of his time, energy and abilities to the position as a major new administrative one. As University's welfare. As president of the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, he played a large part Provost, he has greatly strengthened the Univer­ in setting up the now nationally-known program sity's ties with its alumni and alumnae, its re­ of Bausch & Lomb Science Scholarships at the lations with students and faculty, and with the University, and his firm has made notable con­ community. He is prominent in civic activities tributions to the University's research and other as a trustee of the Chamber of Commerce and a programs. The Bausch & Lomb Building on the director of the Rochester Council of Social Agen­ River Campus is another evidence of his com­ cies, the Rochester Museum and the Rochester pany's deep interest in the UR. Bureau of Municipal Research, and the Rochester Born in York, Pa., Mr. Eisenhart received his Association of United Nations. For a number of B.S. degree in 1905 at Princeton University, and years he served as economic consultant to the New a B.S. in chemical engineering at Massachusetts York State Joint Legislative Committee on Inter­ Institute of Technology in 1907. After serving as state Co-operation and chairman of its Economic chemical engineer at the Eastman Kodak Com­ Advisory Committee. Provost Gilbert also is a pany for 10 years, he went to Bausch & Lomb in trustee of Brookhaven National Laboratory. 1917 as general superintendent, advancing to vice-president and general manager in 1929. He FRANK P. SMITH, professor of business admin­ became president and general manager in 1935, istration, succeeded Dr. Gilbert as Dean of the and chairman of the board in 1949. In 1939 he Graduate School. Dean Smith has been a mem­ received the Civic Achievement Award of 'the ber of the Rochester faculty since 1935, when Rotary Club, given annually to Rochester's first he came as economics instructor. A graduate of citizen, and in 1944 he was chosen Civic Medal­ the University of Washington in 1930, he received ist of the Rochester Museum Association. He has his doctorate in 1935 from Yale University. He served as alumni trustee of Massachusetts In­ was promoted to assistant professor in 1937, stitute of Technology, the Chamber of Commerce, associate professor in 1945, and professor of Eastman Dental Dispensary, a director of Roch­ business administration in ]947. In 1939-40 ester Institute of Technology, and has long been he was on leave to serve with the Securities actively associated with such groups as the Boy Exchange Commission, and again from 1942-46 Scouts of America, Community Chest, the Amer­ he was on leave, first as chief accountant for ican Red Cross, and the Rochester Museum Asso­ the O.P.A. in Washington, then with the Army ciation. Air Force in the contract audit division. He began with the rank of captain and rose to lieutenant HENRY C. MEADOW joined the University colonel, and was executive officer and later deputy staff as co-ordinator of industrial research in 1945, chief of the Sixth A.A.F. Base Unit. Dean Smith and remained until the early part of 1950. He is is national editor of the American Accounting now executive secretary of the Committee on Re­ Review. search and Development at Harvard University. 96